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1
Ann, P. J., J. N. Tsai, and H. R. Yang. "First Report of Leaf and Stem Downy Blight of Longan Seedlings Caused by Peronophythora litchii in Taiwan." Plant Disease 96, no. 8 (August 2012): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-12-0009-pdn.
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Fruit downy blight caused by Peronophythora litchii Chen ex Ko et al. is an important disease of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) in Taiwan, especially in rainy seasons. Previous records indicate litchi as the only natural host of P. litchii, but this pathogen was found on seedlings of longan (Euphoria longana Lamarck) in 2000. Young seedlings of longan that had emerged in a litchi orchard near Caotun, Nantou County, showed symptoms of droopy leaves and leaf blight. Water-soaked lesions appeared on young leaves, which turned into brown, round or irregular lesions (about 3 to 5 cm long). Diseased leaves withered and collapsed eventually. Dark brown lesions were found on stems of some infected seedlings but none of the infected seedlings were killed. Also, no symptoms were found on mature leaves. The pathogen produced numerous sporangia on sporangiophores on diseased leaves under humid conditions. The disease on young seedlings was observed again in another litchi orchard at Caotun, Nantou County, in 2003. P. litchii was consistently isolated from diseased leaves. Two isolates from colonized longan seedlings, Tari 20250 collected in 2000 and Tari 23301 collected in 2003, were used for further studies. Both isolates produced large numbers of sporangia on long sporangiophores when cultured on 5% V8 agar (5% V8 juice, 0.02% CaCO3, and 1.5% agar). Sporangia produced on the same sporangiophores matured almost simultaneously. Sporangiophores 240 to 1,600 μm (mean 623 μm) branched dichotomously two to eight times. Sporangia were oval or lemon-shaped with semispherical papilla and deciduous with very short pedicels (2 to 5 μm). The dimension was 25 to 55 (35.25) × 15 to 27.5 (21.2) μm for sporangia and 0.5 to 1 (0.55) μm for pedicels. The length/breadth (L/B) ratio of sporangia was 1.3 to 2.14 (1.67). Both isolates produced numerous oospores on 5% V8 agar cultures in darkness. Artificial inoculation tests were done by spraying 5 mL of sporangial suspension (1,000 sporangia/mL) on each longan seedling without wounding. Results showed that both longan isolates of P. litchii were pathogenic on young longan seedlings, causing symptoms similar to those observed on leaves and stems of naturally infected longan seedlings in litchi orchards. Also, both longan isolates of P. litchii caused downy blight on fruits of litchi (L. chinensis var black leaf) by artificial inoculation tests. Moreover, a P. litchi isolate from litchi caused symptoms of leaf blight on young longan seedlings. P. litchii was reisolated from the infected longan tissues. The ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence confirmed that the longan isolate Tari 20250 (GenBank Accession No. JQ814693) was 100% identical to other P. litchii isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. Gu111613 to Gu111615). To our knowledge, this is the first report of longan as a natural host of P. litchii. The study also suggests that P. litchii on volunteer longan seedlings in litchi orchards may be a potential source of inoculum for fruit downy blight of litchi. References: (1) C. C. Chen. Special Publ. Coll. Agric., Natl. Taiwan Univ. 10:1, 1961. (2) W. H. Ko et al. Mycologia 70:380, 1978.
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Xu, Sai, Huazhong Lu, and Xiuxiu Sun. "Quality Detection of Postharvest Litchi Based on Electronic Nose: A Feasible Way for Litchi Fruit Supervision during Circulation Process." HortScience 55, no. 4 (April 2020): 476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14750-19.
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Susceptibility to mechanical injury and fast decay rates are currently two main problems of litchi fruit after harvesting. To achieve better postharvest management of litchi fruit, this study aimed to find an effective method of litchi fruit supervision during the circulation process that included mechanical injury detection and storage quality detection. For mechanical injury detection, injury-free litchis without any treatment and litchis with mild and severe mechanical injuries were dropped from 80 and 110 cm high, respectively. The electronic nose (E-nose) response, total soluble solid (TSS), and titratable acidity (TA) of samples were tested on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 after injury at room temperature. For storage quality detection, normal litchis were stored in a cold environment. The E-nose response, TSS, and TA of samples were tested on storage days 0, 3, 6, 10, 15, 19, and 24. The experimental results showed that mechanical injury not only accelerated pericarp browning but also accelerated flavor (TA and TSS) loss. The browning index quickly increased during storage, and the TSS and TA of defect-free litchis changed only barely at room temperature and during cold environment storage. After feature extraction, mechanical injury of litchi can be well-detected by E-nose from day 1 to day 4 after injury. The best mechanical injury detection time of litchi fruit is at day 4 after injury under room temperature storage conditions. After singular sensor elimination and comprehensive feature extraction, the storage time and browning degree, but not TSS and TA, of litchi fruit can be detected by E-nose. E-nose data preprocessing should differ according to the litchi variety and detection target.
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Xing, Mengyu, Dandan Xu, Yinggu Wu, Tong Liu, Pinggen Xi, Rui Wang, Jing Zhao, and Zide Jiang. "Biocontrol of Litchi Downy Blight Dependent on Streptomyces abikoensis TJGA-19 Fermentation Filtrate Antagonism Competition with Peronophythora litchii." Fermentation 9, no. 12 (December 8, 2023): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9121011.
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The cultivation and overall quality of Litchi, a fruit of significant commercial value in China, are hindered by the presence of the oomycetes pathogen Peronophythora litchii. This pathogen is responsible for the occurrence of litchi downy blight, resulting in substantial economic losses during the storage and transportation of the fruit, and affects nutritional growth. Effective and environmentally safe methods to control litchi downy blight are urgently needed. The application of biocontrol agents such as Streptomyces bacteria has proven effective for controlling plant diseases. Our present study isolated the Streptomyces strain TJGA-19, identified as S. abikoensis, with potent inhibitory activity against P. litchii. The antifungal active substances are mainly in the aqueous phase of TJGA-19 fermentation filtrate extraction. The fermentation filtrate of TJGA-19 not only suppressed the pathogen growth, sporulation, and sporangia germination, but also delayed the disease development of litchi downy blight. In addition, the stability of the TJGA-19 fermentation filtrate was not sensitive to the proteinase K, temperature, white-flourescence light, or ultraviolet treatment. Furthermore, the morphology and ultrastructure of P. litchii treated with fermentation filtrate was characterized by marked shrinking and deformation, with serious disruption of plasma membrane permeabilization and the organelles. Hence, S. abikoensis TJGA-19 and its metabolites demonstrated marked efficiency against the phytopathogenic pathogen P. litchii and provide a potential candidate for controlling litchi downy blight.
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Monteiro de Castro e Castro, Bárbara, Angelica Plata-Rueda, Wiane Meloni Silva, Claubert Wagner Guimarães de Menezes, Carlos Frederico Wilcken, and José Cola Zanuncio. "Manejo del ácaro Aceria litchii (Acari: Eriophyidae) en Litchi chinensis." Revista Colombiana de Entomología 44, no. 1 (August 5, 2018): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v44i1.6528.
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El cultivo del litchi, Litchi chinensis, tiene gran popularidad en el mercado internacional. El ácaro del litchi, Aceria litchii (Eriophyidae), es una de las principales plagas de este cultivo, se alimenta de hojas, sobre todo en la parte inferior de las plantas que forman eríneos. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar los principales métodos de control y proponer técnicas de manejo en el sistema de producción integrado del cultivo de L. chinensis. Se detectaron infestaciones de A. litchii en los huertos de Brasil en 2008 y el uso de insecticidas químicos es el principal método de control de esta plaga. La combinación de métodos de cultivo biológico y químico hace que el sistema sea más satisfactorio en el largo plazo. El control y la prevención del ácaro del litchi son clave para reducir su propagación y establecimiento.
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Li, Yuanhong, Jing Wang, Ming Liang, Haoyu Song, Jianhong Liao, and Yubin Lan. "A Novel Two-Stage Approach for Automatic Extraction and Multi-View Generation of Litchis." Agriculture 14, no. 7 (June 29, 2024): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071046.
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Obtaining consistent multi-view images of litchis is crucial for various litchi-related studies, such as data augmentation and 3D reconstruction. This paper proposes a two-stage model that integrates the Mask2Former semantic segmentation network with the Wonder3D multi-view generation network. This integration aims to accurately segment and extract litchis from complex backgrounds and generate consistent multi-view images of previously unseen litchis. In the first stage, the Mask2Former model is utilized to predict litchi masks, enabling the extraction of litchis from complex backgrounds. To further enhance the accuracy of litchi branch extraction, we propose a novel method that combines the predicted masks with morphological operations and the HSV color space. This approach ensures accurate extraction of litchi branches even when the semantic segmentation model’s prediction accuracy is not high. In the second stage, the segmented and extracted litchi images are passed as input into the Wonder3D network to generate multi-view of the litchis. After comparing different semantic segmentation and multi-view synthesis networks, the Mask2Former and Wonder3D networks demonstrated the best performance. The Mask2Former network achieved a mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 79.79% and a mean pixel accuracy (mPA) of 85.82%. The Wonder3D network achieved a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of 18.89 dB, a structural similarity index (SSIM) of 0.8199, and a learned perceptual image patch similarity (LPIPS) of 0.114. Combining the Mask2Former model with the Wonder3D network resulted in an increase in PSNR and SSIM scores by 0.21 dB and 0.0121, respectively, and a decrease in LPIPS by 0.064 compared to using the Wonder3D model alone. Therefore, the proposed two-stage model effectively achieves automatic extraction and multi-view generation of litchis with high accuracy.
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Huang, Hao, Enli Lv, Huazhong Lu, and Jiaming Guo. "Experimental Analysis of a Spray Hydrocooler with Cold Energy Storage for Litchi." Applied Sciences 13, no. 14 (July 14, 2023): 8195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13148195.
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The shortage of precooling equipment in litchi-producing regions could lead to a high loss rate and poor quality of litchis. It is urgent to develop a portable precooling device for litchi-producing regions. In this study, a novel spray hydrocooler with thermal energy storage (TES) was designed, fabricated, and tested. A simple mathematical model of TES capacity, the ice-on-coil thermal resistance, and refrigeration system was employed to determine the hydrocooler parameters. Then, the structure of the spray hydrocooler was designed. The maximum charging test was implemented with full TES capacity, and the litchi spray hydrocooling experiments were carried out at different charging times (3–6 h), spray flow rates (30–60 L min−1), and litchi loads (8–28 kg) with one-third TES capacity. Results showed that: (1) the spray hydrocooler allows for the rapid and effective precooling of litchis within 15 min after harvest; (2) the hydrocooler can precool 299 kg litchis with one-third TES storage, meeting the precooling requirements; (3) the effective TES capacity achieved 1.25 × 108 J at the maximum TES capacity of the hydrocooler, while the energy efficiency ratio (EER) is 2; (4) the precooling capacity was maximum and the average power consumption was minimum when the litchi load was 23 kg and the spray flow rate was 30 L min−1. Longer charging time is the most important factor in increasing the precooling capacity and reducing the average power consumption. It provides feasible precooling equipment for rapid precooling in litchi-production regions.
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Xing, Mengyu, Tao Sun, Tong Liu, Zide Jiang, and Pinggen Xi. "Effectiveness of Volatiles Emitted by Streptomyces abikoensis TJGA-19 for Managing Litchi Downy Blight Disease." Microorganisms 12, no. 1 (January 17, 2024): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010184.
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Litchi is a fruit of significant commercial value; however, its quality and yield are hindered by downy blight disease caused by Peronophythora litchii. In this study, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Streptomyces abikoensis TJGA-19 were investigated for their antifungal effects and studied in vitro and in planta for the suppression of litchi downy blight disease in litchi leaves and fruits. The growth of P. litchii was inhibited by VOCs produced by TJGA-19 cultivated on autoclaved wheat seeds for durations of 10, 20, or 30 days. Volatiles from 20-day-old cultures were more active in inhibition effect against P. litchii than those from 10- or 30-day-old cultures. These volatiles inhibit the growth of mycelia, sporulation, and oospore production, without any significant effect on sporangia germination. Additionally, the VOCs were effective in suppressing disease severity in detached litchi leaf and fruit infection assays. With the increase in the weight of the wheat seed culture of S.abikoensis TJGA-19, the diameters of disease spots on leaves, as well as the incidence rate and disease indices on fruits, decreased significantly. Microscopic results from SEM and TEM investigations showed abnormal morphology of sporangia, mycelia, and sporangiophores, as well as organelle damage in P. litchii caused by VOCs of TJGA-19. Spectroscopic analysis revealed the identification of 22 VOCs produced by TJGA-19, among which the most dominant compound was 2-Methyliborneol. These findings indicated the significant role of TJGA-19 compounds in the control of litchi downy blight disease and in improving fruit quality.
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Li, Jun, Junpeng Wu, Jiaquan Lin, Can Li, Huazhong Lu, and Caixia Lin. "Nondestructive Identification of Litchi Downy Blight at Different Stages Based on Spectroscopy Analysis." Agriculture 12, no. 3 (March 14, 2022): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030402.
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Litchi downy blight caused by Peronophythora litchii is the most serious disease in litchi production, storage and transportation. Existing disease identification technology has difficulty identifying litchi downy blight sufficiently early, resulting in economic losses. Thus, the use of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to identify litchi downy blight at different stages of disease, particularly to achieve the early identification of downy blight, is very important. The diffuse reflectance spectral data of litchi fruits inoculated with P. litchii were collected in the wavelength range of 350–1350 nm. According to the duration of inoculation and expert evaluation, they were divided into four categories: healthy, latent, mild and severe. First, the SG smoothing method and derivation method were used to denoise the spectral curves. Then, the wavelength screening methods competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and successive projections algorithm (SPA) were compared to verify that the SPA method was more effective. Eleven characteristic wavelengths were selected, accounting for only 1.1% of the original data. Finally, the characteristic wavelengths were tested by six different classification models, and their accuracy was calculated. Among them, the ANN model performed best, with an accuracy of 90.7%. The results showed that diffuse reflectance spectroscopic technology has potential for identifying litchi downy blight at different stages, providing technical support for the subsequent development of related automatic detection devices.
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Chen, Zhen, Chang You Li, and Feng Ying Xu. "A Study on Dynamic Simulation of Litchi Pitting Process Based on ANSYS / LS-DYNA." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 2557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.2557.
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To study the dynamic mechanical changes in litchi pitting process and improve the accuracy of litchi pitting, this paper established a 3-D solid assembly model of litchi, fixture and tool and conducted the finite element discrete of the model by using ANSYS / LS-DYNA software. In addition, the deformations and stress states of litchi’s multi-layer structure under the effects of tool and fixture were simulated and calculated by the LS-DYNA971 solver. The results showed that the deformations and stresses of litchi’s multi-layer structure changed with the increase of cutting depth, and appeared the maximum amplitude out of sync. When the litchi was gonna cut through, the stress amplitude of fruit pulp was the maximum among litchi’s multi-layer structure and the stress amplitude of fruit pulp was the minimum. Pulp would reach its maximum stress when cutting through the litchi, and because of its low strength, the breakage was prone to occur. The stress of fruit stone was large in the initial stage, and big fruit stone was easily led to the breakage for its overlarge stress. In pitting process, the deformation and slippage of litchi would take place with fixture clamping and tool pitting, so this is a complex dynamic deformation process. This study is urgent to make more comprehensive and systematic researches.
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Xie, Jiaxing, Xiaowei Zhang, Zeqian Liu, Fei Liao, Weixing Wang, and Jun Li. "Detection of Litchi Leaf Diseases and Insect Pests Based on Improved FCOS." Agronomy 13, no. 5 (May 7, 2023): 1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051314.
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Litchi leaf diseases and pests can lead to issues such as a decreased Litchi yield, reduced fruit quality, and decreased farmer income. In this study, we aimed to explore a real-time and accurate method for identifying Litchi leaf diseases and pests. We selected three different orchards for field investigation and identified five common Litchi leaf diseases and pests (Litchi leaf mite, Litchi sooty mold, Litchi anthracnose, Mayetiola sp., and Litchi algal spot) as our research objects. Finally, we proposed an improved fully convolutional one-stage object detection (FCOS) network for Litchi leaf disease and pest detection, called FCOS for Litch (FCOS-FL). The proposed method employs G-GhostNet-3.2 as the backbone network to achieve a model that is lightweight. The central moment pooling attention (CMPA) mechanism is introduced to enhance the features of Litchi leaf diseases and pests. In addition, the center sampling and center loss of the model are improved by utilizing the width and height information of the real target, which effectively improves the model’s generalization performance. We propose an improved localization loss function to enhance the localization accuracy of the model in object detection. According to the characteristics of Litchi small target diseases and pests, the network structure was redesigned to improve the detection effect of small targets. FCOS-FL has a detection accuracy of 91.3% (intersection over union (IoU) = 0.5) in the images of five types of Litchi leaf diseases and pests, a detection rate of 62.0/ms, and a model parameter size of 17.65 M. Among them, the detection accuracy of Mayetiola sp. and Litchi algal spot, which are difficult to detect, reached 93.2% and 92%, respectively. The FCOS-FL model can rapidly and accurately detect five common diseases and pests in Litchi leaf. The research outcome is suitable for deployment on embedded devices with limited resources such as mobile terminals, and can contribute to achieving real-time and precise identification of Litchi leaf diseases and pests, providing technical support for Litchi leaf diseases’ and pests’ prevention and control.
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Xie, Jiaxing, Jiajun Peng, Jiaxin Wang, Binhan Chen, Tingwei Jing, Daozong Sun, Peng Gao, et al. "Litchi Detection in a Complex Natural Environment Using the YOLOv5-Litchi Model." Agronomy 12, no. 12 (December 2, 2022): 3054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123054.
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Detecting litchis in a complex natural environment is important for yield estimation and provides reliable support to litchi-picking robots. This paper proposes an improved litchi detection model named YOLOv5-litchi for litchi detection in complex natural environments. First, we add a convolutional block attention module to each C3 module in the backbone of the network to enhance the ability of the network to extract important feature information. Second, we add a small-object detection layer to enable the model to locate smaller targets and enhance the detection performance of small targets. Third, the Mosaic-9 data augmentation in the network increases the diversity of datasets. Then, we accelerate the regression convergence process of the prediction box by replacing the target detection regression loss function with CIoU. Finally, we add weighted-boxes fusion to bring the prediction boxes closer to the target and reduce the missed detection. An experiment is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the improvement. The results of the study show that the mAP and recall of the YOLOv5-litchi model were improved by 12.9% and 15%, respectively, in comparison with those of the unimproved YOLOv5 network. The inference speed of the YOLOv5-litchi model to detect each picture is 25 ms, which is much better than that of Faster-RCNN and YOLOv4. Compared with the unimproved YOLOv5 network, the mAP of the YOLOv5-litchi model increased by 17.4% in the large visual scenes. The performance of the YOLOv5-litchi model for litchi detection is the best in five models. Therefore, YOLOv5-litchi achieved a good balance between speed, model size, and accuracy, which can meet the needs of litchi detection in agriculture and provides technical support for the yield estimation and litchi-picking robots.
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Wu, Yinggu, Xinyu Li, Li Dong, Tong Liu, Zhengbin Tang, Runmao Lin, Justice Norvienyeku, and Mengyu Xing. "A New Insight into 6-Pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one against Peronophythora litchii via TOR Pathway." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 8 (August 21, 2023): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9080863.
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The litchi downy blight disease of litchi caused by Peronophythora litchii accounts for severe losses in the field and during storage. While ample quantitative studies have shown that 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6PP) possesses antifungal activities against multiple plant pathogenic fungi, the regulatory mechanisms of 6PP-mediated inhibition of fungal pathogenesis and growth are still unknown. Here, we investigated the potential molecular targets of 6PP in the phytopathogenic oomycetes P. litchii through integrated deployment of RNA-sequencing, functional genetics, and biochemical techniques to investigate the regulatory effects of 6PP against P. litchii. Previously we demonstrated that 6PP exerted significant oomyticidal activities. Also, comparative transcriptomic evaluation of P. litchii strains treated with 6PP Revealed significant up-regulations in the expression profile of TOR pathway-related genes, including PlCytochrome C and the transcription factors PlYY1. We also noticed that 6PP treatment down-regulated putative negative regulatory genes of the TOR pathway, including PlSpm1 and PlrhoH12 in P. litchii. Protein-ligand binding analyses revealed stable affinities between PlYY1, PlCytochrome C, PlSpm1, PlrhoH12 proteins, and the 6PP ligand. Phenotypic characterization of PlYY1 targeted gene deletion strains generated in this study using CRISPR/Cas9 and homologous recombination strategies significantly reduced the vegetative growth, sporangium, encystment, zoospore release, and pathogenicity of P. litchii. These findings suggest that 6PP-mediated activation of PlYY1 expression positively regulates TOR-related responses and significantly influences vegetative growth and the virulence of P. litchii. The current investigations revealed novel targets for 6PP and underscored the potential of deploying 6PP in developing management strategies for controlling the litchi downy blight pathogen.
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Yang, Baomei, Guoliang Li, Shaohai Yang, Zhaohuan He, Changmin Zhou, and Lixian Yao. "Effect of Application Ratio of Potassium over Nitrogen on Litchi Fruit Yield, Quality, and Storability." HortScience 50, no. 6 (June 2015): 916–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.6.916.
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Soils of litchi orchards in China are commonly deficient in nitrogen and potassium. The cultivar Feizixiao litchis planted in a typical acidic upland orchard, which is low in nitrogen and potassium, were used as a subject in field experiments with different ratios of potassium to nitrogen (K2O:N = 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4). Field experiments were conducted from 2009 to 2012. The effects of K2O:N ratio on the yield, quality, and storability of litchi were investigated and discussed. Results indicated that with the increase of K2O:N ratio, fruit yield initially increased and then decreased, and litchi had the highest yield when K2O:N was 1.2. When K and N fertilizers were applied at the ratio of 1.2, litchi had a better fruit quality with higher vitamin C content, soluble sugar, and soluble solid. With the increase of K2O:N ratio, healthy fruit rate initially increased and then decreased. This rate reached the maximum value when K2O:N was 1.2. Meanwhile, fruit-rotting rate, peel-browning index, cell membrane permeability, and peroxidase (POD) activity decreased at first and then increased and reached the minimum value when the K2O:N ratio was 1.2. Therefore, litchi fruit had the highest yield, better quality, and best storage property when K2O:N was 1.2. Thus, this ratio is recommended for the main litchi production areas in China.
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Ye, Shiming, Dong Zhang, Brenal Singh, Jaishree Bankoti, Diane Cohen, Siusze Tan, Donghee Choi, et al. "Abstract 741: Distinct functional effects of ILT family members in mediating the activity of an ILT2/ILT4/ILT5 cross-reactive monoclonal antibody in releasing the suppression on innate and adaptive anti-tumor immunity." Cancer Research 84, no. 6_Supplement (March 22, 2024): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2024-741.
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Abstract The expression of ILT (LILRB) family members and their major ligand HLA-G within solid tumors are associated with immune suppression and poor patient survival. Blocking multiple ILT family members might be more potent than targeting individual members by overcoming compensatory resistances within tumor microenvironment. Based on this hypothesis, we developed a monoclonal antibody (mAb) LITCHI 7 which reacts to three major ILT family members, ILT2, ILT4 and ILT5, and blocks ligand binding to these receptors. LITCHI 7 exhibits a broad binding capability to a wide range of human myeloid and T cell subsets that express ILT2, ILT4, and/or ILT5. Binding to monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC), LITCHI 7 released the inhibition on activating Fcγ receptor. On LPS-treated macrophages, LITCHI 7 enhanced inflammatory macrophage differentiation. The effect is primarily mediated by blocking ILT4 since ILT4 mono-specific mAb is as potent as cross-reactive LITHI 7 in modulating myeloid differentiation although both ILT2 and ILT5 are highly expressed by different myeloid subsets. The result was further confirmed by CRISPR Cas9 knock down of ILT2 or ILT5. In the absence of either ILT2 or ILT5, the accumulation of CD14+ monocytes and inflammatory macrophages were not changed during differentiation. While different ILT family members are generally enriched on myeloid cells, ILT2 is also expressed on NK cells and effector memory CD45RA+ T cells (Temra). Blocking ILT2 by LITCHI 7 enhanced TCR signaling when co-culturing the MART-1 specific T cell reporter line with MART-1/HLA-G positive melanoma cells. The effect of LITCHI 7 is mediated by ILT2 blockade since knocking out ILT2, but not ILT4 and ILT5, reduced accumulation of Temra in activated PBMC. To assess whether immune modulation of LITCHI 7 can be translated into anti-tumor activity by blocking different ILT family members, tumor killing assays were performed using innate and adaptive immune effector cells. LITCHI7 enhanced NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity on HLA-G+ tumor cells by blocking ILT2. Both ILT2 and ILT4 blockade play a role in macrophage phagocytosis on lymphoma cells since LITCHI 7 as well as individual anti-ILT2 or ILT-4 mAbs increased macrophage phagocytosis to a similar level. Finally, LITCHI 7 could boost in vitro T cell-mediated killing of CD19+ lymphoma by CD19 specific CAR-T cells in the presence of CD33+ myeloid cells. In summary, LITCHI 7 can enhance both innate and adaptive anti-tumor immunity through ILT2 or ILT4 blockade directly on effector cells or indirectly through myeloid cell reprogramming. As clinical trials are ongoing by targeting ILT2 and ILT4, blocking multiple ILT family members through a single cross-reactive mAb may provide broad anti-tumor effects and advantages when combining with additional oncology treatments. Citation Format: Shiming Ye, Dong Zhang, Brenal Singh, Jaishree Bankoti, Diane Cohen, Siusze Tan, Donghee Choi, Jonathan Hickson, Min-Zu Wu, Urvi Kolhatkar, Mikhail Binnewies, Wei Jin, Jason Hall, John Engelhardt, Alexander Shoemaker. Distinct functional effects of ILT family members in mediating the activity of an ILT2/ILT4/ILT5 cross-reactive monoclonal antibody in releasing the suppression on innate and adaptive anti-tumor immunity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 741.
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Awasthi, Prakash, Dipesh Joshi, Gopi Chataut, Sujan Bogati, and Riya Bhandari. "BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES DUE TO STORABLE PACKING MATERIALS IN LITCHI (Litchi chinensis Sonn) FRUIT." Reviews In Food and Agriculture 3, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/rfna.02.2022.80.86.
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Litchi is a delicate, delectable summer boon that is juicy, flavorful, and appealing, with vibrant red color and a high mineral and vitamin content. India and China produce around 91 percent of the world’s litchi, and while production in Nepal is also impressive, it is primarily sold locally. Due to its highly perishable nature, transporting the fruit to distant markets has remained a challenge despite its widespread popularity and demand in domestic and international markets. Postharvest interventions are thus required to maintain litchi fruit quality for a longer period. Packaging is one of these interventions, as it has a direct impact on transpiration losses and respiratory metabolism in litchi fruit. Containment, protection, convenience, and communication are all significant functions of packaging. Previously, gunny bags, bamboo baskets, and hardwood boxes were used for packaging, but corrugated fibreboard (CFB) boxes are increasingly replacing them due to their versatility. Litchi fruit quality preservation could be improved by using modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) in conjunction with postharvest treatments. Litchi’s packaging innovation will necessitate a thorough evaluation of all elements that contribute to fruit deterioration and waste formation.
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Giannattasio, M., M. Serafini, P. Guarrera, C. Cannistraci, A. Cristaudo, and B. Santucci. "Contact urticaria from litchi fruit (Litchi chinensisSonn.)." Contact Dermatitis 33, no. 1 (July 1995): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1995.tb00465.x.
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DE GIOSA, MARCELLO, LIVIA M. S. ATAIDE, RONALD OCHOA, ENRICO DE LILLO, DANIEL CARRILLO, and ALEXANDRA M. REVYNTHI. "Spit it out: extraction of saliva from the lychee erinose mite (Aceria litchi (Keifer) Acari: Eriophyidae)." Zoosymposia 22 (November 30, 2022): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.22.1.47.
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The Lychee Erinose Mite (LEM) (Aceria litchii (Keifer)) is a gall-making eriophyid that feeds exclusively on lychee trees (Litchi chinensis Sonnerat), inducing the development of open leaf galls called erinea. Erinea are structures formed of hypertrophic leaf trichomes where LEM seeks refuge, feeds and reproduces.
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Li, Hui, Diejun Huang, Qiuzhuo Ma, Wene Qi, and Hua Li. "Factors Influencing the Technology Adoption Behaviours of Litchi Farmers in China." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010271.
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Litchi is a traditional tree crop grown in Southern China. Sustainable development of the litchi industry is reliant on technology adoption by farmers. The top grafting technique allows for the introduction of new, quality litchi varieties. The fact that these new varieties ripen earlier or later than the traditional ones helps stabilize litchi prices. Selling new litchi varieties can increase farmers’ incomes through higher prices of quality varieties and stabilizing prices by staggering the harvest periods. However, the rate of adoption of top grafting among farmers is low, and up till now, more than half of the litchi trees in China are still traditional litchi varieties. This study explores the factors that influence top grafting adoption by litchi farmers. Using primary data gathered by the China Agriculture Research System of Litchi and Longan (CARSLL) from 567 litchi farming households, a binary logit choice model is employed to determine the factors that influence adoption of litchi top grafting among litchi farmers. The results show that farmers owning larger litchi orchards are more likely to adopt top grafting compared to ones owning smaller orchards. Litchi information accumulation, including experience and training, significantly influences farmers’ technology adoption levels. Moreover, a positive attitude toward technology also significantly influences technology adoption behaviours.
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Janjai, S., M. Precoppe, N. Lamlert, B. Mahayothee, B. K. Bala, M. Nagle, and J. Müller. "Thin-layer drying of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)." Food and Bioproducts Processing 89, no. 3 (July 2011): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2010.05.002.
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Chang, J., and L. Tang. "Manipulating female flower intensity in ‘Yu Her Pau’ Litchi by delayed winter pruning." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 18, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v18i1.2156.
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'Yu Her Pau’ litchi (Litchi chinensis) has excellent fruit quality. However, its production on Taiwan is limited by low productivity despite being regarded as a high-quality fruit. It is known that litchi’s leaves play a critical role in floral induction under low temperature. Thus, we hypothesized that the flower intensity in spring could be manipulated by altering the leaf quality in winter, thereby increasing crop load. In this pilot study, ‘Yu Her Pau’ trees were pruned in mid-December [early pruning (EP)], one of the common cultural practices carried out by growers in the region, as control or mid-January [late pruning (LP)]. This resulted in 50% and 100% canopy foliage for EP and LP trees, respectively, between mid-December and mid-January. At the peak blooming time in March, LP trees produced significantly more female flowers than EP trees (95.8 and 56.1/panicle, respectively) with no negative effects on initial fruit set number, fruitlet abscission, or fruit quality at harvest. Our results suggest additional mature leaves present on trees in mid-December onward may benefit litchi flower formation without affecting fruit retention. Thus, preserving leaves with delayed pruning might potentially mitigate the negative impacts of warmer winters due to climate change on litchi flowering.
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Lin, Xiaojie, Yongsheng Lin, Zhengping Liao, Xianqian Niu, Yingxiang Wu, Dandan Shao, Bingrong Shen, et al. "Preservation of Litchi Fruit with Nanosilver Composite Particles (Ag-NP) and Resistance against Peronophythora litchi." Foods 11, no. 19 (September 20, 2022): 2934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11192934.
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Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is susceptible to infection by Peronophythora litchi post storage, which rapidly decreases the sensory and nutritional quality of the fruit. In this study, the effects of nanosilver (Ag-NP) solution treatment on the shelf life of litchi fruit and the inhibition of P. litchi were examined, and the underlying mechanisms were discussed. For investigations, we used one variety of litchi (‘Feizixiao’), dipping it in different concentrations of Ag-NP solution after harvesting. Meanwhile, we treated P. litchi with different concentrations of Ag-NP solution. According to the data analysis, litchi treated with 400 μg/mL Ag-NPs and stored at 4 °C had the highest health rate and the lowest browning index among all the samples. In the same trend, treatment with 400 μg/mL Ag-NPs produced the best results for anthocyanin content, total soluble solids content, and titratable acidity content. Additionally, according to the results of the inhibition test, 800 μg/mL Ag-NP solution had a 94.97% inhibition rate against P. litchi. Within 2–10 h following exposure to 400 μg/mL Ag-NP solution, the contents of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase in P. litchi gradually increased and peaked, followed by a gradual decline. At this time, the integrity of the cell membrane of P. litchi could be broken by Ag-NP solution, and the sporangia showed deformed germ tubes and abnormal shapes. Taken together, these results suggested that Ag-NP treatment inhibited respiration and P. litchi activity, which might attenuate litchi pericarp browning and prolong the shelf life of litchi. Accordingly, Ag-NPs could be used as an effective antistaling agent in litchi fruit and as an ecofriendly fungicide for the post-harvest control of litchi downy blight. This study provides new insights into the application of Ag-NP as an antistaling agent for fruit storage and as an ecofriendly fungicide.
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Tang, Liwen, Jiali Xue, Xingyu Ren, Yue Zhang, Liqing Du, Feng Ding, Kaibing Zhou, and Wuqiang Ma. "Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of m6A Writers, Erasers, and Readers in Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)." Genes 13, no. 12 (December 4, 2022): 2284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13122284.
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N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification is the most prevalent type of RNA methylation and plays a pivotal role in the development of plants. However, knowledge of the m6A modification in litchi remains limited. In this study, a complete analysis of m6A writers, erasers, and readers in litchi was performed and 31 litchi m6A regulatory genes were identified in total, including 7 m6A writers, 12 m6A erases, and 12 readers. Phylogeny analysis showed that all three of the kinds of litchi m6A regulatory proteins could be divided into three groups; domains and motifs exhibited similar patterns in the same group. MiRNA target site prediction showed that 77 miRNA target sites were located in 25 (80.6%) litchi m6A regulatory genes. Cis-elements analysis exhibited that litchi m6A regulatory genes were mainly responsive to light and plant hormones, followed by environmental stress and plant development. Expression analysis revealed litchi m6A regulatory genes might play an important role during the peel coloration and fruit abscission of litchi. This study provided valuable and expectable information of litchi m6A regulatory genes and their potential epigenetic regulation mechanism in litchi.
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Suman, Swati, Manendra Kumar, and Braj Kishore Prasad Singh. "Field Efficacy of Insecticides against Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): A Major Pest of Litchi and its Management in Bihar, India." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 36, no. 4 (March 4, 2024): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2024/v36i44470.
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Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a subtropical fruit; family Sapindaceae. Litchi offers a good potentiality for its cultivation in Bihar both nutritionally and economically. India is the second largest global producer of litchi, next only to China. Litchi fruit borer (Conopomorpha sinensis Bradely, 1986 Lepidoptera: Gracillaridae), litchi mite, leaf cutting weevils, litchi looper, and leaf roller are major pests which attack litchi plant, during different seasons. They cause damage to the litchi plant throughout the year but their seasonal abundance not only damage the plant, but also the fruits. Among these pests, C. sinensis is the prominent one remaining active throughout the year but it’s the peak period was from July to November (as shoot borer) and from March to May (as fruit borer). 30-70% of the dropped. The results revealed that the lowest number of fruits infestation was recorded with Lambda Cyhalothrin 5 EC @ 0.003% followed by the treatment with Spinosad which gave better result 25 % infestation was. Therefore, an attempt has been made to study management options for litchi fruit and shoot borer C. sinensis by using new control measures.
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Da Silva, Guilherme Liberato, Tairis Da-Costa, Célia Siqueira Ferraz, Ângelo Pallini, and Noeli Juarez Ferla. "First description of iolinid mites (Acari: Tydeoidea) from Brazil." Systematic and Applied Acarology 22, no. 5 (May 11, 2017): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.22.5.8.
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The family Iolinidae is recorded from Brazil for the first time. Two new species: Pausia litchiae n. sp. and Pseudopronematulus nadirae n. sp. collected from leaves of Litchi chinensis Sonn. (Sapindaceae) at Viçosa County, Minas Gerais State are described and illustrated.
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Chen, Dandan, Yuxin Zhou, Dan Yang, Wei Zhou, Xiaoyang Chen, and Qing Zhang. "Exploring Lactobacillus plantarum on Fermentation Quality, Gas Emissions, and In Vitro Digestibility of Different Varieties of Litchi Leaves Silage." Fermentation 9, no. 7 (July 11, 2023): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9070651.
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To investigate the feasibility of developing litchi leaves as silage, we determined the fermentation quality of four varieties of litchi leaves (including “Wanpu”, “Wuyejiu”, “Tongzai” and “Zhuangyuanhong”) ensiled with or without Lactobacillus plantarum on day 3, 7, 14 and 30. The in vitro dry matter digestibility and gas production of litchi leaves silages were also determined after 30 days of ensiling. The results showed that Lactobacillus plantarum significantly reduced pH value (p < 0.01), inhibited coliform bacteria, and reduced the production of ammonia nitrogen (p < 0.01) in all the four kinds of litchi leaves silage. Moreover, Lactobacillus plantarum treated litchi leaves (“Wanpu” and “Zhuangyuanhong”) had lower yeasts than the untreated litchi leaves during ensiling. The number of molds in Lactobacillus plantarum treated groups (“Tongzai” and “Zhuangyuanhong”) was below the detected level after 30 days ensiling, which was lower than that of the untreated groups. The addition of Lactobacillus plantarum also contributed to improving IVDMD and markedly reduced (p < 0.01) gas production of all litchi leaves silages. Conclusions: Lactobacillus plantarum can improve the fermentation quality and in vitro digestion characteristics of litchi leaves silage. Developing litchi leaves as silage material is a feasible way to recycle litchi leaves.
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Ibnat, Anika, Mohammad Bashir Ahmed, Suruj Jaman, and Md Ruhul Amin. "Present Scenario and Problems of Litchi Cultivation in Meherpur District of Bangladesh." South Asian Journal of Agriculture 8, no. 1-2 (April 23, 2022): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/saja.v8i1-2.59264.
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Litchi is a popular summer fruit in Bangladesh and the production of litchi is increasing day by day. However, the production procedure of litchi is not a problem free venture. The Meherpur district of Bangladesh is a suitable place for commercial cultivation of litchi. Thus, the present study was conducted to determine the status of litchi cultivation and to identify the problems confronted by the litchi growers of Meherpur Sadar and Mujibnagar upazila of Meherpur district, Bangladesh. Data were collected through a pre-tested interview schedule from 60 respondents selected by accidental sampling during May to June, 2019. Majority of the respondents (58.3%) belong to early initiation category of litchi cultivation (during 1996 to 2012) with early (3-5 years) fruit collection (51.7%). Most of the respondents (80.0%) allotted small area (up to 0.5 ha) of land for litchi cultivation; and 41.7% used low extent for litchi cultivation i.e., 40% of the potential area; and all the respondents belonged to continuous adoption category. Most of the respondents (80.0%) cultivate Bombai variety and 73.3% had moderate number (86-135) of plants in their orchard; and about one-third of the respondents (30.0%) maintain a spacing of 4.65m×6.20m in their litchi orchard. Two-fifth (40.0%) of the respondents harvested a moderate yield (1,00,001-2,00,000 fruits ha-1), however, most of the respondents (81.67%) argued that they get low price (up to 1,25,000 BDT ha-1) from their litchi orchards . Majority of the respondents (68.33%) reported that litchi fruit and shoot borer infest their orchard while the orchards of 45% respondents were infested by fruit rot disease. Majority of the respondents (68.3%) confronted medium extent of problems followed by low (18.3%) and high (13.4%) extent of problems. The most severe problems were lack of training on litchi cultivation and low shelf life of litchi as reported by all (100%) of the respondents. Among eleven selected socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents’ only farm size, annual income, cosmopolitanism and knowledge on litchi cultivation showed significant negative relationship with their problem confrontation. It might be concluded that proper, adequate and timely extension activities would minimize the extent of problems in litchi cultivation to ensure sustained higher yield in Bangladesh. South Asian J. Agric., 8(1&2): 20-28
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Wang, Jingrui, Gangqiang Zhou, Weixiong Huang, Wen Li, Dinan Feng, Liuchen Liu, Pinggen Xi, Zide Jiang, and Guanghui Kong. "Autophagy-Related Gene PlATG6a Is Involved in Mycelial Growth, Asexual Reproduction and Tolerance to Salt and Oxidative Stresses in Peronophythora litchii." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (February 6, 2022): 1839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031839.
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Autophagy is ubiquitously present in eukaryotes. During this process, intracellular proteins and some waste organelles are transported into lysosomes or vacuoles for degradation, which can be reused by the cell to guarantee normal cellular metabolism. However, the function of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins in oomycetes is rarely known. In this study, we identified an autophagy-related gene, PlATG6a, encoding a 514-amino-acid protein in Peronophythora litchii, which is the most destructive pathogen of litchi. The transcriptional level of PlATG6a was relatively higher in mycelium, sporangia, zoospores and cysts. We generated PlATG6a knockout mutants using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The P. litchii Δplatg6a mutants were significantly impaired in autophagy and vegetative growth. We further found that the Δplatg6a mutants displayed decreased branches of sporangiophore, leading to impaired sporangium production. PlATG6a is also involved in resistance to oxidative and salt stresses, but not in sexual reproduction. The transcription of peroxidase-encoding genes was down-regulated in Δplatg6a mutants, which is likely responsible for hypersensitivity to oxidative stress. Compared with the wild-type strain, the Δplatg6a mutants showed reduced virulence when inoculated on the litchi leaves using mycelia plugs. Overall, these results suggest a critical role for PlATG6a in autophagy, vegetative growth, sporangium production, sporangiophore development, zoospore release, pathogenesis and tolerance to salt and oxidative stresses in P. litchii.
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Akter, Rumana, M. Serajul Islam, and Golam Rabbani. "Financial Analysis of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Production in Dinajpur District of Bangladesh." Agriculturists 14, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v14i2.31344.
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The present study was conducted in 2015 to examine the profitability of litchi orchard production at Dinajpur sadar upzila in Dinajpur district where litchi orchards are generally leases out for 1 to 6 years by the owners known as Deed. In total 312 litchi orchard trees of which 254 were Bombai, 40 Madrazi, 20 China-3, 2 China-2 and 3 were Bedana, were selected to estimate the BCR, NVP and IRR of litchi production. The litchi trees were 18 to 22 years old. Project appraisal techniques and sensitivity analysis was done by using primary data to determine cost and benefits from litchi production. The study revealed that individuals investment on litchi production is profitable. The study also found that in producing litchi Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) were 1.93, Tk. 1643896 and Tk. 1230, respectively. Sensitivity analysis suggested that the investment in litchi production is profitable even for 10% increase in operating and maintenance cost or 10% decrease in gross benefit.The Agriculturists 2016; 14(2) 32-37
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Li, Yingtang. "Collaborative decision-making on preservation cost control of litchi supply chain in Zhangzhou." Value, Function, Cost 1, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54517/vfc.v1i1.1605.
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<p>Litchi is a kind of fruit with high demand for freshness, and the freshness of litchi is lost very quickly. There is no cooperative decision -making mechanism for litchi supply chain in Zhangzhou<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">,</span> and the members of the supply chain make decisions independently in most cases. The members of the supply chain make decisions based on their own interests, so that the freshness of litchi cannot be well controlled, and the overall benefit of litchi supply chain cannot be maximized. On the basis of analyzing the supply chain structure and the preservation cost of litchi supply chain in Zhangzhou, this paper demonstrates the necessity of collaborative decision-making on preservation cost control of litchi supply chain in Zhangzhou through an example, and put forward to implement the collaborative decision-making on preservation cost control of litchi supply chain in Zhangzhou by constructing the collaborative decision-making platform of litchi supply chain in Zhangzhou.</p>
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Holcroft, Deirdre M., and Elizabeth J. Mitcham. "Postharvest physiology and handling of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)." Postharvest Biology and Technology 9, no. 3 (December 1996): 265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-5214(96)00037-3.
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Guo, Wang, Li Huanling, Wang Shujun, Sun Jinhua, Zhang Xinchun, and Wang Jiabao. "In vitro regeneration of Feizixiao litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)." African Journal of Biotechnology 15, no. 22 (June 1, 2016): 1026–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb2015.15175.
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Menzel, C. M., G. F. Haydon, and D. R. Simpson. "Mineral nutrient reserves in bearing litchi trees(Litchi chinensisSonn.)." Journal of Horticultural Science 67, no. 2 (January 1992): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221589.1992.11516232.
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Fröhlich, O., and P. Schreier. "Additional neutral volatiles from litchi (Litchi chinensis sonn.) fruit." Flavour and Fragrance Journal 1, no. 4-5 (September 1986): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.2730010404.
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MALHOTRA, S. K., SANJAY KUMAR SINGH, and VISHAL NATH. "Physiology of flowering in litchi (Litchi chinensis): A review." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, no. 9 (September 25, 2018): 1319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i9.83329.
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Lychee or litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is most popular fruit of South-East Asia, produces leaf flushes, flowers and fruits on terminals of new growth. The reproductive phase is associated with the ability to alternate between the production of vegetative and reproductive buds. The stress factors like water stress, cold winter are the triggering factors to induce dormancy which promotes flowering. The trees must experience one flush of vegetative growth during summer immediately after harvest and require a minimum number of three flushes for adequate fruit production. The flushes maturing earliest (before the winter period) produce floral shoots, while trees flushes maturing quite late produce vegetative shoots. The stem must take rest for 4 to 6 weeks prior to winter-spring flush for panicle formation in same flush. High leaf N is conducive for frequent flushes of vegetative growth and concentration less than 1.70 percent discourages initiation of vegetative flushes in the fall period. The vegetative flushing just prior to floral induction results in poor or no initiation and often vegetative shoots. The transition from vegetative to floral development is the consequence of changes in the physical and genetical expression in the shoot apex (with high cytokinin concentration). One month before flower bud formation, abscisic acid increases markedly and total cytokinin content increased in the xylem sap reaching maximum during flower bud formation and full bloom. The chlorophyll concentration dependent photosynthesis rate of lychee leaves on younger flushes and adjacent to fruit, is greater than that on shaded older flushes. The available total non structural carbohydrates or starch is found to be accumulated before flower initiation and leaf flushing. Girdling (generally done when post harvest flushes are matured) and spray of paclobutrazol (PBZ) and/or KNO3 induced flowering in China litchi.
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Xiang, He Ping, Yan Chen, Wei Liang Cai, and Xiang Jun Zou. "Research on Stem Characteristics of Litchi and End-Effector of Litchi Picking Robot." Applied Mechanics and Materials 148-149 (December 2011): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.148-149.422.
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In order to design a robot end-effector for picking the litchi, at first, the clamping and cutting characteristics of the litchi stem were measured. Based on the biological characteristics and cultivation growth pattern of litchi, the characteristic of litchi picking mechanism was analyzed, and the relationship between the moving mechanism and cutting mechanism was established. At last, a new type of end-effector for picking the litchi, which consisted of clamping mechanism, moving mechanism and cutting mechanism, was developed. The experimental results showed that the end-effector can satisfy the clamping, moving and cutting requirements when picking the litchi.
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Wu, Min, Zhuo Yan Hu, and Ping Zheng. "Effect of Packaging Material on the Non-Enzymatic Browning of Litchi Juice." Applied Mechanics and Materials 312 (February 2013): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.312.337.
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A storage study of litchi juice packed in glass bottles and plastic pouches at 40°C to analyze effects of packaging material on ascorbic acid, browning and total phenol in litchi juice. The initial concentration of ascorbic acid in litchi juice was150.74mg/L and this was found to decrease by 30.56 and 26.12 mg/L after six weeks in glass bottles and plastic pouches. Dissolved oxygen concentration of litchi juice was decreased continuously in glass bottles and decreased fast first, then increased slowly in plastic pouches. Total phenol of litchi juice packed in glass bottles and plastic pouches decreased continuously. Litchi juice non-enzymatic browning attributed to ascorbic acid degradation, maillard reactions and polyphenol oxidation polymerization. The oxygen which permeated through plastic packaging material and dissolved in litchi juice promoted ascorbic acid degradation.
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Akter, R., M. Serajul Islam, and H. Jahan. "Profitability of litchi production in Dinajpur district of Bangladesh." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 13, no. 2 (July 20, 2016): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v13i2.28800.
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This paper examined the profitability of litchi production in Dinajpur district of Bangladesh. Both primary and secondary data were used to accomplish the study. The primary data were collected during production period of litchi from February to May, 2015 through direct interviews with litchi growers. In total 60 litchi growers were interviewed from four villages of Dinajpur district to collect the necessary information. Profitability analysis was employed for analyzing the data and testing the hypotheses of the study. The life cycle of litchi is divided into five parts; juvenile or non-bearing stage, early bearing stage, young bearing orchards, full bearing orchards and old declining orchard, respectively. Per acre production in a season of its full bearing stage was considered for this paper. The production of litchi largely depends on its age and weather during the four month of litchi production. The major findings of the present study revealed that per acre net return of litchi considering selected varieties was Tk. 171624 based on one production period (February to May) in its full bearing stages which means litchi production is a profitable enterprise.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 13(2): 283-289, December 2015
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Lakshmi, Raj, A. K. Singh, and Rohit Shelar. "Knowledge and Adoption of Good Management Practices Among Litchi Farmers in Muzaffarpur District of Bihar." Indian Journal of Extension Education 59, no. 4 (2023): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijee.2023.59426.
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Litchi is one of the nutritionally rich and economically significant fruit of Indian subcontinent. With the advent of Good Management Practices (GMPs), litchi farming technology has advanced drastically. The study was conducted in 2022 in the Muzaffarpur district of Bihar to assess the level of knowledge and adoption of GMPs among litchi farmers and their relationship with the socio-economic profile of litchi growers. The primary data were personally collected through a well-structured interview schedule from 120 respondents. Knowledge and adoption were determined, practicewise on 19 different parameters of GMPs. The highest number of litchi growers (77.50%) had a medium level of knowledge while 71.67 per cent had a medium adoption level of the recommended GMPs in litchi production. Variables viz., the area under litchi, cosmopolitness, farming experience, risk preference, innovativeness, and attitude towards GMPs were positively and significantly related to knowledge as well as adoption. Primary work and education were positively and significantly related to adoption. Dissemination of information about modern agricultural practices is necessary for the adoption of GMPs in litchi production.
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Frederick, Z. A., T. F. Cummings, C. R. Brown, R. A. Quick, and D. A. Johnson. "Evaluation of Solanum sisymbriifolium as a Potential Inoculum Source of Verticillium dahliae and Colletotrichum coccodes." Plant Disease 101, no. 7 (July 2017): 1300–1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-16-1077-re.
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Solanum sisymbriifolium, the litchi tomato, is a perennial herbaceous plant from South America that is used as a trap crop to reduce soilborne populations of the pale cyst nematode Globodera pallida, an important potato pathogen. Possible interactions of soilborne potato pathogens Verticillium dahliae and Colletotrichum coccodes with litchi tomato are unknown, yet important for potato production if litchi tomato is to be planted as a trap crop. The goal of this research was to quantitatively assess if litchi tomato is a potential inoculum source for C. coccodes and V. dahliae by comparing colony forming units (CFU) observed in litchi tomato to susceptible and resistant potato cultivars. The potato cvs. Alturas (P = 0.0003), Ranger Russet (P = 0.0193), and Russet Norkotah (P = 0.0022) produced more CFUs of the potato pathotype of V. dahliae than litchi tomato the first of two years of greenhouse trials. Significantly more CFUs of the potato pathotype of V. dahliae were quantified from stems and roots of only cv. Russet Norkotah compared with litchi tomato (P = 0.0001) in the second year. The CFUs for C. coccodes varied between litchi tomato and the potato cvs., perhaps due to varying levels of resistance since litchi tomato is from a selected intermated seed source. Based on these data, the effect of litchi tomato in rotation with potato is likely to have limited effect on the proliferation of V. dahliae or C. coccodes populations in the soil when compared with a susceptible potato cultivar.
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Schulte, M. J., K. Martin, and J. Sauerborn. "Efficacy of spiromesifen on Aceria litchii (Keifer) in relation to Cephaleuros virescens Kunze colonization on leaves of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)." Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 114, no. 3 (June 2007): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03356721.
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Liu, Zhuoyi, Minglei Zhao, and Jianguo Li. "Aroma Volatiles in Litchi Fruit: A Mini-Review." Horticulturae 8, no. 12 (December 8, 2022): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121166.
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Aroma is considered a fundamental component of fruit flavor. Variations in the composition and content of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contribute to noticeable differences in fruit aromas. Litchi is a delicious tropical and subtropical fruit, and a large number of germplasm resources with unique aromas have emerged during the past 2000 years of cultivation. In this review, our aim is to collect, compare, integrate, and summarize the available literature on the profiles of VOCs of 25 litchi cultivars. We showed that a total of 556 VOCs were reported from litchi fruit, and the aroma of litchi is mainly determined from the content and composition of monoterpenoids and alcohols, including linalool, geraniol, limonene, terpinolene, β-citronellol, p-cymene, nerol, α-terpineol, cis-rose oxide, β-myrcene, 4-terpineol, citral, and neral (cis-citral), which might contribute to the rose-like or citrus-like aroma of litchi fruit. Moreover, sulfur-containing volatile compounds (VSCs) possibly impart a special flavor to litchi fruit. This review would be a valuable resource for researchers aiming to improve litchi aroma quality by elucidating the possible mechanisms underlying VOC biosynthesis and their metabolism in litchi fruit.
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Xu, Ziqiang, Jiayun Wu, Xiangyang Jing, Faiza Shafique Khan, Yanzhao Chen, Zhe Chen, Hongna Zhang, and Yongzan Wei. "Genome-Wide Identification of Litchi SPL Gene Family and Expression Analysis in Pericarp Anthocyanin Biosynthesis." Horticulturae 10, no. 7 (July 18, 2024): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070762.
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During the ripening of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit, anthocyanin biosynthesis is crucial in providing vibrant coloring. Previous studies on anthocyanin-related transcription factors have made significant discoveries relating to plants. However, the role of the SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like (SPL) transcription factors in anthocyanin biosynthesis has rarely been studied in litchi. SPL genes are widely involved in the developmental mechanisms of plants. In this study, a total of 17 SPL genes have been identified from the litchi genome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes were divided into eight groups (Group I-VIII). Analysis of gene structure conserved domains, conserved motifs, and miR156 target prediction showed that LcSPLs were highly conserved during evolution. RNA-seq analysis of litchi revealed that six LcSPL genes have a role in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. Further, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) revealed LcSPL7’s role in anthocyanin synthesis and chlorophyll degradation in litchi fruit ripening. These findings collectively suggest that the LcSPL gene family plays an essential role in anthocyanin biosynthesis in litchi pericarp. In summary, comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of the SPL family expands our understanding of anthocyanin synthesis in litchi pericarp.
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Wang, Hongjun, Lizhong Dong, Hao Zhou, Lufeng Luo, Guichao Lin, Jinlong Wu, and Yunchao Tang. "YOLOv3-Litchi Detection Method of Densely Distributed Litchi in Large Vision Scenes." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (February 1, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8883015.
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Accurate and reliable fruit detection in the orchard environment is an important step for yield estimation and robotic harvesting. However, the existing detection methods often target large and relatively sparse fruits, but they cannot provide a good solution for small and densely distributed fruits. This paper proposes a YOLOv3-Litchi model based on YOLOv3 to detect densely distributed litchi fruits in large visual scenes. We adjusted the prediction scale and reduced the network layer to improve the detection ability of small and dense litchi fruits and ensure the detection speed. From flowering to 50 days after maturity, we collected a total of 266 images, including 16,000 fruits, and then used them to construct the litchi dataset. Then, the k-means++ algorithm is used to cluster the bounding boxes in the labeled data to determine the priori box size suitable for litchi detection. We trained an improved YOLOv3-Litchi model, tested its litchi detection performance, and compared YOLOv3-Litchi with YOLOv2, YOLOv3, and Faster R-CNN on the actual detection effect of litchi and used the F1 value and the average detection time as the assessed value. The test results show that the F1 of YOLOv3-Litchi is higher than that of YOLOv2 algorithm 0.1, higher than that of YOLOv3 algorithm 0.08, and higher than that of Faster R-CNN algorithm 0.05; the average detection time of YOLOv3-Litchi is 29.44 ms faster than that of YOLOv2 algorithm, 19.56 ms faster than that of YOLOv3 algorithm ms, and 607.06 ms faster than that of Faster R-CNN algorithm. And the detection speed of the improved model is faster. The proposed model remits optimal detection performance for small and dense fruits. The work presented here may provide a reference for further study on fruit-detection methods in natural environments.
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Qi, Xiaokang, Jingshi Dong, Yubin Lan, and Hang Zhu. "Method for Identifying Litchi Picking Position Based on YOLOv5 and PSPNet." Remote Sensing 14, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14092004.
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China has the largest output of litchi in the world. However, at present, litchi is mainly picked manually, fruit farmers have high labor intensity and low efficiency. This means the intelligent unmanned picking system has broad prospects. The precise location of the main stem picking point of litchi is very important for the path planning of an unmanned system. Some researchers have identified the fruit and branches of litchi; however, there is relatively little research on the location of the main stem picking point of litchi. So, this paper presents a new open-access workflow for detecting accurate picking locations on the main stems and presents data used in the case study. At the same time, this paper also compares several different network architectures for main stem detection and segmentation and selects YOLOv5 and PSPNet as the most promising models for main stem detection and segmentation tasks, respectively. The workflow combines deep learning and traditional image processing algorithms to calculate the accurate location information of litchi main stem picking points in the litchi image. This workflow takes YOLOv5 as the target detection model to detect the litchi main stem in the litchi image, then extracts the detected region of interest (ROI) of the litchi main stem, uses PSPNet semantic segmentation model to semantically segment the ROI image of the main stem, carries out image post-processing operation on the ROI image of the main stem after semantic segmentation, and obtains the pixel coordinates of picking points in the ROI image of the main stem. After coordinate conversion, the pixel coordinates of the main stem picking points of the original litchi image are obtained, and the picking points are drawn on the litchi image. At present, the workflow can obtain the accurate position information of the main stem picking point in the litchi image. The recall and precision of this method were 76.29% and 92.50%, respectively, which lays a foundation for the subsequent work of obtaining the three-dimensional coordinates of the main stem picking point according to the image depth information, even though we have not done this work in this paper.
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Anal, Ajit Kumar Dubedi, Vinod Kumar, and Ajit Varma. "Ecophysiology of Alternaria alternata Causing Diseases in Litchi (Litchi chinensis)." Erwerbs-Obstbau 63, no. 2 (March 22, 2021): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10341-021-00554-w.
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Raharjo, S. H. T., and R. E. Litz. "CLONAL REGENERATION OF LITCHI (LITCHI CHINENSIS SONN.) VIA SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 738 (March 2007): 487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.738.61.
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Mitra, S. K. "SUSTAINABLE LITCHI (LITCHI CHINENSIS SONN.) PRODUCTION IN WEST BENGAL, INDIA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 632 (February 2004): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2004.632.26.
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Lal, Narayan, and Nisha Sahu. "Screening of Litchi (Litchi Chinensis Sonn.) Genotypes Against Sun Burn." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 51, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v51i1.58818.
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Thirty genotypes were evaluated for incidence of sun burn and fruit cracking. Fourteen genotypes were affected by sun burn with maximum in genotype IC-0615602 (54.48%). Sixteen genotypes were free from sun burn which possessed maximum cuticle thickness ranging from 1.99 mm in IC-0615585 to 1.95 mm in IC-0615595 whereas susceptible genotypes possessed least thickness of cuticle. Tolerant genotypes possessed maximum fruit skin strength, number of leaflet per shoot, densely spaced leaflet, minimum length of rachis and petioles. Fruit Surface Temperature (FST) of susceptible genotypes was higher than that of tolerant genotypes. Fruits located in the south direction were highly affected to sun burn to the tune of 62.45 % whereas north direction showed least (43.46 %). Positively correlation of sun burn was found with FST (0.83), leaflet interval (0.69), petiole length (0.49) and negatively correlation with cuticle thickness (-0.69), spongy layer thickness (-0.79), fruit skin strength (-0.68) and total leaflet (-0.65). Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(1): 37-43, 2022 (March)
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Yao, Lixian, and Shihua Tu. "Excessive potassium fertilization intensifies fruit cracking in litchi (Litchi chinensis)." Current Horticulture 8, no. 2 (2020): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2455-7560.2020.00025.4.
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Martínez-Castellanos, Gustavo, Clara Pelayo-Zaldívar, Laura J. Pérez-Flores, Alberto López-Luna, Miquel Gimeno, Eduardo Bárzana, and Keiko Shirai. "Postharvest litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) quality preservation by Lactobacillus plantarum." Postharvest Biology and Technology 59, no. 2 (February 2011): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2010.09.005.
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