Journal articles on the topic 'Literature and literary studies, n.e.c'

The article examines N. I. Novikov’s testimonials regarding the most prominent Russian writers of his time. In his satirical journals of 1769–1773, he spoke with particular praise about the works of A. P. Sumarokov, giving him obvious preference over M. V. Lomonosov. V. P. Petrov, proclaimed «the second Lomonosov», would often become the subject of his satirical attacks. Later, the critic condemned certain «depraved opinions» by Sumarokov, yet continued to hold in high esteem his literary talent. At the same time, Novikov conducted a continuous polemics with Catherine II’s magazine Vsiakaia Vsiachina, where V. K. Trediakovsky, whose merits Novikov greatly appreciated, was often ridiculed. His historical studies helped him to grasp the general course of development of Russian culture, and in the journal St. Petersburg Scientifi c Gazette for 1777, he paid tribute to each of the writers.

This collection of readers’ letters addressed to a single author is the first such publication in Russian studies of literature. The book features various readers’ feedback on M. Sholokhov’s novels And Quiet Flows the Don [ Tikhiy Don] and Virgin Soil Upturned [Podnyataya tselina], as well as several chapters of They Fought for Their Country [ Oni srazhalis za Rodinu]. The introduction details the social background of the correspondents: industrial and agricultural workers, Red Army soldiers, teachers, and Russian émigrés. To compensate for Sholokhov’s missing responses, the book quotes his thoughts about the reader, whom he contrasted with official literary critics. The book concludes with N. Kornienko’s article arguing that in the 20th c., the reader becomes directly and meaningfully involved in the literary process. The reviewer finds that the book offers a stereoscopic view of the reader’s attitude towards these outstanding works of 20th-c. literature.

The terminological load of the phrase “foreign / world literature” is outlined. The attention is focused on the semantic, cultural-historical, epistemological features of this concept. Literature as a verbal art, being formed since the time of oral folk creativity, reflects the corresponding established canon in the national expression, accordingly, the dynamics of the world literary process. It is emphasized that the development of national literatures had strengthened the nature of explicit-implicit literary relationships. It contributed to the formation of new genres, artistic tastes, as well as to the expansion of the recipient`s worldview, and, accordingly, literary concepts. Controversial interpretations of Goethe’s term “Weltliteratur” are considered: supporters who perceived literature as one general world synthesis (F. Moretti) and scientists who predicted the collapse of the views of the German classics (E. Auerbach). The scientific discourse of the 20th century is assumed. Diverse interpretations of the “world literature” paradigm is understood as a collection of all works from antiquity to modern times; an anthology of the best literary texts (a kind of canonization); as a high-quality cultural and intellectual mutual enrichment. The significant contribution to the formation of the “world / foreign literature” paradigm of comparative studies and sociocultural research is emphasized (the works of P. Sorokin, O. Biletsky, L. Gumilyov, G. Gachev, D. Dyuryshin, A. Volkov of the Chernivtsi TPI School). Outlining the term world / foreign literature in the general literary process, the modern concepts of Western literary critics (E. Auerbach, P. Casanova, K. Prado and T. Samuayo, F. Moretti, D. Damrosch, R. Thomsen, J. David, N. Esenlilioglu, S. Uhliga and C. Zhang) are assumed. It is concluded that the diversity of the interpretation of the term “world / universal / foreign” literature directly depends on the historical, cultural and epistemological approaches to considering this issue; however, for all researchers there are common criteria for the nominative definition of the given paradigm – comprehensiveness, canons of a certain method, anthropological value, and participation in globalization processes.

The following abbreviations appear in this year’s bibliography:BSN Browning Society Notes. DAI Dissertation Abstracts International. N&Q Notes and Queries. NCL Nineteenth Century Literature. RES Review of English Studies. VLC Victorian Literature and Culture. VP Victorian Poetry. VS Victorian StudiesAn asterisk* indicates that we have not seen the item. Cross references with citation numbers between 51 and 70 followed by a colon (e.g., C68:) refer to William S. Peterson’s Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning: An Annotated Bibliography, 1951–1970 (New York: Browning Institute, 1974); higher numbers refer to Robert Browning: A Bibliography 1830–1950, compiled by L. N. Broughton, C. S. Northup, and Robert Pearsall (Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1953).

Objectives:In this study, the applicability of dry condensate generated from food waste dry feed conversion process was evaluated as an external carbon source to increase the efficiency of the biological denitrification process.Methods:The experiment was carried out in the form of a batch test, and dry condensate was injected into each reactor according to the COD and T/N ratio (C/N ratio). Then, the reactor was operated under anoxic conditions for 5 hours, and nitrate nitrogen was analyzed at intervals of 1 hour.Results and Discussion:The dry condensate from food waste showed a low nitrogen content (T-N 220 mg/L) compared to a high organic matter content (TCOD 21,863 mg/L), and was analyzed to satisfy the conditions of an external carbon source in the denitrification process. And as a result of the experiment, it was found that the nitrate nitrogen removal efficiency was up to 76% after 5 hours at a C/N ratio 7.50:1, which was significantly increased compared to the control which was without condensed water (removal efficiency 4%). Moreover, the removal efficiency of 28% was exhibited even at the C/N ratio 0.95:1, which exhibited the lowest efficiency. In addition, as a result of calculating the specific denitrification rate (SDNR) for each C/N ratio, 7.50:1 was found to be as 0.0726 mg NO3-/mg VSS/d, which was significantly increased than that of control as 0.0038mg NO3-/mg VSS/d.Conclusion:Based on these results, it is judged that it is possible to utilize the dried condensate of food waste as an external carbon source in the denitrification process.

I cite manuscripts from my own collations. Information about most of these manuscripts, and explanation of the symbols by which I designate them, may be found in A. Turyn, The Byzantine Manuscript Tradition of the Tragedies of Euripides (Urbana, 1953), K. Matthiessen, Studien zur Textüberlieferung der Euripideischen Hekabe (Heidelberg, 1974), and D. J. Mastronarde and J. M. Bremer, The Textual Tradition of Euripides' Phoinissai (Berkeley, 1982). I shall discuss the affiliations and the relative value of these manuscripts on a later occasion. For the present no knowledge of these matters is needed. I refer to modern editions by the names of their editors: Wecklein = N. Wecklein (Leipzig, 1890), Wecklein (1906) = N. Wecklein (Leipzig and Berlin, 1906), Di Benedetto = V. Di Benedetto (Florence, 1965), Biehl = W. Biehl (Leipzig, Teubner, 1975), Willink = C. W. Willink (Oxford, 1986, 1989 [with Addendis Addenda]), West = M. L. West (Warminster, Aris and Phillips, 1987). Studies refers to my Studies on the Text of Euripides (Oxford, 1981).

The wide ranging topics attempted by Dr C. N. Ramachandran in this collection are a proof of his in depth learning of Sanskrit, English and Kannada literary and critical traditions. Divided into two sections, the first section of this collection of essays written during a long span of time shows remarkable application of contemporary discourses and Western theories on some of the seminal texts like Bhagwatgita, Ramayanas, and Abhijnana Sakuntalam at one hand and a comparative study of Kannad novels and their film versions. The second section draws some new critical parameters to reevaluate Tagore, Gokak, Bendre, Narsimhaswami and other Kannada writers. Wading easily through two different currents of Eastern and Western traditions, he leaves some big lacunae while writing on some of the most fundamental texts and concepts of Indian literature and philosophy, which required deeper studies. The present article, which initially intended to be just a review of the book mentioned above, seeks to incorporate more accurate information on such issues, which the author, relying more on the false data supplied by secondary sources, dealt half-heartedly. As a corrective step to the missing 'interior signature' (as C. D. Narsimhaiya would say) of the author, the article should be read as a supplement to the book.

Achenbach, R 2005. Pentateuch, Hexateuch und Enneateuch. Eine Verhältnisbestimmung, ZAR 11:122–154. Albertz, R 2007. Die kanonische Anpassung des Johuabuches. Ein Neubewertung seiner sog.”Priesterschriftelike Texte”, in Römer and Schmid 2007:199–217. Aurelius, E 2003. Zukunft jenseits des Gerichts: Eine redaktionsgeschichltliche Studie zumEnneateuch. BZAW 319. Berlin: de Gruyter. Barrick, W B & Spencer, J R (eds) 1984. In the shelter of Elyon: essays on ancient Palestinian life in honour of GW Ahlström. JSOTSup 31. Sheffield: JSOT Press. Becker U, 2006. Endredaktionelle Kontextvernetzungen des Josua-Buches, in Witte, Schmid, Prechel and Gertz 2006:139–161. Bieberstein, K 1995. Josua-Jordan-Jericho. Archäologie, Geschichte und Theologie der Landnahmeerzählungen Josua 1–6. OBO. Friborg: Universitätsverlag, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Blum, E 1990. Studien zur Komposition des Pentateuch. BZAW 189. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter. _______ 1997. Die Kompositionelle Knoten am Übergang von Josua zu Richter: Ein Entflechtungsvorschlag, in Lust and Vervenne 1997:181–212. _______ 2006. The literary connection between the books of Genesis and Exodus and the end of the book of Joshua, in Dozeman and Schmid 2006:80–106. _______ 2011. Pentateuch-Hexateuch-Enneateuch, in Dozeman , Römer and Schmid 2011:43–71. Carr, D M 1996. Reading the fractures of Genesis. Historical and literary approaches. Louisville: Westminster John Knox. _______ 2006. What is required to identify pre-Priestly narrative connections between Genesis and Exodus? in Dozeman and Schmid 2006:159–180. _______ 2012. The Moses story: literary and historical reflections, HeBAI 1–2:7–36. Dozeman, T B & Schmid, K (eds) 2006. Farewell to the Yahwist? The composition of the Pentateuch in recent European discussion. SBL Symposium Series 34. Atlanta: SBL. Dozeman, T B, Römer, T C & Schmid, K (eds) 2011. Pentateuch, Hexateuch, or Enneateuch. Identifying literary works in Genesis through Kings. SBL 8. Atlanta: SBL. Du Pury, A, Römer, T C & Macchi, J P (eds) 2000. Israel constructs its history. Deuteronomistic historiography in recent research. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. Edenburg, C & Pakkala, J (eds) 2013. Is Samuel amongst the Deuteronomists? Current views on the place of Samuel in a Deuteronomistic History. Atlanta: SBL. Eisffeldt, O 1964. Einleitung in das Alte Testament. Tübingen: Mohr. Frevel, C 2000. Mit Blick auf das Land die Schöpfung erinnern. Zum Ende der Priestergrundschrift. HBS 23. Freiburg/New York: Herder. _______ 2011. Die Wiederkehr der Hexateuchperspektive. Eine Herausforderung für die These vom Deuteronomistischen Geschictswerk, in Stipp 2011:13–53. Frey, J, Schattner-Rieser, U & Schmid, K (eds) 2012. Die Sameritaner und die Bibel: Historische und literarische Wechselwirkungen zwischen biblischen und Sameritanischen Traditionen. Studia Judaica/Studia Samaritana 7. Berlin/New York. Fritz, V 1994. Das Buch Josua. Hat 1/7. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. Garciá-Martinez, F (ed.) 1998. Perspectives in the study of the Old Testament and early Judaism: a symposium in honour of Adam S. van der Woude on the occasion of his 70th Birthday. VTSup 73. Leiden: Brill. Gertz, J C 2000. Tradition und Redaktion in der Exoduserzählung. Untersuchungen zur Endredaktion des Pentateuch. FRLANT 186. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck& Ruprecht. Görg, M 1991. Josua. NEB 26. Würzburg: Echter Verlag. Gunkel, H 1910. Genesis. 3rd ed. GHK 1. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Hjelm, I 2000. The Samaritans and early Judaism: a literary analysis. JSOTSup 303. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. Keel, O 1973. Das Vergaben der “Fremder” Götter in Genesis xxxv 4b, VT 23:305–336. Knauf, E A 2000. Does Deuteronomsitic Historiography (DH) exist? in du Pury , Römer and Macchi 2000:388–398. _______ 2007. Buchschlüsse im Josuabuch, in Römer and Schmid 2007:217–224. _______ 2008. Josua. ZBKAT 6. Zurich: Theologisher Verlag. Knoppers, G N & McConville, J G (eds) 2000. Reconsidering Israel and Judah: recent studies on the Deuteronomistic History. SBTS 8. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. Köckert, M 1988. Vätergott und Väterverheisssungen. Eine Auseinandersetzung mit Albrecht Alt und seine Erben. FRLANT 142. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Konkel, M 2008. Sünde und Vergebung:Eine Rekontruktion der Redaktionsgeschichte der hinterein Sinaiperikope (Ex 32–34). Vor dem Hintergrund aktueller Pentateuchmodelle. FAT 88. Tübingen: Mohr. Koopmans, W T 1990. Joshua 24 as poetic narrative. JSOTSup 93. Sheffield: JSOT Press. Kratz, R G 2000. Die Komposition der erzählender Bücher des Alten Testaments: Grundwissen der Bibelkritik. UTB 215.Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Levin, C 1993. Der Jahwist. FRLANT 157.Göttingen: Vandenhoeck& Ruprecht. Lipschits, O, Knoppers, G N & Albertz, R (eds) 2007. Judah and the Judeans in the fourth century B.C.E. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. Lust, J & Vervenne, M (eds) 1997. Deuteronomy and Deuteronomistic literature. BETL 133. Leuven: Peeters. Mckenzie, S L & Römer, T C (eds) 2000. Rethinking the foundations: historiography in the ancient world and the Bible. Essays in honour of John Van Seters. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter. Nelson, R D 1997. Joshua: a commentary. Louisville: Westminster John Knox. Nentel, J 2000. Trägerschaft und Intentionen des deuteronomistischen Geschichtswerks: Untersuchungen zu Refelexionreden: Jos1; 23; 24; 1 Sam12 und 1 Kön 8. BZAW 297. Berlin: de Gruyter. Nihan, C 2012. The literary relationship between Deuteronomy and Joshua: a reassessment, in Schmid and Person 2012:79–114. _______ 2013. 1 Sam 8 and 12 and the Deuteronomsitic edition of Samuel, in Edenburg and Pakkala 2013: 225–274. Na`man, N 2000. The law of the altar in Deuteronomy and the cultic site near Shechem, in Mckenzie and Römer 2000:141–161. Noll, K L and Schramm, B (eds) 2010. Raising a faithful exegete: essays in honour of Richard Nelson. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. Noort, E 1997. The traditions of Ebal and Gerizim: theological positions in the book of Joshua, in Vervenne and Lust 1997:161–180. _______ 1998. Zu Stand und Perspektiven: Der Glaube Israels zwischen Religionsgeschichte und Theologie, der Fall Josua 24, in Garciá-Martinez 1998:82–108. Noth, M 1943. Überlieferungsgeschichtliche Studien. Tübingen: Niemeyer. _______ 1953. Das Buch Josua. 2nd ed. HAT 7. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. O’Brien, M A 1989. The Deuteronomistic History hypothesis: a reassessment. OBO 92. Fribourg: Éditions. Universitaires/Göttingen: Vandenhoeck& Ruprecht. Otto, E 1999. Bruckensläge in der Pentateuchsforschung, TRU 64:84–99. _______ 2000. Das Deuteronomium im Pentateuch und Hexateuch. Studien zur Literaturgeschichte von Pentateuch und Hexateuch im Lichte des Deuteronomiumrahmens. FAT 30. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. Otto, E & Achenbach, R (eds) 2004. Das Deuteronomium zwischen Pentateuch undDeuteronomistischem Geschictswerk. FRLANT 206. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Perlitt, L 1968. Bundestheologie im Altes Testament. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag. _______ 1994. Priesterschrift in Deuteronomium34? VT 59:475–494. Popovich, M 2009. Conquest of the land, loss of the land. Where does Joshua 24 belong?, in von Ruiten and de Vos 2009:87–98. Rofé, A 2000. Ephraimite versus Deuteronomistic History, in Knoppers & McConville 2000:462–474. Römer, T C 2010. Book-endings in Joshua and the question of the so-called Deuteronomistic History, in Noll and Schramm 2010:85–99. Römer, T C & Brettler, M Z 2000. Deuteronomy 34 and the case for a Persian Hexateuch, JBL 119/3:401–419. Römer, T C and Schmid, K (eds) 2007. Les dernières rédactions du Pentatueque, de l` Hexateuge,et de l` Henneatuege. BETL 203. Leuven: Peeters. Rösel, H N 1980. Die Überleitungen vom Josua-ins Richterbuch, VT 30:342–350. Schmid K, 1999. Erzväter und Exodus: Untersuchungen zur doppelten Begründing der Ursprünge Israels innerhalb der Geschichtsbücher des Alten Testaments. WMANT 81. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag. _______ 2007. The late Persian formation of the Torah: observations on Deuteronomy 34, in Lipschits, Knoppers & Albertz 2007:236–245. _______ 2012. Die Sameritaner und die Judaër. Die biblische Diskussion um ihr Verhältnis in Josua 24, in Frey, Schattner-Rieser & Schmid 2012:21–49. Schmid, K & Person, R (eds) 2012. Deuteronomy in the Pentateuch, Hexateuch, and the Deuteronomistic History. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. Schmidt, L 2009. P in Deuteronomium 34, VT 59:475–494. Schmitt, G 1964. Der Landtag von Sichem. Stuttgart: Calwer Verlag. Schmitt, H C 2004. DTN 34 als Verbindingstuck zwischen Tetrateuch und Dtr. Geschictswerk, in Otto and Achenbach 2004:181–192. Smend, R 1970. Das Gesetz un die Völker, in Wolff 1970:494–504. Sperling, S D 1987. Joshua 24 re-examined. HUCA 58:119–136. Steuernage, l C 1923. Das Buch Josua. GHK 1,3 (2). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Stipp, H J (ed.) 2011. Das deuteronomistische Geschichtswerk. ÖBS 39. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Van Seters, J 1984. Joshua 24 and the problem of tradition in the Old Testament, in Barrick and Spencer 1984:139–158. _______ 2003. Deuteronomy between Pentateuch and Deuteronomistic History, HTS 59/3:947–956. Vervenne, M & Lust, J (eds) 1997. Deuteronomy and Deuteronomistic literature. FS C.H.W Brekelmans. BETL 133. Leuven: Peeters. Von Ruiten, J and de Vos, C (eds) 2009. The land of Israel in Bible, history and theology: studies in honour of Ed Noort. VTSup 124. Leiden: Brill. Weimar, P 2008. Studien zur Priesterschrift. FAT 56. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. Westermann, C 1994. Die Geschictsbücher des Alten Testaments: Gab es ein deuteronomsitisches Geschichtswerk? TB Altes Testament 87. Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlag. Witte, M 1998. Die biblische urgeschichte. Redaktions-und Theologiegeschichtliche Beobachtungen zu Genesis 1,1–11:26. BZAW 265. Berlin: de Gruyter. Witte M, Schmid K, Prechel, D & Gertz, J C (eds) 2006. Die deuteronomistischenGeschichtswerke: Redaktions- und religionsgeschichtliche Perspektiven zur “Deuteronomismus”-Diskussion in Tora und vorderen Propheten. BZAW 365. Berlin: de Gruyter. Wolff, H W (ed.) 1970. Probleme biblischer Theologie: Gerard von Rad zum 70. Geburtstag. Munich: Kaiser Verlag. Würthwein, E 1994a. Erwägungen zum sog. Deuteronomistischen Geschichtswerk: eine Skizze, in Würthwein 1994b:1–11. Würthwein, E 1994b. Studien zum deuteronomistischen Geschichtswerk BZAW227. Berlin: de Gruyter, Zakovitch, Y 1980. The object of the narrative of the burial of the foreign gods at Shechem, BeTM 25:300–337. Zenger, E 2004. Einleitung in das Alte Testament. 5th ed. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.

Evidences on vitamin D deficiency suggest there is increasing risk of diabetes. To date, some cohort, observation, cross-sectional studies on populations and randomized controlled trials in vitamin D supplements highlighting the potential of vitamin D are essentially in modifying Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) pathophysiology. Relevant literature sought in a various databases focus on the discovery of vitamin D studies in Malaysia, particularly in dietary, health status and disease study. However, recent data in Malaysia, the scope of the literature focuses on the deficient vitamin D mediated insulin impairment. The development of literary findings encompasses on the etiology of diabetes which highly correlates with decreased mechanism of action of vitamin D. It is important to understand diabetes etiology before explaining more about insulin resistance mechanisms which is strongly correlated with the involvement of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways in insulin signalling. Furthermore, the vitamin D works synergistically with calcium homeostasis which is believed to have interaction with insulin. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the potential of vitamin D in modulating T2DM pathophysiology. Existing evidence showing the biochemical function of vitamin D is strongly involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM which requires considerable attention.

This paper is a summary of the tradition of British travelers in Albania during the 19th century until the First World War. Referring to British history and British cultural traditions, these travelers are classified between two periods: from Georgian era to Edwardian era. British travelers began to visit Albania frequently, especially from the time of the rule of Ali Pasha Tepelena, through whose pasha’s territory traveled many British agents, missionaries, and adventurers, including the eminent poet Gordon Byron and his friend John C. Hobhouse, and Dr. Henry Holland. The first part of the paper deals with the main studies for travelogue literature, listing the authors and their studies according to the order and study approaches. As there are hundreds of books with travel notes from British travelers on Albania and Albanians, the second part of the article focuses only on some of the most famous British travelers, such as Edward Lear, Arthur Evans, Edith Durham, Henry N. Brailsford and Aubrey Herbert. The purpose of this paper is to make a chronological history of British travelers in Albania and historical literature on this literature genre of British travelers who traveled and describes Albania of late modernity.

El presente proyecto se desarrolló en la Estación Experimental Tropical Pichilingue del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP) y en el Laboratorio de Análisis Bromatológico de la Universidad UTE. Se evaluó el efecto de la fertilización nitrogenada con urea (0, 25, 50 y 75 kg de N ha-1) sobre la degradabilidad (biodisponibilidad) ruminal in situ (DIS) de los macrominerales (Ca, P y Mg) del pasto King Grass cosechado a los 40 días de rebrote. Para el análisis estadístico se empleó un diseño de bloques completos al azar, donde los criterios de bloqueo fue el animal donde se realizó la incubación ruminal, respectivamente. Los niveles de fertilización nitrogenada provocaron cambios en la biodisponibilidad ruminal (degradación) de Ca, P y Mg del pasto Pennisetum purpureum en las diferentes horas de incubación, acción que en la mayoría de los casos afectó la cinética de degradación del pasto en sus diferentes fracciones (Fracción soluble (A), Fracción insoluble pero potencialmente degradable (B), Fracción indegradable (c). Potencial de degradación ruminal (A+B).

The article considers the possibility of synthesizing the system of poetics on the basis of cognitology, in this case - the theory of frames. The frame poetics is able to provide motivation where classical, non-classical or postnonclassical cannot offer convincing motivations. Poetics develops according to the laws of human thinking, in particular fixed in the frame theory. Therefore, we have reason to use frames in literary studies, because the frame is a natural segmentation of thinking in literature as well as in any field of science. The problem of genre definitions and genre transformations in modern novel forms has created a crisis of genre delineation. Frame theory allows to solve this problem of genre definition. Оr look at the genre in a new way, contributing to the conclusion of a new genre gestalt. The formation of different modern novel forms is considered in the aspect of the evolution of different types of poetics, which were concluded by mankind throughout its existence. Poetics is a mental mnemonic system of recoding reality or fiction into the figurative world of a work of art. Postnonclassical poetics, which is represented primarily in the works of postmodernists, has ceased to meet the needs of literary analysis, as it no longer has time to generate theoretical approaches due to the many modifications of the modern novel. Thus, there was a problem of inventing a different approach to the analysis of the current state of novel. Poetics is renewed in order to provide a comprehensive analysis of the structure of thinking of the artistic phenomenon and loses relevance when it does not provide such an opportunity. The nature of thinking is immutable and consistent in the principles of thought construction, and therefore, frame poetics is an evolutionary product of all previous types of poetics. It cannot contradict classical or postnonclassical poetics because it is a question of purely cognitive regularities. The sources of basic ideas for the creation of frame poetics of literature are the theory of frames from M. Minsky to I. Hoffman and W. Wachstein, frame semantics in linguistics from C. Fillmore to S. Shid, the theory of psychological patterns by E. de Bono and dynamic patterns by N. Babutz with a projection on French literature of the modernist era, interdisciplinary methodology of cognitive literary criticism and Gestalt theory from T. Kuhn and I. Prigogine to K. Aidukevich and T. Kotarbinsky, and finally, iconology as a principle of embodied frame unfolding by E. Panufsky, N. Goodman to E. Cassirer, J. Richardson and W. T. Mitchell.

The development of creative thinking skills in student pedagogical activities can form a personality structure, which contributes to improving their professional culture and the effectiveness of the educational process. One form of stimulant that can be given to students is to make students creative in making children's literary works. The population in this study were 4th semester studentsof PGSD study program at IKIP PGRI Wates who took children's literature courses. This study aims to determine whether there is an influence of the level of student creativity on the ability to make children's literature. The influence of student learning creativity on the achievement of learning outcomes by 23% shows the tendency of the results of making children's literary works to significantly depend on the creativity of students. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the higher the creativity of students, the higher the ability to make children's literature is achieved. 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Dekonstruksi sastra anak: mengubah paradigma kekerasan dan seksualitas pada karya sastra anak Indonesia. KREDO: Jurnal Ilmiah Bahasa Dan Sastra, 2(1), 126–139. https://doi.org/10.24176/kredo.v2i1.2458 Hidayatullah, A. (2018). Tema dan gaya bahasa puisi siswa SMP: kajian struktural. Journal of Language Learning and Research (JOLLAR), 2(2), 1–11. Kacan, S. D., & Sahin, F. (2015). An Inquiry Concerning the Characterıstics of the Creative Person. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(27), 86–89. Kotluk, N., & Kocakaya, S. (2018). Culturally Relevant/Responsive Education: What do teachers think in Turkey. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 5(2), 98–117. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/123 Perry, A., & Karpova, E. (2017). Efficacy of teaching creative thinking skills: A comparison of multiple creativity assessments. Journal Thinking Skills and Creativity, 24(1), 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2017.02.017 Prastiwi, K., & Sudigdo, A. S. (2022). Analisis nilai pendidikan karakter pada buku dongeng dan cerita rakyat untuk siswa sekolah dasar. TRIHAYU: Jurnal Pendidikan Ke-SD-an, 8(2), 1398–1401. https://doi.org/10.30738/trihayu.v8i2.11825 Ramdani, A., & Artayasa, I. P. (2020). Keterampilan berpikir kreatif mahasiswa dalam pembelajaran IPA menggunakan model inkuiri terbuka. Jurnal Pendidikan Sains Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Science Education), 8(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.24815/jpsi.v8i1.15394 Ritter, S. M., Gu, X., Crijns, M., & Biekens, P. (2020). Fostering students’ creative thinking skills by means of a one-year creativity training program. PLoS ONE, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229773 Rizal, R., Rusdiana, D., Setiawan, W., & Siahaan, P. (2020). Creative thinking skills of prospective physics teacher. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1521/2/022012 Sani, R. A. (2019). Pembelajaran berbasis HOTS. Tira Smart. Schoevers, E. M., Leseman, P. P., Slot, E. M., Bakker, A., Keijzer, R., & Kroesbergen, E. H. (2019). Promoting pupils’ creative thinking in primary school mathematics: A case study. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 31(1), 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2019.02.003 Siburian, J., Corebima, A. D., Ibrohim, I., & Saptasari, M. (2019). The correlation between critical and creative thinking skills on cognitive learning results. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 19(81), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2021.01.029 Sit, M., Khadijah, Nasution, F., Wahyuni, S., Rohani, Nurhayani., Sitorus, A. S., & Lubis, H. Z. (2016). Pengembangan Kreativitas Anak Usia Dini Teori dan Praktek. Perdana Publishing. Sulasih, E. S. (2018). Pengaruh Minat Membaca Karya Sastra dan Kreativitas terhadap Keterampilan Menulis Novel. Jurnal Pujangga, 2(2), 24. https://doi.org/10.47313/pujangga.v2i2.392 Utami, W. T. P., & Trisnani, N. (2021). Pengembangan dongeng berbasis augmented reality sebagai bahan literasi dalam masa pandemi. Taman Cendekia: Jurnal Pendidikan Ke-SD-an, 5(2), 686–695. https://doi.org/10.30738/tc.v5i2.11080 Vally, Z., Salloum, L., Al Qedra, D., El Shazly, S., Albloshi, M., Alsheraifi, S., & Alkaabi, A. (2018). Examining the effects of creativity training on creative production, creative self-efficacy, and neuro-executive functioning. Journal Thinking Skills and Creativity, 31(1), 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.11.003 Wati, N. S. (2019). The Effect Of Creativity Toward Students’ Achievement in Writing Ability. Pedagogy: Journal of English Language Teaching, 6(2), 141–147. https://doi.org/10.32332/pedagogy.v6i2.1330 Zuriyah, N. (2006). Metodologi Penelitian: Sosial dan Pendidikan Teori-Aplikasi. PT. Bumi Aksara..

N. R. Ker, in hisMedieval Manuscripts in British Libraries, provides a note to his analysis of Bristol University Library DM 14, a version of theMedulla Grammatice: “A fragment of three leaves, now Bristol University DM 1, appears to be also fromMedulla Grammaticae.It contains part of C and the end ofDand is described and printed by P. Haworth inTrans. Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, xlv (1923), 253–75, with two facsimiles. Written space c.232 150 mm. 2 cols. 45 lines. Used apparently in the binding of a volume of Buckinghamshire wills, s. xvi. The title ‘Liber test' bucks (?) sacerdotis magistri Ric' Edmunds anno 1569 xxix decembris' is on f. 3 and the names of some testators, Thomas Gayts of Coleshill, Ralph Wright of Olney and John Haward of Chesham Wooburn, are on f.1.”

Executive functions (EFs; working memory [WM], inhibition, and shifting) are widely known to play a critical role in school achievement. Among these EFs, WM appears to be implicated in numeracy and literacy. The contribution of inhibition and shifting to school achievement is less clear. Given the existing divergences in the literature and the importance of the interindividual differences in these domains, it seems important to assess EFs and scholastic skills in the same elementary school children. However, studies providing such an assessment are scarce. We explored whether EFs differentially contribute to mathematics, reading, and spelling skills in fourth-grade children (N = 71). The results revealed that (a) WM and inhibition accounted for unique variance in mathematics skills, (b) WM and shifting accounted for unique variance in reading skills, and (c) only shifting accounted for unique variance in spelling skills. The implications of these findings for children and teachers are discussed.

ABSTRACT This conversation addresses the social meanings and aesthetic role of the N-word in stand-up comedy, where its power, utility, and relation to Blackness are hashed out in performances and in dialogues among artists. We turn our attention to stand-up comedy as a vital cultural space for deconstructing and repurposing the N-word. We discuss how the stand-up comedian, as a sociopolitical commentator who subverts audiences’ expectations and calibrates sets through ongoing exchanges with the audiences, uses humor to wrestle with discomfort surrounding the N-word. Our dialogue focuses on the work of Richard Pryor, Chris Rock, Dave Chappelle, Wanda Sykes, and Sam Jay, with some consideration of Louis C. K., George Carlin, and Hasan Minhaj. We make the case that to discuss the N-word in stand-up comedy is to engage with public understandings of Blackness and humanity.

This paper presents a corpus-driven analysis of the Germanic suffixes -dom, -hood, -lac, -ness, -rede(n), and -ship in Middle English. The main objective is to assess the occurrence and use of synonymous derivations in the corpora examined, namely the Middle English Grammar Corpus (MEG-C) (Stenroos et al. 2014) and the Middle English Local Documents Corpus (MELD) (Stenroos and Thengs 2014). The six suffixes could be attached to the same base with no apparent distinction in meaning, giving way to competing abstract formations. The analysis can shed light and offer fresh insight into the co-occurrence of these contending formations in different Middle English text types, including specialised and more general texts, and help explain their survival or demise.

Digital storytelling is often used in various contexts today, especially in the world of education. Many educators have followed this trend in early childhood education (ECE). This study examines the application of digital storytelling in ECE in Indonesia. Using a systematic literature review (SLR) a method, this research is a qualitative approach which is also known as a meta-synthesis. The literature reviewed was 15 articles from 56 articles that researchers found in the Google Scholar database. The results show that digital storytelling serves as an important method and medium to ensure children's learning experiences are enjoyable. In general, it is used in ECE in Indonesia through simple technology. This technology can enhance a story or fairy tale by making it more fun, interesting, communicative, and dramatic. However, the findings of this review of studies and methodological gaps have implications for ECE policy, practice, and research in Indonesia. Keywords: digital storytelling, early childhood education, storytelling trend in Indonesia References: Agosto, D. E. (2016). Why storytelling matters: Unveiling the literacy benefits of storytelling. Children and Libraries, 14(2), 21–26. Ahmad, I. F. (2022). Urgensi Literasi Digital di Indonesia pada Masa Pandemi COVID-19: Sebuah Tinjauan Sistematis. Nusantara: Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia, 2(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.14421/njpi.2022.v2i1-1 Aisha, I., & Kaloeti, D. V. S. (2021). Digital Storytelling Intervention on Prosocial Behavior Improvement among Early Childhood. Psympathic: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 7(2), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v7i2.5713 Boltman, A., & Druin, A. (2001). Children’s storytelling technologies. Differences in Elaboration and Recall. Chambers, G. J., & Yunus, M. M. (2017). Enhancing Learners’ Sentence Constructions via ‘Wheel of Grammar’. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 25(4). Davies, D., Jindal-Snape, D., Collier, C., Digby, R., Hay, P., & Howe, A. (2013). Creative learning environments in education—A systematic literature review. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 8, 80–91. Demirbaş, İ., & Şahin, A. (2020). A Systemic Analysis of Research on Digital Storytelling in Turkey. International Journal of Progressive Education, 16(4), 45–65. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2020.268.4 Dixon-Woods, M. (2010). Systematic reviews and qualitative methods. Qualitative Research: Theory, Method, and Practice. 3rd Edn. London: Sage, 331–346. Egan, K. (1989). Teaching as storytelling: An alternative approach to teaching and curriculum in the elementary school. University of Chicago Press. Gagné, R. M., Briggs, L. J., & Wager, W. W. (1988). Principles of Instructional Design. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=dAsmAQAAIAAJ Gough, D. (2007). Weight of evidence: A framework for the appraisal of the quality and relevance of evidence. Research Papers in Education, 22(2), 213–228. Karlina, D. N., Widiastuti, A. A., & Soesilo, T. D. (2018). Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berbicara Anak Tk B Usia 5-6 Tahun Melalui Digital Storytelling di TK Apple Kids Salatiga. JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 12(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.21009//jpud.121.01 Kearney, M., Jones, G., & Roberts, L. (2012). An Emerging Learning Design for Student-Generated" iVideos". Teaching English with Technology, 12(2), 103–121. Kogila, M., Ibrahim, A. B., & Zulkifli, C. Z. (2020). A Powerful of Digital Storytelling to Support Education and Key Elements from Various Experts. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 9(2), 408–420. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v9-i2/7483 Maghfiroh, Suarjana, I. M., & Astawan, I. G. (2020). Pengembangan Media Video Wayang Kreasi Untuk Mendukung Pembelajaran Storytelling Anak Kelompok B Tk Kristen Harapan Denpasar. Indonesian Journal of Instruction, 1(2), 66–75. Malik, M., Altaf, F., & Gull, M. (2020). Challenges Faced by Teachers in Teaching through Storytelling and Play-Way Method at Early childhood Education Level. Global Educational Studies Review, V(III), 152–165. https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(v-iii).16 Manullang, D., Banjarnahor, H., & Simanjuntak, L. (2021). Developing Digital Story Telling and Educational Games to Improve Early Childhood Cognitive Ability. 6th Annual International Seminar on Transformative Education and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL 2021), 591(Aisteel), 710–718. Maureen, I. Y., van der Meij, H., & de Jong, T. (2018). Supporting Literacy and Digital Literacy Development in Early Childhood Education Using Storytelling Activities. International Journal of Early Childhood, 50(3), 371–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-018-0230-z Maureen, I. Y., van der Meij, H., & de Jong, T. (2020). Enhancing Storytelling Activities to Support Early (Digital) Literacy Development in Early Childhood Education. International Journal of Early Childhood, 52(1), 55–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-020-00263-7 Maureen, I. Y., van der Meij, H., & de Jong, T. (2021). Evaluating storytelling activities for early literacy development. International Journal of Early Years Education, 0(0), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2021.1933917 Nair, V., & Yunus, M. M. (2021). A systematic review of digital storytelling in improving speaking skills. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179829 Nuraina, Damayanti, E., & Ikawati, A. (2018). Digital Media Dongeng Berbasis Animasi Untuk Pendidikan Karakter Anak Usia Dini. Conference on Innovation and Application of Science and Technology (CIASTECH), 20(2), 177–183. Perry, A., & Hammond, N. (2002). Systematic reviews: The experiences of a PhD student. Psychology Learning & Teaching, 2(1), 32–35. Phillips, L. (2013). Storytelling as Pedagogy. Literacy Learning: The Middle Years, 21(2). Porter, B. (2004). Digitales: The art of telling digital stories. Bernajean Porter. Psomos, P., & Kordaki, M. (2015). A novel educational digital storytelling tool focusing on students’ misconceptions. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 82–86. Pusparina, I., Maria, I., & Norfitri, R. (2020). The Effectiveness of Religious Music and Digital Storytelling on the Level of Cooperativeness and Pain in Children During Invasive Treatment (Children’s Room, Zalecha Local Hospital, Martapura). Jurnal Ners, 15(2), 86–90. Rahiem, M. D. H. (2021). Storytelling in early childhood education: Time to go digital. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40723-021-00081-x Robin, B. R. (2008). Digital storytelling: A powerful technology tool for the 21st century classroom. Theory into Practice, 47(3), 220–228. Robin, B. R., & McNeil, S. G. (2019). Digital Storytelling. The International Encyclopedia of Media Literacy, 1–8. Rosyidah, A., & Putri, A. (2019). Digital Storytelling Implementation for Enhancing Students’ Speaking Ability in Various Text Genres. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(4), 3147–3151. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.d8002.118419 Sadik, A. (2008). Digital storytelling: A meaningful technology-integrated approach for engaged student learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 56(4), 487–506. Shelton, C. C., Archambault, L. M., & Hale, A. E. (2017). Bringing digital storytelling to the elementary classroom: Video production for preservice teachers. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 33(2), 58–68. Smith, P. L., & Ragan, T. J. (2005). Instructional Design. John Wiley & Sons. Sulistianingsih, E. (2017). Efektifitas Model Pembelajaran Berbasis Dongeng Digital Untuk Meningkatkan Kecerdasan Emosi Peserta Didik. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan, 34(2), 121–126. Tahriri, A., Tous, M. D., & MovahedFar, S. (2015). The impact of digital storytelling on EFL learners’ oracy skills and motivation. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 4(3), 144–153. Tatli, Z., Uğur, N., & Çakiroğlu, Ü. (2018). Peer assessment through digital storytelling: Experiences of pre-service IT teachers. The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology. Tri Aprilia, W., & Hasibuan, R. (2021). Pengaruh Dongeng Digital Terhadap Kemampuan Kosakata Bahasa Jawa Krama Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun di Tk Dharma Wanita Ngimbang Lamongan. Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia, 2(7), 1283–1294. https://doi.org/10.36418/japendi.v2i7.230 Tridinanti, G. (2017a). English Introduction Through Digital Storytelling in Early Childhood. Ijlecr - International Journal of Language Education and Culture Review, 3(1), 49–55. https://doi.org/10.21009/ijlecr.031.06 Tridinanti, G. (2017b). Enhancing Children’S English Vocabulary Acquisition Through Digital Storytelling of Happy Kids Kindergarten of Palembang. 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Background Mobile health applications (mHealth apps) currently lack a consensus on substantial quality and safety standards. As such, the number of individuals engaging with untrustworthy mHealth apps continues to grow at a steady pace. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate end-users’ opinions on the features or actions necessary for trustworthy mHealth apps; and to convey this information to app developers via a succinct but informative checklist: the mHealth app trustworthiness checklist. Methods The checklist was formulated in three stages: (a) a literature review of studies identified the desirable features of the most prolific mHealth apps (health and fitness apps); (b) four focus group sessions with past or current users of these apps ( n = 20); and (c) expert feedback on whether the checklist items are conceivable in a real-life setting ( n = 6). Results Five major themes emerged from the focus group discussions: informational content, organizational attributes, societal influence, technology-related features, and user control factors. The mHealth app trustworthiness checklist was developed to incorporate these five themes and subsequently modified following expert consultation. In addition to the trustworthiness themes, we identified features that lie between trust and mistrust (limited digital literacy and indifference) as well as 10 features and actions that cause end-users to mistrust mHealth apps. Conclusion This study contributes to the evidence base on the attributes of trustworthy mHealth apps. The mHealth app trustworthiness checklist is a useful tool in advancing continued efforts to ensure that health technologies are trustworthy.

A different name than English literature, ‘Anglo-Indian Literature’, was given to the body of literature in English that emerged on account of the British interaction with India unlike the case with their interaction with America or Australia or New Zealand. Even the Indians’ contributions (translations as well as creative pieces in English) were classed under the caption ‘Anglo-Indian’ initially but later a different name, ‘Indo-Anglian’, was conceived for the growing variety and volume of writings in English by the Indians. However, unlike the former the latter has not found a favour with the compilers of English dictionaries. With the passage of time the fine line of demarcation drawn on the basis of subject matter and author’s point of view has disappeared and currently even Anglo-Indians’ writings are classed as ‘Indo-Anglian’. Besides contemplating on various connotations of the term ‘Indo-Anglian’ the article discusses the related issues such as: the etymology of the term, fixing the name of its coiner and the date of its first use. In contrast to the opinions of the historians and critics like K R S Iyengar, G P Sarma, M K Naik, Daniela Rogobete, Sachidananda Mohanty, Dilip Chatterjee and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak it has been brought to light that the term ‘Indo-Anglian’ was first used in 1880 by James Payn to refer to the Indians’ writings in English rather pejoratively. However, Iyengar used it in a positive sense though he himself gave it up soon. The reasons for the wide acceptance of the term, sometimes also for the authors of the sub-continent, by the members of academia all over the world, despite its rejection by Sahitya Akademi (the national body of letters in India), have also been contemplated on. References Alphonso-Karkala, John B. (1970). 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(Eds.) (1997). The Vintage Book of Indian Writing 1947 – 1997. London: Vintage. Sampson, George. (1959 [1941]). Concise Cambridge History of English Literature [The]. Cambridge: UP. Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.18336. Sarma, Gobinda Prasad. (1990). Nationalism in Indo-Anglian Fiction. New Delhi: Sterling. Singh, Kh. Kunjo. (2002). The Fiction of Bhabani Bhattacharya. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. (2012). How to Read a ‘Culturally Different’ Book. An Aesthetic Education in the Era of Globalization, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Sturgeon, Mary C. (1916). Studies of Contemporary Poets, London: George G Hard & Co., Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.95728. Thomson, W S (Ed). (1876). Anglo-Indian Prize Poems, Native and English Writers, In: Commemoration of the Visit of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales to India. London: Hamilton, Adams & Co., Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/ books?id=QrwOAAAAQAAJ Wadia, A R. (1954). The Future of English. Bombay: Asia Publishing House. Wadia, B J. (1945). Foreword to K R Srinivasa Iyengar’s The Indian Contribution to English Literature. Bombay: Karnatak Publishing House. Retrieved from: https://archive.org/ details/indiancontributi030041mbp Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. (1989). New York: Portland House. Yule, H. and A C Burnell. (1903). Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive. W. Crooke, Ed. London: J. Murray. 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There are phenomena of Chan Buddhism as philosophical and religious dogma and embodiment of its rules in the center of the article. Study object is poetry of monks and nuns written during Song dynasty (lyrics of Dumu Jingang, Zhenru, Daoqian and Daoqiang). The study is based on the works of the Chinese (Hu Shih), Ukrainian (N. S. Isaieva), Russian (M.I. Vorobyova-Desyatovskaya, M.S. Ulanov), French (H.Ciхоus, C. Clement), Germany (S. Weigel) and American (N. Miller) researchers. However, in the same time we have noticed lack of the works addressed to analysis of the Chan poetry, its’ themes, images and symbols, so this space is ready and open for follow-up study. The main purpose of the article is to highlight the common and distinctive features of poetic works written by women and men as well as to designate level of themes transformation specific for Chan Buddhist poetry written by nuns and monks of Song Dynasty after analyzing meanings and poetics of their poetry. To achieve this goal, several methods were used – hermeneutic, historical and cultural, historical and literary, comparative methods as well as semantic and poetical analysis. This methodological base allow considering the lyrics of monks and nuns through the prism of the right explanation. Moreover, it help us to analyze gender and religious components, so we have highlighted the characteristics that are common and different for the Buddhist poetry of women and men. The article claims that particulary interesting point for researchers in feminist literary studies is the question of whether the text of a female author is different from the text of a male author. The French theorist of feminist literary studies E. Cixоus and the American psychologist N. Miller argue that the «female style» exists, but it is quite difficult to describe. According to the German literary critic S. Weigel and Doctor of Philology N.S. Isaeva, there are certain specific features that are inherent in works of art written by women (discontinuity, indentation, inconsistency, subjectivity, the desire for pleasure, the description of their own feelings), and for works written by men (logic, regularity, objectivity). If take a look at the issue of «female» and «male» style from the standpoint of Chan Buddhism, the closest position will be a completely different one. In some theoretical works concerning «feminine» it has been repeatedly emphasized that it does not oppose «masculine», because «feminine» by its nature denies the binary, dichotomy and hierarchy of created structures (including textual). Similarly, the chan denies any opposition and contrast. The results of our research show that Chan Buddhist poetry has a lot of themes created by using Chan Buddhist images and symbols. We have established that due to approach of Chan women and men are collateral because there is no dualism in the world, but after conducting a gender study we found that despite the principles of Chan Buddhism, it is still possible to identify similar and different features in the poetry of monks and nuns. We have found some transformation in the poetry written by men and women: at the level of themes, at the level of stylistic devices, as well as in the emotional component of poetry. Firstly, there are some themes which are found only in the poetry of monks: the theme of equality of everyone in front of Buddhist teachings, the theme of solitude (loneliness) or the theme of excommunication from the vain world, the theme of liberation from suffering (worries and attachments), the theme of meditative practices, the theme of accessibility of Chan teachings for everyone, the theme of suffering, the theme of harmony. Accordingly, in the lyrics of the nuns we found out the theme of joy, the theme of death, the theme of illusory contradictions. Secondly, there are small amount of stylistic devices in the Chan lyrics, but, despite this, we have concluded that only epithets are common to both the poems of monks and the poems of nuns. Antithesis and rhetorical questions are a sign of «male» style, and hyperbole is inherent in «female» style. Thirdly, the poetry of monks are objective and rational, what is a characteristic of «male» literature, while the poems of nuns are characterized by subjectivity and sensuality, what is a characteristic of «female» literature. On the contrary, we have detected that some themes are common for the monks’ and nuns’ poetry: theme of life’s worldliness, theme of meditation, theme of ease and lightness, theme of contradictions’ illusory, theme of isolation and solitude, theme of separation people to Chan Buddhists and laymen. To embody these themes authors used different images and symbols and such variety of stylistic devices shows that individual styles of writing in Chan Buddhism exist even though it may seem impossible in religious poetry, which conveys ideas of the certain religious doctrine. In summary, there is a plenty of Chan lyrics that have not been researches by Chinese scientists. Moreover, this poetry haven’t even been translated into other languages, hence, haven’t been analyzed and expounded by not Chinese researchers, so it is long-rage field to be researched.

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The author studies the Latin American writers’ visits to the USSR from 1954 till beginning of 1960s realized via the Foreign Commission of the Union of Soviet Writers. After Stalin’s death, the activity of all departments of the Commission expanded significantly; the lists of those invited from abroad now included writers who were absolutely loyal to the USSR as well as new and yet unknown names. As a result, the staff of the Foreign Commission had to face an unprecedented pluralism. Based on the Commission’s Spanish and Portuguese translators’ reports, stored in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, the study analyses the criteria based on which the stay of a guest was perceived as favorable or undesirable for continuing cooperation in order to improve the image of the USSR in foreign literary circles. The study also analyses somewhat of a loyalty marker, reflecting the guests’ perception of the results of the 20th Congress of the CPSU and the state of Soviet-Chinese relations as sensitive topics important for the political self-determination of communist writers. The study of these new sources allows us to conclude that when choosing new foreign partners, the Foreign Commission often relied on the advice of its’ faithful friends, and the protégés of the latter did not always withstand the test of compatibility with the Soviet regime. At the same time, there was no specific criteria for the new friends’ selection. The translators, who were the first to report on the visit, were invited from outside, sometimes just for one particular job; they did not receive clear instructions from the Commission and were guided by their own ideas about the importance of the writer in their care and the expediency of cooperation with him. Later their opinion could not be taken into account; presumably, it was the journalistic and novelistic production of the invited writers published as a result of the visit to the USSR that was of greater importance to decide whether they were worth further attention. The study reviews Soviet Writers’ Union cooperation with P. Neruda, F. González-Urízar, N. Parra, V. Teitelboim, A. Cassigoli, F. Coloane (Chile), J. Amado, M. Rebelo, E. de Moraes, G. Figueiredo, H. Silveira (Brazil), I. Abirad, J.C. Pedemonte, M. Rosencof (Uruguay), N. Guillen, C. Leante, O. Hurtado, Samuel Feijoo (Cuba), E. Barrios Villa (Bolivia), C.A. Leon (Venezuela).

ANALISIS POLA HIDUP DAN DUKUNGAN KELUARGA PADA PASIEN DIABETES MELITUS TIPE 2 DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS PAYUNG SEKAKI 1Iis Dian Saviqoh, 2Yesi Hasneli, 3Nopriadi 1Fakultas Keperawatan Universitas Riau Email : iisdians@gmail.com 2 Fakultas Keperawatan Universitas Riau Email : yesi_zahra@yahoo.com 3 Fakultas Keperawatan Universitas Riau Email : nopriadi_dhs@yahoo.com ABSTRAK Diabetes Melitus (DM)adalah penyakit metabolik dengan ciri kadar gula darah yang tinggi. DM tipe 2 paling sering diderita. Peyebabnya karena pola hidup yang tidak sehat, beberapa upaya untuk mengurangi faktor pemicu seperti mengatur pola makan, kontrol berat badan, berolahraga, pantau gula darah, diet yang terarah, gizi sehat dan seimbang. Selain itu, dukungan keluarga juga mempengaruhi kualitas hidup pasien DM. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui gambaran pola hidup (pola makan, aktivitas fisik) dan dukungan keluarga pada penderita DM tipe 2. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan deskriptif analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional. Sampel penelitian ini 131 orang penderita yang diambil berdasarakan kriteria inklusi menggunakan purposive sampling. Hasil: Penderita terbanyak umur yaitu 56-65 tahun (36,6%) dan banyak diderita laki-laki yaitu (52,7%), responden yang mengalami komplikasi (91,6%) dan banyak diderita oleh laki-laki (99,9%) sedangkan jenis komplikasi yaitu kebas (nefrophaty perifer) (69,5%). pola hidup penderita menunjukkan pola hidup baik (81,7) dan dukungan keluarga menunjukkan dukungan keluarga baik (98,5). Kesimpulan: Pola hidup yang baik dapat juga dipengaruhi oleh dukungan keluarga yang baik sehingga membuat penderita semakin bersemangat untuk menerapkan pola sehat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Kata Kunci:Diabetes Melitus, Pola Hidup, Dukungan Keluarga ABSTRACT Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels. Type 2 DM is the most common. The reason is due to an unhealthy lifestyle, several attempts to reduce trigger factors such as regulating diet, weight control, exercising, monitoring blood sugar, directed diet, healthy and balanced nutrition. In addition, family support also affects the quality of life of DM patients. The purpose of this study was to describe the pattern of life (diet, physical activity) and family support in patients with type 2 diabetes. This research method used descriptive analytic with cross sectional design. The sample of this study was 131 patients who were taken based on the inclusion criteria using purposive sampling. Results: Most patients were aged 56-65 years (36.6%) and mostly suffered by men (52.7%), respondents who experienced complications (91.6%) and most suffered by men (99, 9%) while the type of complication is numbness (peripheral nephropathy) (69.5%). The patient's lifestyle showed a good lifestyle (81.7) and family support showed good family support (98.5). Conclusion: A good lifestyle can also be influenced by good family support so that it makes sufferers more enthusiastic to apply healthy patterns in daily life. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Lifestyle, Family Support Referensi: 54 (2010-2020) PENDAHULUAN Diabetes Melitus (DM) merupakan sekelompok penyakit metabolik dengan ciri kadar gula darah yang tinggi (hiperglikemik) (Pramukamto et al., 2018). Tanda dan gejala yang umum sering dirasakan pada penderita dengan gula darah tinggi adalah banyak kencing (polyuria), mudah haus (polydipsia) dan mudah lapar (polyphagia). Bila ini dibiarkan dapat menimbulkan komplikasi baik secara akut maupun kroik, yaitu timbul beberapa bulan atau beberapa tahun sesudah mengidap DM. Komplikasi DM yang paling sering adalah hiperglikemia dan koma diabetik (Susilo & Wulandari, 2011). Menurut Sutedjo (2016) Kematian penderita DM lebih banyak disebabkan oleh komplikasi daripada oleh penyakitnya sendiri sehingga, Diabetes melitus merupakan salah satu dari empat penyakit tidak menular prioritas yang menjadi target tindak lanjut oleh para pemimpin dunia. Jumlah kasus dan prevalensi diabetes terus meningkat selama beberapa dekade terakhir (WHO Global Report, 2016). WHO (World Health Organitation) memprediksi kenaikan jumlah penyandang DM di dunia dari 463 juta pada tahun 2019 menjadi 700 juta juta pada tahun 2045 naik menjadi 51% (WHO, 2019). International Diabetes Federation (IDF) memprediksi adanya kenaikan jumlah penyandang DM di Indonesia dari 9,1 juta pada tahun 2014 menjadi 14,1 juta pada tahun 2035. Dengan angka tersebut Indonesia menempati peringkat ke-5 di dunia, atau naik dua peringkat dibandingkan data IDF tahun 2013 yang menempati peringkat ke-7 dunia ( PERKENI, 2015). Berdasarkan Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas, 2018) yang menunjukkan prevalensi diabetes melitus pada penduduk dewasa Indonesia sebesar 6,9% di tahun 2013, dan melonjak pesat ke angka 8,5% di tahun 2018. Diabetes melitus di Provinsi Riau berada di urutan 15 untuk penyakit tidak menular (PTM) dengan kenaikan 1,0 persen (2013) menjadi 1,9 persen (2018). Sedangkan pada tahun 2019 terjadi peningkatan pravelensi DM menjadi urutan ketiga dari 10 penyakit terbesar di Kota Pekanbaru setelah Hipertensi. Data terbaru yang didapatkan dari Dinas Kota Pekanbaru 2019, distribusi kasus diabetes melitus di Puskesmas se-kota Pekanbaru berdasarkan tempat diabetes melitus Tipe 2 tertinggi terdapat di Puskesmas Payung Sekaki sebesar 207 penderita. Jumlah distribusi kunjungan di puskesmas payung sekaki dari bulan Agustus 2019 sampai Agustus 2020 sebesar 540 penderita diabetes melitus. Secara umum Diabetes melitus dibagi menjadi tiga, yaitu tipe 1, 2 dan gestasional (terjadi saat kehamilan). DM tipe 1 dulu disebut Insulin Dependent Diabetes Melitus (IDDM), diabetes yang bergantung pada insulin. Faktor penyebabnya adalah virus atau reaksi auto-imun (rusaknnya sistem kekebalan tubuh) yang merusak sel-sel penghasil insulin, yaitu sel beta penghasil insulin pada pulau-pulau langerhans pankreas sehingga terjadi kekurangan insulin. Diabetes tipe ini biasanya mengenai anak-anak dan remaja. Sedangkan, DM tipe 2 disebut diabetes life style karena selain faktor keturunan, disebabkan oleh gaya hidup yang tidak sehat. Diabetes tipe 2 tidak bergantung insulin karena pankreas masih menghasilkan insulin tetapi insulin yang diproduksi, jumlahnya tidak mencukupi dan kerja insulin tidak efektif karena adanya hambatan pada insulin yang disebut resistensi insulin (Nurrahmani, 2015). Sebenarnya resistensi insulin mendahului terjadinya penurunan produksi insulin. Selama resistensi insulin belum diperbaiki pankreas harus bekerja keras menghasilkan insulin sebanyak-banyaknya untuk dapat menggempur resistensi tersebut agar gula juga bisa masuk. Namun karena gejalanya minim, maka semakin lama pankreas tidak mampu memproduksi insulin. Faktor pemicu resistensi insulin adalah kegemukan, kurang bergerak, dan terlalu banyak makan dengan gizi yang tidak seimbang (Nurrahmani, 2015). Upaya untuk mengurangi faktor pemicu tersebut diperlukan pencegahan seperti mengatur pola makan, kontrol berat badan, tidur cukup, berolahraga, pantau gula darah, manajemen stress, batasi komsumsi garam, berhenti kebiasaan merokok, diet yang terarah, gizi sehat dan seimbang (Susilo Y, Wulandari A. 2011). Hal diatas sesuai dengan penelitian Dafriani (2017), di Poliklinik Penyakit Dalam RSUD dr. Rasidin Padang diketahui bahwa kejadian DM lebih tinggi pada responden dengan pola makan yang tidak baik yaitu 27 responden (51,9%) dibandingkan yang memiliki pola makan yang baik yaitu 12 responden (29,3%). Sedangkan, pada aktivitas fisik diketahui bahwa kejadian DM lebih tinggi pada responden dengan aktifitas fisik yang ringan yaitu 26 responden (53,1%) dibandingkan yang memiliki aktifitas fisik berat yaitu 13 responden (29,5%). Selain itu, dukungan keluarga juga mempengaruhi kualitas hidup penderita DM tipe 2 ini sesuai dengan penelitian Retnowati et.al (2015) di Puskesmas Tanah Kalikedinding didapatkan bahwa mayoritas responden yang menyatakan puas terhadap kualitas hidupnya adalah responden yang memperoleh dukungan baik dari keluarga sebesar 85,2%. Hasil survey awal di Puskemas Sidomulyo dari 5 penderita di dapatkan bahwa 2 penderita mengatakan dapat mengatur pola makan dan rutin berolahraga seperti jalan pagi bersama keluaga di sekitaran komplek perumahan, 1 penderita mengatakan tidak mampu mengatur pola makan karena karena istrinya selalu masak makanan kesukaannya tetapi selalu berolahraga di sore hari bersama anaknya, 2 penderita mengatakan tidak mampu mengatur pola makan dan jarang melakukan aktivitas fisik seperti jalan pagi ataupun sore hari. Sehubungan hal di atas dapat diketahui bahwa pola hidup dan dukungan keluarga sangat berpengaruh terhadap kondisi fisik. Perubahan pola hidup dan dukungan keluarga dalam perilaku hidup sehat seperti pola makan yang tidak baik, kurang olahraga, serta kebiasaan-kebiasaan tidak sehat merupakan penyebab diabetes melitus. Usia subjek berada dalam rentang usia dewasa madya pada umumnya selalu mengikuti setiap adanya perubahan terutama perubahan mengenai pola hidup. Langkah tersebut dapat dimulai dengan menggali permasalahan penelitian tentang pola hidup penderita Diabetes Melitus tipe 2 dengan judul yaitu “Analisis pola hidup dan dukungan keluarga pada penderita DM tipe 2 di wilayah kerja puskesmas payung sekaki” yang mencangkup pola makan, aktivitas fisik seperti olahraga dan dukungan keluarga yang sangat membantu penderita untuk hidup sehat. TUJUAN PENELITIAN Untuk mengetahui gambaran pola hidup (pola makan, aktivitas fisik) dan dukungan keluarga pada penderita DM tipe 2. MANFAAT PENELITIAN Hasil penelitian ini dapat dijadikan sumber informasi dan pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, khususnya pendidikan keperawatan mengenai analisis pola hidup dan dukungan keluarga pasien DM tipe 2. METODE PENELITIAN Jenis penelitian yang digunakan merupakan deskriptif analisis menggunakan cross sectional. Tempat penelitian dilakukan di Puskesmas Payung Sekaki Kota Pekanbaru pada tanggal 29 Januari-12Febaruari 2021. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah penderita Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Payung Sekaki Pekanbaru pada tanggal 1 Agustus 2019 sampai dengan 1 Agustus 2020 sebesar 205 penderita. Pengambilan sampel pada penelitian ini menggunakan tabel penentu sampel oleh Stepen Isaac Wiliam B. Michael dengan taraf kesalahan (significance level) sebesar 5%, maka jumlah sampel yang digunakan pada populasi 205 adalah 131 sampel. Kriteria inklusi adalah karakteristik umum subyek penelitian dari suatu populasi target yang terjangkau dan diteliti (Nursalam, 2013). Kriteria inklusi dalam penelitian ini adalah: Penderita DM Tipe II yang berada di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Payung Sekaki Pekanbaru dengan usia 40 tahun keatas. Penderita yang bersedia menjadi subyek dan menandatangani informend consent. Penderita yang tidak memiliki komplikasi. Penderita yang memiliki komplikasi akut (jangka pendek) yaitu hiperglikemia, diabetik ketoasidosis (DKA) dan komplikasi kronik (jangka panjang) yaitu hipertensi, penyakit arteri koroner, stroke, retinopati diabetik, nefropati diabetik. Kriteria ekslusi dalam penelitian ini adalah: Penderita yang tidak menjawab kuisioner dengan lengkap. HASIL PENELITIAN Karateristik Responden Tabel 1. Distribusi karakteristik responden berdasarkan umur Umur Frekuensi (n) Persentase (%) 36-45 25 19,1 46-55 29 22,1 56-65 48 36,6 >65 29 22,1 Total 131 100 Berdasarkan tabel diatas menunjukkan bahwa 131 responden yang diteliti, distribusi responden terbanyak umur yaitu 56-65 tahun sebanyak 48 orang responden (36,6%). Tabel 2 Distribusi karakteristik responden berdasarkan jenis kelamin Jenis Kelamin Frekuensi (n) Persentase (%) a. Laki-laki b. Perempuan 69 62 52,7 47,3 Total 131 100 Berdasarkan tabel diatas menunjuk bahwa 131 responden yang diteliti, distribusi responden terbanyak yaitu laki-laki sebanyak 69 responden (52,7%) sedangkan perempuan sebanyak 62 responden (47,3%). Tabel 3 Distribusi karakteristik responden berdasarkan pendidikan Pendidikan Terakhir Frekuensi (n) Persentase (%) SD 17 13,0 SMP 16 12,2 SMA 49 37,4 SMK 4 3,1 D3 17 13,0 S1 26 19,8 S2 2 2 Total 131 100 Berdasarkan tabel diatas menunjukkan bahwa dari 131 responden yang diteliti pada karakteristik berdasarkan pendidikan paling tinggi adalah lulus SMA yaitu sebanyak 49 orang responden (37,4%). Tabel 4 Distribusi frekuensi responden berdasarkan komplikasi DM Komplikasi DM Frekuensi (n) Persentase (%) Ya 120 91,6 Tidak 11 8,4 Total 131 100 Berdasarkan tabel diatas menunjukkan bahwa dari 131 responden yang diteliti pada karakteristik berdasarkan komplikasi DM paling tinggi adalah responden yang mengalami komplikasi yaitu 120 orang responden (91,6%). Tabel 5 Distribusi frekuensi komplikasi yang diderita responden Jenis Komplikasi Frekuensi (n) Persentase (%) Tidak ada 11 8,4 Kebas 91 69,5 Hipertensi 20 15,3 Jantung 2 1,5 Post Stroke 1 8 Ginjal 1 8 Mata Kabur 5 3,8 Total 131 100 Berdasarkan tabel diatas menunjukkan bahwa dari 131 responden yang diteliti pada karakteristik berdaarkan jenis komplikasi DM paling tinggi adalah kebas (nefrophaty perifer) sebesar 91 orang responden (69,5%). Tabel 6 Distribusi Komplikasi diabetes melitus berdasarkan jenis kelamin Komplikasi Jenis Kelamin Laki-laki Perempuan Tidak ada 9 2 Kebas 45 46 Hipertensi 10 10 Jantung 2 0 Post stroke 0 1 Ginjal 1 0 Mata kabur 2 3 Frekuensi (n) 69 62 Persentase (%) 100 100 Berdasarkan tabel diatas menunjukkan bahwa dari 131 responden yang diteliti komplikasi DM banyak diderita laki-laki sebesar 69 (99,9%). Tabel 7 Distribusi Pola Hidup pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2. Pola hidup (pola makan, aktivitas fisik) Frekuensi (n) Persentase % Baik 107 81,7 Buruk 24 18,3 Berdasarkan dari tabel diatas menunjukkan bahwa dari 131 responden yang diteliti pada pola hidup penderita menunjukkan pola hidup baik dengan jumlah 107 orang responden (81,7) sedangkan pola hidup buruk berjumlah 24 orang (18,3%). Tabel 8 Distribusi dukungan keluarga pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 Dukungan keluarga Frekuensi (n) Persentase % Baik 129 98,5 Buruk 2 1,5 Berdasarkan dari tabel diatas menunjukkan bahwa dari 131 responden yang diteliti pada dukungan keluarga menunjukkan dukungan keluarga baik dengan 129 orang responden (98,5) sedangkan dukungan keluarga buruk dengan 2 responden (1,5). Tabel 9 No Item Pertanyaan Kategori F (n) % A Sub Variabel : Metode 1 Saya menerapkan pola makan sehat dengan 3J: Jumlah kalori, jadwal makan, jenis makan Tidak pernah 5 3,8 Jarang 42 32,1 Sering 73 55,7 Selalu 11 8,4 2 Saya makan dengan porsi cukup untuk mempertahankan berat badan ideal Tidak pernah 41 31,3 Jarang 48 36,6 Sering 33 25,2 Selalu 9 6,9 3 Saya mengkonsumsinasi 2 ½ centong nasi setiap saya makan Tidak pernah 73 55,7 Jarang 38 29,0 Sering 13 9,9 Selalu 7 5,3 4 Saya mengkonsumsi makanan yang banyak mengandung serat seperti buah dan sayur Tidak pernah 3 2,3 Jarang 4 3,1 Sering 34 26,0 Selalu 90 68,7 5 Saya setiap hari mengkonsumsi makanan yang banyak mengandung protein. Seperti: telur dan daging Tidak pernah 0 0 Jarang 8 6,1 Sering 104 79,4 Selalu 19 14,5 6 Saya membatasi makanan yag asin Tidak pernah 3 2,3 Jarang 16 12,2 Sering 83 63,4 Selalu 29 22,1 7 Saya membatasi makanan yang banyak mengandunng lemak dan kolestrol tinggi. Seperti: santan, udang dan kepiting Tidak pernah 3 2,3 Jarang 20 15,3 Sering 88 67,2 Selalu 20 15,3 8 Saya makan porsi cukup untuk mempertahankan gula darah Tidak pernah 10 7,4 Jarang 62 47,3 Sering 51 38,9 Selalu 8 6,1 9 Saya olahraga 3-5 kali dalam seminggu Tidak pernah 15 11,5 Jarang 71 54,2 Sering 28 21,4 Selalu 17 13,0 10 Saya melakukan jalan santai disekitaran komplek setiap pagi atau sore Tidak pernah 9 6,9 Jarang 20 15,3 Sering 50 38,2 Selalu 52 39,7 11 Saya bersepedadi hari sabtu atau minggu Tidak pernah 88 67,2 Jarang 25 19,1 Sering 12 9,2 Sering 6 4,6 12 Saya berenang di hari sabtu atau minggu Tidak pernah 99 75,6 Jarang 18 13,7 Sering 11 8,4 Selalu 3 2,3 13 Saya olahraga waktu yang saya habiskan 30-60 menit Tidak pernah 14 10,7 Jarang 56 42,7 Sering 49 37,4 Selalu 12 9,2 Tabel 10 No Item Pertanyaan Kategori F (n) % A Sub Pertanyaan Dimensi Emosional 1 Keluarga mengerti saat saya mengalami masalah yang berhubungan dengan diabetes Tidak pernah 0 0 Jarang 13 9,9 Sering 88 67,2 Selalu 30 22,9 2 Keluarga mendengarkan jika saya bercerita tentang diabetes Tidak pernah 0 0 Jarang 13 9,9 Sering 91 69,5 Selalu 27 20,6 3 Keluarga memahami jika saya sedih dengan diabetes Tidak pernah 0 0 Jarang 8 6,1 Sering 96 73,3 Selalu 27 20,6 4 Keluarga saya mengerti tentang bagaimana saya merasakan diabetes Tidak pernah 0 0 Jarang 14 10,7 Sering 87 66,4 Selalu 30 22,9 Dimensi Penghargaan 5 Keluarga mengingatkan saya tentang keteraturan diet Tidak pernah 1 0,8 Jarang 10 7,6 Sering 99 75,6 Selalu 21 16,0 6 Keluarga mengigatkan saya untuk memesan obat diabetes Tidak pernah 12 9,2 Jarang 31 23,7 Sering 49 37,4 Selalu 39 29,8 Dimensi Instrumental 7 Keluarga mendukung usaha saya untuk olahraga Tidak pernah 3 2,3 Jarang 38 29,0 Sering 43 32,8 Selalu 47 35,9 8 Keluarga membantu saya membayar pengobatan diabetes Tidak pernah 0 0 Jarang 10 7,6 Sering 86 65,6 Selalu 35 26,7 Dimensi Informasi 9 Keluarga memberi informasi baru tentang diabetes Tidak pernah 0 0 Jarang 32 24,4 Sering 68 51,9 Selalu 31 23,7 10 Keluarga memberi saran agar saya kontrol ke dokter Tidak pernah 11 8,4 Jarang 58 44,3 Sering 62 47,3 Selalu 62 47,3 11 Keluarga memberi saran agar saya menkuti edukasi diabetes Tidak pernah 1 0,8 Jarang 23 17,6 Sering 72 55,0 Selalu 35 26,7 12 Saya merasakan kemudahan mendapatkan informasi dari keluarga tentang diabetes Tidak pernah 0 0 Jarang 25 19,1 Sering 74 56,5 Selalu 32 24,4 PEMBAHASAN Karakteristik Responden Umur Penelitian yang telah dilakukan terhadap 131 responden didapatkan bahwa umur pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Payung Sekaki yaitu masa dewasa akhir (36-45 tahun) 25 orang responden (19,1%), masa lansia awal (46-55 tahun) 29 orang responden (22,1%), masa lansia akhir (56-65) 48 orang responden (36,6%), masa lansia akhir 56-65, dan masa manula (>65 tahun) 29 orang responden (22,1%). Menurut penelitian Kurniati dan Yanita (2016) Diabetes melitus (DM) merupakan penyakit kronis yang ditandai dengan hiperglikemia dan intoleransi glukosa yang terjadi karena kelenjar pankreas tidak dapat memproduksi insulin secara adekuat yang atau karena tubuh tidak dapat menggunakan insulin yang diproduksi secara efektif atau kedua-duanya. Faktor risiko yang tidak dapat diubah adalah faktor umur. Menurut Dalimartha & Adrian (2012) umur >45 berisiko untuk menderita diabetes melitus. Jenis Kelamin Penelitian yang telah dilakukan terhadap 131 responden didapatkan bahwa pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Payung Sekaki lebih banyak terjadi pada laki-laki sebanyak 69 orang responden (52,7%). Karakteristik ini tidak sesuai jika dibandingkan dengan data Riskesdas tahun 2018. Menurut data Riskesdas di Indonesia tahun 2018 penderita diabetes melitus banyak diderita oleh perempuan yaitu 1,8% sedangkan laki-laki sebesar 1,2%. Pendidikan Terakhir Penelitian yang telah dilakukan terhadap 131 responden didapatkan bahwa pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Payung Sekaki didapatkan bahwa riwayat pendidikan terakhir sebagian besar responden tamatan SMA yaitu sebanyak 49 orang responden (37,4%). Hal ini didukung dengan penelitian Arimbi, Lita dan Indra (2020) menyatakan bahwa terdapat pengaruh faktor risiko tingkat pendidikan terhadap risiko terkena penyakit diabetes melitus tipe II, dan yang memiliki peluang yang paling besar terhadap penyakit diabetes melitus adalah tingkat pendidikan SMA atau yang sederajat (76.7%). Tingkat pendidikan seseorang memiliki pengaruh terhadap kejadian penyakit diabetes melitus tipe 2. Hal ini sesuai dengan penelitian Trisnadewi, Adiputra dan Mitayanti (2018) yang menyatakan rendahnya tingkat pendidikan dan pengetahuan merupakan salah satu penyebab tingginya angka kasus suatu penyakit. Pengetahuan bisa diperoleh melalui promosi kesehatan salah satunya pendidikan kesehatan. Meskipun demikian tidak dipungkiri masih ada orang yang berpendidikan tinggi mengabaikan kesehatan dengan berbagai alasan yang menyebabkannya, salah satunya berhubungan dengan pekerjaan dimana dengan adanya kesibukan yang tinggi sehingga pola hidup yang tidak teratur atau tidak teraturnya pola makan meyebabkan gangguan kesehatan. Biasanya orang dengan kegiatan yang padat sering lupa utuk makan namun lebih banyak makan cemilan. Dengan adanya perubahan gaya hidup dan kebiasaan makan, konsumsi makanan yang energi dan tinggi lemak selain aktivitas fisik yang rendah, akan mengubah keseimbangan energi dengan disimpannya energi sebagai lemak simpanan yang jarang digunakan (Rahmasari & Wahyuni, 2019) Komplikasi DM Penelitian yang telah dilakukan terhadap 131 responden didapatkan bahwa pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Payung Sekaki lebih banyak komplikasi sebesar 120 orang responden (91,6%). Sedangkan, jenis komplikasi yang banyak diderita responden perempuan adalah neurophaty (kebas) sebesar 91 orang responden (69,5%). Hal ini sejalan dengan penelitian Suyanto dan Susanto (2016, dalam Booya, F., Bandarian, F., Larijani, B., Pajouhi, M., Noorei, M, dan Lotfi, 2005) Hasil ini sesuai dengan hasil penelitian terdahulu yang relevan yang menyatakan bahwa faktor resiko potensial neuropati diabetik lebih besar pada perempuan sebesar 78 % dibandingkan responden laki-laki 22 %. Pola Hidup Penelitian yang telah dilakukan terhadap 131 responden didapatkan bahwa pola hidup meliputi pola makan dan aktivitas fisik pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Payung Sekaki didapatkan pola hidup baik dengan jumlah 107 orang responden (81,7%). Hal ini tidak sesuai dengan penelitian Heriawan, Fathony dan Purnawati (2019) dari 60 responden sebagian besar responden dikategorikan memiliki pola makan sehat sejumlah 31 responden pola makan pada pasien diabetes melitus sebagian besar didapatkan memiliki pola makan tidak sehat dengan 19 responden. Pada item 1, responden yang menerapkan pola makan sehat dengan 3J: jumlah kalori, jadwal makan, jenis makan yang menjawab sering sebanyak 73 orang responden (55,7%). Artinya kesadaran responden untuk menerapkan pola makan sehat dengan 3J cukup tinggi. Hal ini sesuai dengan wawancara peneliti dengan instalagi gizi di puskesmas dimana setiap hari sebelum dilakukan penyuluhan tentang diabetes minimal 1 kali seminggu. Pada item 2, 3, dan 8 responden yang menerapkan makan dengan porsi cukup untuk mempertahankan berat badan ideal yang menjawab jarang sebanyak 48 orang responden (36,6%), yang mengkonsumsi 2 ½ centong nasi setiap saya makan yang menjawab tidak pernah 73 orang responden (55,7%) dan yang makan porsi cukup untuk mempertahankan gula darah yang menjawab jarang sebesar 62 orang responden (47,3%). Artinya responden merasa jika makan sedikit kurang dari 2 ½ itu membantu dalam menurunkan gula darah dan berat badan menjadi ideal. Padahal, porsi cukup disini adalah cukup dalam jumlah kalori agar responden tidak merasa lemas diakibatkan kenaikan gula darah yang tidak terkontrol karena jumlah kalori responden yang tidak mencukupi tubuh. Jumlah kalori yang tidak cukup dapat mengakibatkan rsponden merasa lapar dan berkeinginan untuk makan lagi tanpa melihat jadwal makan, jumlah makan, dan jenis makanan. Bila dibiarkan, secara tidak sadar pasien sudah mengkonsumsi makanan yang melebihi jumlah kalori perhari. Jumlah kalori yang dianjurkan adalah 25-30 kalori per kilogram berat badan ideal. Hal ini sesuai dengan penelitian Baequny, Harnarni dan Rumimper (2015) yaitu sebagian besar responden mempunyai pola makan tinggi kalori sebanyak 43 responden (57%) dan sebagian kecil mempunyai pola makan tidak tinggi kalori yaitu sebanyak 32 responden (43%). Faktor yang bisa mempengaruhi pola makan yang salah pada responden adalah tingkat pengetahuan yang kurang baik tentang perencanaan makanan bagi penderita DM. Pada item 4, responden yang mengkonsumsi makanan yang banyak mengandung serat seperti buah dan sayur sebesar 90 responden (68,7%). Artinya kesadaran responden dalam mengkonsumsi serat seperti sayur dan buah sangat tinggi. Sayur dan buah yang dikonsumsi oleh penderita diabetes melitus mengandung serat yang dapat memperlambat proses perpidahan karbohidrat menjadi gula, sehingga peningkatan gula dalam darah meningkat secara perlahan, dan membantu mengontrol kadar gula darah dalam darah. Selain itu, serat dapat membuat kita merasa kenyang lebih lama, sehingga kita bisa makan lebih sedikit dan mencegah makan berlebihan. Hal ini tidak sesuai dengan penelitian Purnasari dan Maryato (2011) Pada penelitian ini diketahui asupan serat responden berkisar antara 15,7 gram sampai dengan 27,4 gram, dengan rata-rata asupan serat sebesar 21,57 gram. Sebanyak 77,1% responden mempunyai tingkat asupan serat <25 gr/hari. Pada penderita diabetes dianjurkan untuk mengkonsumsi serat sebanyak 25-35 gr/hari, terutama serat larut air. Berdasarkan data recall diketahui asupan serat responden hanya sedikit. Asupan serat yang kurang pada sampel terkait dengan pola kebiasaan makan yang mengkonsumsi sayuran dalam jumlah sedikit dibandingkan konsumsi karbohidratnya dan jarang menkonsumsi buah, padahal kandungan serat banyak terdapat pada sayur dan buah, hal ini dapat disebabkan karena kurangnya pengetahuan akan manfaat serat bagi kesehatan. Dari data recall hanya 22,9% responden yang memiliki asupan serat sesuai dengan yang dianjurkan pada penderita diabetes yaitu 25-35 gr/hari. Pada item 5, responden yang setiap hari mengkonsumsi makanan yang banyak mengandung protein. Seperti: telur dan daging sebesar 104 orang responden (79,4%). Protein dapat mengurangi kenaikan gula darah karena protein bersifat mengenyangkan dan lambat di cerna di dalam tubuh sehingga kalori tubuh pada pasien dm dapat terkontrol. Hal ini tidak sesuai dengan Idris, Jafar dan Indriasari (2014) hasil penelitian pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 diketahui bahwa sebesar 69,6% pasien dengan konsumsi protein kurang sebagian besar yaitu 81,2% memiliki kadar gula darah tidak terkontrol dibandingkan pasien yang memiliki kadar gula darah terkontrol 18,8%. Hasil uji pearson chi square menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan bermakna antara asupan protein dengan kadar gula darah pasien diabetes mellitus tipe 2.. Tidak adanya hubungan yang bermakna tingkat asupan protein dengan kontrol kadar gula darah dikarenakan fungsi utama protein adalah untuk pertumbuhan dan mengganti sel-sel yang rusak. Protein akan digunakan sebagai sumber energi apabila ketersediaan energi dari sumber lain yaitu karbohidrat dan lemak tidak mencukupi melalui proses glikoneogenesis. Pada item 6 yang membatasi makanan asin yang menjawab sering sebesar 83 orang responden (63,4%) dan item 7 yang membatasi makanan yang banyak mengandunng lemak dan kolestrol tinggi. Seperti: santan, udang dan kepiting yang menjawab sering sebesar 88 orang responden (67,2%). Responden memiliki kesadaran tinggi dalam membatasi makanan yang banyak mengandung garam, lemak dan kolestrol tinggi. Banyak responden mengatakan bahwa makanan asin, lemak dan kolestrol tinggi dapat memperberat penyakit diabetes melitus yang diderita sehingga mereka selalu berusaha menjaga asupan yang dikonsumsi. Dari penyuluhan yang di dapat mereka mengatakan bahwa makanan yang asin akan menyebabkan hipertensi dan jika hipertensi tidak dapat di kontrol maka akan meyebabkan stroke. Sedangkan untuk lemak dan kolestrol tinggi, mereka lebih suka menjaga karena umur mereka rentan dengan penyakit stroke. Hal ini sesuai dengan penelitian Zainudin dan Yunawati (2012) Asupan garam yang berlebihan terus-menerus dapat memicu tekanan darah tinggi. Ginjal akan mengeluarkan kelebihan tersebut melalui urin. Apabila fungsi ginjal tidak optimal, kelebihan natrium tidak dapat dibuang dan menumpuk di dalam darah. Volume cairan tubuh akan meningkat dan membuat jantung dan pembuluh darah bekerja lebih keras untuk memompa darah dan mengalirkannya ke seluruh tubuh. Tekanan darah pun akan meningkat, inilah yang terjadi pada hipertensi. Selama konsumsi garam tidak berlebihan dan sesuai kebutuhan, kondisi pembuluh darah akan baik, ginjal pun akan berfungsi baik, serta proses kimiawi dan faal tubuh tetap berjalan normal tidak ada gangguan. Asupan lemak berfungsi sebagai sumber pembangun jika sesuai dengan kebutuhan asupan lemak yang di butuhkan tetapi asupan lemak akan menjadi masalah ketika asupan lemak yang masuk berlebih dari asupan lemak yang dibutuhkan. Konsumsi pangan sumber lemak yang tinggi terutama lemak jenuh membuat kolesterol low density lipoprotein (LDL) meningkat yang lama-kelamaan akan tertimbun dalam tubuh dan dapat membentuk plak di pembuluh darah. Plak tersebut akan menyumbat pembuluh darah sehingga mempengaruhi peningkatan tekanan darah. Membatasi konsumsi lemak dilakukan agar kadar kolesterol darah tidak terlalu tinggi. Kadar kolesterol darah yang tinggi dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya endapan kolesterol dalam dinding pembuluh darah. Apalabila dibiarkan maka akan menyumbat pembuluh nadi dan mengganggu sistem peredaran darah yang dapat memperberat kerja jantung dan secara tidak langsung memperparah tekanan darah Pada item 9, 10 dan 13 responden olahraga 3-5 kali dalam seminggu yang menjawab jarang 71 orang responden (54,2%), responden yang melakukan jalan santai disekitaran komplek setiap pagi atau sore yang menjawab selalu 52 orang responden (39,7%), dan waktu yang dihabiskan responden untuk olahraga adalah 30-60 menit yang menjawab jarang 56 orang responden (42,7%). Di musim pandemi seperti sekarang olahraga sangat di anjurkan dengan mematuhi protokol kesehatan. Kesadaran responden tentang pentingnya olahraga dengan berjalan santai di sekitaran komplek rumah merupakan aktivitas fisik sedang. Banyak manfaat yang didapatkan ketika melakukan jalan santai dengan waktu 30-60 menit yaitu ketika tubuh beraktivitas makan glukosa dalam tubuh akan diubah menjadi energi. Hal ini sesuai dengan WHO (2018) Pada kasus diabetes tipe 2 aktivitas fisik sangat membantu dalam penyerapan glukosa darah kedalam otot. Pada saat otot berkontraksi permeabilitas membran terhadap glukosa meningkat. Sehingga saat otot berkontaksi akan bertindak seperti insulin. Maka dari itu saat beraktivitas fisik, resistensi insulin berkurang. Dukungan Keluarga Penelitian yang telah dilakukan terhadap 131 responden didapatkan bahwa dukungan keluarga pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Payung Sekaki dukungan keluarga baik dengan jumlah 129 orang responden (98,5%). Penelitian ini didukung dengan penelitian Isfandiari dan Wardani (2014) yaitu responden yang mendapatkan dukungan keluarga melakukan pengendalian kadar gula darah kurang baik sebesar 23,5% (8 responden) dan melakukan pengendalian kadar gula darah dengan baik sebesar 32,4% (11 responden). Hal ini sejalan dengan penelitian Nuraisyah, Kusnanto dan Rahayujati (2017) yaitu adanya hubungan dukungan keluarga dengan kualitas hidup pasien DM II (p-value: 0,00). Untuk hasil analisis diperoleh bahwa adanya hubungan dukungan keluarga yang ditinjau dari empat dimensi yaitu dimensi emosional (p-value: 0,00), dimensi penghargaan (p-value: 0,00), dan dimensi instrumental (p-value: 0,00). Sementara untuk hasil nilai analisis diperoleh bahwa adanya hubungan variabel komplikasi dengan kualitas hidup pasien DM II (p-value: 0,02). Item 1,2,3 dan 4 merupakan dukungan emosional. Rata-rata responden menjawab sering mendapatkan dukungan emosional yang baik. Dengan jawaban tersebut maka keluarga bagi responden sangat dibutuhkan ketika responden mengalami kesulitan tentang diabetes yang dideritanya. Ketika seorang keluarga yang menderita diabetes sangat butuh tempat untuk bercerita, hal pertama yang akan dilakukan responden adalah bercerita dengan keluarga. Sedangkan respon keluarga yang menunjukkan rasa empati akan membuat responden semakin nyaman bercerita dan terasa lega setelah bercerita. Ini sangat membantu responden yang berkeinginan untuk sembuh ataupun untuk mempertahankan gula darah tetap terkontrol sehingga tidak menimbulkan komplikasi yang tidak diinginkan. Pada item 5 dan 6 merupakan dimensi penghargaan. Rata-rata responden menjawab sering pada item tersebut. Dengan jawaban tersebut, penghargaan yang diterima responden berupa dorongan agar tetap mempertahan kadar gula darah tetap normal dengan mengingatkan responden untuk tetap memesan obat diabetes dan menjaga keteraturan waktu diet. Hal ini dapat membuat responden sangat diperhatikan dan dihargai oleh keluarga sehingga mampu menambah semangat responden agar tetap menjaga kadar gula darah tetap normal dan menghindari komplikasi yang ditimbulkan oleh diabetes melitus. Pada item 7 dan 8 merupakan dimensi instrumental. Rata-rata responden menjawab selalu untuk item 7 dan sering untuk item 8. Dengan jawaban tersebut, dukungan keluarga berupa dimensi instrumental yaitu mengembalikan energi atau stamina dan semangat yang menurun serta memberi rasa perhatian dan kepedulian terhadap responden yang menderita diabetes melitus yang sedang berusaha untuk tetap menjaga dan mengontrol agar gula darahnya tetap normal. Pada item 9,10,11 dan 12 merupakan dimensi informasi. Rata-rata jawaban responden pada ke empat item tersebut adalah sering. Ini menunjukan bahwa keluarga mampu memberikan informasi yang baik untuk responden sehingga menekan stressor yang muncul akibat penyakit yang diderita. Sehingga responden mampu untuk mengolah informasi yang didapat agar diabetes yang diderita tidak dapat menimbulkan komplikasi dan tetap menjaga gula darah tetap normal. PENUTUPAN Kesimpulan Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik umur responden yang menderita diabetes melitus tipe 2 terjadi pada usia lansia akhir yaitu 56-65 tahun dan diabetes melitus tipe 2 banyak diderita oleh laki-laki sebanyak 69 orang responden. Rata- rata riwayat pendidikan terakhir responden sebagian besar adalah tamatan SMA sebanyak 49 orang responden. pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Payung Sekaki lebih banyak mnderita komplikasi sebesar 120 orang responden. Sedangkan, jenis komplikasi yang banyak diderita responden perempuan adalah neurophaty (kebas) sebesar 91 orang responden. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pola hidup meliputi pola makan dan aktivitas fisik pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Payung Sekaki didapatkan pola hidup baik dengan jumlah 107 orang responden (81,7%). Sedangkan, dukungan keluarga pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Payung Sekaki dukungan keluarga baik dengan jumlah 129 orang responden (98,5%). Ini berarti pola hidup yang baik dapat juga dipengaruhi oleh dukungan keluarga yang baik sehingga membuat penderita semakin bersemangat untuk menerapkan pola sehat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Saran Bagi Mahasiswa hasil penelitian ini dapat menjadi masukan, media pembelajaran dan referensi tambahan bagi profesi keperawatan dalam melakukan pengkajian pada pasien DM tipe 2 baik dari segi pola makan, aktivitas fisik dan dukungan keluarga. Bagi peneliti selanjutnya hasil penelitian ini diharapkan menjadi referensi untuk peneliti selanjutnya dan bahan perbandingan dan bahan pertimbangan untuk lebih memperdalam penelitian selanjutnya dengan desain berbeda. Bagi puskesmas hasil penelitian ini diharapkan menjadi masukan bagi puskesmas untuk melakukan penyuluhan tentang diabetes melitus minimal 2 kali bulan sekali khusus pada pasien diabetes melitus agar pasien yang belum sempat mendengarkan penyuluhan sebelum dilakukan pelayanan bisa mendengarkan kembali informasi terbaru seputar diabetes melitus. Iis Dian Saviqoh, Mahasiswa Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan Universitas Riau, Indonesia Yesi Hasneli, Dosen Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan Universitas Riau, Indonesia Nopriadi, Dosen Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan Universitas Riau, Indonesia DAFTAR PUSTAKA Adliyani, Z. (2015). Pengaruh Perilaku Individu Terhadap Hidup Sehat. Majority. 4(7). 109. https://www.google.com/search?q=Pengaruh+Perilaku+Individu+Terhadap+Hidup+Sehat&oq=Pengaruh+Perilaku+Individu+Terhadap+Hidup+Sehat&aqs=chrome..69i57.1720j0j9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 Arifianto, D,. Marwanti., Daryanti., Suciana, F,. (2019). 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Indonesia is a country that has a high potential for natural disasters. Picture story book is a form of disaster management learning that can help children from an early age to prepare for a natural disaster. The aims of this study to develop story books as a disaster management learning media, to improve knowledge and skills of children and teacher about the understanding, principles, and actions of rescue when facing the natural disasters, to increase the teacher’s learning quality in disaster management. Developmental research approach is used to execute the study. A total of 48 children aged 5-6 years have to carry out pre-test and post-test. Pre-test data shows that children's knowledge about disaster management with an average of 47.92% and its improved at post-test with 76,88%. Five theme of story books involves floods, landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, lands and forest fires is the product. 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e4275120This text aims to analyze the tensions that were marked in the professional development of a literacy teacher when entering a public school system. Initially, some conceptions of a beginning teacher present in the literature are presented and the historical-cultural perspective is adopted as a theoretical framework, with the studies of Yves Clot and collaborators on the teaching activity, the professional gender of the teacher. The data consists of different narratives of the teacher: memorial of formation in the master's dissertation, written and oral narratives produced during her participation in the Education Observatory Program and a narrative produced specifically for research. The analysis focuses on three thematic units: entering the career; tensions between academic education and the real teaching activity; and the collective of the work. The analysis points to signs of a development marked by advances and moments of professional fulfillment, but also of setbacks and anxieties, especially when the teacher reflects on her academic background, countering her power to act with students in the literacy process. His moments of tension stand out when he entered a peripheral school with adverse working conditions and without the support of school management, culminating in illness. The curbing of the teacher's power to act causes atrophies in the professional genre, mainly due to the absence of a work group in schools.ResumoEste texto objetiva analisar as tensões que foram marcantes no desenvolvimento profissional de uma professora dos anos iniciais, ao ingressar numa rede pública de ensino. Inicialmente apresentam-se algumas concepções de professor iniciante, presentes na literatura, e adota-se a perspectiva histórico-cultural como quadro teórico, com os estudos de Yves Clot e colaboradores sobre a atividade docente, o gênero profissional do professor. Os dados consistem de diferentes narrativas da professora: memorial de formação na dissertação de mestrado, narrativas escritas e orais produzidas durante sua participação no Programa Observatório da Educação e uma narrativa produzida especificamente para a pesquisa. A análise centra-se em três unidades temáticas: ingresso na carreira; tensões entre a formação acadêmica e o real da atividade docente; e o coletivo de trabalho. A análise aponta indícios de um desenvolvimento marcado por avanços e por momentos de realização profissional, mas também por retrocessos e angústias, principalmente quando a professora reflete sobre sua formação acadêmica, contrapondo-se com seu poder de agir com os alunos no processo de alfabetização. Destacam-se os seus momentos de tensão, ao ingressar numa escola periférica com condições de trabalho adversas e sem o apoio da gestão escolar, culminando em adoecimento.Palavras-chave: Condições do trabalho docente, Desenvolvimento profissional, Carreira do magistério, Escola pública.Keywords: Teaching working conditions, Professional development, Teaching career, Public school.ReferencesANDRÉ, M. Políticas de apoio aos docentes em estados e municípios brasileiros: dilemas na formação de professores. Educar em Revista, Editora UFPR, Curitiba, n. 50, p. 35-49, out./dez. 2013.ANDRÉ, M.; CALIL, A. M. G.; MARTINS, F. P.; PEREIRA, M. A. L. O papel do outro na constituição da profissionalidade de professoras iniciantes. Revista Eletrônica de Educação, v.11, n.2, p. 505-520, jun./ago. 2017.ANJOS, D. D. Como foi começar a ensinar? Histórias de professoras, histórias da profissão docente. 2006. 178p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação) – Faculdade de Educação, Unicamp; FAPESP, Campinas, 2006.ANJOS, D. D. Experiência docente e desenvolvimento profissional: condições e demandas no trabalho de ensinar. In: SMOLKA, A. L. B; NOGUEIRA, A. L. H. (org.). Questões de desenvolvimento humano: práticas e sentidos. 1. ed. Campinas: Mercado de Letras, 2010. v. 1, p. 129-149.ARROYO, M.G. Ofício de Mestre: imagens e auto-imagens. 6.ed. Petrópolis, RJ: Vozes, 2002. 251p.CASTRO, V. D. Sobre-vivências na escola pública: memórias, registros e narrativas de uma professora. 2020. Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação) – Faculdade de Educação, Unicamp, Campinas, 2020.CERICATO, Itale Luciane. Sentidos e Significados da Docência, segundo uma Professora Iniciante. Educação & Realidade, vol. 42, núm. 2, 2017. Disponível em: <https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2175-62362017000200729&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt&ORIGINALLANG=pt>. Acesso em 29 de maio.CLOT, Y. A função psicológica do trabalho. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2006. CLOT, Y. Trabalho e poder de agir. Belo Horizonte: Fabrefactum, 2010.CLOT, Y.; LITIM, M. Activité, santé et collectif de travail. Pratiques psychologiques, Paris, v. 14, n.1, p. 101-114, mars 2008.CORSI, A. M. O início da construção da profissão docente: analisando dificuldades enfrentadas por professoras de séries iniciais. São Carlos, 2002. (Dissertação de mestrado) – Faculdade de Educação, Ufscar.FACCI, M. G. D. Valorização ou esvaziamento do trabalho do professor? Um estudo crítico comparativo da teoria do professor reflexivo, do construtivismo e da psicologia vigotskiana. 1. ed. Campinas: Autores Associados, 2004. 292p.FERREIRINHO, V. C. Práticas de socialização de professores iniciantes na carreira. Quem é o iniciante? In: REUNIÃO ANUAL DA ANPED, 28., 2005, Caxambu, MG. Anais [...]. 2005. p. 1-17.FONTANA, R. A. C. Trabalho e subjetividade. Nos rituais de iniciação, a constituição do ser professora. Caderno CEDES, Campinas, SP, v. 20, n. 50, p.103-119, abr. 2000.FRAUENDORF, R. B. S.; PACHECO, D. Q.; CHAUTX, G. C. C.; PRADO, G. V.T. Mais além de uma história: a narrativa como possibilidade de autoformação. Revista Educação PUC-Camp., Campinas, SP, v. 21, n. 3, p.351-361, set./dez. 2016.GIOVANNI, Luciana Maria; GUARNIERI, Maria Regina. Pesquisas sobre professores iniciantes e as tendências atuais de reforma da formação de professores: distância, ambiguidades e tensões. In: GIOVANNI, Luciana Maria; MARIN, Alda Junqueira (Org.). Professores iniciantes: diferentes necessidades em diferentes contextos. Araraquara, SP: Junqueira & Marin, 2014, p. 5-12.HUBERMAN, M. O ciclo de vida profissional dos professores. In: NÓVOA, A. (org.). Vidas de professores. 2. ed. Porto: Porto, 2007. p. 31-61.LÜDKE, M.; BOING, L. A. O trabalho docente nas páginas de Educação & Sociedade em seus (quase) 100 números. Educação & Sociedade, Campinas, v. 28, n.100, Especial, p. 1179-1201, 2007.OLIVEIRA, M. K.; REGO, T. C.; AQUINO, J. G. Desenvolvimento psicológico e constituição de subjetividades: ciclos de vida, narrativas autobiográficas e tensões da contemporaneidade. Pro-Posições, Campinas, SP, v.17, n. 2, p. 119-138, 2006.PAPI, S. O. G.; MARTINS, P. L. O. As pesquisas sobre professores iniciantes: algumas aproximações. Educação em Revista, Belo Horizonte, v. 26, n. 3, p.39-56, dez. 2010.PINO, A. O social e o cultural na obra de Vigotski. Educação & Sociedade, Campinas/SP, ano XXI, n.71, p. 45-78, jul. 2000.ROGER, J. L. Refaire son métier. Essais de clinique de l'activité. 1. ed. Toulouse: Érès, 2007. 252 p.ROMANOWSKI, Joana Paulin; OLIVER MARTINS, Pura Lúcia. Desafios da formação de professores iniciantes. Páginas de Educación, Montevideo , v. 6, n. 1, p. 83-96, jun. 2013 . Disponível em <http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1688-74682013000100005&lng=es&nrm=iso>. Acesso em 29 maio 2020.SAUJAT, F. Spécificités de l’activité d’enseignants débutants et genres de l’activité professorale. Polifonia – Revista do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos de Linguagem, UFM, Cuiabá: Editora Universitária, ano 7, v. 8, n. 8, 2004.Vieira, H. M. M. Como vou aprendendo a ser professora depois da formatura: análise do tornar-se professora na prática da docência. São Carlos, 2002. (Tese de doutorado) - Faculdade de Educação, Ufscar.VIGOTSKI, L. S. Manuscrito de 1929. Educação & Sociedade, Campinas, SP, ano XXI, n. 71, p. 21-44, jul. 2000.

[Rev. of: Kafanova O. B., Perevody N. M. Karamzina kak kul’turnyi universum. St. Petersburg: Aleteiia, 2020. 356 p. (in Russian)] O. B. Kafanova’s monograph «N. M. Karamzin’s translations as a cultural universe» (2020) is the result of many years of comparative studies. Numerous articles on the topic preceded this book, which covers the period from 1783 to 1800. In the beginning Karamzin had good knowledge of French and German only so that he used numerous intermediaries in these languages to acquaint the Russian audience with world literature (ancient and eastern poetry, dramas of Shakespeare, Ossian etc.). Only in the final decade of the eighteenth century did Karamzin begin to draw on texts in English and Italian for these purposes. Among other things, the review establishes some previously unknown sources of Karamzin’s translations. V. I. Simankov’s supplemental list pursues the same objective.

Background and Aim: Globally, Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health issue contributing to various diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver cirrhosis. Virus replication complex interaction with host immune system response causes dynamic interplay leading to HBV infection. In developing countries, HBV infection plays a significant role in higher rates of morbidities and mortalities. The present study aimed to assess the clinical, laboratory, and virological characteristics of patients with positive HBV surface antigen. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 182 positive HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) in the department of Medicine, Social Security Hospital, Multan Road Lahore from April 2021 to March 2022. All the patients with positive HBsAg and negative hepatitis C were enrolled. Patients with a history of chronic liver disease, acute hepatitis B infection, and antiviral therapy were excluded. All patients underwent CBC, liver function tests, clinical evaluation, and abdominal ultrasonography examination, HBV serological marker’s assessment, HBV transmission risk factors, and HBV-DNA quantitative detection. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. Results: Out of 182 HBV infected patients, there were 162 (89%) males and 20 (11%) females. The overall mean age was 38.6 ± 8.6 years. The most prevalent complaint and common findings was arthralgia and hepatomegaly with reported incidence of 32 (17.6%) and 16 (8.8%) respectively. Based on ultrasonography imaging results, the incidence of normal liver, coarse liver, splenomegaly, and cirrhosis were found in 81.3% (n=148), 12.6% (n=23), 5.9% (n=11), and 6.6% (n=12) respectively. Based on laboratory results, normal alanine aminotransferase, normal aspartate aminotransferase, reduced serum albumin, and low platelet count were found in 76.9%, 84.8%, 4.9%, and 10.2% respectively. Regarding laboratory, clinical, and imaging characteristics, HBV-DNA positive and negative had no significant differences. Conclusion: The present study found that HBV infected patient’s clinical manifestations were fatigue, bleeding gums, abdominal pain and fatigue. Majority of patients had normal liver on liver function tests and ultrasonographic examination. Most patients had negative HBV infection antigen. Based on comparisons made between HBV-DNA negative and positive, no substantial variations were reported on laboratory, clinical, and imaging characteristics. Keywords: HBV antigen, Virological characteristics, HBV