Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lithium

Academic literature on the topic 'Lithium'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Lithium"

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Goldfuss, Bernd, and Frank Eisenträger. "Chiral ligand induced distortions: the origin of pyramidal three-coordinated lithium ions in the X-ray crystal structure of Lithium (1R,2R,4S)-exo- 2-[o-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenyl]-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-endo-2-olate." Australian Journal of Chemistry 53, no. 3 (2000): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch99184.

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The X-ray crystal structure of dimeric lithium (1R,2R,4S)-exo-2-[o-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenyl]-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-endo-2-olate (2-Li)2 exhibits lithium ions with pyramidal environments of oxygen and nitrogen atoms. Ab initio (RHF/6-31+G*) computations of dimeric trimethylamine-coordinated lithium methoxide show that electrostatics disfavour the pyramidal distortions at lithiums in (2-Li)2 by 5.0 kJ/mol. ONIOM(B3LYP/6-31+G*:UFF) computations of (2-Li)2 as well as of (2-Li-b)2 and (2-Li-c)2, with one or two planar constrained lithium ion environments, reveal destabilizations of 32.2 and 97.5 kJ/mol, respectively, upon planarization at lithium. The destabilizations of planar coordinated lithiums in (2-Li-b)2 and (2-Li-c)2 arise from repulsions between methylamino groups and bicycloheptane moieties and give rise to the observed pyramidal environments at the lithiums in the X-ray crystal structure of (2-Li)2.
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Mifsud, Simon, Kyle Cilia, Emma L. Mifsud, and Mark Gruppetta. "Lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism." British Journal of Hospital Medicine 81, no. 11 (November 2, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2020.0457.

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Lithium is a mood stabiliser widely used in the treatment and prophylaxis of mania, bipolar disorders and recurrent depression. Treatment with lithium can give rise to various endocrine and metabolic abnormalities, including thyroid dysfunction, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and hypercalcaemia. Lithium may induce hypercalcaemia through both acute and chronic effects. The initial acute effects are potentially reversible and occur as a result of lithium's action on the calcium-sensing receptor pathway and glycogen synthase kinase 3, giving rise to a biochemical picture similar to that seen in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia. In the long term, chronic lithium therapy leads to permanent changes within the parathyroid glands by either unmasking hyperparathyroidism in patients with a subclinical parathyroid adenoma or possibly by initiating multiglandular hyperparathyroidism. The latter biochemical picture is identical to that of primary hyperparathyroidism. Lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism, especially in patients on chronic lithium therapy, is associated with increased morbidity. Hence, regular monitoring of calcium levels in patients on lithium therapy is of paramount importance as early recognition of lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism can improve outcomes. This review focuses on the definition, pathophysiology, presentation, investigations and management of lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism.
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Baird-Gunning, Jonathan, Tom Lea-Henry, Lotte C. G. Hoegberg, Sophie Gosselin, and Darren M. Roberts. "Lithium Poisoning." Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 32, no. 4 (August 11, 2016): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885066616651582.

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Lithium is a commonly prescribed treatment for bipolar affective disorder. However, treatment is complicated by lithium’s narrow therapeutic index and the influence of kidney function, both of which increase the risk of toxicity. Therefore, careful attention to dosing, monitoring, and titration is required. The cause of lithium poisoning influences treatment and 3 patterns are described: acute, acute-on-chronic, and chronic. Chronic poisoning is the most common etiology, is usually unintentional, and results from lithium intake exceeding elimination. This is most commonly due to impaired kidney function caused by volume depletion from lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus or intercurrent illnesses and is also drug-induced. Lithium poisoning can affect multiple organs; however, the primary site of toxicity is the central nervous system and clinical manifestations vary from asymptomatic supratherapeutic drug concentrations to clinical toxicity such as confusion, ataxia, or seizures. Lithium poisoning has a low mortality rate; however, chronic lithium poisoning can require a prolonged hospital length of stay from impaired mobility and cognition and associated nosocomial complications. Persistent neurological deficits, in particular cerebellar, are described and the incidence and risk factors for its development are poorly understood, but it appears to be uncommon in uncomplicated acute poisoning. Lithium is readily dialyzable, and rationale support extracorporeal treatments to reduce the risk or the duration of toxicity in high-risk exposures. There is disagreement in the literature regarding factors that define patients most likely to benefit from treatments that enhance lithium elimination, including specific plasma lithium concentration thresholds. In the case of extracorporeal treatments, there are observational data in its favor, without evidence from randomized controlled trials (none have been performed), which may lead to conservative practices and potentially unnecessary interventions in some circumstances. More data are required to define the risk–benefit of extracorporeal treatments and their use (modality, duration) in the management of lithium poisoning.
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Kavanagh, Laurence, Jerome Keohane, Guiomar Garcia Cabellos, Andrew Lloyd, and John Cleary. "Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: A Review." Resources 7, no. 3 (September 17, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources7030057.

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Lithium is a key component in green energy storage technologies and is rapidly becoming a metal of crucial importance to the European Union. The different industrial uses of lithium are discussed in this review along with a compilation of the locations of the main geological sources of lithium. An emphasis is placed on lithium’s use in lithium ion batteries and their use in the electric vehicle industry. The electric vehicle market is driving new demand for lithium resources. The expected scale-up in this sector will put pressure on current lithium supplies. The European Union has a burgeoning demand for lithium and is the second largest consumer of lithium resources. Currently, only 1–2% of worldwide lithium is produced in the European Union (Portugal). There are several lithium mineralisations scattered across Europe, the majority of which are currently undergoing mining feasibility studies. The increasing cost of lithium is driving a new global mining boom and should see many of Europe’s mineralisation’s becoming economic. The information given in this paper is a source of contextual information that can be used to support the European Union’s drive towards a low carbon economy and to develop the field of research.
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Felber, Werner, Michael Bauer, Ute Lewitzka, and Bruno Müller-Oerlinghausen. "Lithium Clinics in Berlin and Dresden: a 50-Year Experience." Pharmacopsychiatry 51, no. 05 (June 14, 2018): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0633-3450.

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AbstractAlthough lithium’s serendipitous discovery as a medication for depression dates back more than 200 years, the first scientific evidence that it prevents mania and depression arose only in the 1960s. However, at that time there was a lack of knowledge about how to administer and monitor lithium therapy safely and properly. The lithium clinics in Dresden and Berlin were remarkably similar in their beginnings in the late 1960s regarding patient numbers and scientific expertise without being aware of one another due to the Iron Curtain separating Germany into a western and eastern part until 1990. In what were initially lithium-care programs run independently from one another, the lithium clinics embedded in academic settings in Dresden and Berlin represent a milestone in the history of psychopharmacological treatment of affective disorders in Germany and trailblazers for today’s lithium therapy. Nowadays, lithium’s clinical applications are unquestioned, such as its use in strategies to prevent mood episodes and suicide, and to treat depression. The extensively documented knowledge of lithium treatment is the fruit of more than 50 years of observing disease courses and of studying side effects and influencing factors of lithium prophylaxis. Its safe and proper administration—in determining the correct indication, baseline and follow-up examinations, recommended dosages, monitoring, or the management of side effects—is well established. Subsequently, both national and international guidelines continue recommending lithium as the gold standard in treating patients with unipolar and bipolar disorders.
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Vecera, Courtney M., Gabriel R. Fries, Lokesh R. Shahani, Jair C. Soares, and Rodrigo Machado-Vieira. "Pharmacogenomics of Lithium Response in Bipolar Disorder." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14040287.

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Despite being the most widely studied mood stabilizer, researchers have not confirmed a mechanism for lithium’s therapeutic efficacy in Bipolar Disorder (BD). Pharmacogenomic applications may be clinically useful in the future for identifying lithium-responsive patients and facilitating personalized treatment. Six genome-wide association studies (GWAS) reviewed here present evidence of genetic variations related to lithium responsivity and side effect expression. Variants were found on genes regulating the glutamate system, including GAD-like gene 1 (GADL1) and GRIA2 gene, a mutually-regulated target of lithium. In addition, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) discovered on SESTD1 may account for lithium’s exceptional ability to permeate cell membranes and mediate autoimmune and renal effects. Studies also corroborated the importance of epigenetics and stress regulation on lithium response, finding variants on long, non-coding RNA genes and associations between response and genetic loading for psychiatric comorbidities. Overall, the precision medicine model of stratifying patients based on phenotype seems to derive genotypic support of a separate clinical subtype of lithium-responsive BD. Results have yet to be expounded upon and should therefore be interpreted with caution.
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Almeida, Pedro Amadeu, Filipa Caldas, Inês Homem de Melo, Ana Maria Moreira, and Gustavo França Santos. "Premature Ejaculation after Lithium Treatment in a Patient with Bipolar Disorder." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2023 (January 9, 2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6156023.

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Lithium has proven its efficacy in treating bipolar disorder. Severe side effects caused by lithium, including renal and endocrine outcomes, have already been amply documented. The impact of lithium on sexual function, however, is less well known. A 33-year-old man, with no past medical history, diagnosed with bipolar disorder, developed premature ejaculation after short-term use of lithium. The dose of lithium was reduced, leading to a rapid clinical resolution. Retrospectively, lithium-induced premature ejaculation was deemed the most likely diagnosis. Premature ejaculation is a rare side effect of lithium. Changing the time of medication administration and lowering dose could be considered as alternatives. Given lithium’s pharmacological profile, it is likely that the pathophysiologic mechanism behind premature ejaculation is altered levels or altered serotonin receptor sensitivity in the ejaculatory modulating centers of the central nervous system. Given the reluctance to spontaneously report sexual adverse effects, clinicians should be aware of this possible side effect.
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Leite, R. Almeida, M. Almeida, J. Borges, and A. Costa. "Lithium in severe affective disorders: Balancing safety with efficacy." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2060.

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IntroductionLithium has been one of the oldest substances used in psychiatric treatments and remains the first-line treatment for prevention of manic and depressive episodes of bipolar disorder (BD), but it has also a wide spectrum of side-effects.ObjectivesThe goal is to review efficacy, and clinical use of lithium, such as its side effects, and its benefit-to-risk ratio.MethodsNon-systematic literature review based on scientific databases such as PubMed.ResultsThe first modern use of lithium was for the treatment of mania. Lithium has also proven useful in major depression, particularly for augmentation of antidepressants, for aggressive behavior and it has a specific antisuicide effect. Lithium’s prophylactic and antisuicidal effects are most unique. However, the use of lithium became problematic due to the serious toxicity since lithium also a narrow therapeutic index, with therapeutic levels between 0.6 and 1.5 mEq/L.ConclusionsAwareness of the benefits and risks of lithium is essential for the use of this lifesaving agent. Lithium levels must be carefully monitored and lithium dosage adjusted as necessary.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
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Becchetti, A., and M. Whitaker. "Lithium blocks cell cycle transitions in the first cell cycles of sea urchin embryos, an effect rescued by myo-inositol." Development 124, no. 6 (March 15, 1997): 1099–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.6.1099.

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Lithium is a classical inhibitor of the phosphoinositide pathway and is teratogenic. We report the effects of lithium on the first cell cycles of sea urchin (Lytechinus pictus) embryos. Embryos cultured in 400 mM lithium chloride sea water showed marked delay to the cell cycle and a tendency to arrest prior to nuclear envelope breakdown, at metaphase and at cytokinesis. After removal of lithium, the block was reversed and embryos developed to form normal late blastulae. The lithium-induced block was also reversed by myo- but not epi-inositol, indicating that lithium was acting via the phosphoinositide pathway. Lithium microinjection before fertilization caused arrest prior to nuclear envelope breakdown at much lower concentrations (3-5 mM). Co-injection of myo-inositol prevented the block. Microinjection of 1–2 mM lithium led to block at the cleavage stage. This was also reversed by coinjection of myo-inositol. Embryos blocked by lithium microinjection proceeded rapidly into mitosis after photolysis of caged inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. These data demonstrate that a patent phosphoinositide signalling pathway is essential for the proper timing of cell cycle transitions and offer a possible explanation for lithium's teratogenic effects.
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Lima, Thiago Zaqueu, Miriam Marcela Blanco, Jair Guilherme dos Santos Júnior, Carolina Tesone Coelho, and Luiz Eugênio Mello. "Staying at the crossroads: assessment of the potential of serum lithium monitoring in predicting an ideal lithium dose." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 30, no. 3 (September 2008): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462008000300007.

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OBJECTIVE: Lithium has been successfully employed to treat bipolar disorder for decades, and recently, was shown to attenuate the symptoms of other pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, ischemic processes, and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. However, lithium's narrow therapeutic range limits its broader use. Therefore, the development of methods to better predict its dose becomes essential to an ideal therapy. METHOD: the performance of adult Wistar rats was evaluated at the open field and elevated plus maze after a six weeks treatment with chow supplemented with 0.255%, or 0.383% of lithium chloride, or normal feed. Thereafter, blood samples were collected to measure the serum lithium concentration. RESULTS: Animals fed with 0.255% lithium chloride supplemented chow presented a higher rearing frequency at the open field, and higher frequency of arms entrance at the elevated plus maze than animals fed with a 50% higher lithium dose presented. Nevertheless, both groups presented similar lithium plasmatic concentration. DISCUSSION: different behaviors induced by both lithium doses suggest that these animals had different lithium distribution in their brains that was not detected by lithium serum measurement. CONCLUSION: serum lithium concentration measurements do not seem to provide sufficient precision to support its use as predictive of behaviors.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lithium"

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Nguyen, Hanh D. "Structural Elucidation of tert-Butyllithium/Lithium Alkoxide and Lithium Hydride/Lithium Alkoxide Mixed Aggregates." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278525/.

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The effects of lithium alkoxides on the rates of reactions and on the structures of a series of tert-butyllithium/lithium alkoxide mixed aggregates were studied, where the alkoxides were iso-butoxide, tert-butoxide and menthoxide. It was found that their effects depend not only on their amount present, but also on their steric bulk. The tert-butyllithium/lithium alkoxide mixed aggregates were exposed to UV light or heat to form lithium hydride/lithium alkoxide mixed aggregates. The aggregation states were assigned from either 13C-6Li coupling or a new technique based on the relative intensity of NMR peaks using different nuclei. The compounds formed depend upon the method of formation and the alkoxide. The unique properties of the lithium hydride/lithium alkoxide mixed aggregates are their high solubility in hydrocarbon solutions, very reactive bases, showing 6Li-1H couplings, and having only one hydride ion per aggregate. Their formation, reactivity, solubility, and aggregation states were found to depend on the size of lithium alkoxides. X-ray crystal structures of lithium tert-butoxide and lithium menthoxide were also studied and found to be hexameric.
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Aojula, Kuldip Singh. "Electrodeposition of lithium from dimethylsulphoxide/lithium chloride medium." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305484.

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Harrison, Hollie. "The electrodialysis of lithium sulphate to lithium hydroxide." Thesis, Harrison, Hollie (2018) The electrodialysis of lithium sulphate to lithium hydroxide. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2018. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/40456/.

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There is currently an increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries, and therefore a push within the industry to produce lithium hydroxide. Electrodialysis has been shown to be a promising new technology for producing lithium hydroxide. A three-compartment batch electrodialysis cell was constructed, utilising an anionic exchange membrane and a cationic exchange membrane. This cell was constructed in order to produce lithium hydroxide from lithium sulphate salt. The cell was run under multiple different conditions to observe the effect that they would have on the recovery of lithium within the lithium hydroxide of the catholyte compartment within the cell. The initial pH of the solution, the temperature of the system, the initial concentration of lithium sulphate and the residence time within the cell were all tested in separate experiments in order to observe how they would influence the system and the production of lithium hydroxide. The results of this study indicated that by decreasing the initial concentration of the lithium sulphate within the cell, the lithium recovery is dramatically increased, at 30 wt.% lithium sulphate, 18.3% of the lithium is recovered within 4 hours into the catholyte solution as lithium hydroxide. At 5 wt.% lithium sulphate, 81.2% of the lithium is recovered within 4 hours into the catholyte as lithium hydroxide. The results also suggest, the rate of production of lithium hydroxide is fastest when the residence time within the cell is reduced, however, a longer residence time within the cell will increase the lithium recovery. A 4-hour test at 30 wt.% of lithium sulphate yielded a 23.1% lithium recovery within the catholyte solution. When this residence time was doubled, the recovery was increased to 37% lithium within the catholyte as lithium hydroxide.
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Chinyama, Luzendu Gabriel. "Recovery of Lithium from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-59866.

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Batteries have found wide use in many household and industrial applications and since the 1990s, they have continued to rapidly shape the economy and social landscape of humans. Lithium ion batteries, a type of rechargeable batteries, have experienced a leap-frog development at technology and market share due to their prominent performance and environmental advantages and therefore, different forecasts have been made on the future trend for the lithium ion batteries in-terms of their use. The steady growth of energy demand for consumer electronics (CE) and electric vehicles (EV) have resulted in the increase of battery consumption and the electric vehicle (EV) market is the most promising market as it will consume a large amount of the lithium ion batteries and research in this area has reached advanced stages. This will consequently be resulting in an increase of metal-containing hazardous waste. Thus, to help prevent environmental and raw materials consumption, the recycling and recovery of the major valuable components of the spent lithium ion batteries appears to be beneficial. In this thesis, it was attempted to recover lithium from a synthetic slag produced using pyrometallurgy processing and later treated using hydrometallurgy. The entire work was done in the laboratory to mimic a base metal smelting slag. The samples used were smelted in a Tamman furnace under inert atmosphere until 1250oC was reached and then maintained at this temperature for two hours. The furnace was then switched off to cool for four hours and the temperature gradient during cooling was from 1250oC to 50oC. Lime was added as one of the sample materials to change the properties of the slag and eventually ease the possibility of selectively leaching lithium from the slag. It was observed after smelting that the slag samples had a colour ranging from dark grey to whitish grey among the samples.The X - ray diffractions done on the slag samples revealed that the main phases identified included fayalite (Fe2SiO4), magnetite (Fe3O4), ferrobustamine (CaFeO6Si2), Kilchoanite (Ca3Si2O7), iron oxide (Fe0.974O) and quartz (SiO2). The addition of lime created new compound in the slag with the calcium replacing the iron. The new phases formed included hedenbergite (Ca0.5Fe1.5Si2O6), ferrobustamine (CaFeO6Si2), Kilchoanite (Ca3Si2O7) while the addition of lithium carbonate created lithium iron (II) silicate (FeLi2O4Si) and dilithium iron silicate (FeLi2O4Si) phases.The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the slag consisted mainly of Fe, Si and O while the Ca was minor. Elemental compositions obtained after analysis was used to identify the different phases in all the slag samples. The main phases identified were the same as those identified by the XRD analysis above except no phase with lithium was identified. No lithium was detected by SEM due to the design of the equipment as it uses beryllium planchets which prevent the detection of lithium.Leaching experiments were done on three slag samples (4, 5 and 6) that had lithium carbonate additions. Leaching was done for four hours using water, 1 molar HCl and 1 molar H2SO4 as leaching reagents at room temperature. Mixing was done using a magnetic stirrer. The recoveries obtained after leaching with water gave a lithium recovery of 0.4%. Leaching with HCl gave a recovery of 8.3% while a recovery of 9.4% was obtained after leaching with H2SO4.It can be concluded that the percentage of lithium recovered in this study was very low and therefore it would not be economically feasible. It can also be said that the recovery of lithium from the slag system studied in this work is very difficult because of the low recoveries obtained. It is recommended that test works be done on spent lithium ion batteries so as to get a better understanding of the possibilities of lithium recovery as spent lithium ion batteries contain other compounds unlike the ones investigated in this study.
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Björkman, Carl Johan. "Detection of lithium plating in lithium-ion batteries." Thesis, KTH, Kemiteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-266369.

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With an increasing demand for sustainable transport solutions, there is a demand for electrified vehicles. One way to store energy on board an electrified vehicle is to use a lithium-ion battery (LIB). This battery technology has many advantages, such as being rechargeable and enabling reasonably high power output and capacity. To ensure reliable operation of LIB:s, the battery management system (BMS) must be designed with regards to the electrochemical dynamics of the battery. However, since the battery ages over time, the dynamics changes as well. It is possible to predict ageing, but some ageing mechanisms can occur randomly, e.g. due to variations of circumstances during manufacturing, and variations of battery user choices. Hence, by monitoring ageing mechanisms in situ, the BMS can adapt accordingly, similar to a closed loop control system. One ageing mechanism in LIB:s is lithium plating. This mechanism signifies when Li ions are electrochemically deposited as metal onto the negative electrode of the LIB during charging, and can induce other ageing mechanisms, such as gassing or electrolyte reduction. The present project has investigated a method for detecting Li plating in situ after its occurrence by both analysing the voltage change over time during open-circuit voltage (OCV) periods after charging and monitoring battery swelling forces. Results show a correlation between a high probability of Li plating and the appearance of a swelling force peak and an OCV plateau. However, results also show a possible correlation between the onset of Li plating and the onset of the swelling force peak, while also showing a greater detectability of the force signal compared to the electrochemical signal. Furthermore, the present results show that the magnitudes of both signals are probably related to the amount of plated Li. The amount of irreversibly lost Li from plating is shown to have a possible correlation with accumulation of swelling pressure. However, to further validate the feasibility of these two signals, more advanced analysis is required, which was not available during this project.
Med en ökande efterfråga på hållbara transportlösningar så finns det ett behov av elektrifierade fordon. Ett sätt att lagra energi ombord ett elektrifierat fordon är att använda et litium-jon-batteri. Denna batteriteknologi har många fördelar: t.ex. är dessa batterier återladdningsbara, och de kan leverera höga uteffekter samtidigt som de kan ha ett stort energiinnehåll. för att säkerställa en säker drift av litium-jon-batterier måste batteriets styrsystem vara designat med hänsyn till den elektrokemiska dynamiken inuti batteriet. Dock åldras batteriet med tiden, vilket innebär att denna dynamik ändras med tiden, vilket innebär att styrningen av batteriet måste anpassa sig till denna föråldring. Det är möjligt att förutspå åldring av batterier, men vissa åldringsmekanismer kan ske slumpartat, t.ex. via slumpmässiga förändringar i tillverkningsprocessen av batteriet, eller variationer i användningen av batteriet. Genom att därmed bevaka dessa åldringsmekanismer in situ så kan styrsystemets algoritm anpassa sig utmed batteriåldringen, trots dessa slumpartade effekter. En åldringmekanism hos litium-jon-batterier är s.k. litiumplätering. Denna mekanism innebär att litium-joner elektrokemiskt pläteras i form av metalliskt litium på ytan av litium-jon-batteriets negativa elektrod. Mekanismen kan också inducera andra åldringsmekanismer, t.ex. gasutveckling eller elektrolytreduktion. Detta projekt har undersökt en metod för att detektera litiumplätering in situ efter att plätering har skett, genom att både analysera öppencellspänningens (OCV) förändring med tiden direkt efter uppladdning samt analysera de svällande krafterna som uppstår under uppladdning av batteriet. Resultaten visar på en korrelation mellan en hög sannolikhet för litiumplätering och observationen av en topp i svällningskraft och en platå i OCV-kurvan. resultaten visar också en möjlig korrelation mellan påbörjandet av litium-plätering och påbörjandet av toppen i svällningskraft. Vidare visar även resultaten ett troligt samband mellan signalernas magnitud och mängden pläterat litium. Slutligen visar resultaten också ett möjligt samband mellan irreversibelt pläterat litium och ett svällningstryck som ackumuleras med varje uppladdningscykel. Dock krävs det en validering med mer avancerade analysmetoder för att säkerställa användningsbarheten av dessa två signaler, vilket ej var möjligt inom detta projekt.
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Harvey, Norman Stewart. "Lithium treatment." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321423.

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Myalo, Zolani. "Graphenised Lithium Iron Phosphate and Lithium Manganese Silicate Hybrid Cathode Systems for Lithium-Ion Batteries." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6036.

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Magister Scientiae - MSc (Chemistry)
This research was based on the development and characterization of graphenised lithium iron phosphate-lithium manganese silicate (LiFePO4-Li2MnSiO4) hybrid cathode materials for use in Li-ion batteries. Although previous studies have mainly focused on the use of a single cathode material, recent works have shown that a combination of two or more cathode materials provides better performances compared to a single cathode material. The LiFePO4- Li2MnSiO4 hybrid cathode material is composed of LiFePO4 and Li2MnSiO4. The Li2MnSiO4 contributes its high working voltage ranging from 4.1 to 4.4 V and a specific capacity of 330 mA h g-1, which is twice that of the LiFePO4 which, in turn, offers its long cycle life, high rate capacity as well as good electrochemical and thermal stability. The two cathode materials complement each other's properties however they suffer from low electronic conductivities which were suppressed by coating the hybrid material with graphene nanosheets. The synthetic route entailed a separate preparation of the individual pristine cathode materials, using a sol-gel protocol. Then, the graphenised LiFePO4-Li2MnSiO4 and LiFePO4-Li2MnSiO4 hybrid cathodes were obtained in two ways: the hand milling (HM) method where the pristine cathodes were separately prepared and then mixed with graphene using a pestle and mortar, and the in situ sol-gel (SG) approach where the Li2MnSiO4 and graphene were added into the LiFePO4 sol, stirred and calcined together.
2021-04-30
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Popovic, Jelena. "Novel lithium iron phosphate materials for lithium-ion batteries." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5459/.

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Conventional energy sources are diminishing and non-renewable, take million years to form and cause environmental degradation. In the 21st century, we have to aim at achieving sustainable, environmentally friendly and cheap energy supply by employing renewable energy technologies associated with portable energy storage devices. Lithium-ion batteries can repeatedly generate clean energy from stored materials and convert reversely electric into chemical energy. The performance of lithium-ion batteries depends intimately on the properties of their materials. Presently used battery electrodes are expensive to be produced; they offer limited energy storage possibility and are unsafe to be used in larger dimensions restraining the diversity of application, especially in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs). This thesis presents a major progress in the development of LiFePO4 as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. Using simple procedure, a completely novel morphology has been synthesized (mesocrystals of LiFePO4) and excellent electrochemical behavior was recorded (nanostructured LiFePO4). The newly developed reactions for synthesis of LiFePO4 are single-step processes and are taking place in an autoclave at significantly lower temperature (200 deg. C) compared to the conventional solid-state method (multi-step and up to 800 deg. C). The use of inexpensive environmentally benign precursors offers a green manufacturing approach for a large scale production. These newly developed experimental procedures can also be extended to other phospho-olivine materials, such as LiCoPO4 and LiMnPO4. The material with the best electrochemical behavior (nanostructured LiFePO4 with carbon coating) was able to delive a stable 94% of the theoretically known capacity.
Konventionelle Energiequellen sind weder nachwachsend und daher nachhaltig nutzbar, noch weiterhin langfristig verfügbar. Sie benötigen Millionen von Jahren um gebildet zu werden und verursachen in ihrer Nutzung negative Umwelteinflüsse wie starke Treibhausgasemissionen. Im 21sten Jahrhundert ist es unser Ziel nachhaltige und umweltfreundliche, sowie möglichst preisgünstige Energiequellen zu erschließen und nutzen. Neuartige Technologien assoziiert mit transportablen Energiespeichersystemen spielen dabei in unserer mobilen Welt eine große Rolle. Li-Ionen Batterien sind in der Lage wiederholt Energie aus entsprechenden Prozessen nutzbar zu machen, indem sie reversibel chemische in elektrische Energie umwandeln. Die Leistung von Li-Ionen Batterien hängen sehr stark von den verwendeten Funktionsmaterialien ab. Aktuell verwendete Elektrodenmaterialien haben hohe Produktionskosten, verfügen über limitierte Energiespeichekapazitäten und sind teilweise gefährlich in der Nutzung für größere Bauteile. Dies beschränkt die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Technologie insbesondere im Gebiet der hybriden Fahrzeugantriebe. Die vorliegende Dissertation beschreibt bedeutende Fortschritte in der Entwicklung von LiFePO4 als Kathodenmaterial für Li-Ionen Batterien. Mithilfe einfacher Syntheseprozeduren konnten eine vollkommen neue Morphologie (mesokristallines LiFePo4) sowie ein nanostrukturiertes Material mit exzellenten elektrochemischen Eigenschaften hergestellt werden. Die neu entwickelten Verfahren zur Synthese von LiFePo4 sind einschrittig und bei signifikant niedrigeren Temperaturen im Vergleich zu konventionellen Methoden. Die Verwendung von preisgünstigen und umweltfreundlichen Ausgangsstoffen stellt einen grünen Herstellungsweg für die large scale Synthese dar. Mittels des neuen Synthesekonzepts konnte meso- und nanostrukturiertes LiFe PO4 generiert werden. Die Methode ist allerdings auch auf andere phospho-olivin Materialien (LiCoPO4, LiMnPO4) anwendbar. Batterietests der besten Materialien (nanostrukturiertes LiFePO4 mit Kohlenstoffnanobeschichtung) ergeben eine mögliche Energiespeicherung von 94%.
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9

Cvitaš, Marko Tomislav. "Interactions and collisions of cold molecules : lithium + lithium dimer." Thesis, Durham University, 2004. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3667/.

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There is at present great interest in the properties of ultracold molecules. Molecules are created in traps in excited rovibrational states and any vibrational relaxation results in the trap loss. This thesis provides a theoretical study of interactions and collisions in the spin-polarized lithium -b lithium dimer system at ultralow energies. Potential energy surface of the electronic quartet ground state of lithium trimer is generated ab initio using the CCSD(T) method and represented by an IMLS/Shepard fit. Long-range nonadditive interactions are modelled using a symmetric global form with coefficients taken from a fit to the atom-molecule dispersion coefficients. The surface allows barrierless atom-exchange reactions. It has a global minimum of ≈ 4000 cm(^-1) at equilateral geometries with r(_e) = 3.1 Å. The nonadditive interactions are very strong near equilibrium. They increase the well depth by a factor of 4 and reduce the interatomic distance by ≈ 1 Å. Another surface of À symmetry in C(_s) meets the ground state surface at linear geometries at short range. Part of the seam, near D(_ooh) geometries, is in an energetically accessible region for cold collisions. Inside the seam, the lowest À surface correlates with (^4)II rather than (^4)Σ state. Inelastic and reactive collisions are investigated using a quantum mechanical coupled channel method in hyperspherical coordinates. Bosonic and fermionic systems in the spin-stretched states are considered. The inelastic rate coefficients from the rovibrationally excited states of dimer at ultralow collision energies are large, often above 10-(^-10) cm(^3)s(^-1) The elastic cross sections are ≈ 3 orders of magnitude lower at 1 nK. Atom-molecule mixtures, at the densities found in Bose-Einstein condensates of alkali metal atoms that were recently produced, would last only a fraction of a second. Classical Langevin model describes semi-quantitatively the energy dependence of inelastic cross sections above ≈ 50 mK. No systematic differences between the bosonic and fermionic systems were found. Sensitivity of the results on potential was investigated. Reactions in isotopic mixtures of lithium may be exothermic even from the molecular ground state. The reactive rate coefficients are 1 - 2 orders of magnitude smaller than those in systems involving an initially vibrationally excited dimer.
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Roß, Sebastian [Verfasser]. "Lithium conductivity characteristics of amorphous lithium silicate and lithium alumosilicate materials and their compaction / Sebastian Roß." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2015. http://d-nb.info/1068347899/34.

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Books on the topic "Lithium"

1

Ferrell, John E. Lithium. [Washington, D.C.?]: Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1985.

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Méndez, Yassir Zárate. Lithium. Hermosillo, Sonora, México: Instituto Sonorense de Cultura, 2004.

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association), MIND (Mental health, and Manic Depression Fellowship, eds. Lithium. London: MIND Publications, 1999.

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Julien, Christian, Alain Mauger, Ashok Vijh, and Karim Zaghib. Lithium Batteries. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19108-9.

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Nazri, Gholam-Abbas, and Gianfranco Pistoia, eds. Lithium Batteries. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92675-9.

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Scrosati, Bruno, K. M. Abraham, Walter Van Schalkwijk, and Jusef Hassoun, eds. Lithium Batteries. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118615515.

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Volk, Tatyana, and Manfred Wöhlecke. Lithium Niobate. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70766-0.

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executive, Health and safety. Lithium batteries. London: HMSO, 1987.

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M, Peters, Winkler P. -J, and International Aluminium-Lithium Conference (6th : 1991 : Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany), eds. Aluminium-Lithium. Germany: DGM Informationsgesellschaft, 1992.

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M, Thellier, and Wissocq Jean-Claude, eds. Lithium kinetics. Carnforth: Marius, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Lithium"

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Maxwell, Robert A., and Shohreh B. Eckhardt. "Lithium." In Drug Discovery, 155–64. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0469-5_12.

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Ryan, Jeffrey G. "Lithium." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_116-1.

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Ryan, Jeffrey G. "Lithium." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 822–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_116.

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Crowson, Phillip. "Lithium." In Minerals Handbook 1992–93, 139–44. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12564-7_22.

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Fischer, Gabriele, Annemarie Unger, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Cécile Viollet, Jacques Epelbaum, Daniel Hoyer, Ina Weiner, et al. "Lithium." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 713–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_254.

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Courtney, John C., and Cristy Akins. "Lithium." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1471–72. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1670.

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Goodnick, Paul J., and Samuel Gershon. "Lithium." In Alterations of Metabolites in the Nervous System, 103–49. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6740-7_5.

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Lavonas, Eric J., and Jeffrey Brent. "Lithium." In Critical Care Toxicology, 1–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20790-2_88-1.

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Schou, M. "Lithium." In Affektive Psychosen, 327–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71819-9_11.

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Desai, Ushang. "Lithium." In Hamilton & Hardy's Industrial Toxicology, 141–48. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118834015.ch21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Lithium"

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Hansen, Jacob Gorm, and Eric Jul. "Lithium." In the 1st ACM symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1807128.1807134.

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Kozub, T., R. Majeski, R. Kaita, E. Granstedt, C. Jacobson, D. Lundberg, and J. Timberlake. "Lithium operations on the lithium tokamak experiment." In 2011 IEEE 24th Symposium on Fusion Engineering (SOFE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sofe.2011.6052293.

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Buzi, L., Y. Yang, A. O. Nelson, and B. E. Koel. "Hydrogen Retention in Lithium and Lithium Compounds." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icops35962.2018.9575196.

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Meng, Ying, Minghao Zhang, Bao Qiu, and Andrej Singer. "Role of Strain and Defects in Anion Redox Electrochemistry." In The 19th International Meeting on Lithium Batteries, Kyoto, Japan, 2018. US DOE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1770704.

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Sloop, Steven. "Improving Cost and Safety with Cathode-Healing and Whole Battery Deactivation." In Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory LIRRIC, Let’s Talk Lithium, April 14, 2021. US DOE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1833046.

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Kim, Eugenia S., and Andrew Crowe. "Lithium Hindsight 360." In OZCHI'19: 31ST AUSTRALIAN CONFERENCE ON HUMAN-COMPUTER-INTERACTION. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3369457.3369526.

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Choi, SangHyeon, Jiwoong Kim, and Byunghyuk Kim. "Lithium deposition control with electric field in lithium ion battery." In 4th International Conference on Modern Approaches in Science, Technology & Engineering. Acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/4ste.2019.02.15.

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Sahu, Kailash C., S. R. Pottasch, and Meenakshi Sahu. "Primordial lithium abundance from interstellar lithium lines towards SN 1987A." In Cosmic abundances of matter. AIP, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.37984.

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Ku, Chun-Yang, and Jyh-Herng Chen. "The Recovery of Lithium Iron Phosphate from Lithium Ion Battery." In 2022 8th International Conference on Applied System Innovation (ICASI). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icasi55125.2022.9774480.

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Fisler, Emily, and Anubhav Datta. "Fabrication, Testing, and Comparative Analysis of Lithium Sulfur and Lithium-Ion Electrochemistries." In Vertical Flight Society 78th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0078-2022-17531.

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This paper addresses the fundamental barriers of eVTOL aircraft- energy and power. Lithium sulfur and lithium-ion coin cells were fabricated with identical overhead for a clear and consistent comparison of specific energy and power. The characteristics measured were discharge cycles, cycle life, impedance under conditions unique to electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft namely high C-Rates, half cycles, and high transients. Equivalent circuit models were developed and validated to predict the steady-state and transient behavior of these cells. The key conclusions are lithium sulfur provides more than twice the specific energy of lithium-ion up to currents of almost C/2. At 1C, it is comparable. Above 1C it drops drastically and by 4C the energy vanishes almost entirely. This is traced to an order of magnitude higher impedance of these cells. The price to pay for high energy is low cycle life. However, it appear this problem can be eliminated by half cycles. The dynamic behavior of lithium sulfur is richer in comparison to lithium-ion. The response is still capacitative, hence first order, but the complex Warburg and constant phase elements have far greater influence. The behavior is harder to model as it does not fit neatly into linear equivalent circuits. The key conclusion is that lithium sulfur appears to be an attractive alternative to lithium-ion with characteristics that have significant ramifications on future eVTOL design and infrastructure.
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Reports on the topic "Lithium"

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Visco, Steven J. Manufacturing of Protected Lithium Electrodes for Advanced Lithium-Air, Lithium-Water & Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1226495.

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Tortorelli, P. (Lithium and lead-lithium corrosion and chemistry). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5525605.

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Leveling, A. F., and /Fermilab. Lithium Irradiation Experiment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/984594.

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Krider, J. Lithium Lens Interlocks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/948901.

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Purtscher, P. T., M. Austin, S. Kim, and D. Rule. Aluminum-lithium alloys :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.3986.

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Clark, W., F. Dampier, R. McDonald, A. Lombardi, and D. Batson. Lithium Cell Reactions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada154429.

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Balsara, Nitash. Development of lithium ion conducting interface between lithium metal and a lithium ion conducting ceramic using block polymers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1615376.

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Leece, A., and C. Jiang. A preliminary techno-economic assessment of lithium extraction from flowback and produced water from unconventional shale and tight hydrocarbon operations in Western Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331879.

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In the path towards decarbonization, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are critical for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. To meet the growing demand for this mineral, various sources of lithium are being explored. This study evaluated the technical and economic feasibility of direct lithium extraction (DLE) from flowback and produced waters (FPW) of the Duvernay shale reservoir development near Fox Creek, Alberta and the Montney tight reservoir development in Northeast British Columbia using ion-exchange sorbents. Results indicate that lithium extraction from FPW using DLE technology is a viable option, with fluid pH, temperature, total suspended solids, and organic carbon affecting extraction efficiencies. In the assessment of Duvernay-based FPW fluids processed at a selected centralized facility, approximately 93 tonnes of lithium carbonate, or 105 tonnes of lithium hydroxide monohydrate could be produced annually, based on an average lithium content of 45.1 mg/L and a capacity of approximately 475,000 m3 per year. A discounted cash flow analysis determined the after-tax and royalty internal rate of return of 22% in the production of lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), and 38% in the production of lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH·H2O) from the Duvernay development area. Comparatively, in the assessment of Montney brine fluids processed at a modelled centralized facility, approximately 117 tonnes of lithium carbonate or 134 tonnes of lithium hydroxide monohydrate could be produced annually, based on an average lithium content of 57.7 mg/L and a capacity of approximately 475,000 m3 per year. A discounted cash flow analysis determined the after-tax and royalty internal rate of return of 29% in the production of lithium carbonate and 48% in the production of lithium hydroxide monohydrate from the Dawson Creek Montney development area. These findings demonstrate the economic feasibility of extracting and refining lithium into battery-grade products from a novel source based on forecasted commodity prices and the development of a domestic battery supply chain system. Further investigation of DLE technology, a strategic resource sampling and analysis program, and investigation into the minimum scale of lithium extraction development are recommended.
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Rupke, Andrew. Interim Report on the Great Salt Lake Lithium Resource. Utah Geological Survey, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ofr-759.

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This report documents a brief evaluation of the potential lithium resource (or mass) in Great Salt Lake (GSL) based on currently available data. The analysis presented here leans heavily on historical data from the Utah Geological Survey’s GSL brine chemistry database from the 1960s through the 1990s; limited recent data are also available. The estimates in this report are not intended to be used as a resource estimate for potential mineral production and are not intended to represent indicated, measured, or inferred resources as they are legally defined. Ideally, this report will be updated in the future with more extensive recent data. The impetus behind this report is to begin to understand the lithium resource in GSL and how it has evolved over time as companies begin to explore and evaluate the lake as a source for lithium production. One company, US Magnesium, is already producing lithium as a byproduct at the lake and another company, Compass Minerals, intends to begin producing lithium from the lake in the next few years.
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Liventseva, Hanna. “WHITE GOLD” OF UKRAINE | LITHIUM MINERALISATION. Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Geólogos, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21028/hl.2022.11.08.

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