Journal articles: 'Liquid water ratio'

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Silvestrelli, Pier Luigi. "Transport properties in liquids from first-principles: The case of liquid water and liquid argon." Journal of Chemical Physics 158, no. 13 (April 7, 2023): 134503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0144353.

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Shear and bulk viscosities of liquid water and argon are evaluated from first-principles in the density functional theory (DFT) framework, by performing molecular dynamics simulations in the NVE ensemble and using the Kubo–Greenwood equilibrium approach. The standard DFT functional is corrected in such a way to allow for a reasonable description of van der Waals effects. For liquid argon, the thermal conductivity has been also calculated. Concerning liquid water, to our knowledge, this is the first estimate of the bulk viscosity and of the shear-viscosity/bulk-viscosity ratio from first-principles. By analyzing our results, we can conclude that our first-principles simulations, performed at a nominal average temperature of 366 to guarantee that the systems are liquid-like, actually describe the basic dynamical properties of liquid water at about 330 K. In comparison with liquid water, the normal, monatomic liquid Ar is characterized by a much smaller bulk-viscosity/shear-viscosity ratio (close to unity) and this feature is well reproduced by our first-principles approach, which predicts a value of the ratio in better agreement with experimental reference data than that obtained using the empirical Lennard-Jones potential. The computed thermal conductivity of liquid argon is also in good agreement with the experimental value.

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K . Harweel, Cecelia, and Asseel M. Rasheed. "Drop Interface Coalescence in Liquid-Liquid System." Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 8, no. 1 (March 30, 2007): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2007.1.5.

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This investigation is a study of the length of time where drops can exist at an oil-water interface before coalescence take place with a bulk of the same phase as the drops. Many factors affecting the time of coalescence were studied in is investigation which included: dispersed phase flow rate, continuous phase height, hole size in distributor, density difference between phases, and viscosity ratio of oil/water systems, employing three liquid/liquid systems; kerosene/water, gasoil/water, and hexane/water. Higher value of coalescence time was 8.26 s at 0.7ml/ s flow rate, 30cm height and 7mm diameter of hole for gas oil/water system, and lower value was 0.5s at 0.3ml/s flow rate, 10 cm height and 3mm diameter of hole for hexane/water system. It is observed that time of coalescence increased with increase in the dispersed phase flow rate, continuous phase height, hole size in distributor, and viscosity ratio of oil/water system. The results have been analyzed by dimensional and statistical analysis, and a correlation was developed relating coalescence time with the operating/actors and the physical properties of the three oil/water systems.

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Osundare, Olusegun Samson, Gioia Falcone, Liyun Lao, and Alexander Elliott. "Liquid-Liquid Flow Pattern Prediction Using Relevant Dimensionless Parameter Groups." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 24, 2020): 4355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174355.

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Accurate predictions of flow patterns in liquid-liquid flow are critical to the successful design and operation of industrial and geo-energy systems where two liquids are jointly transported. Unfortunately, there is no unified flow pattern map, because all published maps are based on limited ranges of dimensional parameters. Dimensional analysis was performed on oil-water horizontal flows, to obtain some relevant dimensionless parameter groups (DPG) for constructing flow pattern maps (FPM). The following combinations of DPG were used: (i) the ratio of mixture Reynolds number to Eötvös number versus water fraction, (ii) the ratio of Weber number to Eötvös number versus water fraction, (iii) the mixture Froude number versus water fraction, (iv) the water Froude number versus oil Froude number, (v) the ratio of gravity force to viscous force versus water fraction. From twelve published experimental studies, 2696 data points were gathered and analysed covering a variety of flow patterns including stratified, stratified mixed, dispersed oil in water, dispersed water in oil, annular and slug flows. Based on the performed analysis, it was found that flow patterns could occupy more than one isolated region on the DPG-based flow pattern map. None of the combinations of DPG can mark out all the considered flow patterns, however, some combinations of DPG are particularly suitable for marking out the regions associated with some flow patterns.

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Fernandez, Federico, and Robert M. Quigley. "Hydraulic conductivity of natural clays permeated with simple liquid hydrocarbons." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 22, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t85-028.

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The hydraulic conductivity, k, of clayey soils is strongly influenced by the physicochemical properties of permeating liquid hydrocarbons. Tests on natural Sarnia soils mixed with pure liquids at a void ratio of 0.8 yielded k values that increased from 5 × 10−9 to 1 × 10−4 cm/s as the dielectric constant of the permeant decreased from 80 to 2.Sequential permeation of compacted, water-wet samples (k ≈ 10−8 cm/s) showed no changes in hydraulic conductivity when permeated with water-insoluble hydrocarbons of low dielectric constant (benzene, cyclohexane, xylene). These hydrophobic liquids were forced through microchannels or macropores and displaced less than 10% of the pore water from samples at a void ratio of unity.Permeation with water-soluble alcohols resulted in extensive removal of the pore water and up to 10-fold increases in k. Subsequent permeation with liquid aromatics of very low dielectric constant resulted in 1000-fold increases in k with only 30% of the pore space occupied by the aromatics. Association liquids such as alcohol that are mutually soluble in water and the aromatics seem to be required to initiate huge increases in k over testing periods of short duration. Key words: hydraulic conductivity, liquid hydrocarbons, clay barriers, dielectric constant.

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Zakaria, Z. N., M. S. Sanordi, and M. S. Laili. "Intensity Ratio Distribution in Different Dielectric Liquids using Kerr Effect Method." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2550, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2550/1/012023.

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Abstract Light intensity is the result from the Kerr effect measurement that can be used in determining the electric field distributions in dielectric liquids as the analysis continues afterwards. One of the most important parameters to consider in designing the Kerr effect experiment is the Kerr constant of the test liquid. This paper aims to study and compare light intensity distribution in different dielectric liquids using Kerr effect method. Propylene carbonate, transformer oil and purified water are used as the test liquids. From the results obtained, the light intensities as a function of electric field of the test liquids are compared. With higher Kerr constant, low voltages can be applied to the test liquid but with larger optical signals. Furthermore, the length of the electrodes can be designed accordingly to suit the experimental setup.

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Kim, Gyu Hyun, Sung Hyuk Cho, Ji Hye Han, Young Bang Lee, Chi Hyeong Roh, Kwon Hong, and Sung Ki Park. "Effect of Drying Liquid on Stiction of High Aspect Ratio Structures." Solid State Phenomena 187 (April 2012): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.187.75.

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In this paper, we studied stiction behavior of HAR pattern (line and space pattern) dependence on adhesion force with surface tension of drying liquid and surface contact angle. Surface tension effect was evaluated with various drying liquids such as IPA, ethanol and HFE (hydrofluoroether) chemical. Patterns treated by dHF, APM and surface modifier were introduced to investigate dependence of pattern collapse on contact angle. The high temperature D.I. water rinse followed by high temperatures drying using liquid with low surface tension was a most effective. Furthermore, surface modification method using HMDS (hexamethyldisilazane) chemical was also effective.

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Ku Ishak, Ku Esyra Hani, and Mohammed Abdalla Ayoub. "Performance of liquid–liquid hydrocyclone (LLHC) for treating produced water from surfactant flooding produced water." World Journal of Engineering 17, no. 2 (December 2, 2019): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-01-2019-0003.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of the fabricated liquid–liquid hydrocyclone (LLHC) with dimensions similar to those of one of the Malaysian oilfields with the presence of an anionic surfactant, S672. The effect of salinity and initial oil concentration were also investigated following the actual range concentration. Design/methodology/approach The current control system’s pressure drop ratio (PDR) does not necessarily lead to an efficient LLHC. Therefore, rather than using the PDR, the efficiency of the LLHC was analyzed by comparing the concentration of oil in the effluents with the concentration of oil at the feed of the LLHC. An LLHC test rig was developed at Centre of Enhanced Oil Recovery, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS. Emulsions were prepared by mixing the brines, S672 and oil by using Ultra Turrax ultrasonic mixer. The emulsion was pumped into the LLHC at different feed flowrate and split ratio. The brines concentration, initial oil concentration and S672 concentration were also varied in this study. Samples were taken at the underflow of the LLHC and the oil in water concentration analysis was done for the samples using TD-500D equipment. Findings It was found that the efficiency of oil removal decreased with an increase in S672 concentration but increased with the increase in salinity and initial oil concentration. Originality/value The optimum feed flowrate for the LLHC of 45 mm diameter and length of 1,125 mm with the presence of S672 surfactant was found to be 40 L/min with a split ratio of 14%. This study can be used as a guidance for future optimization of the LLHC in the presence of the surfactant.

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Saleh, Noorashikin Md, N. M. Hafiz, and Nik Nur Atiqah NikWee. "Determination of Parabens from Water Samples Using Cloud Point Extraction, Vortex Extraction and Liquid–Liquid Extraction Method Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8717.

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A straightforward and efficient way for extraction of parabens that is methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben and benzylparaben in environmental water samples was developed through optimizing parameters for each method of extraction. In this study, methods involved were cloud point extraction, vortex extraction, and liquid–liquid extraction. The parameters affecting the method of extraction were such as salt concentration, surfactant concentration, type of solvent, temperature, ratio of solvent to water and extraction time. The optimum parameter for cloud point extraction method were 1.0 M of salt, 1.0% v/v of surfactant, ratio of surfactant to water is 1:1, extraction time is 1 minute at 30 °C while vortex extraction method, optimum parameter is 1.0 M salt, using acetonitrile as a solvent, ratio 1 solvent: 4 water, and extracted at 1 minute. For the liquid–liquid extraction method, the optimum parameter was at 1.0 M salt, acetonitrile as a solvent, ratio of solvent to water is 1:1 and extraction time at 1 minute. The correlation coefficient for the calibration of paraben at concentration 0.2 ppm–1.0 ppm was in the range from 0.9703 to 0.9942. The limit of detection of studied paraben were 0.1627, 0.0837, 0.1156 and 0.1918 ppm, respectively. Percentage recovery for cloud point extraction, vortex extraction and liquid–liquid extraction were between 41%–147.9%, 26.5%–134.7%, and 31.4%–142.4% respectively. Each sample is repeated with triplication which the value of the relative standard deviation is less than 17.9%. Thus, the most suitable, efficient and effective method in extraction of paraben from water samples is cloud point extraction. The cloud point extraction shows the potential to be explore on the future extraction of others organic pollutants from water samples.

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Kwak, Moon Kyu, Cheol Woo Park, Kwang-Il Hwang, Choon Man Park, Hoon Eui Jeong, and Jun Ho Choi. "Extreme hydrophobicity and omniphilicity of high-aspect-ratio silicon structures." Modern Physics Letters B 29, no. 06n07 (March 20, 2015): 1540009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984915400096.

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We present an application of high-aspect-ratio (high-AR) silicon structures (black silicon) with high water repellency and good wettability by oils and solvents. The fabrication of black silicon consists of a deep reactive-ion etching process for extremely-high-AR silicon structures and surface treatment with C 4 F 8 gas. Such high-AR structures were found to be highly resistant against wetting by water, but they also have good wetting characteristics with respect to certain liquids such as ethanol, hexane and mineral oil. To determine the relationship between the AR of nanostructures and wetting selectivity, four different black silicon samples with different pattern heights were used. The static contact angles of various liquid were measured for the analysis of wetting properties of the four black silicon samples. To explore feasible applications, ethanol–water separation was performed as a miniaturized experimental simulation of environmental remediation.

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Oropeza-Vazquez, C., E. Afanador, L. Gomez, S. Wang, R. Mohan, O. Shoham, and G. Kouba. "Oil-Water Separation in a Novel Liquid-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (LLCC©) Compact Separator—Experiments and Modeling." Journal of Fluids Engineering 126, no. 4 (July 1, 2004): 553–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1777233.

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The hydrodynamics of multiphase flow in a Liquid-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (LLCC) compact separator have been studied experimentally and theoretically for evaluation of its performance as a free water knockout device. In the LLCC, no complete oil-water separation occurs. Rather, it performs as a free-water knockout, delivering a clean water stream in the underflow and an oil rich stream in the overflow. A total of 260 runs have been conducted, measuring the LLCC separation efficiency for water-dominated flow conditions. For all runs, an optimal split-ratio (underflow to inlet flow rate ratio) exists, where the flow rate in the water stream is maximum, with 100% watercut. The value of the optimal split-ratio depends upon the existing inlet flow pattern, and varies between 60% and 20%. For split-ratios higher than the optimal one, the watercut in the underflow stream decreases as the split-ratio increases. A novel mechanistic model has been developed for the prediction of the complex flow behavior and the separation efficiency in the LLCC. Comparisons between the experimental data and the LLCC model predictions show excellent agreement. The model is capable of predicting both the trend of the experimental data as well as the absolute measured values. The developed model can be utilized for the design and performance analysis of the LLCC.

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Van Buren, Tyler, and Alexander J. Smits. "Substantial drag reduction in turbulent flow using liquid-infused surfaces." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 827 (August 24, 2017): 448–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.503.

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Experiments are presented that demonstrate how liquid-infused surfaces can reduce turbulent drag significantly in Taylor–Couette flow. The test liquid was water, and the test surface was composed of square microscopic grooves measuring $100~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{m}$ to $800~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{m}$, filled with alkane liquids with viscosities from 0.3 to 1.4 times that of water. We achieve drag reduction exceeding 35 %, four times higher than previously reported for liquid-infused surfaces in turbulent flow. The level of drag reduction increased with viscosity ratio, groove width, fluid area fraction and Reynolds number. The optimum groove width was given by $w^{+}\approx 35$.

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Yufeng, Wang, Zhang Jing, Wang Qing, Gao Fei, Di Huige, He Tingyao, Yan Qing, Liu Jingjing, and Hua Dengxin. "Raman Lidar for Synchronous Water Vapor, Liquid Water and Ice Water Profilings." EPJ Web of Conferences 237 (2020): 06013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023706013.

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Water is the only atmospheric parameter with three-phase state. An ultraviolet Raman lidar was developed for synchronous measurements for water vapor, liquid water and ice water in Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China (34.233°N, 108.911°E). An accurate retrieval method on the basis of interference degree is proposed for synchronous three-phase water mixing ratio profiles. Preliminary measurements are carried out in the Laser Radar Center of Remote Sensing of Atmosphere (LRCRSA). Several representative examples are obtained and validated the performance of Raman system. Combined with atmospheric temperature profiles, the synchronous water vapor, liquid water and ice water profiling are retrieved and revealed the variation characteristics in three-phase water. The effective detection can reach up to a height of 5 km under cloudy weather, and synchronized growth in water vapor and liquid water content was obtained in cloud layers. Continuous observations are also made under haze weather condition, and the temporal and spatial evolution trend of three-phase water in clouds at 2 km altitude are successfully realized.

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Barber, J., P. H. Brooks, and J. L. Carpenter. "The effects of water to feed ratio on the digestibility, digestible energy and nitrogen retention of a grower ration." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (March 1991): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600020869.

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With the increase in the use of wet feeding systems, there has been a controversy over the optimum water to feed ratio to be used in these systems. Braude et al., (1967) showed that the feed conversion ratio was 20% higher for wet fed pigs compared to dry fed pigs. However, Forbes et al., (1968) found no significant difference in daily gain between wet and dry fed pigs.Gill et al., (1987) conducted an experiment to investigate the effects of different water to feed ratios on the performance of growing pigs provided with an additional water supply. They showed that liveweight gain and feed conversion significantly improved (p < 0.05) as the water to feed ratio of the liquid feed was increased from 2:1 to 3.5:1.The objective of this experiment was to investigate whether water to feed ratio effects digestibility, digestible energy and nitrogen retention.

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Rahmawati, Fitria, and Arum Putri Parameswari. "A Binary Liquid Mixture of Bioethanol-Water and Biodiesel-Water as Fuel for NSDC-LNSDCNSDC-L Direct Ethanol-Solid Oxide Fuel Cell." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 15, no. 2 (May 15, 2021): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht15.02.254.

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This research studies the possibility on using a binary liquid mixture of bioethanol-water and biodiesel-water as fuel for a NSDC-LNSDCNSDC-L single fuel cell. The ratio of bioethanol-water was 70:30, as well as the ratio of biodiesel-water. The fuel vapor flowed into the fuel cell system under the temperatures of 673, 773 and 873 K with a flow rate of 1–1.5 ml•min-1. The highest power densities were found at 673 K which are 2.984 and 1.838 mW•cm-2 for bioethanol-water and biodiesel-water, respectively. It is a promising result for a single fuel cell test with a very low rate of liquid fuel flow. Meanwhile, open circuit voltage (OCV) of the single fuel cell with bioethanol-water fuel is 1.439 V which is close to the theoretical OCV. However, OCV of the single fuel cell with biodiesel-water as fuel is 0.710 V which is lower than the theoretical OCV. Cell polarization seems still being the problem causing voltage loss during single fuel cell test.

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Vallejos, María Evangelina, Marcia Dib Zambon, María Cristina Area, and Antonio Aprigio da Silva Curvelo. "Low liquid–solid ratio (LSR) hot water pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse." Green Chemistry 14, no. 7 (2012): 1982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2gc35397k.

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Aouadi, Balkis, Flora Vitalis, Zsanett Bodor, John-Lewis Zinia Zaukuu, Istvan Kertesz, and Zoltan Kovacs. "NIRS and Aquaphotomics Trace Robusta-to-Arabica Ratio in Liquid Coffee Blends." Molecules 27, no. 2 (January 8, 2022): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020388.

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Coffee is both a vastly consumed beverage and a chemically complex matrix. For a long time, an arduous chemical analysis was necessary to resolve coffee authentication issues. Despite their demonstrated efficacy, such techniques tend to rely on reference methods or resort to elaborate extraction steps. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and the aquaphotomics approach, on the other hand, reportedly offer a rapid, reliable, and holistic compositional overview of varying analytes but with little focus on low concentration mixtures of Robusta-to-Arabica coffee. Our study aimed for a comparative assessment of ground coffee adulteration using NIRS and liquid coffee adulteration using the aquaphotomics approach. The aim was to demonstrate the potential of monitoring ground and liquid coffee quality as they are commercially the most available coffee forms. Chemometrics spectra analysis proved capable of distinguishing between the studied samples and efficiently estimating the added Robusta concentrations. An accuracy of 100% was obtained for the varietal discrimination of pure Arabica and Robusta, both in ground and liquid form. Robusta-to-Arabica ratio was predicted with R2CV values of 0.99 and 0.9 in ground and liquid form respectively. Aquagrams results accentuated the peculiarities of the two coffee varieties and their respective blends by designating different water conformations depending on the coffee variety and assigning a particular water absorption spectral pattern (WASP) depending on the blending ratio. Marked spectral features attributed to high hydrogen bonded water characterized Arabica-rich coffee, while those with the higher Robusta content showed an abundance of free water structures. Collectively, the obtained results ascertain the adequacy of NIRS and aquaphotomics as promising alternative tools for the authentication of liquid coffee that can correlate the water-related fingerprint to the Robusta-to-Arabica ratio.

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Wang, Wen-Ting, Fu-Ning Sang, Jian-Hong Xu, Yun-Dong Wang, and Guang-Sheng Luo. "The enhancement of liquid–liquid extraction with high phase ratio by microfluidic-based hollow droplet." RSC Advances 5, no. 100 (2015): 82056–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra15769b.

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We developed a novel method to enhance the liquid–liquid extraction by a microfluidic-based hollow droplet structure. A one-step microfluidic device is used for the generation of gas-in-oil-in-water double emulsions.

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Sliusenko, Andrii, Vitalii Ponomarenko, and Inna Forostiuk. "Water-air ejector with conical-cylindrical mixing chamber." Acta Polytechnica 61, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 768–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2021.61.0768.

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In the paper, the hydrodynamics of the liquid-gas mixture in the mixing chamber of the ejectors at different spatial positions was analyzed and the comparative study of such ejectors was carried out. It was found that a more ordered mode of movement of the mixture in the mixing chamber is created as a result of the coincidence of the velocity vector of liquid drops and the direction of gravity in the vertical position of the ejectors. This leads to increasing the volume entrainment ratio almost twice. The analysis of the liquid-gas mixture flow in the mixing chamber, evaluation calculations and research allowed to develop and to patent a jet apparatus with a conical-cylindrical (combined) mixing chamber. It was also found that for such ejectors, the volume entrainment ratio is 15–55% higher than for a jet apparatus with a cylindrical mixing chamber due to the reduction of the resistance of the passive flow into the mixing chamber and prevention of the formation of reverse-circulating flows. A study has been conducted on liquid-gas ejectors in the range of the main geometric parameter m (ratio of the mixing chamber area to the nozzle area) 9.4–126.5, which allowed to establish its rational values at which the maximum volume entrainment ratio is achieved (m = 25–40).

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A. Al-Hemiri, Adil, and Mohammed D. Selman. "ESTIMATION OF MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS IN A PACKED DISTILLATION COLUMN USING BATCH MODE." Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 12, no. 1 (March 30, 2011): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2011.1.2.

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This research adopts the estimation of mass transfer coefficient in batch packed bed distillation column as function of physical properties, liquid to vapour molar rates ratio (L / V), relative volatility (α), ratio of vapour and liquid diffusivities (DV / DL), ratio of vapour and liquid densities (ρV / ρL), ratio of vapour and liquid viscosities (μV/ μL).The experiments are done using binary systems, (Ethanol Water), (Methanol Water), (Methanol Ethanol), (Benzene Hexane), (Benzene Toluene). Statistical program (multiple regression analysis) is used for estimating the overall mass transfer coefficient of vapour and liquid phases (KOV and KOL) in a correlation which represented the data fairly well. KOV = 3.3 * 10-10 α-0.7 (DV / DL) 0.65 (L / V) 3.5 (ρV / ρL) 1.25 (μV / μL) -5.0 KOL = 2.8 * 10-6 α-0.95 (DV / DL) 0.03 (L / V) 1.15 (ρV / ρL )0.077 (μV / μL) -0.9 In this research a method where the resistances to mass transfer in both phases are accounted for separately through the use of HTU-NTU model for each phase Z=HTUOV.NTUOV and Z=HTUOL.NTUOL Results show that both overall vapour and liquid mass transfer coefficient are increased with liquid to vapour molar rates ratio, vapour to liquid diffusivities ratio and vapor to liquid densities ratio, but decreased with increasing the relative volatility and vapour to liquid viscosities ratio.

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Hui, Su, HE Ya-qi, ZHAO Yu, SUN Chao, MA Jun, Xia Hong-ze, MA Wen-jie, and Sun Pei. "Technical exploration of horizontal screw centrifuge in solid-liquid separation of flowback liquid in offshore production." E3S Web of Conferences 206 (2020): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020603009.

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This paper introduces the structure and working principle of horizontal screw centrifuge with large length diameter ratio and its technological process in the separation of liquid-solid liquid in the flowback of offshore production. The effects of different water addition ratio, rotating speed and demulsifier content on the separation effect of centrifuge were investigated by indoor experiments. The orthogonal test was used to optimize the parameters, and the optimal combination of parameters was as follows: water ratio was 1.5/1, rotating speed was 3000r / min, demulsification was achieved The dosage was 400mg / L. The optimum rotating speed of the centrifuge is 2000r / min, and the field pilot test is carried out for 10 consecutive days with the best combination of parameters. The results are as follows: the average mechanical impurity rate of oil phase produced by horizontal screw centrifuge is 0.465%, and the average oil content in water phase is 183mg / L. The separation effect is stable.

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Wong, Chong Yau, Mohamed Nabil Noui-Mehidi, and Jie Wu. "Performance of swirl tube oil-water separator for downhole applications." APPEA Journal 49, no. 1 (2009): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08026.

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An experimental comparison is made between a 2 inch (50.8 mm internal diameter) liquid-liquid cylindrical cyclone (LLCC©) and a 2 inch CSIRO-patented liquid-liquid separator (CS-T). Flow visualisation by long-time exposure photography of the LLCC revealed a steady vortex core with a fixed orientation that is independent of the inlet watercut percentage. Visualisation of the CS-T revealed an inverted cone that varied with length at decreasing watercut at the inlet stream. Volume fraction studies showed that the CS-T separation characteristic is similar to the LLCC at the 50% split ratio, but this characteristic departs markedly at higher split ratios. For a watercut of 94%, the optimum split ratio for the present LLCC and CS-T are 55% and 58% respectively.

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Li, Hong Rui, Li Bing Yuan, Ming Sheng Xv, and Wen Bo Zhang. "Optimization on Extraction Technique of Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide." Applied Mechanics and Materials 138-139 (November 2011): 1156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.138-139.1156.

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To investigate the extraction technique of soluble soybean polysaccharide by ultrasonic assistance, four relative factors, including water extraction temperature, ultrasonic treatment time, ultrasonic power and solid to liquid ratio, were optimized through orthogonal test L9 (34 ) on the basis of single factor experiment. The factors influencing the extraction rate of soluble soybean polysaccharide, in the sequence of significance, were ultrasonic treatment time, water extraction time, water extraction temperature and sold to liquid ratio. The optimum extraction technological parameter of soluble soybean polysaccharide was: ultrasonic wave period 20 min, water extraction temperature 90 °C, sold to liquid ratio 1:40, water extraction period 4 h, and the extracting rate was 3.5421% of bean dregs. The method of phenol-sulphate acid was applied to determine the content of polysaccharide. The content of polysaccharide was 96.58％ of extracted soybean polysaccharide sample.

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Liu, Shu Xing, Le Wang, and Da Qing Yang. "Study on Influence of Different Desulfurization Methods of Apple Slice." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 2753–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.2753.

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In order to decrease the residue content of sulfite of apple slices, the desulfurization by water, alkali solution and ultrasonic were studied. Results showed that the optimal parameters of the orthogonal design for eliminating the sulfur by water were: 60°C of temperature, 1:6 of solid-liquid ratio, 45 min/time of water refresh cycle, 3h of time. In this optimal condition, the desulfurization was 96.054%, and the residue content of sulfite was 0.090 g/kg. While the optimum conditions of alkali method were: using 0.06% Ca (OH) 2 with the solid-liquid ratio 1:5.4 at 54°C. In this optimal condition, the desulfurization rate was 96.673%, and the residue content was down to 0.076g/kg.The optimal parameters for eliminating the sulfur by ultrasonic were: solid-liquid ratio1:6, treatment time 25 min, ultrasonic power 120w, temperature 35°C. In this optimal condition, the desulfurization rate was 97.418%, and the residue content of sulfite was only 0.059g/kg.

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Zhang, Hong Bo, Jian Pu Liu, and Huan Xin Lai. "Numerical Simulation of Jetting Instability in Flow Focusing Microfluidics." Key Engineering Materials 609-610 (April 2014): 630–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.609-610.630.

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In this paper, jetting behavior of two immiscible liquids, water as the outer liquid and silicone oil as the inner liquid in typical flow focusing microchannels were numerically studied using VOF method. At low capillary number, uniform microdroplets were obtained by the absolute instability. With the increasing of fluid flow ratio, the jet is thinner and tends to break up further away the cross junction. The results showed that the flow rate ratio is the main factor that influences the microdroplet sizes, while the frequency of microdroplets formation can be controlled mainly by the surface tension when it is in the jetting regime.

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Chasib, Maryam Ibrahim, and Raghad Fareed Qasim. "Designing and studying operational parameters of hydrocyclone for oil – water separation." Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 26, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2019.26.4.006.

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This research presents the design procedure for liquid – liquid hydrocyclone to separate kerosene – water emulsion. It studies the effects of varying feed flow rate (6, 8, 10, and 12 l/min), inlet kerosene concentration (250, 500, 750, 1000, and 1250 ppm) , and split ratio (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) on the outcomes; separation efficiency and pressure drop ratio . This study used factorial experimental design assisted with Minitab program to obtain the optimum operating conditions. It was shown that inlet concentration of 250 ppm, 12 l/min inlet flow rate, and 0.9 split ratio gave 94.78 % as maximum separation efficiency and 0.895 as minimum pressure drop ratio.

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Hadnadjev-Kostic, Milica, Arpad Kiralj, and Dunja Sokolovic. "Wettability investigation of stainless steel fibers with mineral oils using the modified method for liquid penetration kinetics." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 49 (2018): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt1849053h.

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The modified Washburn equation and the lipophilic/hydrophilic (L/H) ratio are most commonly used for the wettability characterization of fibers. Therefore, this liquid penetration method was applied for the wettability investigation of stainless steel fibers with mineral oils and the lipophilic/hydrophilic (L/H) ratio was obtained. As test liquids mineral oils and water were used. It was found that the range of L/H ratio values was vastly broad (from 1048340 to 37802) concluding that this liquid penetration method was not suitable for these particular fibers. Consequently, in this study a modified method was developed defining a novel route to filter media wettability characterization and establishing the lipophilic/lyophobic ratio (LLR). As the new reference liquid the medical, white oil was selected. By using polar mineral oils the interval of the LLR ratio for stainless steel fibers ranged from 1 to 28. It can be concluded that the suggested LLR ratio, was adequately selected as a measure of wettability for stainless steel fibers with mineral oils. The LLR ratio exponentially increased with the increase of the neutralization number and viscosity of investigated mineral oils.

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Vu, Do Van, Nguyen Hong Nguyen, and Tri Ly Minh Nguyen. "DETERMINING OPTIMIZED CONDITIONS FOR REMOVAL OF CHLOROPHYLL IN EXTRACTED LIQUID FROM NEEM LEAVES BY DISTILLED WATER BY RESPONSE SURFACE METHOD." Science and Technology Development Journal 14, no. 4 (December 30, 2011): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v14i4.2046.

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Chlorophyll content in liquid ethanol extract of neem’s leaves has bad effect on quality and storage time of the extract. In this study, we tried to remove remaining chlorophyll in the liquid ethanol extract of neem’s leaves by distilled water. The results showed that after chlorophyll removing, the liquid extract still retained almost all the biological activity ingredients (limonoid). Three effecting factors, i.e., (i) The time to cool to precipitate chlorophyll in the extracted liquid, (ii) The initial content of chlorophyll; (iii) The ratio between the extracted liquid and distilled water added all affect chlorophyll removal efficiency, have been studied. The Response Surface Method (RSM) showed that, the optimal conditions for removing chlorophyll process, the ratio between extracted liquid and distilled water respectively is 16.8 μg/ml and 1.3 (13:10; v:v). The time to cool to precipitate chlorophyll in the extracted liquid didi not have significantly affect on the performance of the removing chlorophyll’s contents.

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Nakajima, Hironori, Henrik Ekström, Asuka Shima, Yoshitsugu Sone, and Göran Lindbergh. "Water Transport Modeling in a Microporous Layer for a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolyzer Having a Gas-Liquid Separating Interdigitated Flow Field." ECS Transactions 112, no. 4 (September 29, 2023): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11204.0273ecst.

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A new interdigitated flow field design for polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers has been developed for ground and space applications. It internally separates oxygen and liquid water, eliminating the water circulators to remove the bubbles and external gas-liquid separators with buoyancy. The capillary pressure in the hydrophobic microporous layer(MPL) of the anode porous transport layer enables the internal separation of oxygen gas and pressurized liquid water. A finite element model (COM-SOL Multiphysics) simulates water transport in the MPL. Electrochemical impedance spectra determine the electrochemical kinetic parameters for the model. The model accounts for the oxygen bubble coverage of the CL, liquid water saturation in the MPL, and the current ratio between liquid water and water vapor at the MPL-CL interface. The vapor from liquid water in the MPL mixes with oxygen for diffusion. The water evaporation rate based on liquid water saturation in the MPL is introduced.

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Wei, Shi Ju, Jian Li Tan, Wan Li Lu, Le Ping Liu, Shu Juan Yu, and Guang Jian Zheng. "Preparation and Performances of Geopolymer-Based Plant Fiber Composites." Solid State Phenomena 281 (August 2018): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.281.266.

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Geopolymer-based plant fiber composites were fabricated with metakaolin, alkaline sodium silicate and plant fibers. In this paper, orthogonal test and single factor analysis were used to study the influence of water glass modulus, solid liquid ratio and fiber content on bending strength. The results show that sequence of influence factors for bending strength was: solid to liquid ratio > fiber content > water glass modulus. When the water glass modulus is 1.7, the fiber content is 8% and the solid to liquid ratio is 1:1.4, the bending strength is up to 10.44MPa, which exceeds the Standard requirements (9MPa) specified by the China National Standard (GB/T 24312-2009). The micro-morphology of SEM indicates that the mix of plant fiber can enhance the toughness of geopolymer.

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Liao, Shu Qiong, Xiao Yu Peng, Xue Wang Zhang, Ke Lin Huang, Ben Wang, Ji Wen Gan, Qing Ruo Xie, Wei Jian Nong, and Ke Xian Li. "The Preparation of Micro-Molecular Dextran in Sub-Critical Water/CO₂." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 502–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.502.

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Micro-molecular dextran was prepared in sub-critical water/CO2 by hydrolysis of dextran20. The obtained products were mainly characterized by FT-IR and GPC. Furthermore, the reaction temperature, reaction time, reaction pressure, solid-liquid radio and stirring speed were systematically investigated during the work. The optimum reaction conditions are as follows: the reaction temperature was 160°C; the reaction time was 60 min; the reaction pressure was 2.5MPa; the solid-liquid ratio was 0.6 and the stirring speed was 300r/min.

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Rashid, Saman Abdulmajid, Questan Ali Ameen, Nidhal Abdulgani Mustafa, Sarwar Mohammed Sadq, and Ahmed Sami Shaker. "Influence of Liquid Methionine (methiogrow) in Drinking Water on Broiler Chicks Performance, Drinking Water, and Carcass Traits." Tikrit journal for agricultural sciences 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjas.21.4.2.

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The effect of a liquid methionine source provided through the drinking water on broiler chick performance, water intake, and carcass characteristics were studied using 264 unsexed broiler chicks (Ross 308, 7 days old). Methionine was added within three replicates in four treatments with 22 birds in each as follows: T1 (control treatment): without adding liquid methionine, T2: adding 0.25 ml of liquid methionine/litter of drinking water, T3: adding 0.50 ml of liquid methionine/litter of drinking water, and T4: adding 0.75 ml of liquid methionine/litter of drinking water. Live body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, water intake, and carcass traits were taken. The results showed that adding liquid methionine in drinking water were significantly increased (P≤0.05) live body weight, total feed intake, and body weight gain, as well as carcass traits also were significantly different among the treatments. Within the limits of the study, liquid DL-methionine provided in the drinking water was effectively assimilated by broiler chicks and increased total methionine intake, which increased the growth rate of the chicks.

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ARCHAKOSITT, Urith, Sunchai NILSUWANKOSIT, and Tatchai SUMITRA. "Effect of Volumetric Ratio and Injection Pressure on Water-Liquid Nitrogen Interaction." Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 41, no. 4 (April 2004): 432–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18811248.2004.9715505.

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Matrosov, Sergey Y., and David D. Turner. "Retrieving Mean Temperature of Atmospheric Liquid Water Layers Using Microwave Radiometer Measurements." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 5 (May 2018): 1091–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0179.1.

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AbstractA remote sensing method to retrieve the mean temperature of cloud liquid using ground-based microwave radiometer measurements is evaluated and tested by comparisons with direct cloud temperature information inferred from ceilometer cloud-base measurements and temperature profiles from radiosonde soundings. The method is based on the dependence of the ratio of cloud optical thicknesses at W-band (~90 GHz) and Ka-band (~30 GHz) frequencies on cloud liquid temperature. This ratio is obtained from total optical thicknesses inferred from radiometer measurements of brightness temperatures after accounting for the contributions from oxygen and water vapor. This accounting is done based on the radiometer-based retrievals of integrated water vapor amount and temperature and pressure measurements at the surface. The W–Ka-band ratio method is applied to the measurements from a three-channel (90, 31.4, and 23.8 GHz) microwave radiometer at the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Mobile Facility at Oliktok Point, Alaska. The analyzed events span conditions from warm stratus clouds with temperatures above freezing to mixed-phase clouds with supercooled liquid water layers. Intercomparisons of radiometer-based cloud liquid temperature retrievals with estimates from collocated ceilometer and radiosonde measurements indicated on average a standard deviation of about 3.5°C between the two retrieval types in a wide range of cloud temperatures, from warm liquid clouds to mixed-phase clouds with supercooled liquid and liquid water paths greater than 50 g m−2. The three-channel microwave radiometer–based method has a broad applicability, since it requires neither the use of active sensors to locate the boundaries of liquid cloud layers nor information on the vertical profile of temperature.

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FUNADA, T., and D. D. JOSEPH. "Viscous potential flow analysis of Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in a channel." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 445 (October 16, 2001): 263–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112001005572.

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We study the stability of stratified gas–liquid flow in a horizontal rectangular channel using viscous potential flow. The analysis leads to an explicit dispersion relation in which the effects of surface tension and viscosity on the normal stress are not neglected but the effect of shear stresses is. Formulas for the growth rates, wave speeds and neutral stability curve are given in general and applied to experiments in air–water flows. The effects of surface tension are always important and determine the stability limits for the cases in which the volume fraction of gas is not too small. The stability criterion for viscous potential flow is expressed by a critical value of the relative velocity. The maximum critical value is when the viscosity ratio is equal to the density ratio; surprisingly the neutral curve for this viscous fluid is the same as the neutral curve for inviscid fluids. The maximum critical value of the velocity of all viscous fluids is given by that for inviscid fluid. For air at 20°C and liquids with density ρ = 1 g cm−3 the liquid viscosity for the critical conditions is 15 cP: the critical velocity for liquids with viscosities larger than 15 cP is only slightly smaller but the critical velocity for liquids with viscosities smaller than 15 cP, like water, can be much lower. The viscosity of the liquid has a strong effect on the growth rate. The viscous potential flow theory fits the experimental data for air and water well when the gas fraction is greater than about 70%.

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Shojaee Zadeh, Seyyed Saeed, Patrick Walsh, and Vanessa Egan. "Velocity measurements of individual droplets in liquid-liquid Taylor flows in circular capillaries." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2116, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2116/1/012074.

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Abstract This study is focused on the effect of droplet length on droplet velocity in liquid-liquid Taylor flows for microfluidic applications. An experimental set up was designed to measure droplet velocity over a wide range of droplet lengths and flow velocities while also varying viscosity ratio. Five different fluid combinations were examined by employing AR20, FC40, HFE7500 and water. Results indicate the complexity of predicting droplet velocity in such flow regimes and also show a strong influence of viscosity ratio and Bond number.

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Gerasimovas, Valentinas, and Robertas Urbanavičius. "EFFICIENCY RESEARCH ON MEAT INDUSTRY WASTE WATER TREATMENT APPLYING THE METHOD OF DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION / MĖSOS PRAMONĖS NUOTEKŲ VALYMO FLOTACINIU METODU EFEKTYVUMO TYRIMAS." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 3, no. 6 (January 3, 2012): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2011.100.

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To protect environment from industrial pollution, strict requirements for waste water treatment are imposed. The purpose of research is to establish an optimal ratio of saturated liquid and meat industry waste water. Research included JCC “Traidenis” waste water treatment system installed in JSC “BHJ Baltic”. Investigations into treated waste water indicated that an optimal ratio of waste water and saturated liquid was 2/1 under duration time of 8 minutes. Efficient waste water treatment made 86% and the ratio of waste water and saturated liquid was 2/1. Santrauka Siekiant apsaugoti gamtą nuo pramoninės taršos, nuotekų valymui keliami vis didesni reikalavimai. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti optimalų skysčio ir oro emulsijos ir mėsos pramonės nuotekų santykį. Nuo skysčio ir oro emulsijos ir nuotekų santykio priklauso nuotekų valymo įrenginių kaina ir eksploatacijos išlaidos. Jei bus pasirinktas netinkamas santykis, nuotekų valymo įrenginiams reikės daugiau priežiūros, o tam prireiks papildomų išlaidų. Tyrimams atlikti pasirinkta UAB „Traidenis“ flotacinė nuotekų valymo sistema, sumontuota UAB „BHJ Baltic“ antrinių žaliavų perdirbimo įmonėje. Atlikus tyrimus nustatyta, kad optimalus skysčio ir oro emulsijos ir nuotekų santykis buvo 2:1. Esant tokioms sąlygoms, pasiektas 86 % valymo efektyvumas.

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Yu, Lu, Shu Hong Mao, Shao Xian Ji, and Fu Ping Lu. "Study on Microbial Transformation of 11α-hydroxy-16,17α-epoxy progesterone in Ionic Liquid/Water Biphasic System by Arthrobacter simplex." Applied Mechanics and Materials 723 (January 2015): 719–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.723.719.

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Dehydrogenated steroids are usually more effective in treating diseases, compared to their precursors. In this study, toxicity of six ionic liquids to the Arthrobacter simplex was investigated to evaluate the possibility of dehydrogenation of 11α-hydroxy-16,17α-epoxy progesterone in ionic liquid / water biphasic system. Results indicated that ionic liquids displayed higher toxicities to the A. simplex. The followed bio-dehydrogenation in biphasic system, as well as the immobilization investigations in the corresponding system, showed the lower conversion ratio of 11α-hydroxy-16,17α-epoxy progesterone. This maybe indicated the unsuitability of the imidazole-based ionic liquid for the dehydrogenation of A. simplex in the biphasic system.

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Zhang, Jie, Qiong Qiong Li, and Yu Qiang Xiong. "The Influence Factors of Compressive Strength and Production of Mineral Polymer of Aluminum Rocks in Xiuwen County, Guizhou Province, China." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 1086–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.1086.

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Aluminous rocks from Xiuwen County, Guizhou are the main raw materials, mixed some kaolin mineral. Water glass and alkaline activators are used to product polymer materials, the main experimental indicators are the compressive strength. Here, the studies on amount of water glass and alkaline activator, solid-liquid ratio, amount of kaolin and effects on compressive strength of Geopolymer have been proceeded respectively. The result shows that: the highest compressive strength of geopolymers is17.94 Mpa, with aluminous rock 40g, solid-liquid ratio 2.2, water glass12g and alkali activator 2.01g, as well as kaolin 18.02g.

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You, Ki Pyo, Young Moon Kim, and Jang Youl You. "Tuned Liquid Damper Experiment Using Shaking Table." Applied Mechanics and Materials 421 (September 2013): 772–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.421.772.

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The present study examines the characteristics of rectangular and circular tuned liquid dampers, which control wind-induced vibration in tall buildings, according to the natural frequency. The tuned liquid dampers (TLD) were of frequencies: 0.44Hz, 0.55Hz, 0.64Hz and 0.73Hz. The tuning feature of TLD water tanks was better in circular water tanks than in rectangular water tanks. Excitation amplitude affected the damping ratio based on energy dissipation capacity. At low excitation (below 5mm) and low natural frequency (0.44Hz), circular water tanks were advantageous over rectangular water tanks. However, at high excitation (over 5mm) and high natural frequency (over 0.55Hz), rectangular water tanks were advantageous over circular water tanks.

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Hamzah, Hazamaah Nur, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Cheng Yong Heah, Mohd Remy Rozainy Arif Zainol, and Kamarudin Hussin. "Assessment to the Solid to Liquid Ratios on the Soil Strength and Water Absorption of the Kedah’s Soil." Materials Science Forum 841 (January 2016): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.841.59.

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The purpose of this paper is to assess the solid to liquid ratios on the compressive strength and water absorption of Kedah’s soil by using geopolymerization method. Fly ash and soft soil were mixed with alkaline activators namely sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) for preparing stabilize the soil sample. The geopolymerization process for soil stabilization was synthesized by the activation of fly ash and soil with alkaline solution at four different solid to liquid ratios which were 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 at a specific constant ratio of Na2SiO3/NaOH solution of 0.5. The compressive strength up to 4.77 MPa was obtained at 3.0 of solid to liquid ratio and the water absorption has become increasingly lower to 2.28% as the ratio of solid to liquid increases in 7 days curing at room temperature.

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Xu, Tian Jiao, Jin Yang Chen, and Yi Mei Ji. "Hydrolysis of Cellulose to Produce Glucose in Ionic Liquid-Water Mixtures." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 873–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.873.

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The lignocellulose is a widespread renewable resource. With the decrease of the petrochemical resources, lignocellulose is very important as an alternative resource to produce fuel ethanol. As for the conversion of cellulose into fuel ethanol, the saccharification of cellulose is a key process. The environment benign process using ionic liquid-water mixtures is studied to mild hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose without acid as catalyst. Ionic liquid of 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Amim]Cl) is chosen to mix with water because it has great solubility of cellulose. The mass ratio of water with ionic liquid, reaction temperature and reaction time are studied and the optimal conditions of glucose yield are obtained as follows: the mass ratio of water 0.375, the reaction temperature 433 K and the reaction time 4h, and the yield of glucose is 77.08%.

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Liu, Yang, Jianchao Deng, Yamei Wang, Xiaoyang Zhan, Deyuan Zhang, and Huawei Chen. "Self-Assembly of Self-Cleaning Polystyrene/Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Films with Well-Ordered Micro-Structures." Coatings 10, no. 11 (November 22, 2020): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10111133.

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Well-ordered porous films have been widely applied in various areas, such as chemical sensors, microreactors, and tissue engineering. In this article, we propose a novel air-liquid interface self-assembly method to fabricate well-ordered porous polystyrene (PS)/styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) films by simply dipping the PS/SBS chloroform solutions onto the surface of a mixed water/ethanol liquid phase. The proper volume ratio of water/ethanol is necessary for the formation of films with highly uniform pore size. The effect of weight ratio of PS/SBS, the volume ratio of water/ethanol and the concentration of the solutions were experimentally investigated. The pore size decreases with the concentration of polymer solution, and the structure becomes more regular with the decrease of water/ethanol volume ratio. Ordered structure can be formed under PS/SBS in a certain weight ratio. The self-assembled films also have the function of self-cleaning. Besides the analysis of structural characteristic, the self-assembly mechanism was also discussed.

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Ramasamy, Shamala, Kamarudin Hussin, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Che Mohd Ruzaidi, Mohammed Binhussain, and Andrei Victor Sandu. "Effect of Solid/Liquid Ratio on Mechanical Properties of Kaolin Coated Teak Wood via Geopolymer Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.708.

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Kaolin, an aluminosilicate source materials was mixed with alkaline activator solution to create a geopolmer paste which was coated on teak wood subsrates. In this work, the effect of solid/liquid ratio (0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) was analysed while other parameters were maintained constant. Coating teak wood substrates via geopolymer technology was focused to see the enhancement made to the mechanical properties of teak wood. Various test such as adhesive strength test, water absorption and morphology study was conducted after seventh day of sample preparation. Kaolin coated sample with 1.0 solid/liquid ratio showed the highest adhesive strength of 10.5 MPa and the lowest water absorption of 6.3%. Morphology studies also supported the trend of promising compatibility between kaolin coating and teak wood substrate at 1.0 solid/liquid ratio which further evident the accuracy of collected data.

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Zhang, Bao, Hongtao Jing, Zhixiong Tu, Hangbo Cui, Xiaofei Bai, Huaiguang Zhou, Xiaotong Yu, Dabin Fan, Longlong Xue, and Taochou Liu. "Investigation of Gas-liquid Separation Experiment of Electric Pump Drainage and Gas Extraction Unit in High Gas-liquid Ratio Gas Wells." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2659, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2659/1/012033.

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Abstract Given the prominent problem of water in the Tarim basin of China with high formation temperature and large water production, a preferred scheme of electric pump drainage and gas extraction unit for gas fields with a high gas-liquid ratio is proposed by the mechanical principle and structural design method. Then, the corresponding electric pumps were developed, and the drainage and gas extraction scheme of a permanent magnet electric pump unit with gas-liquid separation in the way of an inverted deflector is designed. Through indoor experiments simulating the downhole gas-liquid ratio environment, the gas-liquid separation ability and adaptability of the design scheme under different good conditions are verified. The results obtained demonstrate that the cable connection process can meet the requirements of high-pressure resistance (≥25 MPa), and the gas-liquid separation effect is very good in vertical wells by adopting the inverted deflector scheme. The separation effect exceeded 90% under different working conditions (production from 30 to 150 m3/day and inhalation gas-liquid ratio from 50% to 95% and even higher) in the experiment with high gas content. The results will promote the gas recovery rate of high gas-liquid ratio gas fields and improve extraction efficiency.

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Liu, Qilin, Xue Han, Jian Cao, Lang Du, Ning Jia, Rong Zheng, Wen Chen, and Dezhi Zeng. "Design of Multifunctional and Efficient Water-Based Annulus Protection Fluid for HTHP Sour Gas Wells." Processes 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010171.

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In order to solve the corrosion problem of production string in the process of acidizing for the purpose of production, a new water-based annular protective fluid suitable for HTHP acid gas, including H2S-CO2 wells, was developed. Firstly, an appropriate deoxidizer, bactericide, and corrosion inhibitor shall be selected according to the production string of acid gas. In addition, the synergism between additives is evaluated. Then, by designing the additive ratio, the optimal formulation of the water-based annular protective fluid is determined. Finally, a high-temperature autoclave was used to evaluate the protective performance of the water-based annular protective liquid. The results showed that it is recommended to use water-based annular protective liquids prepared with clear water that comes easily from nature (rivers, etc.), which consist of a corrosion inhibitor, CT2-19C (30,000 ppm), BN-45 bactericide (2 g/L), and anhydrous sodium sulfite (3 g/L). The density of the water-based annulus protection liquid is 1.02 g/cm3, and the freezing point is −2.01 °C. The dissolved oxygen content of water-based annulus protection fluids prepared with clear water in formation water shall be controlled within 0.3 ppm. The corrosion inhibition rate of water-based annular protective fluid in the liquid phase is higher than 90%, and the corrosion rate of P110SS steel in the gas–liquid phase is lower than the oilfield corrosion control index (0.076 mm/y).

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Krawczyk, Piotr, Krzysztof Badyda, and Szczepan Młynarz. "Effect of the air to water ratio on the performance of internal mixing two-fluid atomiser." Chemical and Process Engineering 37, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 461–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cpe-2016-0038.

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Abstract One of the important parameters describing pneumatic liquid atomisation is the air to liquid mass ratio (ALR). Along with the atomiser design and properties of the liquid it has extremely important influence on parameters of atomised liquid such as: mean droplet diameter, jet range and angle. Knowledge about real characteristics of an atomiser in this respect is necessary to correctly choose its operating parameters in industrial applications. The paper presents results of experimental research of two-fluid atomisers with internal mixing built according to custom design. Investigated atomizers were designed for spraying a urea aqueous solution inside the power boiler combustion chamber. They are an important element of SNCR (selective non-catalytic reduction) installation which is used to reduce nitrogen oxides in a flue gas boiler. Obtained results were used by authors in further research, among others to determine the boundary conditions in the SNCR installation modeling. The research included determining mean droplet diameter as a function of ALR. It has been based on the immersion liquid method and on the use of specialised instrumentation for determining distribution of droplet diameters in a spray – Spraytec by Malvern. Results obtained with both methods were later compared. The measurements were performed at a laboratory stand located at the Institute of Heat Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology. The stand enables extensive investigation of the water atomisation process.

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Vashahi, F., S. Ra, Y. Choi, and J. K. Lee. "Influence of Design Parameters on the Air/Liquid Ratio of an Air Induction Nozzle." Journal of Mechanics 34, no. 3 (March 29, 2017): 375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2017.12.

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AbstractA two-phase flow parametric study on an air induction nozzle with water and air as the working fluids is presented. Liquid was supplied at the pre-orifice with various inlet pressures ranging from 3 to 6 bar. The interaction between air and water at the molecular level at the orifice exit leads to formation of a strong shear layer that is intensified with the increase in inlet pressure. Thus, it is vital to regulate the ratio of the intake air to the supplied liquid so that the generated micro bubbles fit the design criteria. CFD analysis was conducted using the commercial software STAR CCM+ from Siemens and validated against experimental data to investigate the design parameters and their effect on the ALR. A volume of fluid (VOF) method of the RANS models was used to undertake the air-water interaction. Parameters such as the throat, air orifice, and air inlet diameter, along with the diffuser angle, were investigated. It was found that certain parameters such as the throat diameter have a more significant effect on the air/liquid entrainment ratio than other parameters.

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Verezub, Olga, György Kaptay, Tomiharu Matsushita, and Kusuhiro Mukai. "Penetration Dynamics of Solid Particles into Liquids High-Speed Experimental Results and Modelling." Materials Science Forum 473-474 (January 2005): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.473-474.429.

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Penetration of model solid particles (polymer, teflon, nylon, alumina) into transparent model liquids (distilled water and aqueous solutions of KI) were recorded by a high speed (500 frames per second) camera, while the particles were dropped from different heights vertically on the still surface of the liquids. In all cases a cavity has been found to form behind the solid particle, penetrating into the liquid. For each particle/liquid combination the critical dropping height has been measured, above which the particle was able to penetrate into the bulk liquid. Based on this, the critical impact particle velocity, and also the critical Weber number of penetration have been established. The critical Weber number of penetration was modelled as a function of the contact angle, particle size and the ratio of the density of solid particles to the density of the liquid.

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Şimşek, Barış, İnci Sevgili, Özge Bildi Ceran, Haluk Korucu, and Osman Nuri Şara. "Nanomaterials Based Drinking Water Purification: Comparative Study with a Conventional Water Purification Process." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 63, no. 1 (July 17, 2018): 96–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.12458.

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One of the ways of fully securing the presence of fresh water is water treatment process. Nanomaterials and nanotechnology offers an innovative solution for water treatment. In this study, physical, chemical and microbiological improvement rates of raw water were analyzed after filtration with graphene oxide. Graphene oxide's water treatment performance; silver nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles & graphene oxide composites that are commonly used in water treatment were compared with a traditional treatment method. When compared to the traditional method, there were improvements of 50 %, 40.7 %, 86.8 % and 45.5 % for color, TIC, TOC and hardness properties, respectively in water treatment by GO-based filtration with solid liquid ratio of 0.7 % (v/v). In water treatment with GO-Ag based filtration, 39.8 %, 69.8 %, 10.3 % and 28.6 % of improvements were obtained for TIC, TOC, hardness and LSI value compared to the conventional method. Both GO at 0.7 % (v/v) solid-liquid ratio and GO-Ag nanocomposites were successful in the number of total viable microorganisms and inhibiting microorganisms such as Escherichia coli fecal (gaita-infected), Salmonella typhi, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomona aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Among the studied parameters GO-Ag nanocomposites found to be the most suitable for drinking water treatment.

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Wang, Li Sheng, Wei Wang, Yan Ge, and Jiangtao Tang. "Optimization of the Water Extraction Technology of Flavonoids in Emilia Sonchifolia (Linn.) DC." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 1016–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.1016.

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Single factor experiments and orthogonal experiments were successively carried out to optimize the water extraction technology of flavonoids in Emilia sonchifolia (Linn.) DC. The results showed that the influential order of factors was extraction times >solid-liquid ratio >extraction time. The optimum conditions were 15:1 of solid-liquid ratio, 2h of the extraction time and 3 of the extraction times. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of flavonoids from Emilia sonchifolia (Linn.) DC was 3.35%.

Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid water ratio'

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