Journal articles: 'Liquids Measurement'

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Kurihara, Kazue. "Surface forces measurement for materials science." Pure and Applied Chemistry 91, no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 707–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0101.

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Abstract This article reviews the surface forces measurement as a novel tool for materials science. The history of the measurement is briefly described in the Introduction. The general overview covers specific features of the surface forces measurement as a tool for studying the solid-liquid interface, confined liquids and soft matter. This measurement is a powerful way for understanding interaction forces, and for characterizing (sometime unknown) phenomena at solid-liquid interfaces and soft complex matters. The surface force apparatus (SFA) we developed for opaque samples can study not only opaque samples in various media, but also electrochemical processes under various electrochemical conditions. Electrochemical SFA enables us to determine the distribution of counterions between strongly bound ones in the Stern layer and those diffused in the Gouy-Chapman layer. The shear measurement is another active area of the SFA research. We introduced a resonance method, i.e. the resonance shear measurement (RSM), that is used to study the effective viscosity and lubricity of confined liquids in their thickness from μm to contact. Advantages of these measurements are discussed by describing examples of each measurement. These studies demonstrate how the forces measurement is used for characterizing solid-liquid interfaces, confined liquids and reveal unknown phenomena. The readers will be introduced to the broad applications of the forces measurement in the materials science field.

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KIESEWETTER, Dmitry V., Denis A. TRUBIN, and Alan E. KULKAEV. "Viscous Liquid Breakdown Voltage Measurements." Elektrichestvo, no. 12 (2021): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/0013-5380-2021-12-28-34.

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The national standards on measuring the breakdown voltage of liquid dielectrics are considered, in particular, the measurement procedure and the measuring cell main parameters. The breakdown voltage of PDMS-1000, PDMS-12500 and PDMS-30000 liquids produced by various manufacturers was measured, and the main problems faced in carrying out measurements were identified. It is shown, using the example of polydimethylsiloxane liquid dielectrics, that after breakdown of viscous liquids, a channel is produced in them, which consists of gas bubbles held by the surface tension force, due to which the channel may in many cases persist for a long time. Theoretical calculations confirmed by an experiment were performed, based on which the velocity of air bubbles in polydimethylsiloxane liquids can be estimated. A conclusion has been drawn about the necessity to increase the time intervals between individual measurements, as well as the time interval before the start of measurements after pouring the test liquid into the measurement cell. It is shown that visual control of the interelectrode region and a special method of mixing the liquid are also necessary. It can be stated based on the accomplished study that the existing standards for breakdown voltage measurements in viscous liquids need to be refined.

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Bair, Scott. "Elastohydrodynamic Film Forming With Shear Thinning Liquids." Journal of Tribology 120, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2834405.

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Recent advances in high pressure rheometry have elucidated the shear response of liquid lubricants at the high shear stress characteristic of the traction generating region of lubricated concentrated contacts. These new measurement techniques are used to characterize the shear response of shear thinning liquids at low (<10 MPa) shear stress. A recently developed numerical scheme for calculating film thickness is extended to accommodate sliding. Film thickness predictions are compared with measurements using shear thinning liquids including a polymer/mineral oil blend, a highly elastic liquid, and synthetic base oils. Useful insights are provided concerning the effects of pressure-viscosity behavior for Newtonian liquids, sliding, and starvation for non-Newtonian liquids and the relevant shear stress for film forming.

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Rydholm, Tomas, Andreas Fhager, Mikael Persson, Shireen Geimer, and Paul Meaney. "Effects of the Plastic of the Realistic GeePS-L2S-Breast Phantom." Diagnostics 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics8030061.

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A breast phantom developed at the Supelec Institute was interrogated to study its suitability for microwave tomography measurements. A microwave measurement system based on 16 monopole antennas and a vector network analyzer was used to study how the S-parameters are influenced by insertion of the phantom. The phantom is a 3D-printed structure consisting of plastic shells that can be filled with tissue mimicking liquids. The phantom was filled with different liquids and tested with the measurement system to determine whether the plastic has any effects on the recovered images or not. Measurements of the phantom when it is filled with the same liquid as the surrounding coupling medium are of particular interest. In this case, the phantom plastic has a substantial effects on the measurements which ultimately detracts from the desired images.

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Shi, Jia Ming, Quirino Balzano, and Christopher C. Davis. "Broad Band Microwave Dielectric Measurement of Liquids with an Open-Ended Coaxial Probe." Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (July 2013): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.191.

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The principles of the open-ended coaxial probe technique for the measurement of permittivity are described. Measurements of dielectric properties are carried out over a frequency range from 300MHz to 50GHz, with a system comprising an Agilent E8364B network analyzer and a connected 2.2mm diameter open-ended coaxial probe. Water, methanol and salines of 0.1M, 0.2M, 0.6M are used as calibration liquids or liquids to be measured. Measured permittivities are presented and compared with those calculated from the Cole-Cole equation. It is shown that, in order to get good results, the calibration liquid should be similar to the liquid being measured in dielectric properties.

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Wålinder, M. E. P., and I. Johansson. "Measurement of Wood Wettability by the Wilhelmy Method. Part 1. Contamination of Probe Liquids by Extractives." Holzforschung 55, no. 1 (December 14, 2001): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2001.005.

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Summary This work focuses on the influence of extractives during wetting measurements on wood. Fresh and aged veneers of extracted and non-extracted heart- and sapwood of pine were prepared, and the Wilhelmy method was used to study the wettability of these veneers. In this method, the force acting on the veneers was measured during immersion in and withdrawal from a series of probe liquids. The results suggest that some of the probe liquids become severely contaminated by extractives during the measurements on the non-extracted veneers, and that this strongly affects the wood wetting measurements. The contamination is effectively detected as a distinct decrease in the surface tension of the liquids caused by dissolution or presence of wood extractives at the wood-liquid interface. It is important to note that such contamination may also occur during wetting studies on wood using other contact angle measurement techniques. The most obvious contamination occurred in the case of measurements on non-extracted veneers immersed in water and formamide. Generally, no contamination was detected in the case of measurements on extracted wood veneers. The Wilhelmy method may provide an efficient means for recording and control of any contamination of the probe liquids that may arise during wetting studies on wood.

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Mertz Garcia, Jane, Edgar Chambers, and Kelsey Cook. "Visualizing the Consistency of Thickened Liquids With Simple Tools: Implications for Clinical Practice." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 27, no. 1 (February 6, 2018): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_ajslp-16-0160.

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Purpose Accurate texture modifications to thin liquids are a critical aspect of patients' nutritional health and well-being. This study explored the use of 3 tools (2 distance- and 1 time-measuring devices) to characterize texture-modified liquids. The objectives were to use the tools to measure modified liquids, to determine if measurements differentiated nectar and honey levels of modification, and to compare measurements with other published reports. Method We measured the flow distance of 33 prethickened water samples in centimeters (cm) using a line spread apparatus and a Bostwick Consistometer (Christison Particle Technologies). We selected a Zahn viscosity cup to measure the stream time of each prethickened liquid in seconds. Results The 2 distance-measuring devices (line spread and Bostwick Consistometer) showed that thinner (nectar-thick) modifications spread or flowed a farther distance in comparison to thicker (honey-like) modifications. Testing with the line spread indicated that an average spread distance of 4.5 cm differentiated nectar-thick and honey-like consistencies. A flow distance of greater than 15 cm differentiated nectar from honey consistency measured with a Bostwick Consistometer. We were not successful in using the Zahn viscosity cup to determine the stream time of modified liquids. Conclusions Two of the tools provided objective information about levels of liquid modification, which has implications for day-to-day preparation. Measurement tools that are accurate and easy to use have the potential to provide quick and dependable feedback to verify a prescribed level of liquid modification. Further efforts are needed to standardize the application of simple measurement tools in the management of patients who consume thickened liquids.

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Luedemann, Hans-Christian. "Interferometric Volume Measurement in Microplates." SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation 22, no. 1 (September 25, 2016): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2211068216669689.

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Low-coherence interferometry is presented as a method for nondestructive, noncontact, and high-resolution measurement of liquid volumes and fill heights in microplates. A Meniscense (Bolton, MA) prototype system captures both fill height and meniscus shape and combines them into a volume measurement, allowing for the measurement of a wide range of liquids with different meniscus shapes. The system has a liquid fill height resolution of 0.7 µm, corresponding to a volume resolution of 0.02 µL in a typical 96-well plate, demonstrated in an ideal model system. Initial data on the gravimetric verification of volume measurements on aliquots of distilled water between 50 and 350 µL in a 96-well plate suggest an inaccuracy of volume measurement of <2%. The Meniscense system offers accuracy comparable to ratiometric photometry, the only commercially available high-resolution volume measurement system. Its fill height resolution is substantially better than that of ultrasonic ranging, the only other noncontact, nondestructive method for fill height measurement.

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Rechberger, Andreas, Robert Amsüss, Stefan Rossegger, Robert Breidler, and Gerald Steiner. "High Precision Vibration-Type Densitometers Based on Pulsed Excitation Measurements." Sensors 19, no. 7 (April 5, 2019): 1627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071627.

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Glass flexural resonators have established themselves as one of the de-facto standard methods for measuring the density of liquids in a laboratory environment. The core of this sensor is a U-Tube measuring cell whose oscillator’s resonance frequency changes with the mass of the liquid within the tube. This relationship can be used to derive the density of liquids in a fast and reliable way. In order to achieve the highest accuracy for the density measurement multiple physical effects (e.g., damping due to viscosity effects) need to be taken into account. For a reliable correction, additional measurements are required. The pulsed excitation method is able to produce these additional parameters along with a superior measurement performance compared to previous techniques.

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Anaraki, Peyman Azimi. "Conductivity Effect on the Capacitance Measurement of a Parallel-Plate Capacitive Sensor System." Indonesian Journal of Physics 22, no. 4 (November 3, 2016): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/itb.ijp.2011.22.4.2.

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In this article design and operation of a parallel-plate capacitive sensor based on the dielectric capacitance and conductance change of the gap medium is reported. The designed system was used to determine characteristics of different water liquids as a result of the capacitance variations. The air gap capacitance is measured and then by filling the gap with a liquid the capacitance is monitored for different liquids. Proposed sensor is used for the distilled, tap, boiled, and salt water measurements and the capacitance results are compared. A big difference about 45.5µF in capacitance values for the salt and distilled water shows a high sensitivity, which can be used to recognize different water liquids. The experimental results are promising for water liquids and verify the successful operation of such a device as a liquid sensor, a useful method for checking the electrical quality of the water that is required for different applications.

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Sun, Wei Qiang, Yong Yang, and Sheng Yong Xu. "Dielectric Constant Measurement of Liquids Using Nanosecond-Pulsed Signals." Key Engineering Materials 483 (June 2011): 755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.483.755.

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In this paper, we report a novel method to measure the dielectric constant of various liquids of limited amount. The liquid under test is sealed in a coaxial-like test device. The dielectric constant is determined by comparing the delay of a nanosecond-pulsed signal traveling through the test device with that traveling through a reference coaxial cable. The results show that the maximum error of this kind of measurement is within 15-30%, which is good enough for a semi-quantitative estimation of the dielectric constant of an unknown liquid, especially when the amount of the liquid is not enough for investigation with other existing approaches.

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Hasnul Hadi, Muhamad Haziq, Pin Jern Ker, Vimal A. Thiviyanathan, Shirley Gee Hoon Tang, Yang Sing Leong, Hui Jing Lee, Mahammad A. Hannan, Md Zaini Jamaludin, and Mohd Adzir Mahdi. "The Amber-Colored Liquid: A Review on the Color Standards, Methods of Detection, Issues and Recommendations." Sensors 21, no. 20 (October 16, 2021): 6866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21206866.

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For most natural or naturally-derived liquid products, their color reflects on their quality and occasionally affects customer preferences. To date, there are a few subjective and objective methods for color measurement which are currently utilized by various industries. Researchers are also improving these methods and inventing new methods, as color is proven to have the ability to provide various information on the condition and quality of the liquid. However, a review on the methods, especially for amber-colored liquid, has not been conducted yet. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the subjective and objective methods for color measurement of amber-colored liquids. The pros and cons of the measurement methods, the effects of the color on customer preferences, and the international industry standards on color measurements are reviewed and discussed. In addition, this study elaborates on the issues and challenges related to the color measurement techniques as well as recommendations for future research. This review demonstrates that the existing color measurement technique can determine the color according to the standards and color scales. However, the efforts toward minimizing the complexity of the hardware while maximizing the signal processing through advanced computation are still lacking. Therefore, through this critical review, this review can hopefully intensify the efforts toward finding an optimized method or technique for color measurement of liquids and thus expedite the development of a portable device that can measure color accurately.

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Timur Aliyev, Timur Aliyev, and Andrey Kolotilin Andrey Kolotilin. "AN EVALUATION OF THE GUIDED WAVE RADAR LEVEL TRANSMITTER'S PERFORMANCE IN INTERFACE MEASUREMENTS." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 17, no. 06 (May 18, 2022): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei17062022-14.

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The Guided Wave Radar (GWR) level transmitter is a reliable instrument that provides precise measurement of level and interface in various applications. Even in applications with vapour, foam, and condensation, the GWR level transmitter shows accurate performance. This study reveals aspects that affect the measurement performance of the instrument. The practical performance tests were performed to simulate different scenarios of oil and water level, oil and water interface level, in the closed vessel. These four scenarios are single phase liquids: raising the top layer, raising the bottom layer, separation of two liquids out of full dispersion with the dominant top layer, separation of two liquids out of full dispersion with the dominant bottom layer. These scenarios of vessel liquid level and liquid/liquid interface level measurement are widely spread in the process separation application. Other behavioural aspects and uncertainties have purposely been left out of this study. The results of the study will help to determine the proper use of the GWR level transmitter. Consideration of aspects affecting the performance of the instrument provided in this study improves the selection process of the instrument for level and interface measurement. Keywords: level measurement, interface measurement, guided wave radar transmitter, dispersion separation, level transmitter performance test.

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Tkáč, Zdenko, Ľubomír Hujo, Juraj Tulik, Ján Kosiba, Daniela Uhrinová, and Vladimír Šinský. "Greening of Agricultural and Forestry Tractors." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 5 (2014): 1135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462051135.

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This publication deals with the draft of measurement chain for application of synthetic organic liquid Hydros Uni in agricultural tractor Zetor Proxima 7441. The used organic liquid was evaluated on the basis of its effect on the technical condition of hydrostatic converter UD 20. By the drafted measurement chain, it was performed individual measurements which were realized by specific engine speed and prescribed temperature. Then, the flow values were statistically analyzed. From the obtained results, it could be concluded that the proposed measurement chain meets the requirements for measuring the flow characteristics of liquids. Based on the results show, organic synthetic transmission hydraulic fluid does not negatively affect the technical condition of the tractor hydraulic pump.

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Bai, Qingsong, and Xianhe Huang. "Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance for Field Measurement of Liquid Viscosities." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7580483.

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The field measurement of liquid viscosities, especially the high viscous liquids, is challenging and often requires expensive equipment, long processing time, and lots of reagent. We use quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs) operating in solution which are also sensitive to the viscosity and density of the contacting solution. QCMs are typically investigated for sensor applications in which one surface of QCM completely immersed in Newtonian liquid, but the viscous damping in liquids would cause not only large frequency shifts but also large losses in the quality factorQleading to instability and even cessation of oscillation. A novel mass-sensitivity-based method for field measurement of liquid viscosities using a QCM is demonstrated in this paper and a model describing the influence of the liquid properties on the oscillation frequency is established as well. Two groups of verified experiments were performed and the experimental results show that the presented method is effective and possesses potential applications.

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Li, Zhuo, and Chang Ping Li. "Density Measurement of Pyridine Based Ionic Liquids and Methanol Binary Mixtures." Advanced Materials Research 675 (March 2013): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.675.248.

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As a new environmentally friendly solvent, ionic liquids have been investigated widely. The lack of physico-chemical properties data of ionic liquids has become a bottleneck that restricts their applications. In this study, the investigation of the density for binary mixtures of CnpyNTf2 (n = 2, 4, 5) and methanol is measured using Westphal balance. This study would be very important for the application of binary mixtures of ionic liquid and methanol in developing new energy storage material.

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Hainstock, Michael L., and Yijun Tang. "Fast Measurement of Methanol Concentration in Ionic Liquids by Potential Step Method." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/106173.

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The development of direct methanol fuel cells required the attention to the electrolyte. A good electrolyte should not only be ionic conductive but also be crossover resistant. Ionic liquids could be a promising electrolyte for fuel cells. Monitoring methanol was critical in several locations in a direct methanol fuel cell. Conductivity could be used to monitor the methanol content in ionic liquids. The conductivity of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate had a linear relationship with the methanol concentration. However, the conductivity was significantly affected by the moisture or water content in the ionic liquid. On the contrary, potential step could be used in sensing methanol in ionic liquids. This method was not affected by the water content. The sampling current at a properly selected sampling time was proportional to the concentration of methanol in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. The linearity still stood even when there was 2.4 M water present in the ionic liquid.

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Eremenko, Z. E., A. I. Shubnyi, A. Y. Kogut, and R. S. Dolia. "High loss liquid dielectric characterization: Comparison of microwave waveguide and resonator measurement techniques." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, no. 9 (May 29, 2020): 892–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078720000628.

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AbstractThe microwave waveguide and resonator methods are compared as applied to the experimental determination of the dielectric properties of high loss liquids. A differential microwave waveguide cavity for measuring high loss liquids complex permittivity in a small volume has been designed and studied. This cavity consists of two circular waveguide cells with central rods made of quartz and surrounded by high loss liquid tested. The cells have different lengths to eliminate complex propagation coefficient measurement errors due to the diffraction effect on the ends of the layered waveguide cells. We have measured the wave amplitude and phase coefficients for the waveguide cavity to estimate physical properties of a high loss liquid under test. The resonant frequencies and the Q-factor of a semi-disk dielectric resonator with high loss liquid filling a capillary have been measured. We have selected water-ethanol solutions as a high loss liquid under test for both techniques. We have determined the measurement sensitivity for these two techniques. The measuring results are discussed. Both the waveguide and resonator methods provide comparable sensitivity and can be successfully used for the complex permittivity characterization of high loss liquids in small volumes.

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Djinović, Zoran, Miloš Tomić, and Agnes Kocsis. "Optofluidic Micromachined Platform for Refractive Index Measurement." Chemosensors 10, no. 5 (May 23, 2022): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10050197.

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We present a combination of micromachined optofluidic platforms equipped with a fiber-optic sensing configuration based on a three-path Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) for simultaneous measurement of the refractive index of liquids and the autocalibration in dynamic regime. The sensing principle is based on the low-coherence interferometry, characterized by a generation of Gaussian enveloped interferograms, for which the position of its maximum depends on the optical path difference (OPD) between the sensing and reference arm of the MZI. When liquid flows through the central microchannel of the optofluidic platform it crosses the light beam between the two optical fibers in the sensing arm causing the OPD change. An algorithm has been applied for the calculation of the refractive index of liquids out of the raw interference signals. We obtained a very good agreement between the experimental results and literature data of refractive indices of subjected fluids. The accuracy of refractive index measurement is approximately 1%, predominantly determined by the accuracy of reading the position of the mechanical scanner. The proposed sensor is attractive for the label-free biological, biochemical, and chemical sensing owing autocalibration and high sensitivity yet consuming a very small sample volume of 1 µL. It is capable to measure the refractive index of various liquids and/or gases simultaneously in the process.

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Katoh, Kenji, Hideomi Fujita, Hideharu Sasaki, and Koichi Miyashita. "The Measurement of Solid-Liquid Contact Angles." Journal of Fluids Engineering 114, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910054.

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A new method is proposed for measuring solid-liquid contact angles. The well-known phenomenon where the liquid meniscus formed under a downward facing solid surface spontaneously breaks at a certain height is utilized in the contact angle measurements. The relation between the contact angle and the critical height of the solid surface where the instability occurs was derived theoretically from the solid-liquid wetting behavior using a thermodynamic approach. From the theoretical model the contact angles can be obtained by measuring the critical height of the solid. The validity of the analysis and the usefulness of the method were experimentally confirmed for various solid surfaces and test liquids.

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Anderson, Jessica L., JaNeille K. Dixon, Edward J. Maginn, and Joan F. Brennecke. "Measurement of SO2Solubility in Ionic Liquids." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 110, no. 31 (August 2006): 15059–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp063547u.

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Shi‐ming, Zhu, and George S. K. Wong. "Velocity of sound measurement in liquids." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96, no. 5 (November 1994): 3271–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.410952.

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Adamowski, Julio C., Flávio Buiochi, Claudio Simon, Emílio C. N. Silva, and Rubens A. Sigelmann. "Ultrasonic measurement of density of liquids." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 97, no. 1 (January 1995): 354–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.412320.

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Vieira, R. C., and R. P. B. Costa-Felix. "Ultrasound measurement apparatus for liquids characterization." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 975 (March 2018): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/975/1/012026.

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Rolfes, I. "Obstacle-based self-calibration techniques for the determination of the permittivity of liquids." Advances in Radio Science 5 (June 12, 2007): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-5-29-2007.

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Abstract. In this contribution, different obstacle-based self-calibration techniques for the measurement of the dielectric properties of liquids are investigated at microwave frequencies. The liquid under test is contained inside a waveguide, which is connected to the ports of a vector network analyzer. The permittivity of the liquid is characterized on the basis of the measured scattering parameters. In order to extract the material parameters precisely and to eliminate systematic errors of the setup, calibration measurements have to be performed. For this purpose, different self-calibration methods based on the displacement of an obstacle are considered. The presented methods differ in that way, that either transmission and reflection measurements or purely reflection measurements are performed. All these methods have in common that the material parameters are already calculable within a so-called self-calibration procedure. Thus, a full two-port calibration of the whole setup is not necessary. Furthermore, the methods can be realized effectively in a practical setup having the advantage that a rearrangement of the setup is not needed for the material parameter measurements and that the liquid under investigation can pass continuously through the measurement cell. This might be of interest for the application in an industrial process, enabling the continuous flow of the material while the parameter characterization can take place at the same time.

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Zhang, Peng, and Bing Xuan Ni. "Research on Influence of Wetting Fluid by Gas Bubble Method to Measure Pore Size Characteristics." Advanced Materials Research 1048 (October 2014): 498–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1048.498.

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In this paper, the experimental of pore diameter distribution characteristics of spunbond and meltblown composite nonwoven is carried out by using of gas bubble method. The influence of 7 kinds of wetting liquid to measurement results is studied, including of Galwick, Porefil, Silpore, Silwick, Dimethyl silicone, Isopropanol and Alcohol. The results show that wetting liquids of Galwick, Silwick and Dimethyl silicone can obtain the consistent value of pore diameter, meanwhile, have nearly normal distribution characteristics of pore diameter. Therefore, the wetting liquids of Galwick, Silwick and Dimethyl silicone are ideal wetting liquid for nonwoven. While the other four kinds of wetting liquid measurement results vary greatly, and don’t show normal distribution, they are not suitable as the wetting liquid of nonwoven by gas bubble method.

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Prasanna, Thushara Haridas, Mridula Shantha, Anju Pradeep, and Pezholil Mohanan. "Identification of polar liquids using support vector machine based classification model." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v11.i4.pp1507-1516.

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<div align="left">The dispersive nature of polar liquids creates ambiguity in their identification process. It requires a long time and effort to compare the measured values with the available standard values to identify the unknown liquid. Nowadays machine learning techniques are being used widely to assist the measurement techniques and make predictions with great accuracy and less human effort. This paper proposes a support vector machine (SVM) based classification model for the identification of six polar liquids- butan-1-ol, dimethyl sulphoxide, ethanediol, ethanol, methanol and propan-1-ol for a temperature range of 10 °C–50 °C and frequency range of 0.1 GHz – 5 GHz. The model is constructed using the data from the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) report MAT 23. The identification of unknown liquid is based on complex permittivity measurement. If the measurement error in complex permittivity is less than ±6% of the standard value in NPL report, the proposed model identifies the liquids with 100% accuracy in the entire temperature and frequency range. The performance of the model is validated by testing the model with data external to the dataset used. The findings show that the proposed model is a useful and efficient tool for identifying unknown polar liquids.</div>

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Waldner, Carina, and Ulrich Hirn. "Ultrasonic Liquid Penetration Measurement in Thin Sheets—Physical Mechanisms and Interpretation." Materials 13, no. 12 (June 17, 2020): 2754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122754.

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Ultrasonic liquid penetration (ULP) measurements of porous sheets have been applied for a variety of purposes ranging from determining liquid absorption dynamics to surface characterization of substrates. Interpretation of ULP results, however, is complex as the ultrasound signal can be affected by several mechanisms: (1) air being replaced by the liquid in the substrate pores, (2) air bubbles forming during penetration, and (3) structural changes of the substrate due to swelling of the substrate material. Analyzing tailored liquids and substrates in combination with contact angle measurements we are demonstrating that the characteristic shape of the ULP measurement curves can be interpreted in terms of the regime of liquid uptake. A fast and direct decline of the curve corresponds to capillary penetration, the slope of the curve indicates the penetration speed. A slow decline after a previous maximum in the signal can be related to diffusive liquid transport and swelling of the substrate material.

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Mordasov, M. M., A. P. Savenkov, and K. E. Chechetov. "Non-contact methods for measuring the surface tension of liquids (review)." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 86, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2020-86-4-29-38.

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A review of non-contact methods for determining the surface tension of liquids along with analysis of the physical effects underlying them is presented. A review of non-contact methods for determining the surface tension of liquids along with analysis of the physical effects underlying them is presented. The advantages, disadvantages, possible ranges of measurements and scope of non-contact methods are discussed. Passive methods do not require any stimulation of the measurement object whereas active methods, when implemented, affect the liquid under study. Electrical, electromagnetic, acoustic, jet, and mechanical methods used for excitation of capillary waves are described in analysis of the methods based on capillary waves intended to study the properties of surface-active substances. We also considered methods based on the processes occurred in an oscillating or rotating levitating drop of liquid (containerless technology) used to study the properties of melts and methods based on local deformation of the liquid surface by the electric field, acoustic pulse, and gas jet. It is shown that aerodynamic methods based on deformation of the liquid surface under control by a gas stream are the most promising for standard laboratory conditions. It is noted that containerless methods should be used in zero gravity tests, whereas the methods based on capillary waves or deformation of the liquid surface with a focused acoustic pulse appeared useful in testing inviscid liquids. Methods based on electrical deformation of the liquid surface under control are limited with the thickness of the liquid layer, relatively high sensitivity to the density and dielectric constant of the liquid, and some other uncontrolled factors. It was also noted that aerodynamic non-contact method of the surface tension determination is characterized by low sensitivity to the density and viscosity of the controlled liquid. The presented review of non-contact methods of the surface tension determination provides optimal choice of the method most suited for solving specific measurement problems.

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Liu, Shi, and Bin Liu. "Particle Measurement with a Liquid-Borne Particle Counter: Analytical Figures of Merit." Solid State Phenomena 219 (September 2014): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.219.157.

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Particle contamination is one of the major concerns in semiconductor industry as it can reduce device yield, device quality and device reliability [1]. Liquid-borne particle counters (particle counters) are widely used to measure particle levels in water, chemicals, and other process liquids. In conjunction with sonication in ultrapure water and/or other liquids, these counters are also used to measure particle levels on surfaces of wafers and/or chamber parts to determine the cleanliness of wafer/part surface and to evaluate and improve surface cleaning processes. They have become indispensable tools in semiconductor surface cleaning processes [2].

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Martinic, Matko, Tomislav Markovic, Adrijan Baric, and Bart Nauwelaers. "A 4 × 4 Array of Complementary Split-Ring Resonators for Label-Free Dielectric Spectroscopy." Chemosensors 9, no. 12 (December 8, 2021): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9120348.

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In this study, complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) metamaterial structures are proposed for label-free dielectric spectroscopy of liquids in microplates. This novel combination of an array of sensors and microplates is readily scalable and thus offers a great potential for non-invasive, rapid, and label-free dielectric spectroscopy of liquids in large microplate arrays. The proposed array of sensors on a printed circuit board consists of a microstrip line coupled to four CSRRs in cascade with resonant frequencies ranging from 7 to 10 GHz, spaced around 1 GHz. The microwells were manufactured and bonded to the CSRR using polydimethylsiloxane, whose resonant frequency is dependent on a complex relative permittivity of the liquid loaded in the microwell. The individual microstrip lines with CSRRs were interconnected to the measurement equipment using two electronically controllable microwave switches, which enables microwave measurements of the 4 × 4 CSRR array using only a two-port measurement system. The 4 × 4 microwell sensor arrays were calibrated and evaluated using water-ethanol mixtures with different ethanol concentrations. The proposed measurement setup offers comparable results to ones obtained using a dielectric probe, confirming the potential of the planar sensor array for large-scale microplate experiments.

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Frechen, F. B. "Odour emission inventory of German wastewater treatment plants - odour flow rates and odour emission capacity." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0244.

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Wastewater Treatment plants can cause odour emissions that may lead to significant odour annoyance in their vicinity. Thus, over the past 20 years, several measurements were taken of the odour emissions that occur at WWTPs of different sizes, treatment technology, plant design and under different operating conditions. The specific aspects of odour sampling and measurement have to be considered. I presented some of the results of my odour emission measurements 11 years ago. However, it is now necessary to update the figures by evaluating newer measurement results obtained from measurements taken from 1994 to 2003. These are presented in this paper. Also, the paper highlights the odour emission capacity (OEC) measurement technique which characterises liquids and can be used to assess the results achieved by different types of treatment in the liquid phase, e.g. in a sewerage system. In addition, the OEC is a suitable parameter to set standards for the odorant content of industrial wastewaters that are discharged into the publicly owned sewerage system.

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Yamaguchi, Tsuyoshi, and Tatsuro Matsuoka. "Measurement of complex shear viscosity up to 3 GHz using an electrodeless AT-cut quartz transducer." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 61, SG (March 23, 2022): SG1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ac4141.

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Abstract An experimental method is proposed to determine the frequency-dependent complex shear viscosity of liquids based on the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation method. An AT-cut quartz transducer without metal electrodes is immersed in a sample liquid and the transducer is electrically coupled to the circuit through the dielectric response of the sample itself. After correcting for the apparent change in the resonance properties due to the dielectric coupling of the sample, our method is able to determine the viscosity of liquids of high polarity and low viscosity at frequencies as high as 3 GHz. The method was then applied to ethylene glycol and the viscoelastic relaxation in the GHz regime was observed. Furthermore, it was also applied to room-temperature ionic liquids to show that the dielectric correction of the resonance properties is valid for conductive liquids.

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Liu, Wei-Na. "A Novel Technology for Measurements of Dielectric Properties of Extremely Small Volumes of Liquids." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1436798.

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A high sensitivity sensor for measurement radio frequency (RF) dielectric permittivity of liquids is described. Interference is used and parasitic effects are cancellation, which makes the sensor can catch weak signals caused by liquids with extremely small volumes. In addition, we present the relationship between transmission coefficient and permittivity of liquids under test (LUT). Using this sensor, quantitative measurements of the dielectric properties at 5.8 GHz are demonstrated of LUTs. Experiments show that the proposed method only requires the volume of 160 nanoliters for liquids. Therefore, the technology can be used for RF spectroscopic analysis of biological samples and extremely precious liquids.

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Jang, Se-Young, and Jong-Ryul Yang. "Double Split-Ring Resonator for Dielectric Constant Measurement of Solids and Liquids." Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 22, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26866/jees.2022.2.r.68.

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This study proposes a 2.45-GHz double split-ring resonator for measuring the dielectric constant in both solids and liquids. Two concentric rectangular rings with asymmetric splits are used in the proposed resonator to achieve a high-quality factor for increasing the sensitivity to resonant frequency changes. The dielectric constants of solids and liquids are obtained based on quadratic polynomial equations with different coefficients, obtained by measuring the frequency shift of reference materials through the maximum return loss of the resonator, which is implemented on an FR4 PCB. The experimental results for the dielectric constants of silicon and rubber obtained using the resonator show errors of 5.92% and 6.81%, respectively, compared with the reference values from certified equipment. The measurement results for liquid samples with different concentrations of ethanol diluted in deionized water indicate a 2.59% error in the estimated dielectric constant. The sensitivities of the proposed resonator were measured to be 2.58% in solids and 0.30% in liquids.

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Sarah, Krainer, and Hirn Ulrich. "Short timescale wetting and penetration on porous sheets measured with ultrasound, direct absorption and contact angle." RSC Advances 8, no. 23 (2018): 12861–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra01434e.

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Becker, David, Robert Schmidt, Gerhard Lindner, and Klaus Stefan Drese. "Ultrasound Measurement Technique for Validation of Cryogenic Flows." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (December 11, 2018): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2131090.

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An ultrasound sensor system based on the transmission-mode approach is developed to enable the monitoring and sensing of cryogenic liquids and gases—especially gaseous bubbles and gas-liquid interfaces in liquid nitrogen (LN2). Common sensors do not meet requirements of cryogenic and microgravity-environments. Therefore, a special encapsulation design for the optimization of the electrical connection and the mechanical coupling of the ultrasound sensors is needed. The ultrasound system is qualified in LN2 and is able to measure bubbles (size and location) and fill levels with a high spatial resolution in a submillimetre range and a sampling rate of more than 500 Hz.

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Shulgina, Yuliya, Maria A. Kostina, P. V. Sorokin, Marina Polonskaya, O. A. Kozhemyak, and Andrey Soldatov. "Quantitative Measurement System of Liquid Products in Sealed Tank." Materials Science Forum 970 (September 2019): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.970.63.

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Many industries apply pressure tanks for the storage of various types of liquids [1]. It can be toxic, chemically active liquids or food products. Storage conditions of these liquids can have a wide range of pressures and temperatures; therefore it is preferable to control the liquids levels from the outside of the tank. The most optimal solution in this case is the ultrasonic pulse time method [2-6], which is also widely used in robotics [7], fishing, shipping [8-9], archeology [10-11], non-destructive testing [12-17] and manometric method [18].

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Danilov, V. E., E. V. Korolev, and A. M. Ayzenshtadt. "Measurement of wetting angles for powders by sessile drop method." Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment 6 (2020): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2020-6-75-82.

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It has been established that the time to establish the critical contact angle of wetting of the surface of a pressed sample made of polycrystalline quartz powder with various liquids is mainly determined by the viscosity of the liquid. It is shown that in order to determine the critical contact angle of wetting of powder materials, it is necessary to fix the time moment at which the diameter of the base of a liquid drop on the surface of a powder sample has a maximum value.

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Kottke, Peter A., Scott S. Bair, and Ward O. Winer. "The Measurement of Viscosity of Liquids Under Tension." Journal of Tribology 125, no. 2 (March 19, 2003): 260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1537270.

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The rheological significance of a state of hydrostatic tension was investigated. A method for measuring the limiting low shear viscosity of liquids under tension was developed. The ability of nine liquids to withstand tension was verified, and the magnitudes of tension achievable through different methods were compared. The use of viscosity data from liquids under tension to more accurately determine the initial pressure viscosity coefficient was investigated. The continuity of the pressure viscosity coefficient across absolute zero pressure was verified.

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Ishida, Naoyuki. "Direct Measurement of Surface Forces in Liquids-Measurement of Hydrophobic Attraction-." Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan 42, no. 5 (2005): 342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4164/sptj.42.342.

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Kurihara, Kazue. "Resonance Shear Measurement for Studying Confined Liquids." Journal of The Society of Japanese Women Scientists 16, no. 1 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5939/sjws.

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Harrison, N. J., and B. R. Jennings. "Laser-induced birefringence measurement for pure liquids." Measurement Science and Technology 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/3/1/017.

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Eggers, F., and U. Kaatze. "Broad-band ultrasonic measurement techniques for liquids." Measurement Science and Technology 7, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/7/1/001.

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Kaatze, Udo. "Perspectives in dielectric measurement techniques for liquids." Measurement Science and Technology 19, no. 11 (September 17, 2008): 112001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/19/11/112001.

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Pompili, M., and R. Bartnikas. "On partial discharge measurement in dielectric liquids." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 19, no. 5 (October 2012): 1476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2012.6311489.

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Ueno, Kazuhide, Motohiro Kasuya, Masayoshi Watanabe, Masashi Mizukami, and Kazue Kurihara. "Resonance shear measurement of nanoconfined ionic liquids." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 12, no. 16 (2010): 4066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b923571j.

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Ponjavic, A., J. Dench, N. Morgan, and J. S. S. Wong. "In situ viscosity measurement of confined liquids." RSC Advances 5, no. 121 (2015): 99585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra19245e.

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Chala, Ayele Teressa, Svatopluk Matula, Kamila Báťková, and František Doležal. "Evaluation of methods for water and non-volatile LNAPL content measurement in porous media." Soil and Water Research 14, No. 1 (January 23, 2019): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/80/2018-swr.

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Proper characterization of contaminants in subsurface helps to clean up effectively the contaminated sites. In this study, different methods were used to quantify non-volatile light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) and water from sample columns subjected to different water to LNAPL ratios. The objective of the study was to evaluate methods for porous media water and LNAPL contents analysis. The liquids were sampled from the sample columns using activated carbon pellets (ACP). Sample columns water content was also measured using soil moisture sensors. Dielectric mixing model (DMM) was evaluated for the estimation of LNAPL content after water and LNAPL contents of the sample columns were determined through gravimetric analysis method. The result shows that it was possible to sample both water and LNAPL using ACP proportionally but with high standard deviations. It also shows that more liquid was sampled from sample columns subjected to only one liquid compared to sample columns subjected to two liquids. On the other hand, analysis of water and LNAPL using gravimetric analysis method gave the best result although the presence of LNAPL resulted in underestimation of water content at higher LNAPL contents. Meanwhile, the presence of LNAPL modified the bulk relative permittivity (ε<sub>a</sub>) of the sample columns and resulted in overestimation of water contents measured using soil moisture sensors at higher LNAPL content. The modification of ε<sub>a</sub> was used for the estimation of LNAPL using DMM. The evaluation of the model with known water and LNAPL contents and in estimating the LNAPL content of the other sample columns shows that the model could be used for the proper estimation of LNAPL in porous media.

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Firmansyah, Vera, Purwanto Nugroho, Herfin Yienda Prihensa, and Azis Muslim. "COMPARISON STUDY OF VERTICAL CYLINDER TANK DIAMETER MEASUREMENT BETWEEN STRAPPING AND OPTICAL METHOD." Spektra: Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/spektra.053.07.

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Vertical Cylinder Tank is used as a storage area or as a measuring tool. Liquids are used in the form of Fuel oil, Liquid Natural Gas, vegetable liquids, and other chemical liquids. The tank calibration results are in the form of a volume per height table that is used as a reference by Automatic Tank Gauging. There are two tank calibration methods, namely: the strapping method and the optical method. The process of measuring the inside or outside diameter of the tank becomes very important in the tank calibration process—the measurement of tank diameter by the strapping method using steel meters manually. At the same time, the optical method uses theodolite or total station. For tank diameters ≤ 5 m, the strapping method has smaller diameter measurement results with a difference of 0.7% compared to the optical method. In further research, a prototype can be developed that can accelerate the calibration process using the strapping method (for example, a vertical track measuring robot) or a low-cost prototype theodolite

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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquids Measurement'

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