Academic literature on the topic 'Liquid water ratio'
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Journal articles on the topic "Liquid water ratio":
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Silvestrelli, Pier Luigi. "Transport properties in liquids from first-principles: The case of liquid water and liquid argon." Journal of Chemical Physics 158, no. 13 (April 7, 2023): 134503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0144353.
Abstract:
Shear and bulk viscosities of liquid water and argon are evaluated from first-principles in the density functional theory (DFT) framework, by performing molecular dynamics simulations in the NVE ensemble and using the Kubo–Greenwood equilibrium approach. The standard DFT functional is corrected in such a way to allow for a reasonable description of van der Waals effects. For liquid argon, the thermal conductivity has been also calculated. Concerning liquid water, to our knowledge, this is the first estimate of the bulk viscosity and of the shear-viscosity/bulk-viscosity ratio from first-principles. By analyzing our results, we can conclude that our first-principles simulations, performed at a nominal average temperature of 366 to guarantee that the systems are liquid-like, actually describe the basic dynamical properties of liquid water at about 330 K. In comparison with liquid water, the normal, monatomic liquid Ar is characterized by a much smaller bulk-viscosity/shear-viscosity ratio (close to unity) and this feature is well reproduced by our first-principles approach, which predicts a value of the ratio in better agreement with experimental reference data than that obtained using the empirical Lennard-Jones potential. The computed thermal conductivity of liquid argon is also in good agreement with the experimental value.
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K . Harweel, Cecelia, and Asseel M. Rasheed. "Drop Interface Coalescence in Liquid-Liquid System." Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 8, no. 1 (March 30, 2007): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2007.1.5.
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This investigation is a study of the length of time where drops can exist at an oil-water interface before coalescence take place with a bulk of the same phase as the drops. Many factors affecting the time of coalescence were studied in is investigation which included: dispersed phase flow rate, continuous phase height, hole size in distributor, density difference between phases, and viscosity ratio of oil/water systems, employing three liquid/liquid systems; kerosene/water, gasoil/water, and hexane/water. Higher value of coalescence time was 8.26 s at 0.7ml/ s flow rate, 30cm height and 7mm diameter of hole for gas oil/water system, and lower value was 0.5s at 0.3ml/s flow rate, 10 cm height and 3mm diameter of hole for hexane/water system. It is observed that time of coalescence increased with increase in the dispersed phase flow rate, continuous phase height, hole size in distributor, and viscosity ratio of oil/water system. The results have been analyzed by dimensional and statistical analysis, and a correlation was developed relating coalescence time with the operating/actors and the physical properties of the three oil/water systems.
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Osundare, Olusegun Samson, Gioia Falcone, Liyun Lao, and Alexander Elliott. "Liquid-Liquid Flow Pattern Prediction Using Relevant Dimensionless Parameter Groups." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 24, 2020): 4355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174355.
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Accurate predictions of flow patterns in liquid-liquid flow are critical to the successful design and operation of industrial and geo-energy systems where two liquids are jointly transported. Unfortunately, there is no unified flow pattern map, because all published maps are based on limited ranges of dimensional parameters. Dimensional analysis was performed on oil-water horizontal flows, to obtain some relevant dimensionless parameter groups (DPG) for constructing flow pattern maps (FPM). The following combinations of DPG were used: (i) the ratio of mixture Reynolds number to Eötvös number versus water fraction, (ii) the ratio of Weber number to Eötvös number versus water fraction, (iii) the mixture Froude number versus water fraction, (iv) the water Froude number versus oil Froude number, (v) the ratio of gravity force to viscous force versus water fraction. From twelve published experimental studies, 2696 data points were gathered and analysed covering a variety of flow patterns including stratified, stratified mixed, dispersed oil in water, dispersed water in oil, annular and slug flows. Based on the performed analysis, it was found that flow patterns could occupy more than one isolated region on the DPG-based flow pattern map. None of the combinations of DPG can mark out all the considered flow patterns, however, some combinations of DPG are particularly suitable for marking out the regions associated with some flow patterns.
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Fernandez, Federico, and Robert M. Quigley. "Hydraulic conductivity of natural clays permeated with simple liquid hydrocarbons." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 22, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t85-028.
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The hydraulic conductivity, k, of clayey soils is strongly influenced by the physicochemical properties of permeating liquid hydrocarbons. Tests on natural Sarnia soils mixed with pure liquids at a void ratio of 0.8 yielded k values that increased from 5 × 10−9 to 1 × 10−4 cm/s as the dielectric constant of the permeant decreased from 80 to 2.Sequential permeation of compacted, water-wet samples (k ≈ 10−8 cm/s) showed no changes in hydraulic conductivity when permeated with water-insoluble hydrocarbons of low dielectric constant (benzene, cyclohexane, xylene). These hydrophobic liquids were forced through microchannels or macropores and displaced less than 10% of the pore water from samples at a void ratio of unity.Permeation with water-soluble alcohols resulted in extensive removal of the pore water and up to 10-fold increases in k. Subsequent permeation with liquid aromatics of very low dielectric constant resulted in 1000-fold increases in k with only 30% of the pore space occupied by the aromatics. Association liquids such as alcohol that are mutually soluble in water and the aromatics seem to be required to initiate huge increases in k over testing periods of short duration. Key words: hydraulic conductivity, liquid hydrocarbons, clay barriers, dielectric constant.
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Zakaria, Z. N., M. S. Sanordi, and M. S. Laili. "Intensity Ratio Distribution in Different Dielectric Liquids using Kerr Effect Method." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2550, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2550/1/012023.
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Abstract Light intensity is the result from the Kerr effect measurement that can be used in determining the electric field distributions in dielectric liquids as the analysis continues afterwards. One of the most important parameters to consider in designing the Kerr effect experiment is the Kerr constant of the test liquid. This paper aims to study and compare light intensity distribution in different dielectric liquids using Kerr effect method. Propylene carbonate, transformer oil and purified water are used as the test liquids. From the results obtained, the light intensities as a function of electric field of the test liquids are compared. With higher Kerr constant, low voltages can be applied to the test liquid but with larger optical signals. Furthermore, the length of the electrodes can be designed accordingly to suit the experimental setup.
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Kim, Gyu Hyun, Sung Hyuk Cho, Ji Hye Han, Young Bang Lee, Chi Hyeong Roh, Kwon Hong, and Sung Ki Park. "Effect of Drying Liquid on Stiction of High Aspect Ratio Structures." Solid State Phenomena 187 (April 2012): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.187.75.
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In this paper, we studied stiction behavior of HAR pattern (line and space pattern) dependence on adhesion force with surface tension of drying liquid and surface contact angle. Surface tension effect was evaluated with various drying liquids such as IPA, ethanol and HFE (hydrofluoroether) chemical. Patterns treated by dHF, APM and surface modifier were introduced to investigate dependence of pattern collapse on contact angle. The high temperature D.I. water rinse followed by high temperatures drying using liquid with low surface tension was a most effective. Furthermore, surface modification method using HMDS (hexamethyldisilazane) chemical was also effective.
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Ku Ishak, Ku Esyra Hani, and Mohammed Abdalla Ayoub. "Performance of liquid–liquid hydrocyclone (LLHC) for treating produced water from surfactant flooding produced water." World Journal of Engineering 17, no. 2 (December 2, 2019): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-01-2019-0003.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of the fabricated liquid–liquid hydrocyclone (LLHC) with dimensions similar to those of one of the Malaysian oilfields with the presence of an anionic surfactant, S672. The effect of salinity and initial oil concentration were also investigated following the actual range concentration. Design/methodology/approach The current control system’s pressure drop ratio (PDR) does not necessarily lead to an efficient LLHC. Therefore, rather than using the PDR, the efficiency of the LLHC was analyzed by comparing the concentration of oil in the effluents with the concentration of oil at the feed of the LLHC. An LLHC test rig was developed at Centre of Enhanced Oil Recovery, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS. Emulsions were prepared by mixing the brines, S672 and oil by using Ultra Turrax ultrasonic mixer. The emulsion was pumped into the LLHC at different feed flowrate and split ratio. The brines concentration, initial oil concentration and S672 concentration were also varied in this study. Samples were taken at the underflow of the LLHC and the oil in water concentration analysis was done for the samples using TD-500D equipment. Findings It was found that the efficiency of oil removal decreased with an increase in S672 concentration but increased with the increase in salinity and initial oil concentration. Originality/value The optimum feed flowrate for the LLHC of 45 mm diameter and length of 1,125 mm with the presence of S672 surfactant was found to be 40 L/min with a split ratio of 14%. This study can be used as a guidance for future optimization of the LLHC in the presence of the surfactant.
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Saleh, Noorashikin Md, N. M. Hafiz, and Nik Nur Atiqah NikWee. "Determination of Parabens from Water Samples Using Cloud Point Extraction, Vortex Extraction and Liquid–Liquid Extraction Method Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8717.
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A straightforward and efficient way for extraction of parabens that is methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben and benzylparaben in environmental water samples was developed through optimizing parameters for each method of extraction. In this study, methods involved were cloud point extraction, vortex extraction, and liquid–liquid extraction. The parameters affecting the method of extraction were such as salt concentration, surfactant concentration, type of solvent, temperature, ratio of solvent to water and extraction time. The optimum parameter for cloud point extraction method were 1.0 M of salt, 1.0% v/v of surfactant, ratio of surfactant to water is 1:1, extraction time is 1 minute at 30 °C while vortex extraction method, optimum parameter is 1.0 M salt, using acetonitrile as a solvent, ratio 1 solvent: 4 water, and extracted at 1 minute. For the liquid–liquid extraction method, the optimum parameter was at 1.0 M salt, acetonitrile as a solvent, ratio of solvent to water is 1:1 and extraction time at 1 minute. The correlation coefficient for the calibration of paraben at concentration 0.2 ppm–1.0 ppm was in the range from 0.9703 to 0.9942. The limit of detection of studied paraben were 0.1627, 0.0837, 0.1156 and 0.1918 ppm, respectively. Percentage recovery for cloud point extraction, vortex extraction and liquid–liquid extraction were between 41%–147.9%, 26.5%–134.7%, and 31.4%–142.4% respectively. Each sample is repeated with triplication which the value of the relative standard deviation is less than 17.9%. Thus, the most suitable, efficient and effective method in extraction of paraben from water samples is cloud point extraction. The cloud point extraction shows the potential to be explore on the future extraction of others organic pollutants from water samples.
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Kwak, Moon Kyu, Cheol Woo Park, Kwang-Il Hwang, Choon Man Park, Hoon Eui Jeong, and Jun Ho Choi. "Extreme hydrophobicity and omniphilicity of high-aspect-ratio silicon structures." Modern Physics Letters B 29, no. 06n07 (March 20, 2015): 1540009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984915400096.
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We present an application of high-aspect-ratio (high-AR) silicon structures (black silicon) with high water repellency and good wettability by oils and solvents. The fabrication of black silicon consists of a deep reactive-ion etching process for extremely-high-AR silicon structures and surface treatment with C 4 F 8 gas. Such high-AR structures were found to be highly resistant against wetting by water, but they also have good wetting characteristics with respect to certain liquids such as ethanol, hexane and mineral oil. To determine the relationship between the AR of nanostructures and wetting selectivity, four different black silicon samples with different pattern heights were used. The static contact angles of various liquid were measured for the analysis of wetting properties of the four black silicon samples. To explore feasible applications, ethanol–water separation was performed as a miniaturized experimental simulation of environmental remediation.
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Oropeza-Vazquez, C., E. Afanador, L. Gomez, S. Wang, R. Mohan, O. Shoham, and G. Kouba. "Oil-Water Separation in a Novel Liquid-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (LLCC©) Compact Separator—Experiments and Modeling." Journal of Fluids Engineering 126, no. 4 (July 1, 2004): 553–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1777233.
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The hydrodynamics of multiphase flow in a Liquid-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (LLCC) compact separator have been studied experimentally and theoretically for evaluation of its performance as a free water knockout device. In the LLCC, no complete oil-water separation occurs. Rather, it performs as a free-water knockout, delivering a clean water stream in the underflow and an oil rich stream in the overflow. A total of 260 runs have been conducted, measuring the LLCC separation efficiency for water-dominated flow conditions. For all runs, an optimal split-ratio (underflow to inlet flow rate ratio) exists, where the flow rate in the water stream is maximum, with 100% watercut. The value of the optimal split-ratio depends upon the existing inlet flow pattern, and varies between 60% and 20%. For split-ratios higher than the optimal one, the watercut in the underflow stream decreases as the split-ratio increases. A novel mechanistic model has been developed for the prediction of the complex flow behavior and the separation efficiency in the LLCC. Comparisons between the experimental data and the LLCC model predictions show excellent agreement. The model is capable of predicting both the trend of the experimental data as well as the absolute measured values. The developed model can be utilized for the design and performance analysis of the LLCC.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Liquid water ratio":
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Kulkarni, Prashant S. "Mixed Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Fiber Media for Liquid-Liquid Coalescence." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1310686055.
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Aguilar, Boris. "Experimental study and numerical modeling of accretion phenomena of snow particles at the origin of the formation of accretions on aeronautical structures or civil engineering." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, ISAE, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ESAE0003.
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Pour garantir la sécurité des vols dans des conditions de neige, les constructeurs d'aéronefs doivent démontrer que chaque moteur et son système d'admission d'air peuvent fonctionner sur toute la plage de puissance de vol dans des conditions de neigeuse. Cette étude fait partie d'un effort visant à développer des modèles pour l'accumulation de neige.Pour établir le cadre de départ de ce travail sur la modélisation du givrage de la neige, le chapitre 1 est consacré à une revue de la littérature organisée en trois parties. Dans la première partie, les différents processus de création de neige dans l'atmosphère sont détaillés afin de définir la neige qui sera étudiée ici. Dans une deuxième partie, une revue de la littérature sur la modélisation du givrage des cristaux de glace est réalisée et constitue le point de départ de ce travail du point de vue de la modélisation. Enfin, une troisième partie présente les moyens expérimentaux actuels pour mesurer les conditions de neige et les avantages et inconvénients associés.Dans le chapitre 2, nous étudions les modèles de traînée adaptés au cas des flocons de neige pour calculer les trajectoires des particules. Comme mentionné dans l'état de l'art, les modèles classiques développés pour les particules non-sphériques s'avèrent suffisamment précis pour les cristaux de glace. L'objectif est double. D'une part, il s'agit de vérifier que les modèles valables pour les cristaux de glace le sont également pour les flocons de neige, qui sont en fait des agrégats de particules, beaucoup plus grands et de forme géométrique complexe. D'autre part, les modèles de traînée proposés doivent être compatibles avec le type de données d'entrée. Par exemple, à la fin d'une campagne d'essais en vol, les particules ne peuvent être décrites qu'à l'aide d'images 2D, ce qui est loin d'une description 3D complète et détaillée du flocon de neige. Compte tenu du niveau de précision des données d'entrée utilisées pour décrire la particule, l'objectif de ce chapitre est de proposer des modèles de traînée basés sur une description géométrique simple et limitée des flocons de neige.Le chapitre 3 est l'équivalent du chapitre 2 pour l'adaptation des modèles de transfert de chaleur et de masse aux flocons de neige. Le processus de fusion d'un flocon de neige transporté par un flux d'air chaud est étudié. Une fois de plus, l'exigence est double. D'une part, il s'agit de vérifier si les modèles développés pour les cristaux de glace peuvent être facilement étendus au cas des flocons de neige. D'autre part, proposer des modèles pour lesquels la complexité des données d'entrée est compatible avec le niveau de précision des bases de données. Pour rappel, les descriptions 3D des flocons de neige sont rares et difficiles à obtenir. Dans de nombreux cas, une seule image 2D de la particule issue d'une campagne d'essais en vol est disponible. Dans ce chapitre, l'accent est mis sur la description de la densité apparente de la particule, et en particulier sur son évolution au cours du processus de fusion. En effet, la densité apparente peut varier considérablement, de quelques kg/m3 pour la particule sèche à 997 kg/m3 pour la gouttelette d'eau résultant du processus de fusion.A l'issue des chapitres 2 et 3, des modèles ont été proposés pour la trajectoire des paillettes et pour le suivi du processus de fusion. Il est ainsi possible d'estimer la localisation de l'impact et la quantité d'eau transportée par les flocons. L'étape physique suivante concerne l'accrétion des particules de neige. Les données expérimentales seront utilisées pour valider ou améliorer les modèles d'accrétion des cristaux de glace. A notre connaissance, aucune base de données traitant de l'accrétion de la neige dans des conditions aéronautiques n'a été mise à disposition jusqu'à présent dans la littérature. C'est dans cette optique que ce chapitre traite de la conception et de la réalisation de ces essais d'accrétion de neigeTo ensure safe flight under snowy conditions, aircraft manufacturers must demonstrate that each engine and its air inlet system can operate throughout the flight power range of the engine (including idling) in both falling and blowing snow conditions. This study is part of an effort to develop models for snow accretion.To establish the starting framework of this work on the modeling of snow icing, Chapter 1 is dedicated to a literature review organized in three parts. In the first part, the different processes of snow creation in the atmosphere are detailed in order to define the snow that will be studied here. In a second part, a literature review on the modelling of ice crystals icing is conducted and constitutes the starting point of this work from the modeling point of view. Finally, a third part relates the current experimental means to measure the snow conditions and the associated advantages and disadvantages.In the chapter 2 we study drag models adapted to the case of snowflakes for calculating particle trajectories. As mentioned in the state of the art, the classical models developed for non-spherical particles are proving sufficiently accurate for ice crystals. The aim here is twofold. Firstly, to check that the models valid for ice crystals are still valid for snowflakes, which are in fact aggregates of particles, much larger and of complex geometric shape. Secondly, the drag models proposed must be compatible with the type of input data. For example, at the end of a flight test campaign, particles can only be described using 2D images, a far cry from a complete and detailed 3D description of the snowflake. In light of the level of accuracy of the input data used to describe the particle, the aim of this chapter is to propose drag models based on a simple and limited geometric description of snowflakes.The chapter 3 is the equivalent of Chap. 2 for adapting heat and mass transfer models for snowflakes. The melting process of a snowflake transported by a hot air flow is studied. Once again, the requirement is twofold. Firstly, to check whether the models developed for ice crystals can be easily extended to the case of snowflakes. Secondly, to propose models for which the complexity of the input data is compatible with the level of accuracy of the databases. As a reminder, 3D descriptions of snowflakes are scarce and difficult to obtain. In many cases, a single 2D image of the particle from a flight test campaign is available. In this chapter, particular emphasis is placed on describing the particle's bulk density, and in particular its evolution during the melting process. In fact, bulk density can vary widely, from a few kg/m3 for the dry particle to 997 kg/m3 for the water droplet resulting from the melting process.At the end of the Chapters 2 and 3, models were proposed for the trajectory of the flakes and for monitoring the melting process. It is thus possible to estimate the location of the impact and the amount of water carried by the flakes. The next physical step concerns the accretion of snow particles. Experimental data will be used to validate or improve the ice crystal accretion models. To our knowledge, no database dealing with snow accretion under aeronautical conditions has been made available so far in the literature. It is in this concept that, this chapter deals with the design and the realization of such "snow" accretion tests. A first comparison with the numerical simulations of the ONERA icing code IGLOO2D will also be proposed
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(9525965), Yashwant S. Yogi. "ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND FLUX ENHANCEMENT IN MEMBRANE DISTILLATION SYSTEM USING NOVEL CONDENSING SURFACES." Thesis, 2020.
Abstract:
The water crisis is increasing with every passing day due to climate change and increase in demand. Different desalination methods have been developed over the years to overcome this shortage of water. Reverse Osmosis is the most widely used desalination technology, but cannot treat many fouling-prone and high salinity water sources. A new desalination technology, Membrane distillation (MD), has the potential to purify wastewater as well as highly saline water up to a very high purity. It is a thermal energy-driven desalination method, which can operate on low temperature waste heat sources from industries, powerplants and renewable sources like solar power. Among the different configurations of MD, Air Gap Membrane Distillation (AGMD) is the most versatile and flexible. However, the issue that all MD technology, including AGMD face, is the low energy efficiency. Different sections of AGMD system have been modified and improved over the years through consistent research to improve its energy efficiency, but one section that is still new and unexplored, and has a very high potential to improve the energy efficiency of AGMD, is the ‘air gap’.
The aim of this research is to tap into the potential of the air gap and increase the energy efficiency of the AGMD system. It is known that decreasing the air gap thickness improves the energy efficiency parameter called Gained output ratio (GOR) to a great extent, especially at very small air gap thickness. The minimum gap thickness that maximizes the performance is smaller than the current gap thicknesses used. But it is difficult to attain such smaller air gap thickness (< 2mm) without the constant risk of flooding. Flooding can be prevented, and smaller air gap thickness can be achieved if instead of film wise condensation on the condensing surface, a different condensation flow regime is formed. This study tests different novel condensing surfaces like Slippery liquid infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) and Superhydrophobic surfaces (fabricated with different methods) inside the AGMD system with a goal of attaining smaller air gap thickness and improve the performance of AGMD system for the first time. The performance of these surfaces is compared with plain copper surface as well as with each other. Finally, numerical models are developed using the experimental data for these surfaces.
Books on the topic "Liquid water ratio":
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Schrijver, Karel. One Step Short of Life. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799894.003.0002.
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This chapter briefly reviews some the challenges encountered in the search for extraterrestrial life. So far, no signs of extraterrestrial life have been found. The search started with radio telescopes, looking for technology-based civilizations, but new strategies have emerged that take on the primary challenges in this search: the enormous distances to exoplanets and the question of the true nature of life. The author outlines the development of new tools for the search, and why the present focus is on Earth-sized exoplanets with a potential for liquid water on their surfaces. Not having been visited by an alien civilization presents us with a paradox: if life develops as quickly elsewhere as on Earth, then why have we not been contacted? Is the speed of light too slow to cross interstellar distances, is life intrinsically rare, or should we conclude that civilizations are intrinsically short-lived?
Book chapters on the topic "Liquid water ratio":
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Kaller, Thomas, Alexander Doehring, Stefan Hickel, Steffen J. Schmidt, and Nikolaus A. Adams. "Assessment of RANS Turbulence Models for Straight Cooling Ducts: Secondary Flow and Strong Property Variation Effects." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 309–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_20.
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Abstract We present well-resolved RANS simulations of two generic asymmetrically heated cooling channel configurations, a high aspect ratio cooling duct operated with liquid water at $$Re_b = 110 \times 10^3$$ and a cryogenic transcritical channel operated with methane at $$Re_b = 16 \times 10^3$$. The former setup serves to investigate the interaction of turbulence-induced secondary flow and heat transfer, and the latter to investigate the influence of strong non-linear thermodynamic property variations in the vicinity of the critical point on the flow field and heat transfer. To assess the accuracy of the RANS simulations for both setups, well-resolved implicit LES simulations using the adaptive local deconvolution method as subgrid-scale turbulence model serve as comparison databases. The investigation focuses on the prediction capabilities of RANS turbulence models for the flow as well as the temperature field and turbulent heat transfer with a special focus on the turbulent heat flux closure influence.
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Tiwari, Binod, and Beena Ajmera. "Advancements in Shear Strength Interpretation, Testing, and Use for Landslide Analysis." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, 3–54. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44296-4_1.
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AbstractLandslides are devastating natural disasters that result in loss of life, property damage, and community disruption. They have global impacts, causing fatalities and economic losses, particularly in mountainous regions near densely populated areas. Landslides can be caused by natural factors, including water saturation from heavy rainfall, snowmelt, and changes in groundwater levels, as well as seismic activity such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Human activities, such as altering drainage patterns, destabilizing slopes, and removing vegetation, also contribute to landslides. Construction and development on slopes, over-steepening, and improper land management practices can further increase the risk of landslides. A key component in understanding the stability of slopes will be knowledge of the shear strength of the soils involved. However, to do so, it will be necessary to understand the various measuring methods of shear strength, loading conditions, and other parameters. Different methods and tests are employed to determine the shear strength of soil, depending on the specific conditions and objectives. Direct shear tests are often utilized to measure peak and fully softened shear strengths. Triaxial tests, on the other hand, are suitable for assessing both peak and fully softened shear strengths under drained or undrained conditions. Generally, the ring shear device is preferred for measurements of the residual shear strengths. However, multiple reversal direct shear tests and specifically modified direct shear tests as well as triaxial tests have also been utilized for this purpose. The cyclic simple shear test is recommended as an effective technique for replicating in-situ conditions to investigate the cyclic resistance and post-cyclic shear strengths of soils. Several correlations have been developed in the literature to estimate various shear strengths, including the fully softened and residual shear strengths of soil, as summarized in this paper. These correlations utilize parameters such as the liquid limit, plasticity index, mineralogy, clay fraction, and effective normal stress. The undrained shear strength of over-consolidated soils can be captured with the use of the Stress History and Normalized Soil Engineering Properties (SHANSEP) method. Extending this approach with the use of the normalized undrained strength ratio can result in two correlations that can capture the undrained shear strength. The paper also presents correlations for the true and base friction angles to estimate the shear strength using Hvorslev’s theory. This allows for a departure from the use of the cohesion intercept and friction angle in the Mohr-Coulomb failure envelope, both of which are dependent on the over-consolidation ratio. The power function effectively represents the cyclic strength curves in soils with the curve fitting parameters a and b defining their shape and position. A correlation between the normalized undrained strength ratio and post-cyclic effective stress ratio to assess the undrained shear strength after cyclic loading was also introduced. This correlation was shown to also capture the effects of excess pore pressure dissipation and reductions in shear strength induced by a second cyclic load.
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Kagawa, Akira, and Giovanna Battipaglia. "Post-photosynthetic Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Signal Transfer to Tree Rings—How Timing of Cell Formations and Turnover of Stored Carbohydrates Affect Intra-annual Isotope Variations." In Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings, 429–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_15.
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AbstractIn this chapter, we discuss post-photosynthetic processes that affect intra-annual variation in the stable isotopes of tree rings, such as timing of cell formations and turnover of stored carbohydrates, by combining research findings gained by using either natural-abundance or artificially-enriched carbon, oxygenand hydrogen isotopes. We focus on within-ring variation in stable isotope ratios, with an emphasis on aligning observed ratios in whole wood or extracted cellulose to seasonal dynamics in climate and phenology. We also present a discussion of isotopic fractionation that operates within the scope of observed variations across individual rings. We then introduce a model that traces the seasonal partitioning of photosynthate into tree rings via storage pool, which is based on experimental data gained from labeling studies using artificially enriched 13CO2 gas. Finally, we will describe our current understanding of post-photosynthetic signal transfer processes of oxygenand hydrogen isotopes from leaves to tree rings, such as exchange of oxygen and hydrogen between storage carbohydrates and local cambial water, and possible causes of difference in oxygen and hydrogen isotope fractionations. Finally, we discuss mechanisms behind how oxygen and hydrogen from foliar-absorbed liquid water is then incorporated into wood biomass, by introducing results gained from recent H218O and HDO pulse-labeling experiments.
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Kagawa, Akira, and Giovanna Battipaglia. "Post-photosynthetic Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Signal Transfer to Tree Rings—How Timing of Cell Formations and Turnover of Stored Carbohydrates Affect Intra-annual Isotope Variations." In Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings, 429–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_15.
Abstract:
AbstractIn this chapter, we discuss post-photosynthetic processes that affect intra-annual variation in the stable isotopes of tree rings, such as timing of cell formations and turnover of stored carbohydrates, by combining research findings gained by using either natural-abundance or artificially-enriched carbon, oxygenand hydrogen isotopes. We focus on within-ring variation in stable isotope ratios, with an emphasis on aligning observed ratios in whole wood or extracted cellulose to seasonal dynamics in climate and phenology. We also present a discussion of isotopic fractionation that operates within the scope of observed variations across individual rings. We then introduce a model that traces the seasonal partitioning of photosynthate into tree rings via storage pool, which is based on experimental data gained from labeling studies using artificially enriched 13CO2 gas. Finally, we will describe our current understanding of post-photosynthetic signal transfer processes of oxygenand hydrogen isotopes from leaves to tree rings, such as exchange of oxygen and hydrogen between storage carbohydrates and local cambial water, and possible causes of difference in oxygen and hydrogen isotope fractionations. Finally, we discuss mechanisms behind how oxygen and hydrogen from foliar-absorbed liquid water is then incorporated into wood biomass, by introducing results gained from recent H218O and HDO pulse-labeling experiments.
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Zumwalt, Michael C. "The Use of Accurate Mass, Isotope Ratios, and MS/MS for the Analysis of PPCPs in Water." In Liquid Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry, 89–102. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470429969.ch6.
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Law, D. W., C. Gunasekara, and S. Setunge. "Use of Brown Coal Ash as a Replacement of Cement in Concrete Masonry Bricks." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 23–25. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_4.
Abstract:
AbstractPortland cement production is not regarded as environmentally friendly, because of its associated high carbon emissions, which are responsible for 5% of global emissions. An alternative is to substitute fly ash for Portland cement. Australia has an abundance of brown coal fly ash, as it is the main source of primary energy in the State of Victoria. Currently, the majority of this material is stored in landfills and currently there is no commercial use for it in the cement industry because brown coal fly ash cannot be used as a direct replacement material for Portland cement due to the high sulfur and calcium content and low aluminosilicate content. However, the potential exists to use brown coal fly ash as a geopolymeric material, but there remains a significant amount of research needed to be conducted. One possible application is the production of geopolymer concrete bricks. A research project was undertaken to investigate the use of brown coal fly ash from Latrobe Valley power stations in the manufacture of geopolymer masonry bricks. The research developed a detailed understanding of the fundamental chemistry behind the activation of the brown coal fly ash and the reaction mechanisms involved to enable the development of brown coal fly ash geopolymer concrete bricks. The research identified suitable manufacturing techniques to investigate relationships between compressive strength and processing parameters and to understand the reaction kinetics and microstructural developments. The first phase of the research determined the physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of the Loy Yang and Yallourn fly ash samples to produce a 100% fly ash-based geopolymer mortar. Optimization of the Loy Yang and Yallourn geopolymer mortars was conducted to identify the chemical properties that were influential in the production of satisfactory geopolymer strength. The Loy Yang mortars were able to produce characteristic compressive strengths acceptable in load-bearing bricks (15 MPa), whereas the Yallourn mortars produced characteristic compressive strengths only acceptable as non-load-bearing bricks (5 MPa). The second phase of the research transposed the optimal geopolymer mortar mix designs into optimal geopolymer concrete mix designs while merging the mix design with the optimal Adbri Masonry (commercial partner) concrete brick mix design. The reference mix designs allowed for optimization of both the Loy Yang and Yallourn geopolymer concrete mix designs, with the Loy Yang mix requiring increased water content because the original mix design was deemed to be too dry. The key factors that influenced the compressive strength of the geopolymer mortars and concrete were identified. The amorphous content was considered a vital aspect during the initial reaction process of the fly ash geopolymers. The amount of unburnt carbon content contained in the fly ash can hinder the reactive process, and ultimately, the compressive strength because unburnt carbon can absorb the activating solution, thus reducing the particle to liquid interaction ratio in conjunction with lowering workability. Also, fly ash with a higher surface area showed lower flowability than fly ash with a smaller surface area. It was identified that higher quantity of fly ash particles <45 microns increased reactivity whereas primarily angular-shaped fly ash suffered from reduced workability. The optimal range of workability lay between the 110–150 mm slump, which corresponded with higher strength displayed for each respective precursor fly ash. Higher quantities of aluminum incorporated into the silicate matrix during the reaction process led to improved compressive strengths, illustrated by the formation of reactive aluminosilicate bonds in the range of 800–1000 cm–1 after geopolymerization, which is evidence of a high degree of reaction. In addition, a more negative fly ash zeta potential of the ash was identified as improving the initial deprotonation and overall reactivity of the geopolymer, whereas a less negative zeta potential of the mortar led to increased agglomeration and improved gel development. Following geopolymerization, increases in the quantity of quartz and decreases in moganite correlated with improved compressive strength of the geopolymers. Overall, Loy Yang geopolymers performed better, primarily due to the higher aluminosilicate content than its Yallourn counterpart. The final step was to transition the optimal geopolymer concrete mix designs to producing commercially acceptable bricks. The results showed that the structural integrity of the specimens was reduced in larger batches, indicating that reactivity was reduced, as was compressive strength. It was identified that there was a relationship between heat transfer, curing regimen and structural integrity in a large-volume geopolymer brick application. Geopolymer bricks were successfully produced from the Loy Yang fly ash, which achieved 15 MPa, suitable for application as a structural brick. Further research is required to understand the relationship between the properties of the fly ash, mixing parameters, curing procedures and the overall process of brown coal geopolymer concrete brick application. In particular, optimizing the production process with regard to reducing the curing temperature to ≤80 °C from the current 120 °C and the use of a one-part solid activator to replace the current liquid activator combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate.
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Suárez Montenegro, Zully J., Norelhouda Abderrezag, Elena Ibáñez, and Jose A. Mendiola. "Gas-Expanded Liquids Extraction." In Green Extraction Techniques in Food Analysis, 324–56. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815049459123030010.
Abstract:
Gas Expanded Liquids (GXL) are mixtures of liquid solvents (organic, water) and gases or supercritical fluids with diverse physicochemical properties halfway between pure liquids and supercritical fluids. The possibility of changing their properties by introducing small changes in pressure, temperature, and/or solvent/gas ratio, makes these solvents a very interesting and appropriate option for developing green extraction protocols for food analysis. In general, GXLs have similar densities as the solvent used in their composition, while having improved mass transfer through reduced viscosity, increased solute diffusivity, and decreased interfacial tension. Some other advantages are related to the wide range of polarities that can be obtained, depending on the liquid selected. Moreover, the substitution of a liquid fraction for a gas reduces the final use of organic solvent, thus improving the green character of GXLs. In the present chapter, the physicochemical properties of GXL are addressed along together with the description of applications in the food science and technology area.
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Fawcett, W. Ronald. "Liquids and Solutions at Interfaces." In Liquids, Solutions, and Interfaces. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094329.003.0012.
Abstract:
When the properties of liquids and solutions are considered, attention is normally focused on the bulk of the phase, and the properties of the system at its boundaries are ignored. Significant effects are associated with the region near the surface of a liquid phase and an understanding of these is an important part of solution chemistry. As a simple example, consider a beaker of pure water at room temperature in a closed inert environment. As has been seen in the consideration of liquid structure, the properties of water are strongly influenced by hydrogen bonding between neighboring molecules, and to a lesser extent by dipole–dipole interactions. As an observer at the molecular level, one would find that the molecules near the boundaries of the water phase have different properties. There are two boundaries in this system, the water | air interface and the water | glass interface. At the water | air interface, the important feature is the termination of intermolecular interactions, so that molecules must adjust to an environment where the number of nearest neighbors is reduced. At the water | glass interface, water molecules meet the components of glass, a supercooled liquid with silicon dioxide as the major component. Interaction between water and silicon dioxide is different from interaction among water molecules. It is clear that the molecular environment at these interfaces is very different than it is in the bulk. As a result, local properties are different. Now imagine that the water in the beaker is dispersed as a fog, that is to say, as many very small droplets for which the ratio of surface area to volume is much larger than for the water in the beaker. It is obvious that the thermodynamic properties of the fog, a colloidal system, are very different from those of the water as a macrosystem in a beaker. In order to create the fog considerable work must be done to form a system with a much larger surface area. This means that the Gibbs energy of a fog containing the same number of water molecules as the beaker of water is much higher.
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Tinker, Peter B., and Peter Nye. "Solute Interchange between Solid, Liquid, and Gas Phases in the Soil." In Solute Movement in the Rhizosphere. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195124927.003.0007.
Abstract:
We noted in chapter 1 that the concentration of solute in the soil solution is buffered by solute adsorbed on the soil surfaces. We also show in chapter 4 that the overall mobility of ions is related to their amounts and mobilities in the solid and solution. In this chapter, we focus on the soil solution concentration, primarily to show how the factors controlling it can be incorporated in models of the growth of crops and the leaching of nutrients or pollutants, such as those described in chapters 10 and 11. We examine the general principles governing the interchange of solutes between all phases in the soil, dealing first with inorganic ions, especially plant nutrients and heavy metals; and later with organic solutes, including biocides, which may also occur in the vapour phase. We also consider the reactions between metal ions and other organic or inorganic ions in solution to form complexes, such as CuOH+. The method of displacing the pore solution from a column of soil with ethanol, introduced by Ischtscherikow (1907), has been examined by Moss (1963, 1969). He found, in accord with theory (section 3.1.3), that the activity ratios (K)/(Ca + Mg)1/2 and (K)/(Ca)1/2 determined in the displaced solutions remained constant over considerable changes in soil moisture level to the point of saturation. He also found that the activity ratio (K)/(Ca + Mg)1/2 in the extracts from a wide range of soils agreed well with the activity ratio determined by the null point method of Beckett & Craig (1964). In this method, the soil is shaken with dilute CaCl2 solution containing graded amounts of potassium, and the activity ratio at which the soil does not gain or lose potassium to the solution is determined. Ethanol appears to displace solution from the fine as well as the coarse pores, and successive fractions, devoid of alcohol, have the same composition. For small samples of soil, it is more convenient to add a heavy liquid that is immiscible with water, and extract the solution by centrifuging (Kinniburgh & Miles 1983). Suction methods are useful for following changes in composition of moist soils. They should be used with care since they change the pressure of CO2 and hence the concentration of the bicarbonate ion.
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Clark, David C., and Peter J. Wilde. "Surfactant-induced surface diffusion of protein is a determinant of disperse phase stability." In Gums and stabilisers for the Food industry 6, 343–50. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199632848.003.0044.
Abstract:
Abstract A fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching technique (FRAP) has been developed which facilitates the measurement of the surface diffusion of molecules adsorbed at interfaces. The appearance of surface diffusion of –lacto globulin induced by the emulsifier, Tween 20 in model foam systems composed of single suspended thin liquid films was shown to correlate with observed destabilisation of the bulk foam. Measurements using the same emulsifier-protein system were made at the oil-water interfaces of an aqueous film between two oil droplets. This system serves as a model of a concentrated or creamed emulsion. The FRAP results showed that the transition in surface diffusion in the protein fraction from immobile to mobile occurred at a different emulsifier to protein ratio than found at the airwater interface. These results point to differences in the behaviour of a given protein at oil-water and air-water interfaces.
Conference papers on the topic "Liquid water ratio":
1
Oropeza-Vazquez, C., E. Afanador, L. Gomez, S. Wang, R. Mohan, O. Shoham, and G. Kouba. "Oil-Water Separation in a Novel Liquid-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (LLCC) Compact Separator: Experiments and Modeling." In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45547.
Abstract:
The hydrodynamics of multiphase flow in a Liquid-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (LLCC) compact separator have been studied experimentally and theoretically for evaluation of its performance as a free water knockout device. In the LLCC, no complete oil-water separation occurs. Rather, it performs as a free water knockout, delivering a clean water stream in the underflow and an oil rich stream in the overflow. A total of 260 runs have been conducted for the LLCC for water-dominated flow conditions. Four different flow patterns in the inlet have been identified, namely, Stratified flow, Oil-in-Water Dispersion and Water Layer flow, Double Oil-in-Water Dispersion flow, and Oil-in-Water Dispersion flow. For all runs, an optimal split ratio (underflow to inlet flow rate ratio) exists, where the flow rate in the water stream is maximum with 100% water cut. The value of the optimal split ratio depends upon the existing inlet flow pattern, varying between 60% (for Stratified and Oil-in-Water Dispersion and Water Layer flow patterns) to 20% for the other inlet flow patterns. For split ratios higher than the optimal one, the water cut in the underflow stream decreases as the split ratio increases. A novel mechanistic model has been developed for the prediction of the complex flow behavior and the separation efficiency in the LLCC. The model consists of several sub-models, including inlet analysis, nozzle analysis, droplet size distribution model, and separation model based on droplet trajectories in swirling flow. Comparisons between the experimental data and the LLCC model predictions show excellent agreement. The model is capable of predicting both the trend of the experimental data as well as the absolute measured values. The developed model can be utilized for the design and performance analysis of the LLCC.
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Etminan, Amin, Yuri S. Muzychka, and Kevin Pope. "CFD Modelling for Gas-Liquid and Liquid-Liquid Taylor Flows in the Entrance Region of Microchannels." In ASME 2021 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2021-64172.
Abstract:
Abstract This paper presents a CFD-based simulation method for air/water and water/dodecane Taylor flows through an axisymmetric microchannel with a circular cross-sectional area. A systematic analysis is conducted by exploring the effects of different superficial velocities and apparent viscosities on the hydrodynamics of a slug flow regime. A concentric junction is employed to make bubbles of air in a continuous flow of water and slugs of water in a continuous flow of dodecane oil. A time-history study is conducted to predict the air-bubble and water-slug evolution processes, in particular at the moment of slug breakup. The results show that the larger apparent viscosity ratio of phases involved in the liquid-liquid flow generates a more stable interface. However, the liquid slug length is less and film thickness is slightly larger in liquid-liquid compared to gas-liquid flow. Furthermore, variations in gas and liquid holdups are correlated by the superficial velocity ratio. The numerical analysis developed in this paper is in good agreement with the correlations and data in the literature.
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T.N.C, Anand, Senthilkumar P, and Shamit Bakshi. "Break up length on Urea Water Solution jet in hot cross flow." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.4982.
Abstract:
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) using Urea-Water Solution (UWS) as an ammonia precursor is consideredas one of the best choices to meet the current stringent emission norms for reduction of NOX in diesel engines. UWS sprayed in the engine exhaust line forms ammonia, and this ammonia reduces NOX into nitrogen. The NOX reduction efficiency depends on the mixing and evaporation behavior of the UWS spray in the hot exhaust gas. Spray characteristics decide the evaporation rate and hence the NOX reduction efficiency. The spray structure is closely related to the breakup point and breakup mode of the jet. Hence, in this study, breakup length and breakup mode were investigated by injecting UWS (32.5 % by weight) through a nozzle in a hot air cross flow. A CCD camera and pulsed Nd:Yag laser were used for capturing the images. Experiments were conducted with varying nozzle size (150, 250 and 400 micron), injection pressure (0.5 to 3 bar), temperature (32 °C,150 °C and 200 °C) and air flow rate. The effect of operating parameters (nozzle size, injection pressure, air temperature and velocity) in terms of dimensionless numbers (Weber number and momentum flux ratio) on jet breakup mode and jet breakup length was studied. It was observed that the breakup length for UWS was close to that of water. The jet breakup length increases with momentum flux ratio since a jet having a higher momentum is able to penetrate a larger distance in the cross flow. Increasing the air temperature increases the velocity of the cross flow and hence reduces the breakup length. A correlation for jet breakup length was developed. The effect of inclusion of Weber number in the breakup length correlation, in addition to the momentum flux ratio, was studied. Visual observation shows that droplet sizes obtained from the plain orifice injector without preheating is large. Preheatingthe UWS before injection is recommended to reduce the droplet size.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4982
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Kapusta, Łukasz Jan. "LIF/Mie Droplet Sizing of Water Sprays from SCR System Injector using Structured Illumination." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.5031.
Abstract:
Recent trends in SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) systems development increase requirements for UWS (UreaWater Solution) injection. Close-coupled SCR system designs decrease the distance available for water evaporation and urea decomposition. Due to that, much effort is put into static mixing elements design improvement and injection process enhancement. So far, most experimental studies on UWS spray formation were based on Mie scattering visualization using global illumination and shadowgraphy imaging. High speed imaging of Mie signal with global illumination allows to determine global spray parameters such as penetration and angle but does not give information on droplet sizes. Droplet size determination, due to relatively large droplets generated by SCR injectors, can be done with Mie scattering or backlight imaging methods. Then the visualized area becomes narrowed since high magnification is required. Determination of droplet size distribution across whole spray in such arrangement requires number of measurements. LIF/Mie (Laser Induced Fluorescence/Mie scattering) technique provides an attractive alternative for rapid determination of droplet size distribution across the whole spray. This method however suffers from multiple scattering effects which might affect droplet size distribution results even in relatively dilute sprays.In this study, LIF/Mie ratio distribution across sprays from commercial automotive injector for SCR systems was determined by simultaneous LIF and Mie detection using structured illumination. Moreover, the results were compared with conventional LIF/Mie imaging. Nd:YAG pulse laser was used as a light source. Second harmonic beam of 532 nm was used to illuminate the sprays. Instead of UWS pure water doped with Eosin Y was used. The results showed that conventional images exhibited much stronger background signal. Moreover, the conventional imaging was sensitive to reflections from experimental setup elements, specifically reflections from LIF camera filter. These two observations prove the importance of using SLIPI for LIF/Mie droplets sizing in sprays for SCR systems. At the same time the obtained results showed that under certain conditions (no accidental reflections in the background) conventional imaging provides similar LIF/Mie ratio as structured illumination. The results showed that the LIF/Mie ratio remains unchanged over the spray cloud. This suggests that SMD remains unchanged as well. The slight increase of LIF/Mie ratio far from the injector outlet could be caused by absence of small droplets due to lower momentum and thus lower penetration distance. This assumption however should be verified with PIVmeasurement.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.5031
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Li, Xianguo, and Jihua Shen. "Experiments on Annular Liquid Jet Breakup." In ASME 2001 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2001-17010.
Abstract:
Abstract Experimental investigations have been carried out for the breakup process of an annular water jet exposed to an inner air stream by videographic and photographic techniques. Three flow regimes for the jet breakup process have been identified, i.e., bubble formation, annular jet formation and atomization. Within the bubble formation regime, the jet breakup characteristics measured from the photographs taken under various liquid and gas velocities indicate that nearly uniform bubbles are observed for various air-to-water velocity ratios; both the jet breakup length and the wavelength for bubble formation decrease as the air-to-water velocity ratio is increased. The measurements are compared with the predictions by the linear instability analysis, and fair agreement is obtained.
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Cuccoli, Fabrizio, Luca Facheris, Fabrizio Argenti, Agnese Mazzinghi, Andrea Antonini, and Luca Rovai. "Power Spectral Ratio for Estimating the Liquid Water Content Between Two Corotating LEO Satellites." In IGARSS 2021 - 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9553807.
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Kim, Namwon, Michael C. Murphy, Steven A. Soper, and Dimitris E. Nikitopoulos. "Liquid-Liquid Segmented Flows in Polymer Microfluidic Channels." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2009-82277.
Abstract:
Liquid-liquid segmented flows in microchannels fabricated on polymer test chips were investigated experimentally. Polymer test chips were prepared using hot embossing of polycarbonate (PC) sheets with micro-milled brass mold inserts. Three different configurations of microchannels were prepared with injection to test channels expansion ratios of 16, 4 and 2 and a fixed test channel geometry. Deionized water with blue food-coloring dye (1% v/v) was used as a dispersed fluid at flow rates (QD) between 0.5 and 60 μl/min. The carrier fluid was perfluorocarbon (FC 3283) with nonionic fluorous-soluble surfactant (Perfluorooctanol, 10% v/v) at flow rates (QC) between 3 and 25 μl/min. The two fluids were injected separately into the chips. Droplet and Plug flows with transient Irregular Segmented flows between two flow regimes were mainly observed in the test channels of the three different chips. Flow pattern maps and transitions between flow regimes were determined in terms of a fixed homogeneous carrier fluid volumetric flow ratio (βC) to compare the effect of the expansion ratios from the injection to the test channels. The droplet and plug regimes were shifted to higher carrier and lower dispersed fluid superficial velocities and the plug flow regime was broader with the lower expansion ratio channels. The transient irregular segmented flow was favored in the higher expansion channel ratio and the interval of transient irregular segmented flow between droplet and plug flow regimes were shorter for the low expansion channel ratios. This is evidence that flow regime maps in micro-channels are not universal and depend on the configuration part of the micro-injection system. The length of the dispersed segmented flows and the distance between consecutive droplets or plugs as a function of βC were determined by image processing of frames acquired via CCD camera with bright field illumination. The average length of the dispersed fluid was shown to scale approximately with βC to the −1.2 power. Velocities of the dispersed droplet and plug flows were measured using double-pulsed laser illumination and were found to be 1.25 ± 0.049 and 1.46 ± 0.077 times faster than the superficial velocity of the segmented flow respectively. Two-phase pressure drop measurements were also carried out for all flow regimes and associated trends were correlated with changes in flow topology. Comparisons of experimental pressure drop with the predictions for a modified Lockhart-Martinelli correlation were also made.
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Qadir, Abdul, and Peter R. Armstrong. "Hybrid Liquid-Air Transpired Solar Collector: Model Development and Sensitivity Analysis." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40571.
Abstract:
The paper develops an analytical model of a novel hybrid liquid-air transpired solar collector which could simultaneously heat air and water for applications such as regeneration of liquid desiccants. An energy balance is performed, leading to a system of ODEs which is solved to obtain the air and water outlet temperatures of the collector. Three sets of sensitivity analyses have been performed on the collector varying the total thermal capacitance rates of the air and water (m˙cp)total, ratio of air to total thermal capacitance rate (m˙cp ratio), and the usual boundary conditions of water inlet temperature Twi, ambient temperature Tamb, solar radiation G and wind speed Vw. General performance curves for the collector with increasing (Twi−Tamb)/G have been developed as a result of these analyses. It has been observed that a m˙cp ratio between 0.3 and 0.4 provides with an optimal collector performance. Moreover at low m˙cp ratios, the collector performance has been observed to be very sensitive to wind speed.
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Cao, Zhen, Zan Wu, Mehdi Sattari Najafabadi, and Bengt Sunden. "Liquid-Liquid Flow Patterns in Microchannels." In ASME 2017 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2017-4729.
Abstract:
In the present work, liquid-liquid flow patterns positioned 40 mm downstream the inlet of microchannels were experimentally investigated, including the effect of hydraulic diameter (Dh), liquid properties, aspect ratio of cross section (a) and inlet configuration. Deionized water, butanol, toluene and hexane were selected as probe fluids with water as the continuous phase. Cross-inlet microchannels of 200 μm * 200 μm (Dh = 200 μm), 400 μm * 400 μm (Dh = 400 μm), 600 μm * 600 μm (Dh = 600 μm) and 600 μm * 300 μm (Dh = 400 μm) as well as a T-inlet microchannel of 600 μm * 300 μm (Dh = 400 μm) were tested. For the tests in the microchannels of Dh = 600 μm and 400 μm, the superficial velocities of the dispersed phase and continuous phase varied between 0.3 mm/s and 12 mm/s and between 0.2 mm/s and 50 mm/s, while in the microchannel of Dh = 200 μm the superficial velocities of the dispersed phase and continuous phase ranged from 0.3 mm/s to 21 mm/s and from 0.2 mm/s to 150 mm/s. Annular flow, deformed interface flow, slug flow, intermittent flow, droplet and slug train flow and droplet flow were detected in the experiment. It shows that flow patterns depend on the hydraulic diameter, liquid properties, inlet configuration and aspect ratio significantly. Dimensionless analysis was employed to develop universal flow pattern maps regardless of the hydraulic diameter and liquid properties. It is indicated that an acceptable universal flow pattern map was derived based on the redefined dimensionless number Rei0.2 *Wei0.4, especially for the boundaries of the slug-droplet transitions, which are independent on the hydraulic diameter to some extent. The other dimensionless number Wei*Ohi worked rather effectively to develop a universal flow pattern map independent on liquid properties. The boundaries of the flow pattern transitions in different liquid-liquid flow almost overlap with each other.
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Roesler, T. C., and C. Wilkes. "The Optimization of a Coal Water Slurry Atomizer." In ASME 1989 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/89-gt-111.
Abstract:
A coal water slurry (CWS) air assist atomizer has been optimized for use in a coal fueled gas turbine engine. The nozzle is a refinement of a successful atomizer originally designed to operate at an atomizing air/fuel ratio of 1:1 and a pressure ratio of 2:1. Several configurations of the nozzle have been tested at atmospheric pressure conditions and scaled fuel flow rate using a CWS with 50% solids loading. The configurations studied included changes in air/liquid ratio, airflow split between inner and outer airflow paths, and geometry of the flow path. The data show that the optimized atomizer design can produce Sauter mean diameter (SMD) droplets of less than 50 microns at pressure ratios less than 3:1. The data also show that the lower limit on SMD is approximately 25 microns for the CWS tested.
Reports on the topic "Liquid water ratio":
1
He, Rui, Na (Luna) Lu, and Jan Olek. Development of In-Situ Sensing Method for the Monitoring of Water-Cement (w/c) Values and the Effectiveness of Curing Concrete. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317377.
Abstract:
As the most widely used construction material, concrete is very durable and can provide long service life without extensive maintenance. The strength and durability of concrete are primarily influenced by the initial water-cement ratio value (w/c), and the curing condition during the hardening process also influences its performance. The w/c value is defined as the total mass of free water that can be consumed by hydration divided by the total mass of cement and any additional pozzolanic material such as fly ash, slag, silica fume. Once placed, field concrete pavements are routinely cured with liquid membrane-forming compounds. For laboratory study, concrete samples are usually cured in saturated lime water or a curing room with a relative humidity (RH) value higher than 95%. Thus, the effectiveness of curing compounds for field concrete needs to be studied. In this study, the dielectric constant value of plastic concrete was measured by ground penetrating radar (GPR). The w/c value of the plastic concrete was calculated by a mathematical model from the measured dielectric constant value. The calculated w/c value was compared with the microwave oven drying measurement determined result in AASHTO T318. A modified coarse aggregate correction factor was proposed and applied in microwave oven drying measurement to determine the w/c value of plastic concrete in AASHTO T318. The effectiveness of curing compound was evaluated by field concrete slabs by GPR measurement. It was found that GPR can be a promising NDT method for In this study, the dielectric constant value of plastic concrete was measured by ground penetrating radar (GPR). The w/c value of the plastic concrete was calculated by a mathematical model from the measured dielectric constant value. The calculated w/c value was compared with the microwave oven drying measurement determined result in AASHTO T318. A modified coarse aggregate correction factor was proposed and applied in microwave oven drying measurement to determine the w/c value of plastic concrete in AASHTO T318. The effectiveness of curing compound was evaluated by field concrete slabs by GPR measurement. It was found that GPR can be a promising NDT method for w/c determination of plastic concrete and curing effectiveness evaluation method for hardened concrete.
2
Wronkiewicz, D. J., and J. K. Bates. Alpha and gamma radiation effects on air-water systems at high gas/liquid ratios. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/437673.