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Journal articles on the topic 'Lithic implement'
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Sztáncsuj, Sándor József, Katalin Biró, Zsolt Kasztovszky, Sándor Józsa, and Boglárka Maróti. "Lithic implements at Ariuşd (Erősd). A preliminary report." Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae 2014 (December 7, 2015): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54640/cah.2014.19.
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Ariuşd (Erősd) is the eponym site of the Copper Age Ariuşd group. The systematic investigation of the site has begun over a hundred years ago. Recent archaeological studies could clarify the layer sequence and the artefacts of the site, especially the pottery finds. Our current paper is aiming at presenting the chipped lithic industry, the largest of its kind within the Ariuşd group. Though this study is a work in progress with several open questions, we hope to contribute to a more profound knowledge on the material culture of the Ariuşd group.
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Dong, Qinpeng, and Chao Ma. "Synthesis analysis of electric propulsion implement in large civil aircraft." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2252, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2252/1/012021.
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Abstract With more and more concerns of carbon emission reduction in civil aviation, this article aims to illustrate the current development and product of electric propulsion in civil aviation, also to investigate the feasibility and benefit of electric propulsion implement on large civil aircraft. In order to achieve this objective, a single aisle passenger airliner concept with electric propulsion was designed and trade-studied. There are both advantages and disadvantages of different energy architecture such as Turbine generator, APU generator, Lithium battery and Hydrogen fuel cell system. As the practical energy density of lithium battery is much lower than needed, considering the current situation and development potential, fuel cell with liquid hydrogen are most possibly used as the main power source in future large civil aircraft.
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Dong, Qinpeng, and Chao Ma. "Synthesis analysis of electric propulsion implement in large civil aircraft." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2252, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2252/1/012021.
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Abstract With more and more concerns of carbon emission reduction in civil aviation, this article aims to illustrate the current development and product of electric propulsion in civil aviation, also to investigate the feasibility and benefit of electric propulsion implement on large civil aircraft. In order to achieve this objective, a single aisle passenger airliner concept with electric propulsion was designed and trade-studied. There are both advantages and disadvantages of different energy architecture such as Turbine generator, APU generator, Lithium battery and Hydrogen fuel cell system. As the practical energy density of lithium battery is much lower than needed, considering the current situation and development potential, fuel cell with liquid hydrogen are most possibly used as the main power source in future large civil aircraft.
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Porto, Michele, Paolino Caputo, Valeria Loise, Abraham A. Abe, Giulia Tarsi, Cesare Sangiorgi, Francesco Gallo, and Cesare Oliviero Rossi. "Preliminary Study on New Alternative Binders through Re-Refined Engine Oil Bottoms (REOBs) and Industrial By-Product Additives." Molecules 26, no. 23 (November 30, 2021): 7269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237269.
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Recent studies have worked towards addressing environmental issues such as global warming and greenhouse gas emissions due to the increasing awareness of the depletion of natural resources. The asphalt industry is seeking to implement measures to reduce its carbon footprint and to promote sustainable operations. The reuse of several wastes and by-products is an example of a more eco-friendly activity that fulfils the circular economy principle. Among all possible solutions, the road pavement sector encourages, on one hand, the use of recycled materials as a partial replacement of the virgin lithic skeleton; on the other hand, it promotes the use of recycled materials to substituting for a portion of the petroleum bituminous binder. This study aims to use Re-refined Engine Oil Bottoms (REOBs) as a main substitute and additives from various industrial by-products as a full replacement for virgin bitumen, producing high-performing alternative binders. The REOBs have been improved by utilizing additives in an attempt to improve their specific properties and thus to bridge the gap between REOBs and traditional bituminous binders. An even larger amount of virgin and non-renewable resources can be saved using these new potential alternative binders together with the RAP aggregates. Thus, the reduction in the use of virgin materials is applied at the binder and the asphalt mixture levels. Rheological, spectroscopic, thermogravimetric, and mechanical analysis were used to characterize the properties, composition, and characteristics of the REOBs, REOB-modified binders, and asphalt mixes. Thanks to the rheological investigations of possible alternative binders, 18 blends were selected, since they behaved like an SBS-modified bitumen, and then they were used for producing the corresponding asphalt mixtures. The preliminary mechanical analysis of the asphalt mixtures shows that six mixes have promising responses in terms of stiffness, tensile resistance, and water susceptibility. Nevertheless, the high variability of recycled materials and by-products has to be taken into consideration during the definition of alternative binders and recycled asphalt mixtures. In fact, this study highlights the crucial effects of the chemical composition of the constituents and their compatibility on the behaviour of the final product. This preliminary study represents a first attempt to define alternative binders, which can be used in combination with recycled aggregates for producing more sustainable road materials. However, further analysis is necessary in order to assess the durability and the ageing tendency of the materials.
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Horowitz, Rachel A. "Technological Choice and Raw Material Availability: Lithic Production Implements in Western Belize." Lithic Technology 43, no. 3 (June 30, 2018): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2018.1482608.
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Thenaisie, Guillaume, Jun-Ho Cho, Cheol-Hui Park, and Sang-Gug Lee. "A method to implement the electrode-entropy differentiation for lithium batteries." MethodsX 7 (2020): 101052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2020.101052.
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Moore, Christopher R. "An Examination of Terminal Archaic Bone and Antler Implements from the Firehouse Site, Dearborn County, Indiana." Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 42, no. 3 (October 1, 2017): 223–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26599960.
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Abstract The Firehouse site (12D563) is a Terminal Archaic Riverton culture site located on a bluff overlooking the confluence of the Ohio and Great Miami Rivers in Dearborn County, Indiana. Excavations at the site in 2003 and 2004 yielded a highly diverse assemblage of around 300 bone and antler implements. Such large assemblages of organic tools are rare outside of wet sites, rockshelters, and shell middens and provide a unique opportunity for the study of tool forms not typically recovered in the Midwest. A typological analysis of the Firehouse assemblage indicates some similarities between these tools and Riverton culture bone and antler implements from the type sites in Illinois. Additionally, a microscopic analysis of manufacturing microtraces indicates that most tools were made using a lithic shaving (rather than an abrasion) technique.
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Krasinski, Kathryn E. "Multivariate evaluation of criteria for differentiating cut marks created from steel and lithic implements." Quaternary International 466 (February 2018): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.04.025.
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Amaral, I., L. G. Matta, and D. J. Andrade. "Population dynamics of Aceria litchii (Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae) reveals differential responses of lychee varieties." Systematic and Applied Acarology 25, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.25.2.4.
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Lychee productivity (Litchi chinensis) has been decreasing since the appearance of the erinose mite Aceria litchii (Keifer) in the main producing regions. This mite causes erinose formation in leaflets, branches, and fruits, which affects fruit productivity and quality. This study referred to an assessment of the population dynamics of this mite associated with abiotic factors in different lychee varieties during 25 months. For the assessments, the germplasm bank of the Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP–Jaboticabal, state of São Paulo, with lychees in full production was used. The assessed varieties were Bengal, Americana, Brewster, Groff, and WB4. Aceria litchii occurred in lychee plants over the years, reaching the highest levels in October and November. These results are considered important for the establishment of a more adequate management program for A. litchii. In this study, we verified that the Bengal variety (widely commercialized) is one of the varieties more susceptible to the mite attack. The variety Americana showed resistance to the mite. Despite the occurrence records for the pest in this variety, the number of individuals and, consequently, the erinose was reduced. Information reported here on the relationships between lychee varieties and the main crop pest is essential to implement plant-breeding programs or even select resistant or tolerant varieties to the erinose mite.
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Balberg, Michal, Meir Razvag, Shimon Vidro, Eli Refaeli, and Aharon J. Agranat. "Electroholographic neurons implemented on potassium lithium tantalate niobate crystals." Optics Letters 21, no. 19 (October 1, 1996): 1544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.21.001544.
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Hardy, K. "Lithic Implements and the Circulationof Raw Materials in the Great Hungarian Plain During the Late Neolithic Period." European Journal of Archaeology 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2001): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146195710100400112.
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Thompson, Fiona Jane, Claire Dibben, Peter Watson, and Neil Hunt. "Lithium monitoring: should tracking prescriptions be implemented to improve outcome?" Clinical Governance: An International Journal 14, no. 2 (April 24, 2009): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777270910952270.
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Zhou, Xing, Zhengqiang Pan, Xuebing Han, Languang Lu, and Minggao Ouyang. "An easy-to-implement multi-point impedance technique for monitoring aging of lithium ion batteries." Journal of Power Sources 417 (March 2019): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.11.087.
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Kelly, Robert L. "The Three Sides of a Biface." American Antiquity 53, no. 4 (October 1988): 717–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281115.
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Three different sorts of bifacial tools-by-products of the shaping process, cores, and long use-life tools-are used to consider the role mobility plays in producing variability in hunter-gatherer lithic technologies. The relations among tool roles, raw-material distribution, and mobility as well as the archaeological consequences of the different roles are key factors. An examination of temporal trends in the use of bifacial implements in the Carson Sink of western Nevada shows how the proposed perspective on lithic technology can help to elucidate change in mobility strategies. A shift from the use of bifaces as cores to an infrequent use of bifaces as tools suggests a shift from logistical to short-term residential use of the raw-material-poor Carson Sink; a later shift to the use of small, frequently unifacial, nonresharpenable points may indicate a shift to target-specific hunting strategies.
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Caruana, Matthew V. "Lithic Production Strategies in the Oldowan Assemblages from Sterkfontein Member 5 and Swartkrans Member 1, Gauteng Province, South Africa." Journal of African Archaeology 15, no. 1 (December 7, 2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21915784-12340001.
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Abstract Sterkfontein Member 5 East (Oldowan Infill) and Swartkrans Member 1 (Lower Bank) represent the largest concentrations of Oldowan artefacts in southern Africa, and yet they vary significantly in terms of raw material use and typological frequencies. While previous research has described these differences in detail, questions remain as to the cause and implications of this variability. To increase resolution on this matter, this study implements quantitative methods to investigate lithic production strategies at these sites. Results expand upon previous findings concerning differences in raw material use and knapping methods and how these patterns relate to core reduction and flake production. Explanations for these patterns focus on a dichotomy between efficiency and expediency in lithic production, which differ from previous interpretations. As such, variability between these assemblages may relate more to mobility patterns in early hominins within this region and immediate needs for tool use.
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Duches, Rossella, Marco Peresani, and Paolo Pasetti. "Success of a flexible behavior. Considerations on the manufacture of Late Epigravettian lithic projectile implements according to experimental tests." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 10, no. 7 (March 20, 2017): 1617–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-017-0473-x.
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Di Cillo, Dario, Luca Bargnesi, Giampaolo Lacarbonara, and Catia Arbizzani. "Ammonium and Tetraalkylammonium Salts as Additives for Li Metal Electrodes." Batteries 9, no. 2 (February 20, 2023): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020142.
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Lithium metal batteries are considered a promising technology to implement high energy density rechargeable systems beyond lithium-ion batteries. However, the development of dendritic morphology is the basis of safety and performance issues and represents the main limiting factor for using lithium anodes in commercial rechargeable batteries. In this study, the electrochemical behaviour of Li metal has been investigated in organic carbonate-based electrolytes by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements and deposition/stripping galvanostatic cycling. Low amounts of tetraalkylammonium hexafluorophosphate salts have been added to the electrolytes with the aim of regulating the lithium deposition/stripping process through the electrostatic shielding effect that improves the lithium deposition. The use of NH4PF6 also determined good lithium deposition/stripping performance due to the chemical modification of the native solid electrolyte interphase via direct reaction with lithium.
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Chen, Sheng, and Chih Chen Chen. "Implementation of Sun Tracking for Solar Cell with Maximum Power Point Tracking." Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (February 2013): 572–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.572.
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In this paper, the implement of the solar cell for sun tracking is achieved. The sun energy is abundant with clean and green energy, but the efficiency is not benefit from the source of solar panel to the power conversion output for the practical application. This paper contains the implement starting from driving solar cell with the XY-axis servo motor to trace the optimal input solar light, then the maximum power point tracking circuit (MPPT) in the Boost conversion is included to increase the efficiency for lithium battery charging. The super capacitor banks are paralleled with the lithium battery to improve the inrush power load, which is benefit for prolong the lithium battery and solar panel life; The applications of output are included two parts; one is the small green man of traffic light and the other one is AC 110V urban electric conversion; the control core for this system is PSOC chip for its simple, practical and high efficiency demand.
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Bessudnov, Alexander Nikolaevich, and Alexander Alexandrovich Bessudnov. "The problem of the Paleolithic to Mesolithic transition on the Upper and Middle Don River." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 3 (August 5, 2019): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201983201.
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The youngest Upper Palaeolithic sites in the Upper and Middle Don Valley have radiocarbon dates about 13-12 ka BP (Borshchevo 2, Divnogorye 1, 9). Lithic assemblages of these sites are characterized by the presence of backed implements, end-scrapers on blades, burins on truncation which are distinctive features for the final stage of the Eastern Epigravettian. The sites that could be undoubtedly associated with the Final Palaeolithic are not represented in the region. Several Early Mesolithic sites discovered during two last decades have radiocarbon dates about 10-9 ka BP. Geometric microliths, burins of different types, circular end-scrapers and some pointes and chisels are typical for toolkits. Although at least 2000 years separate Palaeolithic and Mesolithic settlements there are some similarities in technical and typological characteristics of its lithic assemblages. Various scenarios of the Mesolithic formation and its probable origin are discussed in the paper. The most preferable is the point of view that there is no continuity between the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic, and the appearance of the Mesolithic population can be explained by migrations from neighboring territories.
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Planden, Brady, Katie Lukow, Paul Henshall, Gordana Collier, and Denise Morrey. "A computationally informed realisation algorithm for lithium-ion batteries implemented with LiiBRA.jl." Journal of Energy Storage 55 (November 2022): 105637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.105637.
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Yu, Yuan Bin, Hai Tao Min, Xiao Dong Qu, and Jun Guo. "Design of Battery Management System Hardware Circuit and Bench Testing Verifying for Li-Ion Batteries." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 1032–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.1032.
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Take the 60Ah lithium iron phosphate battery equipped for an electronic vehicle as research object, develop the Battery Management System (BMS) and process the bench test. The system uses LTC6802 chip to implement local electronic information collection unit, uses the resistance-voltage distributing principle to implement the high-voltage collecting and insulation resistance detecting, uses MC9S12XDP512 chip to implement the top-level data processing and vehicle information interaction. Bench test shows the designed BMS can monitor all states of the battery pack and compute in real time. At the same time BMS can communicate with the Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) reliably.
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Fauzi, M. Ruly, M. Fadhlan S. Intan, and Truman Simanjuntak. "Karakter Teknologi Litik Homo Erectus Progresif Berdasarkan Himpunan Artefak dari Situs Matar, Bojonegoro." KALPATARU 24, no. 1 (May 31, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/kpt.v24i1.41.
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Abstrak. Teras 20 meter Bengawan Solo yang diklaim berumur Pleistosen Atas seringkali dibahas sejak penemuan 14 spesimen Homo erectus beserta sejumlah artefak di Ngandong pada tahun 1931-1933. Namun demikian, artefak batu yang dianggap sebagai peralatan Homo erectus progresif tersebut jarang sekali dibahas secara khusus, sehingga karakter teknologi mereka masih belum jelas statusnya. Situs Matar di tepi timur Bengawan Solo dengan litologi dan posisi yang mirip dengan Ngandong memberikan data baru terkait artefak litik dengan taksiran umur yang sama. Analisis terhadap himpunan artefak litik Situs Matar bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakter bentuk dan teknologi artefak litik Homo erectus progresif. Analisis khusus berupa tinjauan tipologi dan dimensi artefak serpih menunjukkan ciri khusus. Pengukuran serpih menunjukkan produk débitage yang cenderung rektangular dan sedikit memanjang. Secara umum, himpunan artefak litik dari Matar menunjukkan kehadiran alat serpih bersama dengan artefak masif seperti bola, spheroidal, polihedron, serta kapak perimbas-penetak. Kehadiran alat masif bercirikan Oldowanian tersebut menunjukkan fungsi alat yang sepertinya tidak tergantikan oleh artefak serpih di dalam budaya Homo erectus progresif. Abstract. The 20 meter-high Solo terrace claimed to be Upper-Pleistocene deposit has often been discussed since the discovery of 14 Homo erectus specimens with numerous artifacts in Ngandong on 1931-1933. Nevertheless, the artifacts that have been baptized as implements of progressive Homo erectus is rarely discussed, especially the character of their technology, which remains unclear. Matar, a new site situated on the eastern banks of Solo River with similar lithology and position to those of Ngandong, provides new data related to lithic artifacts. Analysis on lithic assemblage from Matar locality was aimed at characterizing morphology and technology of the implements of progressive Homo erectus. Specified analysis consisting of typology and measurements of flake artifacts successfully shows its specific characteristics. Measurements on flakes show débitage products that tend to be rectangular and slightly elongated. In general, the lithic assemblage from Matar shows the presence of flakes together with massive tools such as bola, spheroidal, polyhedrons, and chopper-chopping tools. The presence Oldowanian massive tools might indicate their exceptional utility that could not be replaced by flakes in progressive Homo erectus culture.
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Moeller, Roger W. "Regional Implications of the Templeton Site for Paleo-Indian Lithic Procurement and Utilization." North American Archaeologist 5, no. 3 (January 1985): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/a2x8-bpm2-y2n5-a4u6.
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Analysis of the distribution of chert, jasper, quartz, and quartzite debitage from a single Paleo-Indian component at the Templeton site in Washington, Connecticut has been completed. Only chert and jasper cobbles were reduced for the manufacture of unifacial and bifacial implements. Although quartz chunk reduction was practiced extensively, no completed bifaces or retouched unifaces were found in the manufacturing activity area. Quartz reduction was practiced to obtain suitable flakes for scraping and cutting. Lithic procurement and utilization patterns are discussed as they pertain to the study of Paleo-Indian specifically in Western Connecticut and more generally elsewhere in the Northeast.
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Apel, Jan, and Jan Storå. "Dynamic adaptations of the Mesolithic pioneers of Gotland in the Baltic Sea." Documenta Praehistorica 47 (November 30, 2020): 6–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.47.1.
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Mesolithic pioneers reached Gotland around 9200 cal BP and adopted seal-hunting. The subsistence economy was flexible, and the importance of freshwater fish is reflected in the location of settlements and available stable isotope data. Overgrowing lakes provided an important subsistence base, and marine resources were mainly related to raw material needs. The narrower breadth of resources is reflected in the osseous production, where implements were made from seal bones. The lithic technology exhibits local adaptations over time – in the form of a simplification of the technology – that we relate to sedentism and increases in risk management and external networks.
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Zarrillo, Sonia, and Brian Kooyman. "Evidence for Berry and Maize Processing on the Canadian Plains from Starch Grain Analysis." American Antiquity 71, no. 3 (July 2006): 473–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600039779.
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The ethnographic and ethnohistoric records from the Northern and Canadian Plains indicate that a variety of plants were utilized by past peoples. These accounts provide two important insights into plant use in this region where very little archaeological evidence exists for plant utilization. First, plant processing tools are most likely to be unmodified lithic tools that may escape our recognition. Second, a variety of plants, which can be identified via starch grain analysis, were processed with these tools. This project analyzed the residues from two unmodified lithic grinding tools, identified as possible plant processing tools, for starch grains. Our results indicate that not only were a nuinber of wild plant species, such as choke cherry (Prunus virginiana), saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia) and likely prairie turnip (Psoralea esculenta), processed with these implements, but so too was maize (Zea mays). These results not only provide important insight with respect to identifying a tool class, plant use, and trade within our study area, but also provide an exceptional window into the use of wild plant species, an aspect of human history that is poorly understood in many regions of the world in addition to the Northern Plains.
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Güleç, Erksin, Tim White, Steven Kuhn, Ismail Özer, Mehmet Saǧır, Hakan Yılmaz, and F. Clark Howell. "The Lower Pleistocene lithic assemblage from Dursunlu (Konya), central Anatolia, Turkey." Antiquity 83, no. 319 (March 1, 2009): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00098057.
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AbstractHomo erectus leaving Africa a million years ago ought to have passed through the area that is now Turkey, and the authors report a first certain sighting of human activity of this date in a lignite quarry near Konya. The remains of rhino, hippo and horse were found with 135 modified quartz implements in layers dated by palaeomagnetic reversal to between 0.78 and 0.99 million years ago.
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Tseng, Sheng-Yu, Jun-Hao Fan, and Hong-Kai Huang. "Hybrid Converter with Multiple Sources for Lithium Battery Charger Applications." Electronics 11, no. 4 (February 16, 2022): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11040616.
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This paper proposes a hybrid converter with multiple sources for lithium battery charger applications. Since the output voltage of a lithium battery charger is very low, its charger needs a higher step-down voltage for a utility line source or a step-down voltage for PV arrays. In order to implement the battery charger with utility line and PV arrays sources to simultaneously supply power to battery, a flyback converter is selected for utility line sources, and a buck converter is adopted for PV arrays source. Due to leakage inductor of transformer in flyback converter, an active clamp circuit is introduced into flyback converter to recover the energy stored in leakage inductor. In addition, flyback and buck converters can adopt switch integration techniques to simplify circuit structure. With this approach, the proposed hybrid converter has less components, is lighter weight and has smaller size and higher conversion efficiency. Finally, a prototype of the proposed hybrid converter with output voltage of 5 V~8.4 V and output maximum current of 12 A has been implement to verify its feasibility. It is suitable for the lithium battery charger applications.
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Cunha Ribeiro, João Pedro. "A jazida paleolítica de Castelo Velho (Riachos, Torres Novas). Novos elementos para o seu estudo: a indústria lítica do locus 2." Estudos do Quaternário / Quaternary Studies, no. 7 (December 28, 2011): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30893/eq.v0i7.52.
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A descoberta de uma nova ocupação arqueológica na jazida paleolítica do Castelo Velho ocorreu nodecurso de trabalhos de investigação sobre o Paleolítico Inferior, na margem direita do rio Tejo, na áreaabrangida pelos concelhos do Entroncamento, Golegã e Torres Novas. Quando procedemos à relocalizaçãodesta jazida, ao seu estudo e enquadramento na cronoestratigrafia das formações quaternárias da região,detectou-se um depósito coluvionar que, localmente, se sobrepõe de forma parcial às formações fluviaisdo rio Tejo aí representadas – Ft4 e Ft5 – associado a uma significativa concentração de materiais líticostalhados. A posterior realização de uma escavação arqueológica no local possibilitou a recolha de umaindústria lítica com mais de 250 peças baseada na exploração local do quartzito sob a forma de calhausrolados. O estudo desta colecção permitiu verificar a preponderância de uma cadeia operatória de debitagemcentrípeta, não Levallois, associada à presença quase exclusiva de alguns utensílios sobre lasca, oque levou a associar a indústria lítica ao Paleolítico Médio. Tendo em conta a posição estratigráfica dacoluvião e a pedogénese que a afecta, admite-se que a mesma se terá formado depois da deposição daúltima formação fluvial, localmente representada em Castelo Velho (Ft5), mas num momento anterior aoinício da deposição da formação fluvial mais recente do rio Tejo (Ft6), o que está de acordo com a classificaçãoproposta e sugere, aparentemente, uma datação relativamente antiga para a indústria no quadrodo Paleolítico Médio em Portugal.
The discovery of a new archaeological occupation in the Paleolithic site of Castelo Velho occurred duringa research campaign on Lower Paleolithic of the right bank of Tejo River, in the area of Entroncamento,Golegã and Torres Novas municipalities. When we were relocating, studying and matching this LowerPaleolithic site in the chronostratigraphy of the regional Quaternary deposits, we have found a colluvialdeposit, partially overlaid to the terraces of Tejo River existing there – Ft4 and Ft5 – associated to asignificant concentration of lithic implements. A later archaeological excavation in this deposit allowedus to collect a lithic industry with more than 250 implements developed from local quartzite pebbles. Thestudy of this assemblage show mainly the presence of a lithic reduction sequence based on a centripetaldebitage, without Levallois products, with the almost exclusive presence of flake tools, allowed us toassociate this lithic industry to the Middle Paleolithic. When observing the stratigraphical position of thecolluvial deposit and its pedogenesis, we might admit that it was formed after the deposition of the lastlocal terrace of Castelo Velho (Ft5), but in a moment that was previous to the beginning of the depositionof the most recent terrace of the Tejo River (Ft6), which are in accord with the proposal classificationand leads us to a relatively old chronology of the industry inside the Portuguese Middle Paleolithic.
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Hussein K. Amusa, Ahmad S. Darwish, Tarek Lemaoui, Hassan A. Arafat, and Inas M. Nashef. "LITHIUM EXTRACTION FROM SPENT LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES WITH GREEN SOLVENTS: COSMO-RS MODELING." JOURNAL OF THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS 37, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51975/22370303.som.
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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) wide usage constitutes a disposal threat to the environment. As a result, several laws are being introduced to encourage the recycling of this waste, particularly, in lithium recovery. Deep eutectic solvent (DES) has been reported as an efficient solvent in valuable metal recovery from spent LIB. However, efficient deep eutectic solvent design requires a smart selection of components. This study developed a COSMO-RS model to screen several components as DES starting material in lithium extraction from spent LIB. The model consists of 188 different constituents. The model is developed using the cosmo therm software in the LIB application for the first time. The model uses lithium chemical potential to measure the affinity of lithium in the screened components. Overall, all the compounds show an affinity for lithium. The components are classified into ionic and non-ionic. The ionic compounds performed better than the non-ionic compounds. This is due to the coordinating ability of the ionic compounds’ cations with lithium. Further, this study highlights other properties such as reducibility, toxicity, and viscosity as screening strategies in DES component selection for lithium extraction. This is to implement the full green chemistry principle essential for industrial application. Keywords: Lithium-ion battery; Lithium; green technology; Deep eutectic solvents; COSMO-RS.
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Dr.S.Lakshmi Kanthan Bharathi, P.Sujidha, ,. Dr A. Manjula, N. Ahamed Hussain Asif and A. Usha. "Analysis of Optimal Deep Learning Approach for Battery Health Condition Monitoring inElectric Vehicle." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 9, no. 01 (January 25, 2023): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst0901008.
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Compared with other commonly used batteries, lithium-ion batteries are featured by high energy density, high power density, long service life and environmental friendliness and thus have found wide application in the area of consumer electronics. The narrow area in which lithium-ion batteries operate with safety and reliability necessitates the effective control and management of battery management system. This present paper, through the analysis of literature and in combination with our practical experience, gives a brief introduction to the composition of the battery management system (BMS). First-principles models that incorporate all of the key physics that affect the internal states of a lithium-ion battery are in the form of coupled nonlinear PDEs. While these models are very accurate in terms of prediction capability, the models cannot be employed for on-line control and monitoring purposes due to the huge computational cost. A reformulated model is capable of predicting the internal states of battery with a full simulation running in milliseconds without compromising on accuracy. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of using this reformulated model for control-relevant real-time applications. The reformulated model is used to compute optimal protocols for battery operations to demonstrate that the computational cost of each optimal control calculation is low enough to be completed within the sampling interval in model predictive control (MPC). Observability studies are then presented to confirm that this model can be used for state-estimation-based MPC. A moving horizon estimator (MHE) technique was implemented due to its ability to explicitly address constraints and nonlinear dynamics. The MHE uses the reformulated model to be computationally feasible in real time. The feature of reformulated model to be solved in real time opens up the possibility of incorporating detailed physics-based model in battery management systems (BMS) to design and implement better monitoring and control strategies
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Shunkov, M. V., and M. B. Kozlikin. "Middle Palaeolithic assemblages from Denisova Cave: new data." Archaeology and Ethnography 17, no. 5 (2018): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2018-17-5-50-57.
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Purpose. Comprehensive archaeological studies conducted in the East Chamber of Denisova Cave during 2005–2011 in the Altai region have made it possible to obtain a representative collection of archaeological evidence attributed to the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. Middle Palaeolithic finds were recovered in the greatest numbers. This research mainly focuses on establishing relationships between the new middle Palaeolithic archaeological record documented in the East Chamber and assemblages of the same period found in different areas of Denisova Cave. Results. To date, geochronology of the Pleistocene sequence in the East Chamber is mainly based on biostratigraphic evidence and the preliminary results of OSL dating. These data indicate that deposition of layers 13–11.3 appears to have occurred from late MIS 7 through terminal MIS 4. The lack of sharp boundaries and long sedimentation gaps between lithological units, as well as generally similar techno-typological features of lithic industries from layers 13–11.3, enable consideration of these materials within the same Middle Palaeolithic complex. Archaeological evidence recovered from layers 13–11.3 in the East Chamber (17 326 specimens) and attributed to the middle Middle Palaeolithic has the cultural and chronological counterparts in the Main Chamber (layers 20–12, 7 545 specimens) and in the entrance area (layers 10 and 9, 1 402 specimens) of the cave. The comparison of the major techno-typological characteristics of the lithic industries from these layers makes it possible to provide a general characteristic of the Middle Palaeloithic assemblage found in the cave. In general, these industries can be characterised by different variants of parallel, radial and Levallois flaking techniques. Scrapers constitute a typological basis of the lithic inventory; excavations yielded a high percentage of notch-denticulate tools, Levallois tools and the Upper Palaeolithic implements are present. Conclusion. Techno-typological characteristics of the lithic industries, showing a qualitative uniformity, reveal some dynamics in the quantitative ratio between different categories of the inventory from bottom to top in the stratigraphic sequence. Thus, it was possible to trace a tendency for the increase of the typological variety of cores and a growing percentage of blades among flakes. The tool assemblage is characterised by the increased proportion of the Upper Palaeolithic tools, with a progressive decrease of Levallois and notch-denticulate components.
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Sung, Woosuk, and Chee Burm Shin. "Electrochemical model of a lithium-ion battery implemented into an automotive battery management system." Computers & Chemical Engineering 76 (May 2015): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2015.02.007.
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Xiao, Peng, Shu Hai Quan, and Chang Jun Xie. "Study on AC Electric Dynamometer Load-Based Integrated Test Bench of Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles." Advanced Materials Research 798-799 (September 2013): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.798-799.316.
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An AC electric dynamometer load-based fuel cell hybrid vehicles integrated test bench was developed with program automatically control and driving two modes. Real-time data was acquired through data acquisition card. Vehicle control and energy management were implemented by IPC.It can be used for fuel cells, lithium battery sets, motors, hybrid power allocation and management performance test. Test results that driven by Lithium iron phosphate battery sets alone in driving mode and driven by fuel cell and Lithium iron phosphate battery sets in the program automatically control mode were given and discussed.
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Garrick, Taylor R., Jing Gao, and Brian Koch. "Modeling Electrochemical Transport within a Three-Electrode System Towards Fast Charge Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 28 (October 9, 2022): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02281077mtgabs.
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In support of GM's traction battery efforts, we derive and implement a method to describe the electrochemical performance of a battery cell through the combination of a modified Newman Pseudo 2-Dimensional model and a three-electrode experimental apparatus. To assess the capability of the method, we compare model results with experimental data for a lithiated graphite and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide system. The model is applied to simulate the electrochemical and transport processes within the battery cell to predict the negative electrode potential and positive electrode potential with respect to a lithium iron phosphate reference electrode, as well as the terminal voltage. We extend this discussion to cover applicability to fast charge considerations to avoid lithium plating at the anode during a fast charge event. References: 1. Taylor R. Garrick, Jing Gao, Xingyi Yang, and Brian J. Koch. 2021 J. Electrochem. Soc. 168 010530
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Su, Jye-Chau, Cheng-Tao Tsai, and Tsair-Chun Liang. "A Smart Control Circuit with Breakdown and Charging Completion Detection to Implement Power-off Function for Lithium-iron Phosphate Battery Charger." Sensors and Materials 34, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 1697. http://dx.doi.org/10.18494/sam3816.
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Runnels, Curtis Neil. "The Piney Branch site (District of Columbia, U.S.A.) and the significance of the quarry-refuse model for the interpretation of lithics sites." Journal of Lithic Studies 7, no. 1 (March 15, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/jls.2986.
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In the 1870s the amateur archaeologist Dr Charles Abbott discovered roughly-flaked bifacial artefacts that he called “paleoliths” near Trenton, New Jersey, which he claimed were artefact types similar to Lower Palaeolithic handaxes being found in western Europe at that time. This interpretation gave rise to what has been called the Great Palaeolithic War, a debate in the United States about the existence of an “American Palaeolithic” that only ended in 1890 when the archaeologist William H. Holmes from the Smithsonian Institution excavated the Piney Branch lithics site in Washington D.C.. On the basis of the bifacial reduction sequence that he reconstructed from the lithics excavated at Piney Branch, Holmes argued that any resemblance of paleoliths to Lower Palaeolithic handaxes was accidental. Holmes believed that paleoliths were discarded elements from the sequential reduction of stone nodules (which he called the “Progressive Series”) by recent American Indian knappers during the manufacture of projectile points. In other words, the Trenton paleoliths, and by implication similar roughly-flaked bifaces, were nothing more than quarry refuse (or “waste”). Since Holmes’ day the quarry-refuse model for the interpretation of large roughly-flaked bifacial implements as “waste” and not artefact types used in other activities, particularly for lithics sties in the arid western regions of the US, has been applied at times without adequate bridging arguments. A review of Holmes’ interpretation of the Piney Branch evidence suggests that his quarry-refuse model, even when applied to Piney Branch, required numerous untested assumptions, and that the model may inadvertently obscure a range of other prehistoric activities not strictly related to quarrying and knapping. As a consequence, the application of the quarry-refuse model today to lithics sites found in North America without careful examination may also fail to identify the complete range of cultural activity at those sites, and should be applied to lithics sites only with due caution and the testing of alternative hypotheses.
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Conan, Gregory Mark. "Frequently overlooked realistic moral bioenhancement interventions." Journal of Medical Ethics 46, no. 1 (August 28, 2019): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2019-105534.
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Many supporters of ‘moral bioenhancement’ (MBE), the use of biomedical interventions for moral improvement, have been criticised for having unrealistic proposals. The interventions they suggest have often been called infeasible and their implementation plans vague or unethical. I dispute these criticisms by showing that various interventions to implement MBE are practically and ethically feasible enough to warrant serious consideration. Such interventions include transcranial direct current stimulation over the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, as well as supplementation with lithium and omega-3. Considering their efficacy and feasibility, it is strange that these interventions have rarely been proposed or discussed as MBE. I review evidence that each of those interventions can reduce antisocial behaviour, reduce racial bias, increase executive function or increase prosocial traits like fairness and altruism. I then specify and defend realistic, ethically permissible ways to implement these interventions, especially for violent offenders and public servants—the former as rehabilitation and the latter to meet the high standards of their occupations. These interventions could be given to violent offenders in exchange for a reduced sentence or compulsorily in some cases. Potential intervention methods for non-prisoners include increasing the USDA-recommended dose of omega-3, encouraging food companies to supplement their products with omega-3 or trace lithium, requiring MBE for employment as a police officer or political leader, and insurance companies providing discounts for undergoing MBE. In some reasonably limited form, using these interventions may be a good first step to implement the project of MBE.
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Zhou, Hanwei, Conner Fear, Tapesh Joshi, Judith Jeevarajan, and Partha P. Mukherjee. "Interplay of Lithium Plating Quantification on Thermal Safety Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023349mtgabs.
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Adverse lithium plating is a significant side reaction during the fast charging of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries when the Li-ion flux exceeds the intercalation or diffusion limits of graphite electrodes. Accurate quantification of lithium plating has always been a tough challenge given the severe defects of online detection methods such as coulombic efficiency and voltage relaxation plateau, making the mathematical correlation between cell-level thermal safety hazards and quantitative lithium plating events still a bottleneck problem. In this study, we apply a three-electrode (3E) Li-ion cell configuration and the accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) to comprehensively investigate the interplay of unfavorable lithium plating on thermal runaway characteristics of Li-ion batteries. Lithium plating is introduced by cycling 3E Li-ion cells at low temperatures and quantified by analyzing potential-based plating energy, coulombic inefficiency, internal resistance, and voltage relaxation plateau. Surface microscopic characterization is carried out on graphite electrodes to reveal the morphologies and chemical states of lithium deposition. ARC experiments are implemented at full-cell and partial-cell scales to fundamentally understand the effects and contributions of thermally unstable lithium plating to the overall safety performance of Li-ion cell chemistries.
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Nielsen, Michael Houmark. "PLEISTOCENE STRATIGRAPHY AND GLACIAL HISTORY OF THE CENTRAL PART OF DENMARK." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 36 (October 9, 1987): 1–189. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1988-36-01.
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The Pleistocene deposits of Denmark are largely composed of two major facies that interfinger with each other: 1) tills, and 2) waterlaid outwash material. The two facies are occasionally interbedded with interglacial or interstadial deposits. By applying lithostratigraphy combined with structural analysis in open exposures, a glacial stratigraphy of the Pleistocene has been established, and the glacial history interpreted. Only till units are classified lithostratifically because of their high regional consistency compared to waterlaid outwash deposits. Correlation of till units is based on three basic properties: lithology, stratigraphic position and associated glaciotectonic boundaries. Lithic characteristics, some of which have local value whilst others indicate regional properties, include data on local glacier flow directions from fabric analyses and the contents of provenance dependent compositional features, the latter may provide information on the long range path of glaciers. Fine gravel analyses and stone counts demonstrate, that distinct stratigraphical relationships exist between tills rich and poor in quartz as well as between tills of Fennoscandian and Baltic provenance primarily indicated by the quantities of Paleozoic limestone clasts. The contests of re-deposited Quaternary foraminifera primarily serve as lithic characteristica and secondly as a guide line to estimate the possible age of a till unit. Bounding relations between till units are studied with special emphasis on glaciotectonic unconformaties. They not only serve as supreme marker horizons on a regional scale, but they also supply high rank information on the local direction of glacier movement. Analysis of glaciotectonic structures often constitutes the implement by which the stratigraphy of a dislocated glacial sequence can be recognized. Using a combined set of glacial-stratigraphic methods, about 200 selected localities in the central part of Denmark have been investigated over the past ten years. Studies at eight principal localities and two key localities, some of which are classical exposures, provide the foundation for a litho-stratigraphic model for the till units. The Elsterian glaciaiton is represented by three till units (S0NDER VISSING TILL, PALSGARD TILL, SNOGH0J TILL) of Norwegian, Middle Swedish and Baltic provenance respectively. The Saalian comprise three till units (TRELDE NIES TILL, ASHOVED TILL, LILLEBJELT TILL), the two former are of Fennoscandian provenance and the latter of Baltic provenance; deposited in the above mentioned order by icesheets from the north, the north east and from the east respectively. The Weichselian is build up of six till units, the oldest of which (RISTINGE KLINT TILL) was most probably deposited later than 36800 BP. This Baltic till is followed by three tills of Fennoscandian provenance (KATTEGAT TIL:i.,, MID DANISH TILL, NORTH SJ,ELLAND TILL) deposited respectively from the north, the northeast, and the east. The two youngest Weichselian till units are of Baltic provenance (EAST JYLLAND TILL, BJELTHAV TILL) and they were deposited from south-easterly directions before 13500 BP. Till beds are erected into formal lithostratigraphic units of Formation rank and they are extended to cover extraregional till units, correlation is based on stratigraphic position, lithology and boundaries. The following glacial history can be outlined. During the Elsterian the S0nder Vissing till, the Palsgard till and the Snoghl'lj till were deposited by three glacial advances probably in the chronological order as mentioned above. During the Holsteinian interglacial, marl and diatomite were deposited in lake basins in the central part of the region. The Saalian glaciation was initiated with the deposition of outwash material by southerly to southwesterly directed meltwater streams and succeeded by an ice-stream from southern Norway, which deposited the Trelde Nres Till. After deposition of this till, interstadial conditions prevailed, and outwash material was deposited by westward flowing meltwater streams. This interstadial phase was followed by the second Saalian glacial advance during which the Ashoved Till was laid down by an ice-sheet from Middle Sweden. Prior to the last Saalian glacial phase, outwash material was deposited by generally westward flowing meltwater streams, that probably emerged from the Palaeobaltic ice. This latter deposited the Lillebrelt Till and invaded the country from the western part of the Baltic. During the Eemian, lake sediments were formed in kettle bogs on the surface of the Lillebrelt Till, while at the same time, marine sediments were deposits in the southern and northern part of the examined region. Tundra vegetation developed in a dry polar climate characterize the Early- and the larger part of the Middle Weichselian. Interstadial deposits with an age of about 36800 BP were formed on Sejerl'l - probably prior to the Old Baltic ice advance, which in the southern and eastern part of the region deposited he Ristinge Klint Till from the Baltic. The Old Baltic advance was succeeded by the Norwegian advance which came from southern Norway crossing the Kattegat depression and deposited the Kattegat TIU in the northern part of the region. After deposition of the previously mentioned two till units, interstadial condi• tions re-occurred and meltwater streams transported outwash material northward into the Kattegat basin. A change in meltwater palaeocurrent direction towards the west indicates the approach of the Main Weichselian advance. This advance crossed Middle Sweden and deposited the Mid Danish Till, and it probably reached its maximum extension along the Main Stationary Line at around 20000 BP. A read• vance during the general retreat of the Main Weichselian icestream crossed Fyn from the NE, and outwash streams were generally directed towards the north until a younger re-advance from easterly directions deposited the North Sjrelland Till in the eastern part of Denmark. This re-advance may have occupied the northeastern part of Denmark and Kattegat before giving way to the transgression of the Younger Yoldia Sea, which was initiated about 15000 BP in Vendsyssel. Whilst this transgression was progressing the Main Weichselian ice sheet retreated to a probable position along the Swedish west coast. Northward flowing meltwater streams prevailed, at this time, in the central Danish region, until the Young Baltic icesheet ad• vanced from the Baltic depression and deposited the East Jylland Till. This advance formed the East Jyl• land ice border line, probably around 14000 BP. During the East Jylland advance, northward directed drainage patterns prevailed in the northern part of the region, whereas outwash material was deposited by westward flowing streams in southern Jylland. The East Jylland ice sheet retreated to a position south-east of the examined region before the Brelthav re-advance deposited the Brelthav Till. Still supplied from the Baltic this readvance reached the classical Odsherred ice marginal zone of Northwest Sjrelland and gave rise to the final molding of the ice marginal hills of North Sams0 and the archshaped shoals in Storebrelt. During the Weichselian, the Saalian, and probably also the Elsterian, the direction of the majority of ice sheet advance that invaded Denmark changed in a "clockwise" manner. During each glacial, an initial advance from the north was succeeded by one from northeast ending up with one from the east and south· east. The change in direction of advance is accompanied by a corresponding change in the provenace dependent elements of the till units. Hence, the "clockwise" pattern established for the Danish region can reflect a fundamental trend in the dynamic evolution of consecutive Scandinavian ice sheets. The present study therefore, may provide important guide lines for future attempts to establish more detailed the• oretical glaciological models for the dynamics of these former Scandinavian ice sheets.
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Khreesha, Lubna, Abdallah Barjas Qaswal, Baheth Al Omari, Moath Ahmad Albliwi, Omar Ababneh, Ahmad Albanna, Abdelrahman Abunab’ah, et al. "Quantum Tunneling-Induced Membrane Depolarization Can Explain the Cellular Effects Mediated by Lithium: Mathematical Modeling and Hypothesis." Membranes 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11110851.
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Lithium imposes several cellular effects allegedly through multiple physiological mechanisms. Membrane depolarization is a potential unifying concept of these mechanisms. Multiple inherent imperfections of classical electrophysiology limit its ability to fully explain the depolarizing effect of lithium ions; these include incapacity to explain the high resting permeability of lithium ions, the degree of depolarization with extracellular lithium concentration, depolarization at low therapeutic concentration, or the differences between the two lithium isotopes Li-6 and Li-7 in terms of depolarization. In this study, we implemented a mathematical model that explains the quantum tunneling of lithium ions through the closed gates of voltage-gated sodium channels as a conclusive approach that decodes the depolarizing action of lithium. Additionally, we compared our model to the classical model available and reported the differences. Our results showed that lithium can achieve high quantum membrane conductance at the resting state, which leads to significant depolarization. The quantum model infers that quantum membrane conductance of lithium ions emerges from quantum tunneling of lithium through the closed gates of sodium channels. It also differentiates between the two lithium isotopes (Li-6 and Li-7) in terms of depolarization compared with the previous classical model. Moreover, our study listed many examples of the cellular effects of lithium and membrane depolarization to show similarity and consistency with model predictions. In conclusion, the study suggests that lithium mediates its multiple cellular effects through membrane depolarization, and this can be comprehensively explained by the quantum tunneling model of lithium ions.
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Gumennik, Alexander, Aharon J. Agranat, Igal Shachar, and Michael Hass. "Thermal stability of a slab waveguide implemented by α particles implantation in potassium lithium tantalate niobate." Applied Physics Letters 87, no. 25 (December 19, 2005): 251917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2147723.
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Finlay, Nyree, Ruby Cerón-Carrasco, Rupert Housley, Jeremy Huggett, W. Graham Jardine, Susan Ramsay, Catherine Smith, Dene Wright, Julian Augley, and Peter J. Wright. "Calling Time on Oronsay: Revising Settlement Models Around the Mesolithic–Neolithic Transition in Western Scotland, New Evidence from Port Lobh, Colonsay." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 85 (August 14, 2019): 83–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2019.2.
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For over 120 years, the shell middens of western Scotland and the series of open-air sites on Oronsay have been the focus of debate in European Mesolithic studies. This paper challenges the significance of Oronsay in light of results from the geophysical survey and test-excavation of a new limpet and periwinkle shell midden dated to the late 5th or start of the 4th millennium cal bc at Port Lobh, Colonsay that offers fresh evidence to re-evaluate critically the role of Oronsay and coastal resources in island settlement models ahead of the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition. Test excavations recovered a marine molluscan assemblage dominated by limpet and periwinkle shells together with crab, sea urchin, a fishbone assemblage composed mainly of Gadidae, some identifiable bird and mammal bone, carbonised macroplant remains, and pumice as well as a bipolar lithic assemblage and coarse stone implements. Novel seasonality studies of saithe otolith thin-sections suggest wintertime tidal fishing practices. At least two activity events may be discerned, dating from the late 5th millennium cal bc. The midden could represent a small number of rapidly deposited assemblages or maybe the result of stocastic events within a more extended timeframe. We argue that alternative research questions are needed to advance long-standing debates about seasonal inter-island mobility versus island sedentism that look beyond Oronsay to better understand later Mesolithic occupation patterns and the formation and date of Oronsay middens. We propose alternative methodological strategies to aid identification of contemporaneous sites using geophysical techniques and lithic technological signatures.
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Garcia, Laura Vega, Yeek-Chia Ho, Maung Maung Myo Thant, Dong Suk Han, and Jun Wei Lim. "Lithium in a Sustainable Circular Economy: A Comprehensive Review." Processes 11, no. 2 (January 30, 2023): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11020418.
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Lithium is a vital raw material used for a wide range of applications, such as the fabrication of glass, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, and batteries for electric cars. The accelerating electrification transition and the global commitment to decarbonization have caused an increasing demand for lithium. The current supply derived from brines and hard rock ores is not enough to meet the global demand unless alternate resources and efficient techniques to recover this valuable metal are implemented. In the past few decades, several approaches have been studied to extract lithium from aqueous resources. Among those studied, chemical precipitation is considered the most efficient technology for the extraction of metals from wastewater. This paper outlines the current technology, its challenges, and its environmental impacts. Moreover, it reviews alternative approaches to recover lithium via chemical precipitation, and systematically studies the effects of different operating conditions on the lithium precipitation rate. In addition, the biggest challenges of the most recent studies are discussed, along with implications for future innovation.
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Liu, Hong Wei, Hong He, Yu Gui, and Xiao Wei Hao. "An Active Equalization Technique Based on Flyback Converter Topology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 721 (December 2014): 612–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.721.612.
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This paper presents an active cell balancing technique for lithium-ion battery stacks using a flyback dc/dc converter topology. The combination of batteries can be controlled according to the batteries voltages to implement the battery-balancing function. The operational principle of the proposed system is described in detail, then the paper develops different strategies adapting to different working status of battery pack and a series of bench experiments is conducted to examine the effectiveness of the equalization system.
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Yu, Zhilong, Haipeng Na, Lihua Qi, and Ran Li. "SOC prediction of Volterra adaptive filter based on chaotic time series." AIP Advances 12, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 115113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0113098.
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This paper presents an SOC (State of Charge) prediction method based on a chaotic time series Volterra adaptive filter. This method first verifies the chaotic characteristics of the SOC time series of lithium-ion batteries and then implements the phase space reconstruction method to reorganize the voltage and current data into multi-dimensional data. Furthermore, we use the Volterra adaptive filter to predict the SOC of the lithium-ion battery pack on the reconstructed multi-dimensional data. This method can effectively solve the problem that the SOC estimation error increases due to the poor real-time performance of battery voltage, current, and other parameters of vehicular lithium-ion battery packs in electric vehicles obtained by the battery management system. According to the simulation and test results, the error of the SOC estimation algorithm studied in this paper is less than 0.6%, which indicates that the Volterra adaptive filter based on chaotic time series comprehensively uses the linear and non-linear parameter characteristics of lithium-ion batteries and recombines the voltage and current data into multi-dimensional data through phase space reconstruction technology. It can reveal the relationship between the battery SOC and other variables better, achieve higher precision lithium-ion battery SOC prediction, and have better realizability.
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Jiang, Lin, Wei Ming Xian, Bin Long, and Hou Jun Wang. "Analysis of Data-Driven Prediction Algorithms for Lithium-Ion Batteries Remaining Useful Life." Advanced Materials Research 717 (July 2013): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.717.390.
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As one of the most widely used energy storage systems, lithium-ion batteries are attracting more and more attention, and the estimation of lithium-ion batteries remaining useful life (RUL) becoming a critical problem. Generally, RUL can be predicted in two ways: physics of failure (PoF) method and data driven method. Due to the internal electro-chemical reactions are either inaccessible to sensors or hard to measure; the data-driven method is adopted because it does not require specific knowledge of material properties. In this paper, three data-driven algorithms, i.e., Support Vector Machine (SVM), Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA), and Particle Filtering (PF) are presented for RUL prediction. The lithium-ion battery aging experiment data set has been trained to implement simulation. Based on the RUL prediction result, we can conclude that: (1) ARMA model achieved better result than SVM, however, the result shows a linear trend, which fail to properly reflect the degradation trend of the battery; (2) SVM often suffers from over fitting problem and is more suitable for single-step prediction; and (3) PF approach achieved a better prediction and reflected the trends of degradation of the battery owing to its combined with specific model.
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Hu, Chongju, Dali Yu, Meisheng He, Taosheng Li, and Jie Yu. "Design and verification of ultra-high temperature lithium heat pipe based experimental facility." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2021): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci210528263h.
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Lithium heat pipe has broad applications in heat pipe cooled reactors and hypersonic vehicles due to its ultra-high working temperature which is around 1700 K. In this paper, a lithium heat pipe based experimental facility has been designed to test the heat transfer performance of the lithium heat pipe. A simplified mathematical model of heat pipe has been implemented into a CFD approach, which is used to verify the design of lithium heat pipe and its experimental facility. Results showed that the CFD approach is in good agreements with some well-known existing models and experimental data, and deviation between the results is within 5% range. The adjustment range of mixed gas thermal resistance and cooling water flow rate was obtained by analyzing the effects of different cooling conditions on the performance of the experimental facility. It is necessary to ensure the cooling water flow rate is above 0.11l/h to prevent water boiling when the heating power is10kW around, and the optimal proportion of helium is 70% -90%.The operation characteristics of the lithium heat pipe under unsteady state with varying heating power were simulated numerically. The results show that the proportion of helium must be less than 60% for normal operation of the lithium heat pipe. This work provides a reference and numerical verification for the design of lithium heat pipe based experimental facility, which can be used to reveal the heat transfer mechanisms of the lithium heat pipe during the experiment.
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Jarid, Saad, and Manohar Das. "An Electro-Thermal Model based fast optimal charging strategy for Li-ion batteries." AIMS Energy 9, no. 5 (2021): 915–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2021043.
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<abstract> <p>This paper utilizes an integrated electro-thermal model of a lithium-ion battery to search for an optimal multistage constant current charge pattern that will minimize the total charging time of the battery, while restricting its temperature rise in each stage within safe limits. The model consists of two interlinked components, an electrical equivalent circuit model to continuously predict the battery's terminal voltage and a thermal model to continuously predict its temperature rise as charging progresses. The proposed optimization algorithm is based on a novel stepwise single-variable search technique that is very easy to implement and converges quickly. The results of our extensive simulation studies clearly indicate that the proposed charging strategy offers a fast, safe and easy-to-implement alternative to many of the existing computationally intensive optimal charging strategies.</p> </abstract>
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Wu, Yi, Youren Wang, Winco K. C. Yung, and Michael Pecht. "Ultrasonic Health Monitoring of Lithium-Ion Batteries." Electronics 8, no. 7 (July 3, 2019): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8070751.
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Because of the complex physiochemical nature of the lithium-ion battery, it is difficult to identify the internal changes that lead to battery degradation and failure. This study develops an ultrasonic sensing technique for monitoring the commercial lithium-ion pouch cells and demonstrates this technique through experimental studies. Data fusion analysis is implemented using the ultrasonic sensing data to construct a new battery health indicator, thus extending the capabilities of traditional battery management systems. The combination of the ultrasonic sensing and data fusion approach is validated and shown to be effective for degradation assessment as well as early failure indication.
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Qi, Lin, Yong Qiang Zhu, Zhi Yu Wang, and Chun Peng Fu. "Modeling for Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery and its Simulation in PSCAD." Applied Mechanics and Materials 331 (July 2013): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.331.250.
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This paper proposes an improved dynamic model of lithium iron phosphate battery, and shows the simulation results. The method takes into account the nonlinear characteristics of the battery charging and discharging, and changes the variation of battery resistance into that of voltage, which makes the simulation circuit simpler and easier to be implemented. Simulations examine the time-changing characteristics of the state of charge (SOC), depth of discharge and the current/voltage in the charge/discharge processes, as well as the relationship between voltage and SOC. The model has correctively shown the dynamic characteristics of lithium iron phosphate battery in our simulations.