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Journal articles on the topic 'LISP (Computer program language)'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Chaplygin, А. А. "Using Metaprogramming Tools of the Common Lisp Language for the Development of Emulator Systems." Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: IT Management, Computer Science, Computer Engineering. Medical Equipment Engineering 13, no. 3 (January 27, 2024): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1536-2023-13-3-135-145.

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The purpose of research is to analyze and use metaprogramming in the Common Lisp language when designing and implementing emulators that simulate computer system hardware. The metaprogramming, the macro tools of the Common Lisp language and the use of macros for metaprogramming are considered.Methods. The Lisp language is characterized by its use of uniform S-expressions to represent data and programs. Thus, data can be part of a program and vice versa: a program can be data. Common Lisp macro tools allow you to directly modify the abstract syntax tree of a program, and thus it is possible to create new syntactic constructs to solve a given problem. When implementing emulator functions, macro tools of the Common Lisp language can be used to generate functions, where the common part of the functions is included in the macro, and the differences between the functions are specified in the parameters when calling the macros. Examples of this macros are: bit status register macros, generation of ariphmetic commands, comparation commands, memory commands. Using that you can significantly reduce the size of the program.Results. As a result of computer modeling, a simulator of the NES architecture (MOS 6502 processor) was developed and implemented in the conventional object-orientied C# programming language and in the Common Lisp metaprogramming language. As a result, the simulator written in a language with metaprogramming support turned out to be more than 2 times smaller than the simulator written in C#.Conclusion. The use of metaprogramming (using the example of creating emulators) can significantly reduce the size of a program, simplify and improve the program architecture, reduce the number of errors and improve the quality of programs. The use of domain specific languages lets reduce code size even more.

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Leitão, António. "From Lisp S-expressions to Java source code." Computer Science and Information Systems 5, no. 2 (2008): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis0802019l.

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The syntax of Lisp languages is based on S-expressions, an extremely simple form of structured data representation that is nevertheless fundamental to the development of Lisp syntactic extensions. By adopting a more conventional syntax, the Java language placed itself in a difficult position in regard to user-defined syntax extensions. In spite of the many efforts to provide mechanisms for such extensions, they continue to be more difficult to use than S-expression- based ones. In this paper, we will describe the use of the S-expression syntax in a Java code generation environment. By providing an S-expression based program representation for Java source code, we are able to reuse and extend Lisp macro-expansion techniques to significantly simplify the construction of Java programs. .

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Soloway, Elliot. "From Problems to Programs via Plans: The Content and Structure of Knowledge for Introductory LISP Programming." Journal of Educational Computing Research 1, no. 2 (May 1985): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/wk8c-bycf-vq5c-e307.

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Typically, when a programming language is taught, the syntax and the semantics of the language are emphasized. In contrast, we report here on an organization of information for teaching LISP which puts primary emphasis on the structure of and relationships between: a problem, a program, and, an intermediate abstraction, a plan. This organization is based on an analysis of the underlying structure of ostensibly different problems and their program solutions. We present qualitative observations on the use of this organization gleaned from actual classroom teaching. Finally, we attempt to generalize these notions to other problem domains and to other programming languages.

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Gupta, Rajiv. "Research Paper on Artificial Intelligence." International Journal of Engineering and Computer Science 12, no. 02 (February 18, 2023): 25654–0656. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijecs/v12i02.4720.

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This branch of computer science is concerned with making computers behave like humans. Artificial intelligence includes game playing, expert systems, neural networks, natural language, and robotics. Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence (that is, are able to simulate human behavior). The greatest advances have occurred in the field of games playing. The best computer chess programs are now capable of beating humans. Today, the hottest area of artificial intelligence is neural networks, which are proving successful in a number of disciplines such as voice recognition and natural-language processing. There are several programming languages that are known as AI languages because they are used almost exclusively for AI applications. The two most common are LISP and Prolog. Artificial intelligence is working a lot in decreasing human effort but with less growth.

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Hamed, Najat. "An Automatic Drawing Spur Gears Based on AutoCAD Program." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 28, no. 1 (June 5, 2021): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.28.1.07.

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In this research, a computer-aided drawing system of spur gear was developed. An auto LISP programming language embedded within the AutoCAD design package was used to develop a new program to create a 3D model of a spur gear in two main stages. In the first stage, the developed program of spur gear allows automatic 2D spur gear drawing generation using the technique that depends on the half tooth thickness at the pitch diameter. In the second stage, inner profiles of a 2D spur gear views are used to create a 3D model of a spur gear. The developed program helpful for the user in drawing the spur gear modelling, due to less work and time to be spent when compared with the conventional approach, and it also improves a high degree of accuracy of spur gear modelling. The spur gear resulting from the prepared gear drawing system can also work with other popular CAD software.

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Li, Xian Zhi, Xin Zhou, Li Juan Wang, and Chun Shan Liu. "Study on Parametric Drawing of Planetary Gear Transmission." Advanced Materials Research 308-310 (August 2011): 2215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.308-310.2215.

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In the planetary gear transmission design, the structure and shape of some major parts are often the same or similar, tedious and duplicate drawing may reduce the drawing efficiency. This paper studies redevelopment technology by using Visual Lisp language in AutoCAD platform, and compiles drawing programs to realize parametric drawing. The new graph can be generated automatically by a computer by modifying simply a few parameters in the drawing process.

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Lane, C. D., Joan Walton, and E. H. Shortliffe. "Graphical Access to Medical Expert Systems: II. Design of an Interface for Physicians." Methods of Information in Medicine 25, no. 03 (July 1986): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1635464.

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SummaryThe ONCOCIN Interviewer program provides a graphical interface between physicians and an expert system that is designed to assist with therapy selection for patients receiving experimental cancer therapy. A principal goal has been to increase acceptance of advanced computer tools in a clinical setting. The interface has been developed for high-performance Lisp workstations and is tailored to the existing paper forms and practices of the outpatient clinic. To be flexible, the program makes use of a document formatting language to control a raster graphics display of medical forms, traditional paper versions of which have been used to track patient progress. The program utilizes a mouse input device coupled with a software-defined data entry approach that may be customized to the specific environment. The work described suggests ways in which high density graphics interfaces, with pointing devices rather than an emphasis on keyboards, may make decision support tools more useful to physicians and more acceptable to them.

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Zhang, Zhi Ping, Han Wu Liu, and Xiao Xia Li. "Study on the Intelligent Design System of Square Tube Aluminum Profile Extrusion Processes Based on VB." Advanced Materials Research 549 (July 2012): 884–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.549.884.

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According to the similar characteristics of structure, geometry and constraints conditions in the same type of extrusion process, the intelligent design system of a square tube aluminum profile extrusion forming process was established in this paper based on the VB programming language, with using parametric programming language APDL provides by ANSYS software. The parameterized optimization design plan of pre-treatment and post-processing of ANSYS analysis during a square tube aluminum extrusion forming process was achieved, and the program of a three-dimensional model of the extrusion die under Visual Lisp environment was also programmed. The human-computer interaction intelligent design system which combined with pre-processing of semi-finished product, finite element analysis of extrusion die strength, extrusion die temperature field analysis, structural optimization of the die was realized. The research results show that the system can provide program decision-making, structural design, performance analysis and graphics treatment for the actual extrusion productions of square tube aluminum extrusion process, which reduced the design time of the technical staff, and saved design cost.

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Bossard, Antoine. "The SOF Programming Paradigm." International Journal of Software Innovation 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsi.309965.

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Out of the four main programming paradigms, it is widely considered that functional programming is the most promising. The programming languages that implement the functional paradigm generally do so either in a pure manner, such as Haskell, or by providing a multi-paradigm programming solution, such as most Lisp dialects, in order to allow side effects, which are proscribed under the former (pure) model. Nevertheless, tracking the execution steps of such a functional program remains challenging for the programmer. In this paper, the author addresses this issue by proposing a novel programming paradigm that combines the imperative programming approach based on a sequence of instructions with the pure function approach of functional programming, the objective being to retain the advantages of both strategies. This proposal is named “sequence of functions” (SOF), and its applicability and novelty are shown hereinafter throughout various examples and experiments.

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Kourtz, Peter. "Artificial intelligence: a new tool for forest management." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 428–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-060.

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Articicial intelligence is a new science that deals with the representation, automatic acquisition, and use of knowledge. Artificial intelligence programs attempt to emulate human thought processes such as deduction, inference, language, and visual recognition. The goal of artificial intelligence is to make computers more useful for reasoning, planning, acting, and communicating with humans. Development of artificial intelligence applications involves the integration of advanced computer science, psychology, and sometimes robotics. Of the subfields that artificial intelligence can be broken into, the one of most immediate interest to forest management is expert systems. Expert systems involve encoding knowledge usually derived from an expert in a narrow subject area and using this knowledge to mimic his decision making. The knowledge is represented usually in the form of facts and rules, involving symbols such as English words. At the core of these systems is a mechanism that automatically searches for and pieces together the facts and rules necessary to solve a specific problem. Small expert systems can be developed on common microcomputers using existing low-cost commercial expert shells. Shells are general expert systems empty of knowledge. The user merely defines the solution structure and adds the desired knowledge. Larger systems usually require integration with existing forestry data bases and models. Their development requires either the relatively expensive expert system development tool kits or the use of one of the artificial intelligence development languages such as lisp or PROLOG. Large systems are expensive to develop, require a high degree of skill in knowledge engineering and computer science, and can require years of testing and modification before they become operational. Expert systems have a major role in all aspects of Canadian forestry. They can be used in conjunction with conventional process models to add currently lacking expert knowledge or as pure knowledge-based systems to solve problems never before tackled. They can preserve and accumulate forestry knowledge by encoding it. Expert systems allow us to package our forestry knowlege into a transportable and saleable product. They are a means to ensure consistent application of policies and operational procedures. There is a sense of urgency associated with the integration of artificial intelligence tools into Canadian forestry. Canada must awaken to the potential of this technology. Such systems are essential to improve industrial efficiency. A possible spin-off will be a resource knowledge business that can market our forestry knowledge worldwide. If we act decisively, we can easily compete with other countries such as Japan to fill this niche. A consortium of resource companies, provincial resource agencies, universities, and federal government laboratories is required to advance this goal.

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HUET, GÉRARD. "Special issue on ‘Logical frameworks and metalanguages’." Journal of Functional Programming 13, no. 2 (March 2003): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796802004549.

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There is both a great unity and a great diversity in presentations of logic. The diversity is staggering indeed – propositional logic, first-order logic, higher-order logic belong to one classification; linear logic, intuitionistic logic, classical logic, modal and temporal logics belong to another one. Logical deduction may be presented as a Hilbert style of combinators, as a natural deduction system, as sequent calculus, as proof nets of one variety or other, etc. Logic, originally a field of philosophy, turned into algebra with Boole, and more generally into meta-mathematics with Frege and Heyting. Professional logicians such as Gödel and later Tarski studied mathematical models, consistency and completeness, computability and complexity issues, set theory and foundations, etc. Logic became a very technical area of mathematical research in the last half century, with fine-grained analysis of expressiveness of subtheories of arithmetic or set theory, detailed analysis of well-foundedness through ordinal notations, logical complexity, etc. Meanwhile, computer modelling developed a need for concrete uses of logic, first for the design of computer circuits, then more widely for increasing the reliability of sofware through the use of formal specifications and proofs of correctness of computer programs. This gave rise to more exotic logics, such as dynamic logic, Hoare-style logic of axiomatic semantics, logics of partial values (such as Scott's denotational semantics and Plotkin's domain theory) or of partial terms (such as Feferman's free logic), etc. The first actual attempts at mechanisation of logical reasoning through the resolution principle (automated theorem proving) had been disappointing, but their shortcomings gave rise to a considerable body of research, developing detailed knowledge about equational reasoning through canonical simplification (rewriting theory) and proofs by induction (following Boyer and Moore successful integration of primitive recursive arithmetic within the LISP programming language). The special case of Horn clauses gave rise to a new paradigm of non-deterministic programming, called Logic Programming, developing later into Constraint Programming, blurring further the scope of logic. In order to study knowledge acquisition, researchers in artificial intelligence and computational linguistics studied exotic versions of modal logics such as Montague intentional logic, epistemic logic, dynamic logic or hybrid logic. Some others tried to capture common sense, and modeled the revision of beliefs with so-called non-monotonic logics. For the careful crafstmen of mathematical logic, this was the final outrage, and Girard gave his anathema to such “montres à moutardes”.

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Loritz, Donald. "An Introductory Lisp Parser." CALICO Journal 4, no. 4 (January 14, 2013): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cj.v4i4.51-70.

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Instructional parsers will figure prominently in future computer-assisted language learning. Most contemporary computational linguistics research is being conducted in Lisp. A knowledge of Lisp parsing should therefore help prepare serious language teachers for future CALL. Despite Lisp's manifest suitability to natural language processing, most introductions neglect this aspect of Lisp. This paper tries to redress some of that neglect by introducing Lisp in the context of an introductory English parser.

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Barabash, Konstantin Alekseevich, Alina Raisovna Mangusheva, Margarita Yur'evna Obukhova, and Karen Al'bertovich Grigoryan. "Development of the LISP Interpreter." Программные системы и вычислительные методы, no. 4 (April 2022): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0714.2022.4.39289.

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The article highlights aspects of the development of the LISP interpreter. Despite the fact that LISP is not the most popular language these days (in the TIOBE index for November 2022, this language is in 30th place), the work done by the authors is relevant. Many popular ideas and software technologies today were first developed using LISP machines. The developed interpreter allows the programmer to avoid defining program elements (functions, classes, etc.) unnecessarily. Also, the development result allows you to run any LISP entity that returns a meaningful result. Modern LISP interpreters do not have the ability to overload functions, which is why users have to memorize a huge number of function names whose actions are of the same type. This greatly complicates the learning process, since you have to look for the names of primitive functions in the documentation. Because of this, most of the potential users drop out of training, returning to modern programming languages, without knowing the possibilities of the LISP language. The article reveals the creation of a LISP interpreter capable of competing with modern programming languages in terms of ease of interaction with objects. The article also suggests an approach that provides a garbage collection mechanism by counting references to objects.

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Glück, Robert, and Masahiko Kawabe. "Revisiting an automatic program inverter for Lisp." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 40, no. 5 (May 2005): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1071221.1071222.

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INUZUKA, NOBUHIRO, KENICHI TAKAHASHI, and NAOHIRO ISHII. "Representative sample of LISP program inference from examples." International Journal of Systems Science 23, no. 8 (August 1992): 1321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207729208949386.

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Li, Ping. "Practice Research on Design Concept of AutoCAD Based on Auto LISP Programming Language." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 3222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.3222.

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By applying the Auto LISP programming language to the design concept of AutoCAD, this paper realizes the secondary development of AutoCAD software. Through the Auto LISP design, this paper implements three kinds of constituted artistic effects for the fractal tree of landscape architecture, namely, plane, color and stereo. At the same time, this paper establishes the fractal mathematical models and algorithms for the landscape design. In addition, the entity model of landscape is built through the AutoCAD landscape design library and the fractal tree is established in the entity model. Through the three-dimensional rendering of plane, stereo and color, this paper achieves wonderful digital multimedia visual communication effect. Thus, it provides a technical support and theoretical reference for the computer simulation design of modern landscape.

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Rodriguez, Mauricio. "‘Xa-lan’: Algorithmic Generation of Expressive Music Scores Based on Signal Analysis and Graphical Transformations." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment 8, no. 4 (June 30, 2021): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aiide.v8i4.12564.

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Xa-lan is a computer program written in Common-LISP to generate music scores with a high level of notational/symbolic expressivity. Generation is driven by audio-analysis of melodic profiles. Once a melodic contour is input to the software, graphic transformations of the original profile stochastically control the different notational elements of the score. The Xa-lan routines display their final output using the ‘Expressive Notation Package’ of PWGL, a LISP-based visual composition environment. A full range of traditional and non-conventional music notation elements can be algorithmically generated with Xa-lan, retrieving to the user a ‘ready-to-play’ or fully ex-pressive music score.

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Ledesma, Rubén, J. Gabriel Molina, and Forrest W. Young. "Enhancing dynamic graphical analysis with the Lisp-Stat language and the ViSta statistical program." Behavior Research Methods 37, no. 4 (November 2005): 684–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03192741.

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David Stotts, P., and Richard Furutat. "Hypertextual concurrent control of a Lisp Kernel." Journal of Visual Languages & Computing 3, no. 2 (June 1992): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1045-926x(92)90016-f.

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Taube, Heinrich. "Common Music: A Music Composition Language in Common Lisp and CLOS." Computer Music Journal 15, no. 2 (1991): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3680913.

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21

Zhang, Chao, Xiang Yu, Jing Jing Di, Yi Yong Yang, and Jing Lv. "Study on Material Properties with VLISP Based CAD Parameterization Applicable for Casting Sprue." Advanced Materials Research 703 (June 2013): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.703.115.

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Casting sprue is required to parameterize for suiting material processing and developing casting quality so as to find the best casting sprue for the corresponding material. In this work, parameterization for casting sprue for different materials is conducted using Visual LISP. The main procedures are like this in sequence: establishing dialog for the casting sprue parameters of variable materials, drawing programming, entering the shape parameters of one material into the dialog, directly outputting its model through CAD. Combining techniques of material casting, CAD and Visual LISP together offers following merits: (i) simplify repetitive sprue design among different materials and develop drawing efficiency by making certain CAD function automatic. (ii) develop sprue design efficiency among different materials by leaving many similar structures of different materials to a computer program.

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Li, Jian. "Research and Study of Gear Class Components Parametrization Based on AutoCAD." Applied Mechanics and Materials 273 (January 2013): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.273.217.

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For achieved gear class parts of design calculation and drawing of automation, the paper proposed the parameterization design concept ideas, Using Auto-CAD Visual LISP language and Dialog control language (DCL) to design dialog box, realized parameters input with dialog through programmatic, and design and calculation of gear parts, parameters, proofing and gear designs drawn with different structures, output complete automation computer aided system

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Ogbokor, D. L. "LISP language as part of "advanced programming techniques" for computer science, computer mathematics, and computer economics students." ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 17, no. 4 (December 1985): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/989369.989384.

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PIERRE, LAURENCE. "INDUCTION-ORIENTED VERIFICATION OF REPLICATED ARCHITECTURES DESCRIBED IN VHDL." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 10, no. 03n04 (June 2000): 181–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126600000159.

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This paper is concerned with the application of theorem proving techniques to the formal proof of hardware. More precisely, we aim at providing a methodology for applying provers like Nqthm or Acl2 to the formal verification of parameterized replicated circuits. Nqthm (the Boyer–Moore theorem prover) and its successor Acl2 are induction-based systems; their formalisms are respectively a simplified Lisp-like language and Common Lisp. Hence, the circuits we consider must be given a purely functional representation. Moreover, our work puts the emphasis on the integration of formal proof techniques in CAD (Computer Aided Design) environments which support Hardware Description Languages in which replication is expressed by iteration. Therefore, we associate with the iterative statement of the VHDL language a functional semantics that guarantees an easy translation from VHDL to Nqthm/Acl2 while simplifying the subsequent inductive proofs. The approach has been successfully applied to one-dimensional as well as two-dimensional structures.

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Bielskis, Andrius Antanas, Vasilij Djačkov, Olegas Ramašauskas, and Erikas Seselskis. "Laivo supimosi vizualizavimo uždavinys." Lietuvos matematikos rinkinys 44 (December 17, 2004): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lmr.2004.31630.

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In this article the research and algorithms for calculation of longitudinal ship motion are evaluated. The program for ship's pitching and heaving modelling based of these algorithms is presented. Applying of this makes possible to determine ship's seakeeping characteristics mostly using data of the ship's bodyplan. It is created with Visual Lisp programming language what insures good visual results and good combination with the stages of ship design. The application can be used for training of naval architecture and informatics engineering students, and also in research field helping to create analytical models.

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Raymond, K. W. "A LISP program for the generation of IUPAC names from chemical structures." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 31, no. 2 (May 1, 1991): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ci00002a012.

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Bilbokaitė, Renata. "COMPUTER BASED VISUALIZATION TEACHING CHEMISTRY: ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF VISUALIZATION TOOLS AND OBJECTS." GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION 5, no. 2 (August 20, 2008): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu-nse/08.5.07a.

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Background There are lot of books that teachers use in teaching process, but books are still unable to represent difficult view and to enclose 3D features of object. To reduce this lack of information proceeding there can be used computer visualisation in the classrooms. Computer technologies can be essential tools for scientific teachers because of the extensive possibilities to show 3D representations. The teachers do not feel competent in knowledge of modern technology that is why they rarely use them in teaching process-es. Clear computer based visualization helps students to understand difficult concepts and this leads to comprehension in science education. The more concepts and laws of nature they will now the more quali-tative scientific education will be. The article is grounded on visual thinking and genetic structural model of intellect theories. According to these theories all things, if it is possible, should be visualised, because later it helps to create right mental models and perfect comprehension of objects. This research pretends to enclose computer based visualization tools and the mostly visualised objects in chemistry for the reason teachers could use them in chemistry lessons. The subject of research – the practice of possibilities of computer based visualization tools and objects in chemistry Aim – to enclose practice of possibilities of computer based visualization tools and objects in chemistry The research tasks: • To categorize tools of computer based visualization; • To analyze the practice of possibilities of categorized computer based visualization tools teach-ing chemistry; • To analyze - which objects are the mostly visualized teaching chemistry Methods. Scientific literature analysis, systemic structural analysis, reflection Results and conclusion: • All computer based visualization tools are important because of clear visualization and possibil-ity to see very small objects. • Computer programs are designed for concrete theme; it may be proportion to plans of chem-istry education. They are interactive; there are possibilities to subscribe them by internet. It must be installed to the personal computer. Internet programs are significant because of possibility to use them free having internet and installing needful software. Mostly all programs are verbal-ized in English language; this circumstances the good chemistry teachers’ knowledge of Eng-lish language. Pupils can use them independently for self – education, to deepen general knowledge of chemistry. • Molecules and their structures are the most visualized objects in chemistry education; it means that molecules are one of the most difficultly perceivable concepts. It is recommended to use visualization tools teaching about molecules. Key words: computer based visualization, visualization tools, visualization objects, teaching chemistry

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Urdang, Erik G. "Book Review: The T Programming Language: A Dialect of Lisp by Stephen Slade, Prentice Hall, Inc. 1987." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 22, no. 8 (August 1987): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/35596.885636.

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Roca-Bennasar, M., A. Garcia-Mas, N. Llaneras, J. Blat, and P. Roca. "Kraepelin: an expert system for the diagnosis of Obsessive - Compulsive Disorders." European Psychiatry 6, no. 4 (1991): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924933800002583.

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SummaryWe present the construction of an expert system (ES) for the diagnosis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders (OCD). It concerns an artificial intelligence tool, in Lisp language compatible with any personal computer (PC) with a hard disk. The ES asks the user 50 questions in natural language, on the patient or on a clinical history. It is provided with 115 rules of reasoning. Using single or multivaluate variables, the ES reaches the diagnosis of the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders or the recommendations of differential diagnosis with related patterns or involucred with obsessive pathology: phobic, affective, schizophrenic and Gilles de la Tourette disorders. Finally, the perspectives for the utilisation of the ES in psychopathology are disscussed, in conjunction with the 2 serious problems created, design difficulty and user acceptance.

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Karn, Helen E., and MacEnglish. "Pronunciation Plus (Computer Program)." TESOL Quarterly 30, no. 1 (1996): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3587618.

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Solomon, Gabriela R., and Ford Language Institute. "The American Accent Program (Computer Program, Version 4.0)." TESOL Quarterly 27, no. 4 (1993): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3587425.

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Zeigler, Bernard P. "Hierarchical, modular discrete-event modelling in an object-oriented environment." SIMULATION 49, no. 5 (November 1987): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003754978704900506.

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Hierarchical, modular specification of discrete-event models of fers a basis for reusable model bases and hence for enhanced simulation of truly varied design alternatives. We describe an envi ronment which realizes the DEVS formalism developed in Zeigler (1984) for hierarchical, modular models. It is implemented in PC-Scheme, a powerful Lisp dialect for microcomputers contain ing an object-oriented programming subsystem. Since both the implementation and the underlying language are accessible to the user, the result is a capable medium for combining simula tion modelling and artificial intelligence techniques. The envi ronment is developed in an object-oriented manner which lends itself to model base organization using the entity structure knowl edge representation. It also serves as a medium for developing hierarchical distributed simulation models and architectures.

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McMinn, Mark R., and James D. Foster. "A Computer Program to Teach Nonsexist Language." Teaching of Psychology 18, no. 2 (April 1991): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top1802_16.

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34

Hartel, Pieter H., Marc Feeley, Martin Alt, Lennart Augustsson, Peter Baumann, Marcel Beemster, Emmanuel Chailloux, et al. "Benchmarking implementations of functional languages with ‘Pseudoknot’, a float-intensive benchmark." Journal of Functional Programming 6, no. 4 (July 1996): 621–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796800001891.

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AbstractOver 25 implementations of different functional languages are benchmarked using the same program, a floating-point intensive application taken from molecular biology. The principal aspects studied are compile time and execution time for the various implementations that were benchmarked. An important consideration is how the program can be modified and tuned to obtain maximal performance on each language implementation. With few exceptions, the compilers take a significant amount of time to compile this program, though most compilers were faster than the then current GNU C compiler (GCC version 2.5.8). Compilers that generate C or Lisp are often slower than those that generate native code directly: the cost of compiling the intermediate form is normally a large fraction of the total compilation time. There is no clear distinction between the runtime performance of eager and lazy implementations when appropriate annotations are used: lazy implementations have clearly come of age when it comes to implementing largely strict applications, such as the Pseudoknot program. The speed of C can be approached by some implementations, but to achieve this performance, special measures such as strictness annotations are required by non-strict implementations. The benchmark results have to be interpreted with care. Firstly, a benchmark based on a single program cannot cover a wide spectrum of ‘typical’ applications. Secondly, the compilers vary in the kind and level of optimisations offered, so the effort required to obtain an optimal version of the program is similarly varied.

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Reps and Teitelbaum. "Language Processing in Program Editors." Computer 20, no. 11 (November 1987): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mc.1987.1663414.

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Refenes, Apostolos N. "Parallelism in knowledge-based machines." Knowledge Engineering Review 4, no. 1 (March 1989): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888900004744.

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AbstractThe application area of knowledge-based expert systems is currently providing the main stimulus for developing powerful, parallel computer architectures. Languages for programming knowledge-based applications divide into four broad classes: Functional languages (e.g. LISP), Logic languages (e.g. PROLOG), Rule-Based languages (e.g. OPS5), and, what we refer to as self-organizing networks (e.g. BOLTZMANN machines).Despite their many differences, a common problem for all language classes and their supporting machine architectures is parallelism: how to de-compose a single computation into a number of parallel tasks that can be distributed across an ensemble of processors. The aim of this paper is to review the four types of language for programming knowledge-based expert systems, and their supporting parallel machine architectures. In doing so we analyze the concepts and relationships that exist between the programming languages and their parallel machine architectures in terms of their strengths and limitations for exploiting parallelization.

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Yalcin, Hatice, and Murat Demirekin. "Training Program Supporting Language Acquisition." International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science 13, no. 3 (June 8, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijmecs.2021.03.01.

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Baniassad, Elisa, and Clayton Myers. "An exploration of program as language." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 44, no. 10 (October 25, 2009): 547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1639949.1640132.

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Underwood, John, Keith Cameron, Theo Bongaerts, Pieter de Haan, Sylvia Lobbe, and Herman Wekker. "Computer Assisted Language Learning: Program Structure and Principles." Modern Language Journal 74, no. 4 (1990): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/328534.

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Walczyk, Jeffrey J. "A computer program for constructing language comprehension tests." Computers in Human Behavior 9, no. 1 (March 1993): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0747-5632(93)90026-o.

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Wolach, Allen H. "Developing a computer program to facilitate language training." Computers in Human Behavior 10, no. 4 (December 1994): 541–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0747-5632(94)90046-9.

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Schetz, Katherine F. "Computer-Aided Language/Concept Enrichment in Kindergarten." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 20, no. 1 (January 1989): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.2001.02.

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A model program for language/concept enrichment was set up with 22 kindergarten students as participants. A total screening score during routine kindergarten screenings relative to the areas of articulation, language and concepts was low for each of these students, but not low enough to recommend indepth diagnostic testing. The objective of the program was to demonstrate the role of the speech-language pathologist as consultant, an alternate service delivery model for public school speech-language services. Language/concept enrichment was provided by volunteers using four educational software programs for the microcomputer. Concepts taught included quantity, quality, time/sequence, nouns, and verbs. Program structure, implementation, and evaluation are discussed.

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Baughan, Carolyn E. "Daedalus Integrated Writing Environment (Computer Program)." TESOL Quarterly 29, no. 2 (1995): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3587635.

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Jacobs, Paul S. "TRUMP: A transportable language understanding program." International Journal of Intelligent Systems 7, no. 3 (March 1992): 245–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/int.4550070303.

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Van Merriënboer, Jeroen J. G., and Marcel B. M. De Croock. "Strategies for Computer-Based Programming Instruction: Program Completion vs. Program Generation." Journal of Educational Computing Research 8, no. 3 (August 1992): 365–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/mjdx-9pp4-kfmt-09pm.

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Two instructional strategies were implemented in a two-and-a-half hour computer-based training program that was designed to teach elementary turtle graphics programming techniques to novice undergraduate students ( N = 40). Learning activities that either emphasized the completion of existing programs or the generation of new programs were studied for the two strategies. In the completion group, the information needed to perform the program completion tasks appeared to be largely available in the to-be-completed programs; in the generation group, students frequently had to search for useful examples while they were performing their program generation tasks. It is hypothesized that during practice, the direct availability of examples in the form of incomplete computer programs facilitates the acquisition of programming language templates, especially because students cannot complete a program without carefully studying it so that “mindful abstraction” is explicitly provoked. Data in this study on learning outcomes support this hypothesis: the completion group showed a superior use of programming language templates in both a program construction test and a multiple choice test that measured the knowledge of language statements.

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Sulzmann, Martin, and Răzvan Voicu. "Language-Based Program Verification via Expressive Types." Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 174, no. 7 (June 2007): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2006.10.041.

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Jones, Mark P., and Iavor S. Diatchki. "Language and program design for functional dependencies." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 44, no. 2 (January 28, 2009): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1543134.1411298.

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Sklenar, Ivan. "Programming language assessments using the program profiles." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 20, no. 4 (April 1985): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/988316.988324.

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Leidy, Judy, Ann Burke, Anne Merkel, and Marlin Howard. "Using Computer Assisted Instruction in an ESL Language Program." IALLT Journal of Language Learning Technologies 15, no. 1 (January 29, 2019): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/iallt.v15i1.9074.

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Sarkisyan, A. A., and Yu G. Shukuryan. "Program testing technology based on specification language." Cybernetics 26, no. 6 (1991): 795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01069487.

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