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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid Steel Refining'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Zhang, Gui Fang, Ying Dong Yang, Zhe Shi, and Lei Gao. "Experiments on Effect of Red Mud-Based Slag on Distribution of Sulfur in Liquid Iron." Advanced Materials Research 900 (February 2014): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.900.49.

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Preliminary research has shown that red mud is a viable option to be used as a fluxing agent in the steelmaking process, as it is able to achieve similar results as fluxes currently used in steel refining. This research focused on how red mud can be used as a flux for refining steel. Desulfurization was conducted with aluminum additions and temperature variations. The results showed that experiments utilized waste residues from the aluminum industry as refining flux for steel refining; more than 95% sulfur reduction was achieved; increasing temperature and aluminum content can improve desulfurization.
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2

Li, Qiang, Xin Hua Wang, and Hai Bo Li. "Effect of Slag-Metal Reaction on Transformation of Al2O3 inclusions in Pipeline Steel." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 1143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.1143.

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For high grade pipeline steel, elimination of Al2O3 inclusions can improve the susceptibility of hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) and stress corrosion cracking (SCC). In the present work, the transformation of Al2O3 inclusions with slag-metal reaction was studied by controlling ladle slag and relative technologies in LF-RH refining process. It is found that Al2O3 inclusions decrease with increasing refining time, and no pure Al2O3 inclusions exist in molten steel at the end of secondary refining; the remained inclusions in molten steel are liquid calcium aluminates and semi-liquid CaO-MgO-Al2O3 complex inclusions. The analysis of thermodynamic equilibrium proves that CaO and MgO in slag can be reduced by aluminum in molten steel, which is the source of calcium and magnesium in molten steel.
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3

Qiao, Tong, Guoguang Cheng, Yu Huang, Yao Li, Yanling Zhang, and Zhanchun Li. "Formation and Removal Mechanism of Nonmetallic Inclusions in 42CrMo4 Steel during the Steelmaking Process." Metals 12, no. 9 (September 11, 2022): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12091505.

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Nonmetallic inclusions are harmful to the quality of 42CrMo4 steel. Therefore, the formation and removal mechanism of inclusions in 42CrMo4 steel during the steelmaking process is investigated by industrial trials. The characteristics of inclusions in specimens were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The main type of inclusions in molten steel in the early stage of ladle furnace (LF) refining is MgO-Al2O3 inclusions of irregular shape. CaO begins to appear in MgO-Al2O3 inclusions in the middle and late stages of LF. In the vacuum degassing (VD) refining stage, the inclusions in molten steel completely change into low-melting-point CaO-MgO-Al2O3 inclusions. The existence of [Mg] in molten steel is the fundamental reason for the formation of a large number of MgO-Al2O3 inclusions. Thermodynamic calculation shows that the refractory mainly transfers [Mg] to the liquid steel in the LF refining stage, whereas the slag mainly transfers [Mg] to the liquid steel in the VD refining stage. Kinetic calculation indicates that MgO-Al2O3 inclusions could be removed from molten steel faster than low-melting-point CaO-MgO-Al2O3 inclusions. The fundamental reason for the different removal behavior of the two types of inclusions is that the interfacial tension between the low-melting-point CaO-MgO-Al2O3 inclusions and the liquid steel is 50% lower than that of the MgO-Al2O3 inclusions.
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4

Cwudziński, A. "Numerical Simulation of Behaviour a Non-Metallic Inclusions in an One-Strand Slab Tundish with Steel Flow Controll Devices." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 56, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-011-0066-0.

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Numerical Simulation of Behaviour a Non-Metallic Inclusions in an One-Strand Slab Tundish with Steel Flow Controll DevicesAn effective refining of liquid steel can be carried out either in a tundish or in the mould of a CSC machine. Being a flow reactor, the tundish performs the function of a link between the steelmaking ladle and the mould. Owing to this fact, the liquid steel resides in the tundish for a specific time, which enables the tundish to be used for refining purposes. For modification oftundish internal working space, two types of flow control device (FCD), namely a ceramic gas-permeable barrier and a subflux turbulence controller (STC), were proposed. For simulation of movement of gas phase and non-metallic inclusions, a discrete phase model was used. The obtained results unambiguously indicate which of the proposed tundish equipment configurations will be more advantageous for intensifying the process of liquid steel refining from NMIs.
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5

Medovar, L., G. Polishko, G. Stovpchenko, V. Kostin, A. Tunik, and A. Sybir. "Electroslag refining with liquid metal for composite rotor manufacturing." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 2, no. 91 (June 1, 2018): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.5489.

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Purpose: To develop novel ESR based process for composite ingot with shallow transition zone between layers in order to produce efficient heavy-weight rotors for steam turbines. Design/methodology/approach: The nowadays heavy-weight rotors for steam turbines for power plants are monoblock or two or more layer in length composite part facilitating operation in different zones withstanding various loads and working medium. However, the joining of various steel in composite rotors by welding has low productivity. The ESR now is recognised as the best available technology for the big-diameter and mass forgings for power generating machines, including rotor ones. The ESR affords the most favourable conditions of solidification resulting in homogenous low-segregation ingot with smooth surface and high-quality structure. The step ahead is the ESR for composite. Findings: The two-layer model ingot had produced from steel grades 12Cr13 and 35NiCrMoV12-5 were manufactured using the electroslag process with the liquid metal (ESR LM) in the CSM of 180 mm in diameter with ingot withdrawing. The transition zone in two-layer ingot had have the shallow shape and low depth with the even macrostructure without defects of the same type as both joined steels. The metal of the transition zone fully satisfies standard requirements for properties of both steel grades in the heat treated and as-cast conditions. Research limitations/implications: The ESR LM can provide both the monobloc heavy ingots with uniform structure and composites with low-stress connection between metal layers for heavyweight rotors and other critical products manufacturing.
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6

Ren, Zheng De, Sheng Qin Zhang, Zhu Bing Gao, and Qian Ying Zhang. "Thermodynamics and Dynamics of Nitrogen Increasing in LF Refining Process." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 2387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.2387.

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Nitrogen is one of harmful elements in liquid steel. Reducing nitrogen quantity is required for making high-grade steel. This paper analyzes the reaction mechanism of nitrogen increasing through the methods of metallurgical thermodynamics and dynamics. In liquid steel dissolved nitrogen and nitrides are the main forms of nitrogen. The factors of influence on nitrogen increasing are temperature, kinds and quantity of the alloying elements in the liquid steel, , the lifetime of foam in foam slag, the quantity of flow of argon and so on. Analytical results of metallurgical thermodynamics and dynamics are verified by measuring nitrogen content in the links of LF refining process of new developed area of Chongqing steel and iron Co.Ltd.
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7

Hou, Zewang, Min Jiang, Kun-Peng Wang, Jianfei Xu, Ying Wang, and Xinhua Wang. "Study on the control of inclusions in Al-deoxidized steel during LF-RH refining and the influence of calcium treatment in ladle furnace." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 3 (2022): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022033.

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In this paper, evolution of inclusions in an Al deoxidized specialty steel with basic slag refining in the LF-RH process were studied, taking into account of the influence of calcium treatment in the ladle furnace. It was found that inclusions would be modified from alumina into spinel then mainly into solid calcium magnesia aluminates after LF refining, and finally into calcium aluminates at the end of RH refining, irrespective of calcium treatment. When calcium treatment was carried out in the ladle furnace, solid calcium magnesia aluminates largely produced in the LF refining would be mostly modified into liquid calcium aluminates during the afterwards RH refining. By comparison, without calcium treatment, solid and liquid calcium aluminates were both formed in the RH refining. Importantly, when calcium treatment was used, big calcium aluminates as large as 40–50 μm were more frequently observed in steel and with a number density about 0.09–0.015 /mm2, which were bad to fatigue resistance.
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8

Yu, Huixiang, Dexin Yang, Muming Li, and Ming Pan. "Metallurgical characteristics of refining slag used for high manganese steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 6 (2019): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2019050.

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High manganese steel has excellent mechanical properties, which has garnered much attention. Whereas the research on the refining slag used for high Mn steel is very limited. In this study, the metallurgical characteristics of refining slag for high Mn steel were investigated based on thermodynamic calculation with FactSage 6.3 and slag-metal equilibrium reaction in MgO crucible. The calculated liquid zones of T ≤ 1873 K of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-8%MgO-5%MnO system are located in the middle region of pseudo-ternary CaO-SiO2-Al2O3. For CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-8%MgO-MnO system, the apparent liquid zone at 1873 K enlarges with MnO content in slag increasing, and moves toward the direction of SiO2 and Al2O3 content increasing. For CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO system, the liquidus zone shrinks with the basicity increasing, and moves toward the direction of Al2O3 content increasing. The measured MnO content in top slag reacted with high Mn steel was much higher than that reacted with conventional steels. In present experiments, the MnO content was around 5% when CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO slag with basicity of 4 was in equilibrium with high Mn steel (Mn = 10, 20%) at 1873 K. The inclusions in master high Mn steel were mainly MnO type. After reaction with top slag, most inclusions transformed to MnO-SiO2 system and MnO-Al2O3-MgO system, in which the MnO content still shared the majority. Thermodynamic calculations show that SiO2 in top slag can be reduced by [Mn] in steel to supply [Si] under present experimental condition, which subsequently reacts with [O] in steel bath to form SiO2.
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9

Zdonek, B., I. Szypuła, J. Kozłowski, and S. Szczęch. "Secondary Steel Refining for Continuous Sequence Bloom Casting for High Oxide Cleanness Final Products." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 57, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0033-4.

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Secondary Steel Refining for Continuous Sequence Bloom Casting for High Oxide Cleanness Final ProductsSteelmaking and secondary refining process technology of resulphurized liquid steel with low content of total oxygen, assigned for continuous casting of strands for rolled and forged products for automotive industry was developed. The influence of secondary steel refining parameters on total oxygen content as well as amount and morphology of non-metallic inclusions was examined. It was found, that content of total oxygen and amount of non-metallic inclusions in steel decrease as steel refining time in the ladle becomes longer, and the chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions in steel changes from modified calcium aluminates to spinel inclusion of CaO·Al2O3·MgO type. The total oxygen content in steel from continuous casting in four cast sequence ranged from 6 to 25 ppm, with percentage share of non-metallic inclusions from 0.09 to 0.30 per cent and equivalent diameter 0.78 to 1.59 μm.
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10

Migas, Piotr, Marta Ślęzak, Mirosław Karbowniczek, Stanisław Szczęch, and Andrzej Hornik. "Numerical Investigation of Outflow of Non-Metallic Inclusions during Steel Refining in the Ladle." Materials 15, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 3039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093039.

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The article presents the results of numerical simulations of liquid steel flow in the main steelmaking ladle. The paper analyses the mechanism of the outflow of non-metallic Al2O3 and MnS inclusions with diameters in the range of 4–27 µm. The simulations were performed with ANSYS Fluent software. In order to determine the shape and size of non-metallic inclusions formed in the main ladle during steel refining, the collected samples of liquid metal were analysed using a scanning microscope with SEM/EDS and LM (light microscopy). Simulation tests and calculations were carried out for the case of steel refining under the conditions of the Cognor SA HSJ Department in Stalowa Wola (Poland). The presented method of using simulation tests to optimize the technology of steel refining in the ladle is an example. The analysis of the results shows that the gas flow in the metal volume has the greatest impact on the outflow of non-metallic inclusions in the steelmaking ladle.
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11

Tribushevskiy, I. V., B. M. Nemenenok, G. V. Rumiantseva, and M. A. Kulik. "EXTRA-FURNACE STEEL PROCESSING BY RECYCLED SECONDARY ALUMINUM WASTE." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (April 6, 2018): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2018-1-100-105.

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The paper presents the results of research on the use of recycled aluminum waste (RAW) during extra-furnace steel processing in ladle refining furnace. It has been established that simultaneously with the deoxidation of refining slags before desulfurization of steel, their liquid mobility increases, which eliminates the need for using fluorspar for these purposes.A thermodynamic analysis of possible reactions of formation of aluminates and calcium aluminosilicates in the refining slag has been carried out. It has been suggested that the cause of thinning of refining slags from the addition of RAW is the formation of a number of low-melting eutectics containing aluminates and calcium aluminosilicates. The composition of briquettes based on RAW for liquefaction of refining slags is proposed. Dependence of the friability and breaking load of briquettes on the content of CaO, the temperature and drying time is established. The data on the composition and properties of the refining slag after treatment with a diluent based on RAW are given.
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12

Kang, Shu Mei, and Ming Gang Shen. "Numerical Simulation and Cold Model Experiments on Ladle Furnace by Ultrasonic." Applied Mechanics and Materials 633-634 (September 2014): 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.633-634.176.

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The effect of power and radiation time on inclusion removal was studied in the ladle refining cold model by using organic particles to imitate inclusion. We simulate ultrasonic agitation in the ladle refining model by programming user-defined functions with the FLUENT computational fluid dynamics software. Results show that a large negative-pressure zone is observed in the liquid of the dynamic boundary during the first time step. During the second time step, the liquid at the bottom of the model has a large positive pressure area. Inclusions in the molten steel should be removed through pressure change to improve the purification effects of liquid steel. As the power increases, the absolute value of negative pressure increases.
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13

Janiszewski, Krystian, and Bożena Gajdzik. "The Influence of Thermodynamic Conditions for Steel Filtration Efficiency." Solid State Phenomena 246 (February 2016): 252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.246.252.

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The work presents theoretical grounds for the process of refining molten steel from liquid non-metallic inclusions, using the method of filtration with ceramic filters - the thermodynamic precondition to the absorption of liquid non-metallic inclusions on the surface of a ceramic filter.
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14

Chen, Yuchao, Armin K. Silaen, and Chenn Q. Zhou. "3D Integrated Modeling of Supersonic Coherent Jet Penetration and Decarburization in EAF Refining Process." Processes 8, no. 6 (June 17, 2020): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8060700.

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The present study proposes a complete 3D integrated model to simulate the top-blown supersonic coherent jet decarburization in the electric arc furnace (EAF) refining process. The 3D integrated model avoids the direct simulation of the supersonic coherent jet interacting with the liquid steel bath and provides a feasible way to simulate the decarburization in the liquid steel-oxygen two-phase reacting flow system with acceptable computational time. The model can be used to dynamically predict the details of the molten bath, including 3D distribution of in-bath substances, flow characteristics and bath temperature and provide a basis for optimizing the decarburization rate or other required parameters during the refining process.
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15

Wang, Shu Huan, He Jun Zhang, and Ding Guo Zhao. "Research of Flow Simulation with High-Pressure and Bottom-Blowing Nitrogen." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 3110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.3110.

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According to the actual situation of refining high nitrogen steel with the laboratory high pressure reaction axe, the molten steel flow field in the high-pressure and bottom-blowing nitrogen reactor was simulated by using the software Fluent. The rules of the influence of pressure factor on the molten steel flow field characteristics, turbulent kinetic energy and gas content were explored. According to the characteristics of the flow field and gas-liquid two phase structure, the rules of the influence of pressure factor on nitrogen concentration distribution were analyzed. So some useful theoretical basis and guidance were provided for laboratory refining high nitrogen steel and industrial production in the future.
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16

Rong, Zhe, Hongbo Liu, Peng Zhang, Feng Wang, Geoff Wang, Baojun Zhao, Fengqiu Tang, and Xiaodong Ma. "The Formation Mechanisms and Evolution of Multi-Phase Inclusions in Ti-Ca Deoxidized Offshore Structural Steel." Metals 12, no. 3 (March 17, 2022): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12030511.

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To understand and clarify the formation mechanisms and evolution of complex inclusions in Ti-Ca deoxidized offshore structural steel, inclusions in industrial steel were systematically investigated. The number density of total inclusions generally decreased from Ladle Furnace (LF), Vacuum Degassing (VD), Tundish to the final product except for Ti and Ca addition. The major inclusions during the refining process were CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-(MgO)-TiOx and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2. CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-(MgO)-TiOx inclusion initially originated from the combination of CaO-SiO2-(MgO) in refining slag or refractory and deoxidization product Al2O3 and TiO2. With the refining process proceeding and Ca addition, the Al2O3 concentration in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-(MgO)-TiOx inclusions gradually dropped while the CaO and TiO2 concentrations gradually increased. The CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 inclusions originally came from refining slag, existing as 2CaO∙ Al2O3∙ SiO2, and maintained a liquid state during the early stage of LF. After Ca treatment, it was gradually transferred to 2CaO∙ SiO2 due to Al2O3 continuously being reduced by Ca. The liquidus of 2CaO∙ SiO2 inclusion was higher than that of molten steel, so they presented as a solid-state during the refining process. After welding thermal simulation, CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-(MgO)-TiOx inclusions were proven effective for inducing intragranular acicular ferrite (IAF) while CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 was inert for IAF promotion. Additionally, Al2O3-MgO spinel in multiphase CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-(MgO)-TiOx inclusion has different formation mechanisms: (1) initial formation as individual Al2O3-MgO spinel as a solid-state in molten steel; (2) and it presented as a part of liquid inclusion CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-(MgO)-TiOx and firstly precipitated due to its low solubility.
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17

Joubert, Nelson, Pascal Gardin, Stéphane Popinet, and Stéphane Zaleski. "Experimental and numerical modelling of mass transfer in a refining ladle." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 1 (2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021088.

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Mass transfer between liquid steel and slag is an important physical phenomenon during secondary metallurgy for prediction of the chemical reaction rate and adjustment of liquid steel composition. We study this phenomenon at ambient temperature with a water experiment and perform Direct Numerical Simulations, aiming to reproduce an argon-gas bottom-blown ladle. First, we measure the evolution of the time-averaged open-eye area as a function of the air flow rate. Both simulation and experiment agree relatively well and are close to other water experiments in the literature. Secondly, the mass transfer of thymol between water and oil is investigated. The experimental results show that two mass transfer regimes can be observed. The regime change coincides with atomization of the oil layer resulting in the continuous formation of oil droplets in the water whenever the air flow rate rises above a critical value. The numerical results for the mass-transfer rate or Sherwood number are obtained at small Schmidt numbers and are then extrapolated to the experimental Schmidt number of 1480. A good agreement with experiment is observed although with large error bars. The Sherwood numbers at the two largest simulated flow rates show a steep increase.
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18

Chen, Changyong, Zhouhua Jiang, Yang Li, Meng Sun, Kui Chen, Qi Wang, and Huabing Li. "Effect of Na2O and Rb2O on Inclusion Removal in C96V Saw Wire Steels Using Low-Basicity LF (Ladle Furnace) Refining Slags." Metals 8, no. 9 (September 3, 2018): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8090691.

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Inclusion removal and modification of C96V saw wire steel using Na2O- and Rb2O- containing novel low-basicity LF (ladle furnace) Refining Slags have been researched. The results indicated that the addition of Na2O deteriorates inclusion removal; by contrast, the addition of Rb2O seems to significantly enhance inclusion removal. In detail, Rb2O can improve the cleanliness in the as-quenched C96V saw wire steel melts compared to preexisting synthetic LF refining slag compositions: (i) The average inclusion diameter experienced a remarkable decrease after reaction between the liquid steel and the synthetic LF refining slag; (ii) In addition, the number of inclusions also suffered from a dramatic decrease, with the reaction time increasing from 900 to 2700 s (15 to 45 min); (iii) Furthermore, both of the MnO-SiO2-Al2O3 and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 inclusion system mainly concentrated in the low melting zone when the composition of Rb2O in synthetic refining slag was ≥5.0 wt%. This is mainly because Na2O significantly reduces the viscosity of refining slag, while Rb2O increases it. Then, there are two remarkable influences causing the increase of viscosity of refining slag with the addition of Rb2O: the inclusions can be sufficiently entrained within the slag once absorbed due to the significant increase in the viscosity; and the slag entrapment during refining process weakened dramatically.
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19

Zhou, Chao Gang, Jing Li, He Wu, Ke Zhi Yang, Xiao Guang Hu, Ke Sen Cai, and Guo Ping Wu. "Research and Application of Rephosphoration Dynamics Model." Advanced Materials Research 803 (September 2013): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.803.387.

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According to the theoretical basis of the model, and under the conditions of the basic hypothesis, combined with ion theory, and double membrane theory, the LF refining process dynamic model of liquid steel to phosphorus has been established , and it is also been fitted and validated by using the field test data. Experimental results show that the apparent rate constant of the LF refining process molten steel back to phosphorus is between 13~19×10-3g/(cm2·s), the predicted result of the model is accordance with the test results .With the application of the model, we found that the error between predicted result and actual measured values of the model within the 1.51ppm, so the predicted result of the model can be used to predict the phosphorus content of steel at a certain moment. This provides a good theoretical guidance for the control of the LF refining rephosphorization.
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20

Qi, Feng Sheng, Yu Jiang, Liu Yang, Fang Wang, and Bao Kuan Li. "Numerical Study on the Fluctuation of Free Surface in the Vacuum Vessel of RH-TB." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 2266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.2266.

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RH vacuum refining is a complex metallurgical process, which includes multiphase flow, heat transfer and different chemical reactions. It plays an important role in the iron and steel making. The fluctuation of free surface in the vacuum vessel has a very significant effect on the quality of the molten steel. In the present study, a 3D mathematical model of the gas-liquid-slag three-phase flow was established in the vacuum vessel of RH-TB. The results show that the fluctuation of free surface in the vacuum vessel and the diameter of slag-hole are both influenced by the injection rate of oxygen and the circulation rate of molten steel. When the injection rate of oxygen is changing from 2.355m3/s to 3.925m3/s, the fluctuation of free surface is changing from 0.175m to 0.28m and the diameter of slag-hole is changing from 0.746m to 0.852m. The present study could be helpful to optimization and refining effect improvement of RH vacuum circulation refining furnace.
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21

Yang, Chun Jie, Fu Ping Tang, Tao He, and Qiang Fu. "Water Model on Fine Inclusion Removal by Bubble Flotation in RH Refining Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 528 (February 2014): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.528.107.

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With the development of socio-economic and science and technology, People are more strict to the requirement of steel quality. A physical model was established according to the “similarity theory” to simulate the real 180t RH-TB vacuum refining device. Liquid steel is simulated by Nacl solution, Fine inclusions is simulated by high density polypropylene less than 0.04mm in diameter. The influence regularity of treatment time, lift gas flow rate and method of addition, the amount and time of NaHCO3 addition on the inclusions removal rate have been discussed, the optimal values for each influence factor have been found and can be used in optimizing the refining technology.
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22

Iwanciw, J., D. Podorska, and J. Wypartowicz. "Simulation of Oxygen and Nitrogen Removal from Steel by Means of Titanium and Aluminum." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 56, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-011-0069-x.

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Simulation of Oxygen and Nitrogen Removal from Steel by Means of Titanium and Aluminum Authors' computer program was employed in the simulation of the course of steel refining by means of simultaneously used aluminium and titanium. The mass and chemical composition of liquid steel and non-metallic precipitates, were calculated at constant or variable temperature. The influence of assumed nitrides form on the results of simulation was determined. Nitrides may be considered either as separate phases or as the components of non-metallic solution. The stoichiometry of titanium oxide obtained also influences the results of simulation. Parallel analysis of steel refining was carried out with the use of FactSage program. As a result of calculations the subsequent states of equilibrium between steel and non-metallic phase were determined. It was found that aluminium and titanium nitrides may exist only as the components of oxide-nitride solution, not as separate phases.
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23

Yang, Chun Jie, Fu Ping Tang, and Tao He. "Water Modeling Study on Removal of Inclusions in RH Degasser." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.225.

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A physical model was established according to the similarity theory to simulate the real 175t RH-TB vacuum refining device. Liquid steel is simulated by Nacl solution, the air is approximate argon and polypropylene simulate inclusions. The influence regularity of treatment time ,lift gas flow rate and submersion depth of snorkels on the inclusions removal rate have been discussed, the optimal values for each influence factor have been found and can be used in optimizing the refining technology.
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24

Zhai, Jun, Chengbin Shi, Weiyun Lang, Yu Zhao, and Shijun Wang. "Effect of FeSi Alloy Additions and Calcium Treatment on Non-Metallic Inclusions in 304 Stainless Steel during AOD and LF Refining Process." Metals 12, no. 8 (August 11, 2022): 1338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12081338.

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Non-deformable inclusions are detrimental to the surface quality and mechanical properties of stainless-steel plates. Plant trials were conducted to investigate the effect of different ferrosilicon alloys and calcium treatment during argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) and ladle furnace (LF) refining on inclusions in Si-killed 304 stainless steel. The inclusions were examined by scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectrometer. The results show that both the contents of soluble aluminum in molten steel and Al2O3 in slag increase with the increase of aluminum content in FeSi alloy. The content of soluble aluminum in liquid steel could be limited to lower than 0.004% when using ultra-purity FeSi alloy. When the calcium wire addition is 2 m/t, inclusions are located in the low-melting-temperature region, and the inclusion rating of hot rolled plates is mainly C-class. Industrial application shows that, by decreasing the soluble aluminum content in liquid steel, decreasing the MgO and Al2O3 in slag in AOD, and applying low basicity refining slag as well as calcium treatment, the inclusions are low melting point silicates. The inclusion rating of hot rolled plates is mainly fine C-type with a small amount of class-A, and surface polishing qualification rate is increased from 17.8% to more than 88.7%.
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25

Cwudziński, Adam. "Physical and mathematical modeling of bubbles plume behaviour in one strand tundish." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 1 (November 17, 2017): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2017081.

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Moving through the liquid steel, argon bubbles intensify the chemical and thermal homogenisation processes and liquid metal refining. The present study reports the physical and mathematical modeling of bubbles behaviour in the tundish with argon injection system. The 210 litre–capacity one strand slab tundish model was made on a scale of 2:5. The laboratory water model experiments have demonstrated that the identical porous material used in gas-permeable barrier may generate gas bubbles varying in size and shape. This fact will also affect both vertical and horizontal velocities attained by the bubbles. From numerical simulations influence of argon flow rate on liquid steel velocity for free surface in the tundish was obtained. The results from numerical simulations indicate that argon create increasing of liquid steel velocity and vortex structures.
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Zhou, Xiao Lei, Zhe Shi, Gui Fang Zhang, and Zhong Ning Du. "Research Status of Numerical Simulation on LF Furnace Refining Ladle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 678 (October 2014): 620–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.678.620.

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The research status of numerical simulation on LF furnace refining ladle is introduced in this paper.Since 1970, the research on the gas-liquid two-phase region has begun.Szekely began to be simulated by mathematical model and physical experiment method of flow phenomena in ladle in early 1975. It is the first time that the numerical model is introduced to study the refining process of steel. The plume model is presented by Xiao Zeqiang in 1980, then the numerical simulation began to develop rapidly.
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27

Protasov, A. V. "Technical and economic aspects of development and running ladle treatment aggregates." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 8 (September 6, 2019): 985–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-985-990.

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Modern ladle treatment of liquid steel represents a wide set of technological processes and aggregates, as well as units and systems, many of them having significant cost and need expensive maintenance. Technical and economic advantages, obtained at various variants of steel ladle treatment considered, the advantages being at both metal products producers and consumers. Factors of production expenses saving at the stage of steel smelting due to transferring of the steel refining operation from melting aggregates to the stage of ladle treatment considered. It was noted, that in the process of continuous casting of metal, subjected to ladle refining, the steel casting improves considerably due to keeping the narrow temperature interval, decreased content and globular form of nonmetallic inclusions. In its turn it results in a decrease of rejects, an increase of billet drawing speed possibility and correspondent increase of production capacity, reduction of the number of the casted billet shell breaks. Technical and economic advantages of melt treatment by cored wire or by all-metal injection wire with stuff shown. Decrease of rejects is an important factor for cost decreasing. For example, application of calcium-aluminum cored wire at a steel-works enabled to decrease the rejects of well-casings made of 20ГЮ steel by a factor of 1.5–2. In many cases production of state-of-the-art steel grades, for example IF-steels, being the base of the modern motor-car construction, is not possible without ladle treatment. Therefore, absence of ladle treatment elements at a big steelworks can lead to considerable losses.
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Mikhailov, G. G., L. A. Makrovets, and I. V. Bakin. "Strontium effect on the nature of phase equilibria in liquid metal containing calcium and aluminum." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 65, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 895–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-12-895-903.

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The use of complex strontium-containing alloys with alkaline-earth metals for steel out-of-furnace treatment makes it possible to increase the efficiency of the refining process and steel modifying. In this work based on the binary phase diagrams of SrO – CaO, SrO – Al2O3 , Al2O3 – CaO binary systems and data on possibility of the solid solution formation, the phase diagram of the SrO – Al2O3 – CaO system is modeled in the temperature range 1600 – 2600 °С. When constructing liquidus lines, the theories of perfect solutions (for solid solutions of strontium and calcium aluminates), regular solutions (for solid solutions of oxides) and irregular ionic solutions (for oxide melt) were used to calculate the activity of components. Thermodynamic analysis of the Fe – Sr – Ca – Al – O system was carried out as applied to the refining steel processes with alloys containing calcium and strontium at a temperature of 1600 °C. The simulation results showed that in in the process of refining the aluminium-deoxidized steel, a complex mechanism of interaction of active elements with oxygen will be realized. The interaction of calcium and strontium with oxygen occurs both for elements dissolved in iron and along the boundary of the gas phase containing calcium and strontium with the liquid iron melt. As a result of the interaction of calcium and strontium with oxygen in the presence of aluminium (0.05 %), the probability of formation of liquid oxide melts SrO – Al2O3 – CaO is high, which greatly facilitates the removal of reaction products from the melt. The resulting non-metallic inclusions are most likely to be complex calcium and strontium aluminates, which, due to the presence of strontium, are easily assimilated by slag. The formation of undesirable corundum inclusions during metal processing with complex alloys containing strontium and calcium is unlikely.
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29

Janiszewski, K. "Influence of Slenderness Ratios of a Multi-Hole Ceramic Filters at the Effectiveness of Process of Filtration of Non-Metallic Inclusions from Liquid Steel." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 57, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0002-y.

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Influence of Slenderness Ratios of a Multi-Hole Ceramic Filters at the Effectiveness of Process of Filtration of Non-Metallic Inclusions from Liquid SteelThe paper presents the results of investigations of the process of filtration of solid non-metallic inclusions from liquid steel with use of multi-hole ceramic filters (filtrating surfaces) characterised by a varying slenderness ratios. In order to eliminate the negative influence of the ambient air atmosphere the investigations have been carried out under a protective argon atmosphere. The experimental results obtained have proved earlier suggestions of papers [9-12] about the negative influence of ambient air atmosphere, as well as the essential influence of slenderness ratio of the used multi-hole ceramic filter at the increase of effectiveness of the liquid steel refining processes carried out through steel filtration.
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30

Kumar, Somnath, Kiran Kumar Keshari, Antariksh Gupta, Abdhesh Prasad, Vikash Kumar, and Basudev Mishra. "Improvement in Castability of Al Killed Steel in Billet Casters by Process Optimisation." Materials Science Forum 978 (February 2020): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.978.21.

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Sticking of alumina as well as spinel inclusions inside the sub entry nozzles (SEN) as well as tundish nozzle is perennial problem during continuous casting of aluminum killed steel through billet casters. This results in restriction or completely blockage of flow of liquid steel through the nozzles eventually leading to abortion of sequence in billet casters and stopping of continuous casting machine. Nozzle clogging not only restricts the productivity by restraining the casting sequence, intermittent extrication of clogged alumina particles or dislodged refractory materials are a significant source of non-metallic macro-inclusions in the cast sections of billet casters. If these inclusions are not removed completely during secondary refining of steel they causes excessive clogging mainly in low carbon Al killed steels. In other grades of Al killed steel cogging is also very prominent if the deoxidation and secondary refining is not carried out properly. IISCO Steel Plant (ISP), Burnpur a new, modernised unit of Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) was facing problems of nozzle clogging in low carbon, low Si, Al killed grade (EWNR –electrode quality grade) resulting in premature abortion of casting sequence leading to huge productivity loss. To solve the problem of nozzle clogging in low carbon Al killed grades and other grades at ISP, optimisation of various steelmaking parameters viz. amount of Al addition & its sequence, purging regime in ladle furnace, optimisation of Ca treatment process etc has been carried out which has resulted in improvement in castability of Al Killed Steel in billet caster of ISP.
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31

Shi, Rong Gang, Zhan Yong Wang, Sen Gai Yang, and Xiu Ping Yan. "Refining Molten Steel with Argon Blowing by Metal Nozzle Mold Bottom." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.357.

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Abstract: this paper describes the main characteristics of bottom blowing argon, and by comparing forging adopting the mode of bottom blowing argon process of forging with not using the technology of forging the same time and the same kind of shape of ingot production the same in the forging crack, the results of the ultrasonic flaw detection, grain size, mechanical properties, gas content in liquid steel, the influence of the mold bottom blowing argon through the comparative analysis on the influence of the inclusions, the method of die bottom blowing argon can improve the quality of steel, It is worth promoting. And the principium of die bottom blowing argon is discussed.
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32

Cai, Chuan Jie, Shao Bo Zheng, Jing Chen, Zhi Yang Ye, Hui Gai Li, and Jie Ming Yang. "Thermodyanmics of CaO in Slag Reduced by Carbon during VD Process of Hollow Steel 95CrMo and its Effect on Inclusions." Materials Science Forum 788 (April 2014): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.788.289.

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With the help of thermodynamics calculation and kinetic model, the generation mechanism of calcium aluminate inclusions in hollow steel 95CrMo was analyzed. The steel was produced in a certain steelmaking factory whose smelting process is EAF-LF-VD-CC and the micreostructure of the hollow steel 95CrMo samples have been investigated by SEM and EDS. Based on Lumsden’s regular solution model to molten slags, the possibility of CaO in slags reduced by carbon during hollow steel refining in VD furnace was calculated. The influence of furnace vacuum, slag basicity and liquid steel temperature on the reduction of CaO in slag by carbon was discussed. It was showed that the carbon dissolving in liquid steel might reduce CaO in slags to dissolved calcium which could also react with Al2O3 and turn into dot calcium-aluminate inclusions in the steel. The calcium-aluminate existing in the hollow steel easily turned into dot inclusions, which would decrease the fatigue life of the hollow steel. According to the thermodynamic conditions of dot calcium-aluminate inclusions, the influence of slag basicity, temperature of liquid steel, vacuum degree and the Ca treatment process on the quantity of dot inclusions in hollow steel 95CrMo was analyzed.
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Chen, Xingrun, Guoguang Cheng, Yuyang Hou, and Jingyu Li. "Inclusions evolution during the LF refining process of 439 ultra-pure ferritic stainless steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 6 (2019): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2019048.

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The morphology, composition, size, and number of inclusions in 439 ultra-pure ferritic stainless steel samples were analyzed using an automatic scanning electron microscope combined with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. In addition, the appropriate contents of titanium, aluminum, and calcium were analyzed through the coupling of thermodynamics calculation and experimental results. CaO-Al2O3-MgO inclusions existed in the 439 steel before Ti additions in the ladle furnace (LF) refining process. After Ti addition in the LF refining process, the inclusions were transformed into CaO-Al2O3-MgO-TiOx inclusions. The evolution of these inclusions was consistent with thermodynamic calculation, which indicated that when the Al, Ca, and Ti contents were within a reasonable range, Ca treatment could significantly modify the aluminate and spinel to form CaO-Al2O3-MgO liquid inclusions. In addition, the compositions of inclusions after the addition of titanium were mostly located in the Al2O3-TiOx stable phase. The collision of the CaO-Al2O3-MgO liquid inclusions and Al2O3-TiOx inclusions resulted in the modification of the CaO-Al2O3-MgO-TiOx inclusions. The compositions of most inclusions were located in the liquid zone. The control range of the aluminum, calcium, and titanium contents was obtained: logAl% ≥ 1.481logTi% − 0.7166, Ca% ≥ 34.926(Al%)3 − 3.3056(Al%)2 + 0.1112(Al%) − 0.0003.
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34

Toleuova, Ainagul, Gulnaz Musina, and Saule Kaldybayeva. "Modifying and Micro-Alloying Effect on Carbon Steels Microstructure." Solid State Phenomena 316 (April 2021): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.316.359.

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Small additives of elements exhibiting high chemical activity with respect to iron and impurities, included in its composition, have a complex effect on the structure and properties of steel. Moreover, as a result of the modifying and refining effect of micro-additives, the amount, dispersion and morphology of nonmetallic inclusions change, and when alloying the matrix, hardenability, uniformity of structure and resistance to brittle fracture of steels change, too. The article presents a metallographic analysis of carbon steel deoxidized by a complex Са – Ва alloy. Deoxidation of steel using the complex Са – Ва alloy allows significant reducing the content of nonmetallic inclusions, modifying residual nonmetallic inclusions into favorable complexes with their uniform distribution in the volume of steel, and significant increasing the mechanical properties of steel. The high surface activity of barium makes it possible to consider barium as a rather effective modifier. The use of barium in alloys leads to grinding of non-metallic inclusions, homogenization of liquid metal, lowering the liquidus temperature, grinding of primary grains of cast steel, and increasing technological ductility.
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35

You, Wen, Hai Tao Ma, and Niao Na Zhang. "Control Method of Preventing Splashing in the Process of BOF Refining Steel Based on Soft-Measuring Technology." Advanced Materials Research 179-180 (January 2011): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.179-180.279.

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This article raise a new control method to prevent splashing in the process of BOF refining steel, the method is based on soft-sensing technology, use the infrared temperature measurement device installed in the top gun and bottom gun, on-line detect the temperature difference of liquid slag surface and molten steel in the furnace, with the temperature difference we can get FeO content in the liquid slag, according to the degree that occur away from the splashing, temperature range is quantified five intervals, according to fall into the interval based on the temperature difference, adjust the top-gun position and the intensity of supplying oxygen and argon, to control carbon-oxygen reaction rate and FeO content in the slag, add auxiliary material in order to improve liquid slag mobility and oxidation when foam degree of liquid slag is too high or in the “back to dry” interval, in order to prevent splashing.
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36

Zhong, Huajun, Min Jiang, Kanghao Wang, Xinhua Wang, Shuai Liu, and Jinxing Jiang. "Formation and evolution of non-metallic inclusions in X70MS pipeline steel during LF-RH-CC process." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 5 (2022): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022078.

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The formation and evolution of non-metallic inclusions in X70MS pipeline steel during LF-RH-CC process were investigated by industrial trials, and the evolution mechanism of non-metallic inclusions was analyzed and discussed with thermodynamic calculations. The results show that after RH vacuum refining, the inclusions in molten steel are mainly spherical CaO-MgO-Al2O3 and CaO-Al2O3. After calcium treatment, the inclusions are transformed into spherical CaS-CaO-Al2O3 and CaO-CaS with finer size. During calcium treatment, it is difficult for [Ca] and [S] in the molten steel to react directly to form CaS, and CaS is mainly generated at the edge of liquid calcium aluminate. When w[Al] in molten steel is 0.032%, w[Ca] is controlled above 0.0035%, which is more favorable to avoid the generation of liquid calcium aluminate. Calcium treatment to the tundish reaches the casting liquid level, the molten steel occurred a continuous reoxidation, reoxidation of inclusions composition transformation is mainly determined by the [Ca] and T[O] contents of the molten steel, this process inclusions are transformed from CaO-CaS to liquid CaO-MgO-Al2O3. During cooling and solidification of the molten steel, the CaS content in inclusions increases sharply, the CaO content decreases sharply, and the changes in inclusions are mainly affected by the reaction between the molten steel and the inclusions and the precipitation of new phases.
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37

Mikhailov, G. G., L. A. Makrovets, and O. V. Samoilova. "Thermodynamic Analysis of Liquid Steel Refining by Complex La–Ce–Al-Based Alloy." Steel in Translation 50, no. 4 (April 2020): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s096709122004004x.

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38

Mikhailov, G. G., L. A. Makrovets, and O. V. Samoilova. "Thermodynamic analysis of liquid steel refining by complex alloy containing La - Ce -Al." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 3-4 (May 26, 2020): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-3-4-238-247.

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39

Zhao, Zhi-jian, Min Wang, Lei Song, and Yan-ping Bao. "Splashing Simulation of Liquid Steel Drops during the Ruhrstahl Heraeus Vacuum Process." Metals 10, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10081070.

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In view of the serious splashing problem in the 120 ton Ruhrstahl Heraeus (RH) refining process of a special steel company, a coupling model of volume of fluid + discrete phase model was established to study the influence of the vacuum pressure drop mode on the RH vacuum splashing. Three different pressure drop modes were simulated, and the splash situation was described by the fluctuation of the liquid level and the velocity field in the vacuum chamber in this model. The model predicted that the most serious splashing situation of liquid drops would happen at the early stage of vacuum treatment, which was consistent with that found in industrial production. The liquid level in the vacuum chamber maintained a low fluctuation at the late stage of the RH vacuum process. The vacuum pressure drop mode was closely relevant with the splashing situation. The splashing of liquid steel can be effectively improved by controlling the vacuum pressure drop mode, and it can be used in the industrial production situation.
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40

Chen, Lifeng, Kun Liu, Peng Han, Lianghua Feng, and Guangqiang Liu. "Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation on Inclusion-Argon-Liquid Steel Phenomenon in RH Refining of High-Manganese and High-Aluminum Steel." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (September 12, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1562417.

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In this http://mts.hindawi.com/update/) in our Manuscript Tracking System and after you have logged in click on the ORCID link at the top of the page. This link will take you to the ORCID website where you will be able to create an account for yourself. Once you have done so, your new ORCID will be saved in our Manuscript Tracking System automatically."?>paper, factors influencing the inclusion removal in high-manganese and high-aluminum steel in RH refining process were studied by numerical simulations, production practice, and metallographic experiments. A mathematical model for inclusion removal was established, and the phenomenon of inclusions mixing in RH up-leg region was verified due to fluid circulation. Removal efficiency of RH circulation time 120 s is much better than 600 s, and it was the lowest efficiency after 600 s. After 600 s circulation time, it shall not apply in production practice. The mass concentration of inclusions in practical steel was 11.64% probability error than values obtained by numerical simulation, because the numerical simulation did not consider the problem of inclusions adsorbing to the walls of refractory materials and corrosion of refractories. This work lays the foundation for the optimization and upgrading of process technology and establishes big data for full automation of RH out of furnace refining.
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41

Cahyaningtias, Sari, and Evita Purnaningrum. "Optimasi Suhu Laddle Refining Furnace (LRF) pada Pengolahan Baja Karbon Tinggi dengan Menerapkan Metode Fuzzy Mamdani." Jurnal Ilmiah Soulmath : Jurnal Edukasi Pendidikan Matematika 7, no. 2 (October 31, 2019): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/smj.v7i2.1713.

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Steel processing in large scale industries has several stage namely melting, moulding, fetling, and finishing. The melting process requires such a right temperature particularly in Refining Ladle Furnace (LRF) that is a main point of the process itself. The optimum time of LRF can minimize both production time and electricity in which avoid steel clumping in the next step. This research aims to find the optimum temperature of high carbon steel in the ladle and to gain the relation between rate of carbon composition in steel with heating time using Mamdani Method. The method is also known as min-max method and consists of four stages: form fuzzy set, apply implication function, composition, and defuzzification. The simulation results optimal temperature of high carbon steel stood at between 15300C-15700C and low carbon 15850C-15950C. It shows that the temperature depends on the carbon composition and each grade of liquid temperature.
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42

Zhang, Tongsheng, Rensheng Li, Wanlin Wang, Shifan Dai, Peisheng Lv, and Yan Tian. "Research on the variation of the inclusion and sulfur content in Pipeline steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 2 (2021): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021010.

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Pipeline steel is widely used in various industries, and the sulfur content and inclusions in steel have a significant impact on performance, which determines whether the steel quality is qualified. The experiments were carried out to explore the sulfur content and inclusion evolution of pipeline steel which was deoxidized by Si–Mn–Al with “EAF-LF-VD-T-CC”. The samples of molten steel and slag were taken during the process of LF-VD-Tundish after EAF tapping. The kinetics model was established to simulate the desulfuration process of molten steel in actual production, obtaining a result which the error is within 3 ppm. It can be summarized that proper calcium treatment can transform the inclusion into a liquid inclusion, the value of [Ca] ranges from 25 to 45 ppm. Too high and lower calcium treatment can cause the compositions of inclusions to deviate from the liquid phase area, while too low calcium treatment will increase the overall size and density of the inclusions. In addition, the evolution of inclusion in steel at refining temperature and during solidification process was comprehensively calculated, considering all types of inclusions such as calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, calcium sulfide, spinel, calcium aluminate and liquid inclusion. The thermodynamic calculations are in good agreement with experimental results, which can predict the formation of the inclusions in Si–Mn–Al deoxidized pipeline steel.
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43

Janiszewski, K. "Refining of Liquid Steel in a Tundish Using the Method of Filtration During its Casting in the CC Machine." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0029.

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Hitherto existing investigations concerning the ceramic filter use in the steel making processes (both of laboratory and industrial scale) have given good results. The obtained results of filtration (in the industrial) have proved that this method may be used as an effective and cheap way of steel filtration from non-metallic inclusions. Placing filters in the tundish is the best location in consideration of limiting the possibility of secondary pollution of steel. Yet, the results presented in this paper, of an experiment prepared and carried out in the industrial environment, are the only positive results obtained, which are connected with so much quantities of liquid steel processed with use of the multi-hole ceramic filters.
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44

Li, Sheng Hao, Ao Huang, Yun Tao Qu, Xin Lu, Hua Zhi Gu, and Guang Qiang Li. "Mathematical Simulation and Physical Modeling of Self-Source Magnetization by Liquid Electrolyte Flow." Materials Science Forum 982 (March 2020): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.982.165.

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With the increasing requirements for steel quality, the refining conditions are increasing strict. The high-speed movement of molten steel under mechanical or pneumatic agitation can uniform the temperature and composition, and accelerate the collision of the inclusions to eliminate. However, the electromagnetic field has an important influence on the removal of inclusions in steel and the corrosion of refractory materials. The magnetic phenomenon caused by the movement of molten steel needs to be explored. Considering the complexity of high temperature thermal simulation, this work adopted the physical modeling combined with mathematical simulation method, saturated sodium chloride solution was selected to simulate molten steel as a liquid electrolyte, the magnetic phenomenon caused by solution motion was tested and analyzed, and mathematical model of solution motion magnetization was based on discharge mechanism and magnetic vector potential superposition principle, then the variation law of spatial magnetic field generated by liquid electrolyte flow was discussed. The results show that the simulation results agree with that of the physical modeling, and the mathematical model is promising for prediction of the magnetic field generated by liquid electrolyte flow. Under a constant flow speed of 2000 r/min, a magnetic field with magnetic flux density up to 0.15 Gs was produced, which has a significant effect on the refractory corrosion and removal of impurities in the molten steel.
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45

Li, Guang Qiang, Ai Da Xiao, De Zhi Wen, Guo Hua Jiao, Bai Ping Zheng, and Jie Fu. "Study on the Production of Ti Micro-Alloyed High Strength Hot Rolled Steel by CSP Process." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.230.

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Ti micro-alloyed high strength hot rolled steel was developed in Valin Lianyuan Steel in the CSP line. The cleanliness of liquid steel was good enough for thin slab casting after LF refining. The mould powder was adjusted for stabilizing the heat flux of thin slab continuous casting mould. Homogeneous microstructure consisting of ferrite and pearlite was obtained in the hot rolled steel plates by the improving of rolling process. The nano-scale precipitates of Ti(C, N) and Nb(C, N) is the main strengthening mechanism. The yield strength of developed hot rolled plate is higher than 660 MPa and the tension strength is 760 MPa. The ductile-brittle transition temperature is below -60 degree Celsius. The developed Ti alloyed steel with designed composition fulfils the requirements of 600 MPa grade steel for engineering machinery.
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46

Qi, Fengsheng, Nan Ye, Zhongqiu Liu, Sherman C. P. Cheung, and Baokuan Li. "Numerical Simulation of Bubble Size Distribution in Single Snorkel Furnace (SSF) with Population Balance Model (PBM)." Metals 13, no. 2 (January 21, 2023): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13020212.

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Single Snorkel Furnace (SSF) vacuum refining furnace is a novel external refining equipment for high clean steel production. RH is a molten steel refining technology developed by Rheinstahl-Heraeus company. Compared with the traditional RH furnace, the SSF furnace has the advantages of a simple structure, high refining efficiency, and low production cost. However, because the upward flow and the downward flow are in a single snorkel, the flow phenomenon is more complex than that in the RH device. Therefore, the gas–liquid two-phase flow law in SSF furnaces plays an important role in improving equipment efficiency and accurate control. In addition, the evolution and movement behavior of bubbles have an important influence on the two-phase flow. In this study, the Population Balance Model (PBM) model is employed to study the bubble properties, taking into account the effect of bubble coalescence and breakup on the flow field. The simulation results with this model are consistent with the experimental values, and the comparison with the results of the model without the PBM is revealed to be closer with less error. The results show that with the PBM model the flow field is more homogeneously distributed, the flow velocity is more stable, and the area distribution of the upward flow and downward flow in the snorkel is more symmetrical. In the case of this study, as the fluid level rises, the bubble diameter will increase due to the decrease in hydrostatic pressure.
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47

García, Felipe, Armando Salinas-Rodríguez, and Enrique Nava-Vázquez. "The Role of Ti Inoculation of Al-Zn-Si Coating Alloys on the Formation of Intermetallic Compounds by Interaction with Solid Steel." Materials Science Forum 560 (November 2007): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.560.97.

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The reaction between solid steel and liquid Al-Zn-Si alloy leads to the formation of a solid intermetallic interfacial layer. In the case of industrial Al-43.5Zn-1.5Si coated steel strips, the thickness of the intermetallic layer is on average 1.35 μm and the kinetics of the reaction is controlled by the effect of Si on Al and Fe diffusivities through the solid intermetallic layer. In this paper it is shown that the thickness of the intermetallic interfacial layer decreases as the Si content in the liquid alloy increases. EDXS microanalysis at the interface of industrial coated steel strips shows that the interfacial intermetallic compounds are chemically similar to those formed in the bulk of Al-43.5Zn-1.5Si liquid baths in continuous coating lines. Differential acid dissolution of the coatings reveals that the intermetallic layer is not planar at the interface with the coating overlay and is formed by grains of different size and chemical composition. Addition of minute quantities of Ti to the Al-Zn-Si liquid alloy causes changes in the morphology of the intermetallic layer and an overall refining of the microstructure.
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48

UENO, Kazuyuki. "Impinging Gas Jet on a Liquid Surface and Top-blown Refining in Steel Making." JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MULTIPHASE FLOW 30, no. 4 (2016): 360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3811/jjmf.30.360.

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Chen, Shifu, Hong Lei, Meng Wang, Bin Yang, Weixue Dou, Lishan Chang, and Hongwei Zhang. "Ar-CO-liquid steel flow with decarburization chemical reaction in single snorkel refining furnace." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 146 (January 2020): 118857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.118857.

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50

Yang, Fei, Yanli Li, Yang Zhang, and Yucheng Feng. "Impact of mechanical refining on the heat tolerance of cellulosic paper." BioResources 13, no. 3 (July 20, 2018): 6746–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.13.3.6746-6756.

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Abstract:
Cellulosic paper is widely used in various applications, such as for decoration and in cold-rolled stainless steel. The thermal stabilities of cellulosic fibers were investigated with a thermogravimetric analyzer. Additionally, the impact of mechanical refining on the heat resistance of cellulosic paper was evaluated by testing the tensile strength and brightness of the samples derived from pulp with various beating degrees. The morphology of the paper was characterized with scanning electron microscopy and the monose content of the pulp samples was determined with high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the different pulps had different thermal stabilities. Because of pulp refining, the heat tolerance was enhanced in terms of the strength and optical properties. Compared with the original papers, the tensile strength and brightness of the 40°SR papers on average increased by 217% and 114%, respectively, all evaluated after heating at 240 °C. Therefore, the heat tolerance of cellulosic paper can be tuned with pulp refining.
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