Journal articles on the topic 'Literature and society Germany (West)'
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1
Rauch, A. M. "Die geistig-kulturelle Lage im wieder-vereinigten Deutschland." Literator 18, no. 3 (April 30, 1997): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v18i3.560.
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The mental-cultural situation of the re-united GermanyIn 1993 an exhibition presenting phenomena about the past, present and future of both East and West Germany took place in Berlin. It became clear that West and East Germans differ in inter alia the way in which life and existence have been experienced. East and West Germans also have different perspectives and perceptions of policy and society. Among the former GDR-citizens, nostalgia dominates the reflection on the past. It should, however, not be underestimated how deeply East and West Germans have been alienated from each other and that many East Germans think that facing a common future - together with West Germans - is more than they could handle. The difference in which life and existence have been experienced in East and West Germany is also reflected in German literature as is pointed out in the work of Ulrich Woelk. It also becomes, however, clear that the idea of a common German culture and history supplies a strong link to overcome these alienations.
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Kehoe, Thomas J., and Elizabeth M. Greenhalgh. "Bias in the Treatment of Non-Germans in the British and American Military Government Courts in Occupied Germany, 1945–46." Social Science History 44, no. 4 (2020): 641–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2020.25.
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AbstractNon-Germans—particularly “displaced persons”—were routinely blamed for crime in occupied western Germany. The Allied and German fixation on foreign gangs, violent criminals, and organized crime syndicates is well documented in contemporary reports, observations, and the press. An abundance of such data has long shaped provocative historical narratives of foreign-perpetrated criminality ranging from extensive disorder through to near uncontrolled anarchy. Such accounts complement assertions of a broader and more generalized crime wave. Over the last 30 years, however, a literature has emerged that casts doubt on the actual extent of lawlessness during the occupation of the west and, in turn, on the level non-German participation in crime. It may be that extensive reporting of non-German criminality at the time reflected the preexisting bigotries of Germans and the Allies, which when combined with anxieties about social and societal integrity became focused on the most marginalized groups in postwar society. This process of “group criminalization” is common and can have different motivations. Regardless of its cause, it was clearly evident in postwar western Germany and we hypothesized that it should have created harsher outcomes for non-German versus German criminal defendants when facing the Allied criminal justice system, such as greater rates of conviction and harsher punishments. This hypothesis was tested using newly collected military government court data from 1945 to 1946. Contrary to expectations, we found a more subtle bias against non-Germans than expected, which we argue reveals important characteristics about the US and British military government criminal justice system.
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Hanstein, Michael. "Der Poet als unbeugsamer Dissident." Daphnis 46, no. 4 (October 17, 2018): 560–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18796583-04604001.
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In 1977 the East German author Hans Joachim Schädlich published Versuchte Nähe (English edition Approximation published in 1980), a small volume of short stories. While the Western German press praised Schädlich’s first work as a literary reflection of the society in the German Democratic Republic (GDR), Schädlich was marginalized as a dissident in the GDR and had to move to West Germany. One of the short stories in Versuchte Nähe is about the last days of the German renaissance author Nicodemus Frischlin, who, arrested by German authorities, died in prison. The story was appreciated for its style using a “Luther-like language”. Schädlich’s story is mainly based on a biography of Frischlin written by David Friedrich Strauss, a famous and prolific 19th century German author and theologian. Schädlich’s modification of the original source includes a description of the conditions of imprisonment and the heroification of Frischlin as an uncompromising critic of a totalitarian regime.
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Körs, Anna, and Karsten Lehmann. "Interreligious Dialogue Activities in East Germany." Interdisciplinary Journal for Religion and Transformation in Contemporary Society 6, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 491–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/23642807-00602013.
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Abstract With regards to the religious situation, Germany still is a highly divided country. This draws our attention to the specific characteristics of IRD-activities in the eastern parts of Germany. Based on literature review and mapping exercises, we will argue, firstly, that the interreligious dialogue scene in East Germany is characterized by a comparatively low density of activities that are primarily embedded into major religious and state-related organizational structures. Secondly, we will discuss potential explanations of this lower dialogue level with regards to present-day socio-cultural differences and asymmetries between East and West Germany. Thirdly, we argue that the case of East Germany gives evidence to pay particular attention to numerically smaller religious groups within IRD as well as religiously unaffiliated parts of society. Consequently, we have to rethink the conceptualization of IRD in view of secularization as the dominant tendency in many European countries.
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Bakalov, A. S. "ON THE FORMATION OF GERMAN REALISM." Izvestiya of the Samara Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Social, Humanitarian, Medicobiological Sciences 23, no. 77 (2021): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2413-9645-2021-23-77-81-90.
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The relevance of research. In German literary criticism, there is no unambiguous definition of the phenomenon of literary realism, however, at the empirical level, it is understood as a literary system based on a mimetic-oriented depiction of reality, often critically comprehended and subjectively colored due to the norms and ideas that are taking shape in society. Research methodology. Complex and systematic methods of literature analysis are applied. In this article, the author comes to the conclusion that the realism of the turn of the XIX - early XX centuries. retains its main principles of artistic comprehension of the world, and at the same time the signs that do not allow talking about its dissolution in the eclectic picture of the emerging modernity. The main thing remains the disclosure of "the essence of life phenomena through their individualized generalization (typification)", analysis and specific historical logic of presentation Realism at the turn of the 19th - early 20th centuries. closely associated with such phenomena as regional literature, "new business-like", historical novel. On its basis, workers' and proletarian-revolutionary literature developed in many ways. In German literature of the twentieth century. realistic tendencies intensified in the times following the historical and political catastrophes, primarily after the two world wars lost by Germany. Realism played a significant role in the literature of the Weimar Republic (the works of E.M. Remarque, L. Feuchtwanger, L. Frank and others), while in contact with modernist and avant-garde trends (for example, with "new business-like"). Realism turned out to be no less significant after 1945, having equally influenced the formation of the literatures of West and East Germany (writers of the "group of 47", Erwin Strittmatter, "socialist realism", etc.). German realism, which emerged in the middle of the 19th century, was able to demonstrate its flexibility and ability to enter into alliances with other natural artistic directions, without losing its main specificity - the desire for materiality, the authenticity of personal and collective experience, as well as symbolizing the "obvious" with the goal of approaching the "true".
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KASSEM, HADI SHAKEEB. "The Sixties in Berlin and in Hollywood: City with a Wall in Its Center—The Attempt to Erase the German Past." Advances in Politics and Economics 4, no. 3 (September 2, 2021): p49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ape.v4n3p49.
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Berlin was the location in which most of the intelligence operations in Europe have taken place in the first twenty years of the conquest and the Cold War. In November 27, 1958, Khrushchev issued a formal letter to the Allies, demanding that the western Allies evacuate Berlin and enable the establishment of an independent political unit, a free city. He threatened that if the West would not comply with this, the soviets would hand over to the East Germany’s government the control over the roads to Berlin. In the coming months Moscow conducted a war of nerves as the last date of the end of the ultimatum, May 27, 1959, came close. Finally the Soviets retreated as a result of the determination of the West. This event reconfirmed the claims of the West that “the US, Britain and France have legal rights to stay in Berlin.” According to Halle: “These rights derive from the fact that Germany surrendered as a result of our common struggle against Nazi Germany.” (Note 2) The Russians have done many attempts to change Berlin’s status. In 1961 Berlin Wall was constructed, almost without response on the part of the West, and by so doing, the Soviets perpetuated the status quo that had been since 1948. In July 25, 1961 Kennedy addressed the Americans on television, saying that “West Berlin is not as it had ever been, the location of the biggest test of the courage and the will power of the West.” (Note 3) On June 26, 1963, Kennedy went out to Berlin, which was divided by the wall, torn between east and west, in order to announce his message. In his speech outside the city council of West Berlin, Kennedy won the hearts of the Berliners as well as those of the world when he said: “Ich bin ein Berliner”, I’m a Berliner. The sixties were years of heating of the conflict with the Soviet Block. In 1961 the Berlin Wall was constructed. Then Kennedy came into power, there was the movement for human rights and the political tension between whites and blacks in America. The conflict increase as the Korean War started, and afterwards when America intervened in Vietnam. There was also the crisis in the Bay of Pigs in Cuba, which almost pushed the whole world into a nuclear war and catastrophe. During the 28 years of the Berlin Wall, 13.8.61-9.11.89, this was notorious as an example of a political border that marked the seclusion and freezing more than freedom of movement, communication and change. At the same time there was the most obvious sign of the division of Germany after WWII and the division of Europe to East and West by the Iron Curtain. The wall was the background of stories by writers from east and west. The writers of espionage thrillers were fascinated by the global conflict between east and west and the Cold War with Berlin as the setting of the divided city. Berlin presented a permanent conflict that was perceived as endless, or as Mews defined it: “Berlin is perfect, a romantic past, tragic present, secluded in the heart of East Germany.” (Note 4) The city presented the writers with a situation that demanded a reassessment of the genres and the ideological and aesthetic perceptions of this type of writing. This was the reason that the genre of espionage books blossomed in the sixties, mainly those with the wall. The wall was not just a symbol of a political failure, as East Germany could not stop the flow of people escaping from it. The city was ugly, dirty, and full of wires and lit by a yellow light, like a concentration camp. A West German policeman says: “If the Allies were not here, there would not have been a wall. He expressed the acknowledgment that the Western powers had also an interest in the wall as a tool for preventing the unification of Germany. But his colleague answers: If they were not here, the wall would not have been, but the same applies for Berlin. (Note 5) Berlin was the world capital of the Cold War. The wall threatened and created risks and was known as one of the big justifications for the mentality of the Cold War. The construction of the wall in August 1961 strengthened Berlin’s status as the frontline of the Cold War and as a political microcosmos, which reflected topographical as well as the ideological global struggle between east and west. It made Berlin a focus of interest, and this focus in turn caused an incentive for the espionage literature with the rise of neorealism with the anti-hero, as it also ended the era of romanticism. (Note 6) The works of le Carré and Deighton are the best examples of this change in literature. Both of them use the wall as the arena of events and a symbol in their works. Only at the end of the fifties, upon the final withdrawal of McCarthyism and the relative weakening of the Cold War, there started have to appear films with new images about the position and nature of the Germans and the representations of Nazism in the new history. The films of the Cold War presented the communists as enemies or saboteurs. Together with this view about the Soviets, developed the rehabilitation of the German image. Each part of the German society was rehabilitated and become a victim instead of an assistant of the Nazis. The critic Dwight MacDonald was impressed by the way in which the German population” has changed from a fearful assistant of one totalitarian regime to the hero opponent of another totalitarian regime”. (Note 7) This approach has to be examined, and how it influenced the development of the German representation, since many films I have investigated demonstrate a different approach of the German representation.
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Altmann, Jakob. "Herta Müller — pisarka z obrzeży w przekładzie na język czeski." Przekłady Literatur Słowiańskich 10, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/pls.2020.10.01.12.
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This paper entitled is devoted to the peripheral nature of Herta Müller’soeuvre. Müller is regarded as a person who created “German-language literature from thecultural periphery of the German linguistic area,” as the Italian Germanist Paola Bozzicalled it. It turns out that although the literature or anti-literature of the Germans ofRomania is located on the cultural periphery of the German language area, Herta Müller occupies a central place in German literature, mainly due to subject areas unknown to West-German readers, but also due to her extraordinary language, which is a conglomerate of her idiolect, the archaic character of the German language used, the Banat-Swabian dialect and word-images from the Romanian language. The research, which is carried out from a mental, expressive, and cultural perspective, also focuses on the issue of embedding translation in a polysystem that embraces translation as an interrelated system of culture, language, literature, and society.
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FENEMORE, MARK. "THE RECENT HISTORIOGRAPHY OF SEXUALITY IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY GERMANY." Historical Journal 52, no. 3 (August 4, 2009): 763–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x09007559.
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ABSTRACTThis article sets out to explore the extent and to test the limits of the history of sexuality in twentieth-century Germany. It examines the ways in which sexuality can be explored from above and below. Drawing on medical-legal definitions of sexuality, feminist debates about sexuality, the science of sexology, and advice literature, the article sets out the state of debate together with ways that it might develop in the future. Arguing in favour of a milieu-specific history of sexuality, it suggests ways that the study of youth cultures and teenage magazines together with everyday, oral history and biographical approaches might help to arrive at this. It then goes on to chart new approaches, particularly with regard to sexuality in the Third Reich, and suggests ways that these reshape our understanding of sexuality in post-war Germany, East and West. Arguing against a reductive emphasis on a society being either ‘pro-’ or ‘anti-sex’ and calling for a clearer definition of what is meant by ‘sexual liberalization’, the article points to a more multi-layered and contradictory understanding of sexuality, which is still in the process of being written.
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Von Harpe, M. "East German media in transition after reunification." Literator 18, no. 3 (April 30, 1997): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v18i3.573.
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This article analyses the issue of how the “post-socialist" civil society of the former GDR can be reconstructed to reduce dependence of the media on the state and on future private ownership, thereby maximising freedom of communication. The media had a powerful impact on the transitional phase following reunification. Before 1989 West German television and radio stations were "windows to the West". After reunification East Germans preferred to have their own newspapers, to watch their own television programmes or to listen to their own radio programmes. There has been some criticism about the quality of the media, but the majority of the contemporary audience is satisfied now. To meet the expectations of their audience the journalists themselves have learned to devote special attention to East German problems. One problem of concern is media concentration. Privatisation entails the danger that monopolising trends in mass media, especially in newspaper publishing, will continue in the new East German Lánder. Deregulation and quality programming offer an opportunity for a major breakthrough and new forms of media organisation and management. The period of acclimatisation following the reunification has, however, been too short for the mass media. Nevertheless, owing to specific characteristics of reunification, the transition East Germans have had to make has been largely successful.
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Makarychev, Andrey, and Alexandra Yatsyk. "Russian “Federalism”: Illiberal? Imperial? Exceptionalist?" Slavic Review 77, no. 4 (2018): 912–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/slr.2018.289.
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Relations between the center and regions in Russia, being always in the limelight of attention in political science literature, remain a battlefield of different scholarly interpretations. Several narratives shape the current debate on Russian subnational regionalism or, in very legalistic terms, “federalism.” One is bent on applying to Russia such normatively-loaded concepts as multilevel and networked governance, meta-governance, indigenous governance, civil society participation, and others with strong liberal and institutional pedigrees. In this vein, Russia might be referred to—for example, along with Germany and France—as a “post-imperial democracy,” with an implicit anticipation of the prefix “post-” to signify Moscow's commitment to a democratic, rather than imperial, future. Seen from this perspective, with all its specificity Russia still conforms to basic standards of democratic rule and therefore can be approached, described, and analyzed in the language applicable to the liberal west, where institutions mitigate controversies over interests and create consensus over rules of the game.
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Pfautsch, Anne. "Documentary Photography from the German Democratic Republic as a Substitute Public." Humanities 7, no. 3 (September 10, 2018): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h7030088.
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This paper discusses artistic documentary photography from the German Democratic Republic (GDR) from the mid-1970s until the fall of the Berlin Wall, and suggests that it functioned as a substitute public–Ersatzöffentlichkeit–in society. This concept of a substitute public sphere sometimes termed a counter-public sphere, relates to GDR literature that, in retrospect, has been allocated this role. On the whole, in critical discourse certain texts have been recognised as being distinct from GDR propaganda which sought to deliver alternative readings in their coded texts. I propose that photography, despite having had a different status to literature in the GDR, adopted similar traits and also functioned as part of a substitute public sphere. These photographers aimed to expose the existing gap between the propagandised and actual life under socialism. They embedded a moral and critical position in their photographs to comment on society and to incite debate. However, it was necessary for these debates to occur in the private sphere, so that artists and their audience would avoid state persecution. In this paper, I review Harald Hauswald’s series Everyday Life (1976–1990) to demonstrate how photographs enabled substitute discourses in visual ways. Hauswald is a representative of artistic documentary photography and although he was never published in the official GDR media, he was the first East German photographer to publish in renowned West German and European media outlets, such as GEO magazine and ZEITmagazin, before the reunification. In 1990, he founded the ‘Ostkreuz–Agency of Photographers’ with six other East German documentary photographers.
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McIlwain, David. "“The East within Us”: Leo Strauss’s Reinterpretation of Heidegger." Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy 26, no. 2 (October 18, 2018): 233–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1477285x-12341233.
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Abstract Leo Strauss’s grand theme, the theological-political problem, has its basis in the predicament of being a philosopher in a political society. As a Jew and a philosopher, Strauss also faced the entanglement of Judaism and German philosophy culminating in Heidegger’s historicism. These related challenges prompted Strauss’s recognition of the first steps for philosophy in a global epoch. Strauss reinterpreted Heidegger’s religious anticipation of a “meeting of East and West” as a philosophical re-encounter with the Bible as “the East within us.” Whereas the Bible challenges the rationality of the philosophical way of life, this “Bible as Eastern” challenges rationalism itself.
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Meirison, Meirison. "Westernization of the Ottoman Empire, Zionism and the Resistance of the Palestinian Society." Al-Tahrir: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam 20, no. 1 (May 13, 2020): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21154/altahrir.v20i1.1922.
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Abstract: Westernization due to backwardness in science and technology that was not taken care, because of their feeling of superiority over Europe. After underdevelopment in all areas, the Ottomans began reforms. However, the renewal focused on constitutions and parliaments that mimic the West, which fostered nationalism throughout the region. This facilitated Western intervention in the policies of the Ottoman government, which was very fragile and heavily in debt. Coupled with the defeat of the war with Russia and Western Europe. By conducting a historical discussion, the writer does a literature study and performs a comparative analysis of information and current events and develops them into a conclusion from the historical analysis obtained from various pieces of literature. Westernization is a gap opened by the West to change the Ottoman system of government in which Sultan Abdul Hamid II dissolved parliament. Westernization government after Sultan Abdul Hamid II had given support to Jews who favor Ottoman and Germans, but Jews only saw the opportunity to establish a Palestinian state with British support because basically, Ottoman Turkey which was motivated by Islamic Shari'at would be difficult to escape from the pressure of society Muslims and Arabs for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine. The Zionists had no choice but to support Britainالملخص: التغريب الذي أجراه ا العثمانيون بسبب التخلف في العلوم والتكنولوجيا التي لم يتم الاعتناء بها بسبب شعورهم بتفوق على أوروبا. وبعد التخلف في جميع المجالات، بدأ العثمانيون إجراء إصلاحات. ومع ذلك، ركز التجديد على الدساتير والبرلمانات التي تحاكي الغرب. وقد سهل هذا التدخل الغربي في سياسات الحكومة العثمانية التي كانت بالفعل هشة للغاية ومثقلة بالديون وأيضًا بسبب هزيمة الحرب مع روسيا وأوروبا الغربية. من خلال إجراء مناقشة بمنهج تاريخي ، يجري الكاتب دراسة على المصادر التاريخية في المكتبة والمتحف ثم أقوم بإجراء تحليل مقارن للمعلومات والأحداث الجارية ويطورها إلى استنتاج من التحليل التاريخي الذي تم الحصول عليه من مختلف المصادر. التغريب هو الفجوة التي فتحها الغرب لتغيير نظام الحكم المعثماني حيث تم حل البرلمان من قبل السلطان عبد الحميد الثاني. دعمت حكومة التغريب بعد السلطان عبد الحميد الثاني اليهود الذين كانوا في صالح الأتراك والألمان ، لكن اليهود لم يروا سوى فرصة لإقامة دولة فلسطينية بدعم بريطاني لأن الدولة العثمانية التي كانت تأسست على الشريعة الإسلامية سيكون من الصعب عليها الهروب من ضغوط المجتمع المسلمون والعرب لإقامة دولة يهودية في فلسطين. لم يكن أمام الصهاينة خيار سوى دعم بريطانيا Abstrak: Westernisasi dilakukan akibat keterbelakangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang selama ini tidak dipedulikan akibat supremasi Turki Usmani di Eropa. Setelah ketinggalan dalam segala bidang terjadi Turki Usmani mulai melakukan pembaharuan. Akan tetapi pembaharuan terfokus kepada konstitusi dan parlemen yang meniru Barat yang menumbuhkan nasionalisme di seluruh wilayah. Hal memudahkan campur tangan Barat atas kebijakan pemerintahan Turki Usmani yang sudah sangat rapuh dan dililit hutang dan juga akibat kekalahan perang dengan Rusia dan Eropa Barat. Dengan melakukan pembahasan historis penulis melakukan studi pustaka dan melakukan analisa komparatif terhadap informasi dan kejadian yang ada sekarang dan mengembangkannya menjadi sebuah kesimpulan dari analisa sejarah yang didapatkan dari berbagai literatur. Westernisasi adalah celah yang dikuakkan oleh Barat untuk mengubah sistim pemerintahan Turki Usmani yang mana parlemen sempat dibubarkan oleh Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Pemerintahan westernisasi pasca Sultan Abdul Hamid II sempat memberikan dukungan kepada Yahudi yang berpihak kepada Turki Usmani dan Jerman akan tetapi Yahudi hanya melihat peluang mendirikan negara Palestina dengan dukungan Inggris karena pada dasarnya Turki Usmani yang dilatarbelakangi oleh Syariat Islam akan sulit melepaskan dari dari tekanan masyarakat Muslim dan Arab atas pendirian negara Yahudi di Palestina. Zionis tidak punya pilihan lain kecuali mendukung Inggris.
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Kolevinskienė, Žydronė. "Women’s Literature in Emigration in 1950–1990: the Issue of the Canon." Knygotyra 74 (July 9, 2020): 168–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2020.74.50.
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The article was inspired by the World Congress of Lithuanian Writers held in Vilnius, in May 2019, during which the literary canon was discussed – not only in Lithuania, but abroad as well: what determines the entry of some books into the school canon, their assessment with literary prizes, various nominations, and why other books remain less noticed by readers and / or literary critics. The theme of this article was further highlighted by the heated debate on the elections of the Book of the Year that took place throughout the autumn (and is still ongoing). Various top five, top ten, top twelve lists, debates over the update of the contents of the curriculum of secondary schools inevitably raise the issue of the literary canon. Therefore, it is considered that perhaps the problem is not what falls or does not fall into the literary canon, but rather how much power society gives to the literary canon itself. The main tasks of the research: to introduce the main theoretical aspects of the literary canon; to discuss the issue of literary canon and women’s creative works; to identify the dominants of the literary canon in the diaspora. The article discusses the issue of the literary canon precisely in women’s literature that was created and is still being created in the diaspora. Research sources: various literary and cultural presses of the Lithuanian diaspora in the US (Aidai (The Echoes), Darbininkas (The Worker), Draugas (The Friend), Gabija, Naujienos (The News) etc.), Literatūros lankai (Literary Folios) (Buenos Aires, 1952-1959), the book by Vladas Kulbokas Lithuanian Literary Criticism in Exile (Rome, 1982). The main reason for this discussion of (non)canonization of women’s literature is that statistically female authors write more on emigration topics. There were more women writers outside Lithuania in the second wave of emigration (DPs); more women than men give a sense to their exile experience even today. The article emphasizes that women’s involvement in public life has never been either simple or natural. Even greater challenges awaited the creating women in 1944, when they moved to the West – Germany, Austria, and from 1949 – to the US, Canada, Australia. Questions are raised as to how and why public attitudes towards the writing, creative woman have changed; how the community of the Lithuanian diaspora, influenced by a new context, new economic and political conditions in the US, thought about new creative challenges, what kind of goals and objectives were set for it. If feminization processes call for rebellion against the dominant (male) canon, if today we are talking about not a single existing canon, but rather about canons, if it is emphasized that the canon is nonetheless a changing thing related with a system of certain time values, then the canon may not exist at all and it cannot exist? The article also actualizes modern migration processes and their reflections in literature (created both in Lithuania and abroad, outside Lithuania; written not only in Lithuanian but also in English) as well, opens new possibilities for reading and interpreting women’s works – and above all – the article dedicated to the World Lithuanian Year, seeks to create a dialogue field that can help deepen the understanding of today’s (e)migration.
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Güllü, İsmail. "Göçmen edebiyatında din ve kimlik yansımaları -Fakir Baykurt’un Yarım Ekmek Romanında Din ve Gelenek-." Göç Dergisi 2, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 117–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/gd.v2i1.541.
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Yarım aşırı aşan bir geçmişe sahip Almanya’ya göç olgusu beraberinde önemli bir edebi birikimi (Migrantenliteratur) de getirmiştir. Farklı adlandırmalar ile anılan bu edebi birikim, kendi içinde de farklı renkleri de barındıran bir özelliğe sahiptir. Edebi yazını besleyen en önemli kaynaklardan biri toplumdur. Yazarın içinde yaşadığı toplumsal yapı ve problemler üstü kapalı veya açık bir şekilde onun yazılarına yansımaktadır. Bu bağlamda araştırma, 50’li yaşlarında Almanya’ya giden ve ömrünün sonuna kadar orada yaşayan, birçok edebi ve düşünsel çalışması ile Türk edebiyatında önemli bir isim olan Fakir Baykurt’un “Koca Ren” ve Yüksek Fırınlar” adlı romanları ile birlikte Duisburg Üçlemesi’nin son kitabı olan “Yarım Ekmek” romanında ele aldığı konu ve roman kahramanları üzerinden din ve gelenek olgusu sosyolojik bir yaklaşımla ele alınmaktadır. Toplumcu-gerçekçi çizgide yer alan yazarın, uzun yıllar yaşadığı Türkiye’deki siyasi ve ideolojik geçmişi bu romanda kullandığı dil ve kurguladığı kahramanlarda kendini göstermektedir. Romanda Almanya’nın Duisburg şehrinde yaşayan Türklerin yeni kültürel ortamda yaşadıkları çatışma, kültürel şok, arada kalmışlık, iki kültürlülük temaları ön plandadır. Yazar romanda sadece Almanya’daki Türkleri ele almamakta, aynı zamanda Türkiye ile hatta başka ülkeler ile de ilişkilendirmeler yaparak bireysel ve toplumsal konuları ele almaktadır. Araştırmada, romanda yer alan dini ve geleneksel unsurlar sosyolojik olarak analiz edilmiştir. Genel anlamda bir göç romanı olma özelliği yanında Yarım Ekmek romanında dini, siyasi ve ideolojik birçok yorum ve tartışma söz konusudur. Romandaki bu veriler, inanç, ritüel, siyaset ve toplumsal boyutlarda kategorize edilerek ele alınmıştır. ENGLISH ABSTRACTReligion and identity reflections in literature of immigrant: Religion and Tradition in Fakir Baykurt’s novel Yarım EkmekThe immigration fact which has nearly half century in Germany have brought a significant literal accumulation (Migrantenliteratur) in its wake. This literal accumulation, which is named as several denominations, has a feature including different colours in itself. One of the most important source snourishing literature is society. Societal structure and problems that the writer lives inside, directly or indirectly reflect on his/her compositions. In this context, the matter of religion and tradition by way of the issue and fictious characters in the novel of Fakir Baykurt who went to Germany in her 50’s and lived in there till his death and who is a considerable name in Turkish literature with his several literal and intellectual workings; “Yarım Ekmek” which is the third novel of Duisburg Trilogy with “Koca Ren” and “Yüksek Fırınlar” are discussed sociologically in the study. The political and ideological past of the socialist realist lined writer in Turkey where he spent his life for a long time, manifest itself on the speech and fictious characters of novel. In the novel, themes of new Turks’ conflict, cultural shock, being in the middle, bi culturalism in their new cultural nature in Duisburg which is the city they live in. The writer not only deals with Turks in Germany but also personal and social subjects via comparing them to Turkey and even other countries. In the study, religious and traditional elements analyzed sociologically. Besides the speciality of being a migration novel in general, there are a lot of religious, political and ideological interpretations and discussions in the novel. These datum in the novel are examinated in the context of belief, ritual, politics and social categorisation.
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Zipes, Jack. "Children's Literature in West and East Germany." Lion and the Unicorn 10, no. 1 (1986): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/uni.0.0197.
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Hortmann, Wilhelm. "Provincial Roses In West Germany." Shakespeare Quarterly 36, no. 3 (1985): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2869715.
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Hortmann, Wilhelm. "Shakespeare in West Germany, 1985." Shakespeare Quarterly 37, no. 4 (1986): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2870682.
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Geissner, Hellmut. "Performance studies in West Germany." Text and Performance Quarterly 9, no. 4 (October 1989): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10462938909365944.
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Perkins, John. "Restoration and Renewal? West Germany since 1945." Contemporary European History 8, no. 3 (November 1999): 487–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777399003100.
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A. J. Nicholls, The Bonn Republic: West German Democracy, 1945–1990 (London: Longman, 1997), 341 pp. ISBN 0–582–49230–0 PPR; 0582–4931–9 CSD. Hb £44. Pb £14.99.Gerhard A. Ritter, Über Deutschland: Die Bundesrepublik in der deutschen Geschichte (Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck, 1998), 303 pp., DM 39 80, ISBN 3–406–44039–8.Rebecca L. Boehling, A Question of Priorities: Democratic Reforms and Economic Recovery in Postwar Germany, Monographs in German History 2 (Providence RI and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1996). 301 pp., IBSN 1–571–81035–8.Anne Sa'adah, Germany's Second Chance: Trust, Justice, and Democraticization (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998). 352 pp., £24.95, ISBN 0–674–35111–8.Volker Hentschel, Ludwig Erhard, die ‘Soziale Marktwirtschaft’ und das Wirtschaftswunder: Histo-risches Lehrstück oder Mythos. (Bonn: Bouvier Verlag, 1998), 95 pp., IBSN 3–416–02761–2.Robert G. Moeller, ed., West Germany under Construction: Politics, Society, and Culture in the Adenauer Era (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997). 462 pp., IBSN 0–472–09648–6 (hb), 0–472–06648–X (pb.). Peter James, ed., Modern Germany (London & New York: Routledge, 1998), 220 pp., IBSN 0–415–15034–5.For those who for whatever reason acquire an interest, the study of Germany since 1945 has to begin somewhere. It is hard to conceive of a more elementary introduction than that edited by Peter James and comprising the contributions of colleagues in the Department of German at the University of Northumbria plus his own. Although ‘aimed at all those who have an interest in life and society in modern Germany’, it is basically an introductory text for first-year students of German Studies. According to the editor of the slim volume, ‘Clearly the text is not intended to be exhaustive’; although one of the contributions, according to the blurb, claims to provide an ‘in-depth treatment of Germany's coming to terms with its past’ - within sixteen pages!
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Mueller, Kerstin. "Normalizing the Abnormal: Joshua Sobol'sGhettoin West Germany." Seminar: A Journal of Germanic Studies 45, no. 1 (February 2009): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/seminar.45.1.44.
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Reid, J. H., and K. Stuart Parkes. "Writers and Politics in West Germany." Modern Language Review 83, no. 1 (January 1988): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3728649.
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Kauganov, Evgeny L. "Debates on the Collective Guilt in PostWar West Germany." Observatory of Culture, no. 1 (February 28, 2015): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2015-0-1-99-103.
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Analyses the attitudes towards the Nazi past that existed in West German society from 1945 through the 1950s. The author considers the social and political situation in the Federal Republic of Germany, the concept of “zero hour”, and collective guilt thesis that were tackled in the publications of sociopolitical character. The author concludes that in Germany in the postwar period, a specific “victim’s mentality” prevailed that rejected the idea of collective guilt and responsibility for the Nazi crimes.
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Berg, Matthew Paul, and Robert Moeller. "West Germany under Construction: Politics, Society, and Culture in the Adenauer Era." German Studies Review 21, no. 3 (October 1998): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1431272.
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Rossol, Nadine. "Policing, Traffic Safety Education and Citizenship in Post-1945 West Germany." Journal of Contemporary History 53, no. 2 (December 22, 2016): 339–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009416667793.
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This article examines policing and traffic education as a key area of reconstructing democratic citizenship in post-1945 Germany. The rebuilding of a democratic German society in the aftermath of the Second World War was closely linked to orderly, law-abiding and considerate behaviour – traffic safety events were the testing ground for these values. They were designed to create a sense of order and civil responsibility in which citizens were urged to participate in order to contribute to the new democratic postwar society in West Germany. But while state and local authorities presented traffic policing and traffic safety as an opportunity to rebuild relations with the public and to foster the link between orderly behaviour and good citizenship, ordinary citizens felt little obliged to follow traffic rules or police orders. The Eigensinn (stubbornness) of the public, choosing to ignore traffic rules, despite better knowledge, was difficult to reconcile with the top down and patronizing pedagogical approach so obvious in traffic safety debates of the 1940s and 1950s. The fact that rights and liberties of a citizen could also mean making wrong decisions and dealing with the consequences of this behaviour clashed with the more authoritarian concepts of the state.
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Ana Mónica Fonseca and Daniel Marcos. "Cold War Constraints: France, West Germany and Portuguese Decolonization." Portuguese Studies 29, no. 2 (2013): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5699/portstudies.29.2.0209.
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Silver, Hilary. "The Social Integration of Germany since Unification." German Politics and Society 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 165–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2010.280109.
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Germans are inordinately preoccupied with the question of national integration. From the Kulturkampf to the Weimar Republic to the separation of East and West, social fractiousness is deeply ingrained in German history, giving rise to a desire to unify the "incomplete nation." Yet, the impulse to integrate German society has long been ambivalent. Between Bismarck and the Nazi interregnum, top-down efforts to force Germans to integrate threatened to erase valued differences. The twentieth anniversary of German reunification is the occasion to assess the reality of and ambivalence towards social integration in contemporary Germany. A review of economic and social measures of East-West, immigrant, and Muslim integration provides many indications of progress. Nevertheless, social cleavages persist despite political integration. Indeed, in some aspects, including in the party system, fragmentation is greater now than it was two decades ago. Yet successful social integration is a two-way street, requiring newcomers and oldtimers to interact. Integration of the European Union to some extent has followed this German path, with subsidiarity ensuring a decentralized social model and limited cohesion. German ambivalence about social integration is a major reason for the continuing social fragmentation of the society.
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Ivanytska, Maria. "UKRAINIAN EMIGRE TRANSLATORS’ ACTIVITY IN WEST GERMANY AFTER WORLD WAR II." Polish Studies of Kyiv, no. 35 (2019): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/psk.2019.35.150-160.
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The article provides an insight into the work of cultural activists in Germany in the post-war decades. It delineates the following groups of translators and popularizers of Ukrainian literature in West Germany: 1) German speakers: Halychyna descendant Hans Koch and Elisabeth Kottmeier, the wife of the Ukrainian poet Igor Kosteckyj; 2) the Ukrainian scholars who began their activity before the war: Dmytro (Dimitrij) Tschižeswskij, Iwan Mirtschuk; 3) representatives of the younger wave of emigration – Jurij Bojko-Blochyn, Olexa and Anna-Halja Horbatsch, Igor Kostetskyj, Mychahlo Orest, Jurij Kossatsch and others. The author reflects on the question whether or not the post-war Ukrainian emigration was integrated into a wider context of German culture. This is analyzed from the vantage point of the Western European reader’s/ literary critic’s readiness for the reception of Ukrainian literature. Among the first promoters of Ukrainian literature was the Artistic Ukrainian Movement (Munich), whose member of the board, Jurij Kossatsch, published the first review of the then contemporary Ukrainian literature in the German language “Ukrainische Literatur der Gegenwart” (1947). The author analyzes the first collection of translations of Ukrainian poetry “Gelb und Blau: Moderne ukrainische Dichtung in Auswahl” (“Yellow and Blue: Selected Contemporary Ukrainian Poetry”) compiled by Wolodimir Derzhawin, who condemned the persecution and extermination of poets in the USSR, criticized proletarian literature and the choice of authors. The preface by Derzhavin testified to the conviction of Ukrainian emigrants that free Ukrainian literature could flourish only in the exile. The work of the translators’ tandem of Igor Kosteckyj and Elisabeth Kottmeier is further described. The chronological and quantitative comparison of scholarly publications on Ukrainian literature in the then West Germany revealed that one of the major accomplishments of the Ukrainian diaspora was the transition from the complete lack to a gradual increase of interest in the aforementioned subject. The article emphasizes the significance of the translating activity of Anna-Halja Horbatsch aimed at introducing Ukrainian literature to the German Slavic Studies scholars along with ordinary readers. This was made possible when large collections of translations “Blauer November. Ukrainische Erzähler unseres Jahrhunderts” (Blue November: Ukrainian writers of this century) and “Ein Brunnen für Durstige “ (“The Well for the Thirsty”) were out, and in the 90’s – when the publishing house specializing in translations from Ukrainian literature was founded. The Soviets’ negative reaction to those and previous publications is perceived as a manifestation of the political engagement of socialist literary criticism. Conclusion: Anna-Halja Horbatsch’ contribution to the systematic acquaintance of the West German reader with modern Ukrainian literature is by far the most significant due to her numerous translations, scholarly articles, and critical reviews.
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Wimmer, Stefan Jacob. "Religion in a Secular Society: Impediment or Benefit?" Illuminatio 1, no. 2 (March 26, 2021): 210–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52510/sia.v1i2.15.
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The author investigates from the perspective of a Western European country, in his case Germany, if and how religion(s) can be appreciated in a secular society. With historic reviews he demonstrates that we should revise our accustomed perceptions; how (in the “West”) Islam is perceived, how religions are perceived from outside, but also how the religious sometimes misrepresent the non-religious.
Instead, he advocates to adjust our categories of “us” and “the others”, and join forces with those who are committed to living together against those who campaign and agitate against it, notwithstanding who believes in what. His considerations are shaped by the situation in Germany, but they lead to conclusions of universal value.
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Hohn, M. "Book Review: West Germany under Construction: Politics, Society, and Culture in the Adenauer Era." German History 17, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 318–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635549901700232.
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Beyler, Richard. "The demon of technology, mass society, and atomic physics in West Germany, 1945–1957." History and Technology 19, no. 3 (September 2003): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0734151032000123963.
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Frhr. v. Feilitzsch, Heribert. "Karl May The “Wild West” as seen in Germany." Journal of Popular Culture 27, no. 3 (December 1993): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3840.1993.00173.x.
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Bammer, Angelika. "The American Feminist Reception of GDR Literature (With a Glance at West Germany)." GDR Bulletin 16, no. 2 (October 17, 1990): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/gdrb.v16i2.962.
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Schoeneberg, Ulrike. "Participation in Ethnic Associations: The Case of Immigrants in West Germany." International Migration Review 19, no. 3 (September 1985): 416–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838501900302.
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Ethnic organizations such as presently exist in large numbers in West Germany are often viewed as indicating a lack of social integration and participation by immigrants in the host society. It is here argued that whether these organizations segregate the immigrants and make their assimilation more difficult, as research on minority groups often claims, or whether they serve as mediating institutions to help integrate and assimilate the newcomers, as other theories would lead one to expect, will depend on the basic orientation of the ethnic organization itself toward the host country. The results of a study carried out in 1981–82 among Greek, Italian and Turkish immigrants indicate the distinctive characteristics of the organizations serving each of these three different groups, the extent to which persons of each nationality participate in these associations, the reasons they give for their participation, and the ways in which participation in organizations with different orientations affects the social integration and assimilation of the individual immigrants.
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Terk, Erik. "A Changing Economy in a Changing Society." Nationalities Papers 23, no. 1 (March 1995): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999508408353.
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Changing through the AgesOver different historical periods the Estonian economy has exhibited quite a different character in terms of its international context. To be more specific, we can mention the medieval flourishing of the free Hanseatic towns of northern Europe when Tallinn and other Estonian Hanseatic centers played an important role in trade between the east (Novgorod) and the west (basically towns of northern Germany and the Netherlands). Later, after an intervening period when Estonia was part of the Swedish Kingdom, it evolved as a western region of Tsarist Russia with its own specificity, somewhat different from the rest of Russia.
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Wizisla, Erdmut. "Editorial Principles in the Berlin and Frankfurt Edition of Bertolt Brecht's Works." TDR/The Drama Review 43, no. 4 (December 1999): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105420499760263480.
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Staar, Richard F., and Michael J. Sodaro. "Moscow, Germany and the West from Khrushchev to Gorbachev." Russian Review 51, no. 3 (July 1992): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/131141.
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Peter, Klaus. "Romanticism Today: The “New Irrationalism” in West Germany and Its Historical Context." Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory 61, no. 1 (January 1986): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00168890.1986.9934173.
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Boldyrev, Roman, and Jörg Morré. "Organizational Structure, Channels and Methods of Propaganda Work of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany, 1945–1949." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (October 2019): 205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.5.15.
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Introduction. The paper deals with the issues of the propaganda system in the Soviet Occupation Zone in Germany (SOZ) between 1945 and 1949. Based on de-classified documents from Russian Archives propaganda organization, channels and methods of propaganda units of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAG) became a subject to study. The authors emphasize on control means towards German mass media and implementing the Soviet propaganda monopoly in East Germany. Methods and materials. The authors consequently analyze the main channels and methods of positive USSR image broadcasting: radio, press, SMAG propaganda unit lectures, people’s education system, activities of society for Soviet cultural studies, acquaintance trips of German delegations to the USSR, presentations of Soviet exhibitions and films. Analysis and Results. The authors come to a conclusion that the Soviet propaganda in East Germany had a low efficiency. It failed to establish a complete monopoly of Soviet propaganda units in East Germany. The SOZ population could access the propaganda from West Germany and West Berlin, which broadcast a radically negative image of the USSR. Besides, the units and institutions of the Group of Soviet Occupation Troops in Germany (GSOTG) created their own image of Soviet people, which was different from the ideal and broadcast one. Thus, it turned out to be impossible to provide the unification of the broadcast and perception of propagandist materials devoted to the USSR and its population. Soviet propaganda in Germany had gone through the transition by the late 1940s: division of Germany in two states appeared to be a reality, and the establishment of socialist society on Stalin’s model took place in East Germany. Ideological revisiting of the Soviet social constitution, and so its supremacy over the bourgeois one was to replace the conventional image of the country of total welfare and happiness.
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Ganaway, Bryan. "GIs and Frauleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany." Journal of Popular Culture 37, no. 3 (January 29, 2004): 548–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3840.2004.84_10.x.
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Layne, Priscilla. "Halbstarke and Rowdys: Consumerism, Youth Rebellion, and Gender in the Postwar Cinema of the Two Germanys." Central European History 53, no. 2 (June 2020): 432–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938920000187.
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ABSTRACTIn the second half of the 1950s, American films about “delinquent youth” took West Germany by storm. Although these films were not screened in East Germany, the still open border between the FRG and GDR allowed young people in both states to see these films. Many adopted American clothing styles and music in both Germanys. Two films, the West German production Die Halbstarken (1956) and the East German production Berlin–Ecke Schönhauser (1957) addressed “delinquent youth” in the German context and became quite popular. The article compares the competing images of femininity in both films, which linked the problem of “delinquent youth” to consumerism, pop culture, and “weak parents,” but portrayed young women very differently. While consumerism in the West German film was in a gender-specific way linked to femininity, the East German film linked consumerism to a class society and displaced it to the West. Contemporary film reviews and press treatment of main actresses reflected these differing attitudes toward gender and consumption.
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Morgan, Ben, and Hannah Schissler. "The Miracle Years: A Cultural History of West Germany, 1949-68." Modern Language Review 99, no. 2 (April 2004): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3738839.
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Castillo, Greg. "Making a Spectacle of Restraint: The Deutschland Pavilion at the 1958 Brussels Exposition." Journal of Contemporary History 47, no. 1 (January 2012): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009411422362.
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The Deutschland pavilion at the 1958 Brussels World’s Fair depicted West Germany not only as culturally and technologically modern but also as the antithesis of socialist East Germany and the disgraced Third Reich. International-style architecture and modernist exhibition design were mobilized as instruments of cultural soft power to convey these multiple messages. Hans Schwippert of the postwar German Werkbund choreographed exhibition design, deploying the miracle economy’s modern consumer culture to celebrate the emergence of a post-Nazi society. Egon Eiermann, aided by Sep Ruf, designed the International-style pavilion, celebrated as the architecture of postwar modernity, but in fact derived from a precedent in Third Reich industrial architecture. As an exercise in cold war soft power, West Germany’s Brussels pavilion celebrated the emergence of a West German consumer citizen, while suppressing the presence of a Third Reich past.
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Barbour, Stephen. "Dialects and the teaching of a standard language: Some West German work." Language in Society 16, no. 2 (June 1987): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500012276.
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ABSTRACTIn applied sociolinguistics in West Germany the notion has been influential that the indigenous working class is separated from the middle class by a linguistic barrier and thus is at a linguistic disadvantage, as well as suffering other forms of disadvantage. The paper places this view in its context within German work on language and society, examines it critically, and outlines why, in the author's view, it is of questionable validity. (Sociolinguistics, dialectology, education, German)
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Martin, Elaine. "Women, Literature, and Politics (Report on the Conference Held in Hamburg, West Germany, Spring 1986)." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 12, no. 3 (April 1987): 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/494354.
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Trajman, Joanna. "Przyrodnie siostry – sytuacja kobiet z byłej RFN i NRD 30 lat po zjednoczeniu Niemiec." Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki, no. 28 (December 17, 2020): 155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2020.28.11.
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The goal of this article is to present the transition in the situation of women in the former West Germany and East Germany as a consequence of German reunification. Starting with an outline of the legal framework defining gender equality, as well as the actual circumstances of females in society as part of a family and on the labour market in both German countries, the situation of women in the united country is analysed within the context of their professional activity, remuneration and pension amounts and promotion prospects as well as the ability to combine their professional and family lives. I try to answer whether women in the former East Germany became underprivileged due to the German reunification process and whether the situation of the West German women changed as a result of certain equality incentives which could be considered the heritage of the German Democratic Republic.
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Chernyshev, M. V. "TRADITIONAL ECONOMIES AND SOCIAL PROTEST IN WEST GERMANY AND ITALY IN 1966-1974." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 3, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2019-3-4-475-482.
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Every crisis of the world capitalist economy prompts a new wave of interest in long economic cycles. In the second half of the 20 century, the emergence of new social movements and activity of «traditional» working class can be analyzed as important barometers of socio-economic development in transitional economies of European countries towards postindustrial society. In this article the author employs a theory of the dynamics of protest waves developed by Ruud Koopmans to analyse social processes in West Germany and Italy between 1966 and 1974. Special attention is given to study of different types of social protest movements: spontaneous, semi-military groups and those affiliated with political parties. A special emphasis is put on showing how the protest wave started with confrontational actions, subsequently entered a phase of moderate mass mobilization, and ended up with a twin process of institutionalization and radicalization.
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Pfau-Effinger, Birgit. "Modernisation, Culture and Part-Time Employment: The Example of Finland and West Germany." Work, Employment and Society 7, no. 3 (September 1993): 383–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095001709373003.
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The paper discusses how differences between European countries in the rate of part-time employment among women can be explained. In contrast to the usual explanations, the paper emphasises the importance of cultural specificities in the respective countries with respect to the gender contract on the main family and integration model to which individuals as well as institutions refer in their orientations and behaviour. The differences are explained socio-historically by the specificities in the process of modernisation when transforming from an agrarian to an industrial society, showing why in each country a different family and integration model developed. Questions as to the form in which industrialisation occurred, which societal class dominated the transformation process culturally, and whether there was a cultural continuity or discontinuity, are important for cross-national differences in the family model and for the labour market behaviour of women today.
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Kunicki, Wojciech. "The Yugoslav Wars 1990–1999 in contemporary literature in Germany and Austria." Germanica Wratislaviensia 145 (March 8, 2021): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0435-5865.145.7.
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In this article, the literature on the wars in the former Yugoslavia is critically examined. The inter-pretive patterns of these wars aim at the authors’ confrontation with the “West that has gone wild” (Handke) and its colonial mentality, which manifests itself in the politically determined friend-enemy ascriptions. The writing about the wars also expresses a presumption whether or not we are in a state before “the war” (Monika Maron) and preparing for a new European tragedy through the language of hatred. On the whole, the article attests a responsible attitude by all authors, regardless of their position on the sides of the conflicts that are manifested in this high-quality literature.
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Hermann-Kunz, Edelgard, and Michael Thamm. "Dietary recommendations and prevailing food and nutrient intakes in Germany." British Journal of Nutrition 81, S1 (June 1999): S61—S69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114599000914.
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Dietary recommendations on nutrient intakes as published by the German Society of Nutrition are only met by a very small proportion of the adult population in East and in West Germany. Dietary data from the Nutrition Survey and Risk Factor Analysis Study in West Germany and from the National Health Survey in East Germany were used to identify differences in nutrient intakes and in food consumption patterns between subgroups of the study participants that were close to, or failed to meet the dietary guidelines. The subgroups were created by dividing subjects into quartiles on the basis of their daily intakes of total fat (%energy), saturated fatty acids (%energy), fibre (g/d) and the food group fruit and vegetables (g/d). Comparisons of the consumption patterns between subjects in the first and in the fourth quartile of intake of the nutrients under study were performed. Differences in food and nutrient intakes were seen among those more compliant and less compliant with the recommendations. The presented analysis provides first indications for future improvements of the existing food-based dietary guidelines in Germany.