Relevant bibliographies by topics / Liquid Steel Refining

Academic literature on the topic 'Liquid Steel Refining'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Liquid Steel Refining"

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Zhang, Gui Fang, Ying Dong Yang, Zhe Shi, and Lei Gao. "Experiments on Effect of Red Mud-Based Slag on Distribution of Sulfur in Liquid Iron." Advanced Materials Research 900 (February 2014): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.900.49.

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Preliminary research has shown that red mud is a viable option to be used as a fluxing agent in the steelmaking process, as it is able to achieve similar results as fluxes currently used in steel refining. This research focused on how red mud can be used as a flux for refining steel. Desulfurization was conducted with aluminum additions and temperature variations. The results showed that experiments utilized waste residues from the aluminum industry as refining flux for steel refining; more than 95% sulfur reduction was achieved; increasing temperature and aluminum content can improve desulfurization.
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Li, Qiang, Xin Hua Wang, and Hai Bo Li. "Effect of Slag-Metal Reaction on Transformation of Al2O3 inclusions in Pipeline Steel." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 1143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.1143.

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For high grade pipeline steel, elimination of Al2O3 inclusions can improve the susceptibility of hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) and stress corrosion cracking (SCC). In the present work, the transformation of Al2O3 inclusions with slag-metal reaction was studied by controlling ladle slag and relative technologies in LF-RH refining process. It is found that Al2O3 inclusions decrease with increasing refining time, and no pure Al2O3 inclusions exist in molten steel at the end of secondary refining; the remained inclusions in molten steel are liquid calcium aluminates and semi-liquid CaO-MgO-Al2O3 complex inclusions. The analysis of thermodynamic equilibrium proves that CaO and MgO in slag can be reduced by aluminum in molten steel, which is the source of calcium and magnesium in molten steel.
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Qiao, Tong, Guoguang Cheng, Yu Huang, Yao Li, Yanling Zhang, and Zhanchun Li. "Formation and Removal Mechanism of Nonmetallic Inclusions in 42CrMo4 Steel during the Steelmaking Process." Metals 12, no. 9 (September 11, 2022): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12091505.

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Nonmetallic inclusions are harmful to the quality of 42CrMo4 steel. Therefore, the formation and removal mechanism of inclusions in 42CrMo4 steel during the steelmaking process is investigated by industrial trials. The characteristics of inclusions in specimens were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The main type of inclusions in molten steel in the early stage of ladle furnace (LF) refining is MgO-Al2O3 inclusions of irregular shape. CaO begins to appear in MgO-Al2O3 inclusions in the middle and late stages of LF. In the vacuum degassing (VD) refining stage, the inclusions in molten steel completely change into low-melting-point CaO-MgO-Al2O3 inclusions. The existence of [Mg] in molten steel is the fundamental reason for the formation of a large number of MgO-Al2O3 inclusions. Thermodynamic calculation shows that the refractory mainly transfers [Mg] to the liquid steel in the LF refining stage, whereas the slag mainly transfers [Mg] to the liquid steel in the VD refining stage. Kinetic calculation indicates that MgO-Al2O3 inclusions could be removed from molten steel faster than low-melting-point CaO-MgO-Al2O3 inclusions. The fundamental reason for the different removal behavior of the two types of inclusions is that the interfacial tension between the low-melting-point CaO-MgO-Al2O3 inclusions and the liquid steel is 50% lower than that of the MgO-Al2O3 inclusions.
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Cwudziński, A. "Numerical Simulation of Behaviour a Non-Metallic Inclusions in an One-Strand Slab Tundish with Steel Flow Controll Devices." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 56, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-011-0066-0.

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Numerical Simulation of Behaviour a Non-Metallic Inclusions in an One-Strand Slab Tundish with Steel Flow Controll DevicesAn effective refining of liquid steel can be carried out either in a tundish or in the mould of a CSC machine. Being a flow reactor, the tundish performs the function of a link between the steelmaking ladle and the mould. Owing to this fact, the liquid steel resides in the tundish for a specific time, which enables the tundish to be used for refining purposes. For modification oftundish internal working space, two types of flow control device (FCD), namely a ceramic gas-permeable barrier and a subflux turbulence controller (STC), were proposed. For simulation of movement of gas phase and non-metallic inclusions, a discrete phase model was used. The obtained results unambiguously indicate which of the proposed tundish equipment configurations will be more advantageous for intensifying the process of liquid steel refining from NMIs.
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Medovar, L., G. Polishko, G. Stovpchenko, V. Kostin, A. Tunik, and A. Sybir. "Electroslag refining with liquid metal for composite rotor manufacturing." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 2, no. 91 (June 1, 2018): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.5489.

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Purpose: To develop novel ESR based process for composite ingot with shallow transition zone between layers in order to produce efficient heavy-weight rotors for steam turbines. Design/methodology/approach: The nowadays heavy-weight rotors for steam turbines for power plants are monoblock or two or more layer in length composite part facilitating operation in different zones withstanding various loads and working medium. However, the joining of various steel in composite rotors by welding has low productivity. The ESR now is recognised as the best available technology for the big-diameter and mass forgings for power generating machines, including rotor ones. The ESR affords the most favourable conditions of solidification resulting in homogenous low-segregation ingot with smooth surface and high-quality structure. The step ahead is the ESR for composite. Findings: The two-layer model ingot had produced from steel grades 12Cr13 and 35NiCrMoV12-5 were manufactured using the electroslag process with the liquid metal (ESR LM) in the CSM of 180 mm in diameter with ingot withdrawing. The transition zone in two-layer ingot had have the shallow shape and low depth with the even macrostructure without defects of the same type as both joined steels. The metal of the transition zone fully satisfies standard requirements for properties of both steel grades in the heat treated and as-cast conditions. Research limitations/implications: The ESR LM can provide both the monobloc heavy ingots with uniform structure and composites with low-stress connection between metal layers for heavyweight rotors and other critical products manufacturing.
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Ren, Zheng De, Sheng Qin Zhang, Zhu Bing Gao, and Qian Ying Zhang. "Thermodynamics and Dynamics of Nitrogen Increasing in LF Refining Process." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 2387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.2387.

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Nitrogen is one of harmful elements in liquid steel. Reducing nitrogen quantity is required for making high-grade steel. This paper analyzes the reaction mechanism of nitrogen increasing through the methods of metallurgical thermodynamics and dynamics. In liquid steel dissolved nitrogen and nitrides are the main forms of nitrogen. The factors of influence on nitrogen increasing are temperature, kinds and quantity of the alloying elements in the liquid steel, , the lifetime of foam in foam slag, the quantity of flow of argon and so on. Analytical results of metallurgical thermodynamics and dynamics are verified by measuring nitrogen content in the links of LF refining process of new developed area of Chongqing steel and iron Co.Ltd.
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Hou, Zewang, Min Jiang, Kun-Peng Wang, Jianfei Xu, Ying Wang, and Xinhua Wang. "Study on the control of inclusions in Al-deoxidized steel during LF-RH refining and the influence of calcium treatment in ladle furnace." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 3 (2022): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022033.

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In this paper, evolution of inclusions in an Al deoxidized specialty steel with basic slag refining in the LF-RH process were studied, taking into account of the influence of calcium treatment in the ladle furnace. It was found that inclusions would be modified from alumina into spinel then mainly into solid calcium magnesia aluminates after LF refining, and finally into calcium aluminates at the end of RH refining, irrespective of calcium treatment. When calcium treatment was carried out in the ladle furnace, solid calcium magnesia aluminates largely produced in the LF refining would be mostly modified into liquid calcium aluminates during the afterwards RH refining. By comparison, without calcium treatment, solid and liquid calcium aluminates were both formed in the RH refining. Importantly, when calcium treatment was used, big calcium aluminates as large as 40–50 μm were more frequently observed in steel and with a number density about 0.09–0.015 /mm2, which were bad to fatigue resistance.
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Yu, Huixiang, Dexin Yang, Muming Li, and Ming Pan. "Metallurgical characteristics of refining slag used for high manganese steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 6 (2019): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2019050.

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High manganese steel has excellent mechanical properties, which has garnered much attention. Whereas the research on the refining slag used for high Mn steel is very limited. In this study, the metallurgical characteristics of refining slag for high Mn steel were investigated based on thermodynamic calculation with FactSage 6.3 and slag-metal equilibrium reaction in MgO crucible. The calculated liquid zones of T ≤ 1873 K of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-8%MgO-5%MnO system are located in the middle region of pseudo-ternary CaO-SiO2-Al2O3. For CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-8%MgO-MnO system, the apparent liquid zone at 1873 K enlarges with MnO content in slag increasing, and moves toward the direction of SiO2 and Al2O3 content increasing. For CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO system, the liquidus zone shrinks with the basicity increasing, and moves toward the direction of Al2O3 content increasing. The measured MnO content in top slag reacted with high Mn steel was much higher than that reacted with conventional steels. In present experiments, the MnO content was around 5% when CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO slag with basicity of 4 was in equilibrium with high Mn steel (Mn = 10, 20%) at 1873 K. The inclusions in master high Mn steel were mainly MnO type. After reaction with top slag, most inclusions transformed to MnO-SiO2 system and MnO-Al2O3-MgO system, in which the MnO content still shared the majority. Thermodynamic calculations show that SiO2 in top slag can be reduced by [Mn] in steel to supply [Si] under present experimental condition, which subsequently reacts with [O] in steel bath to form SiO2.
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Zdonek, B., I. Szypuła, J. Kozłowski, and S. Szczęch. "Secondary Steel Refining for Continuous Sequence Bloom Casting for High Oxide Cleanness Final Products." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 57, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0033-4.

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Secondary Steel Refining for Continuous Sequence Bloom Casting for High Oxide Cleanness Final ProductsSteelmaking and secondary refining process technology of resulphurized liquid steel with low content of total oxygen, assigned for continuous casting of strands for rolled and forged products for automotive industry was developed. The influence of secondary steel refining parameters on total oxygen content as well as amount and morphology of non-metallic inclusions was examined. It was found, that content of total oxygen and amount of non-metallic inclusions in steel decrease as steel refining time in the ladle becomes longer, and the chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions in steel changes from modified calcium aluminates to spinel inclusion of CaO·Al2O3·MgO type. The total oxygen content in steel from continuous casting in four cast sequence ranged from 6 to 25 ppm, with percentage share of non-metallic inclusions from 0.09 to 0.30 per cent and equivalent diameter 0.78 to 1.59 μm.
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Migas, Piotr, Marta Ślęzak, Mirosław Karbowniczek, Stanisław Szczęch, and Andrzej Hornik. "Numerical Investigation of Outflow of Non-Metallic Inclusions during Steel Refining in the Ladle." Materials 15, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 3039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093039.

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The article presents the results of numerical simulations of liquid steel flow in the main steelmaking ladle. The paper analyses the mechanism of the outflow of non-metallic Al2O3 and MnS inclusions with diameters in the range of 4–27 µm. The simulations were performed with ANSYS Fluent software. In order to determine the shape and size of non-metallic inclusions formed in the main ladle during steel refining, the collected samples of liquid metal were analysed using a scanning microscope with SEM/EDS and LM (light microscopy). Simulation tests and calculations were carried out for the case of steel refining under the conditions of the Cognor SA HSJ Department in Stalowa Wola (Poland). The presented method of using simulation tests to optimize the technology of steel refining in the ladle is an example. The analysis of the results shows that the gas flow in the metal volume has the greatest impact on the outflow of non-metallic inclusions in the steelmaking ladle.
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Book chapters on the topic "Liquid Steel Refining"

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Tayeb, Mohammed A., Richard Fruehan, and Seetharaman Sridhar. "Phosphorus Partitioning during EAF Refining of DRI Based Steel." In Proceedings of the 2013 International Symposium on Liquid Metal Processing and Casting, 353–58. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118830857.ch52.

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Tayeb, Mohammed A., Richard Fruehan, and Seetharaman Sridhar. "Phosphorus Partitioning during EAF Refining of DRI Based Steel." In Proceedings of the 2013 International Symposium on Liquid Metal Processing & Casting, 353–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48102-9_52.

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Simensen, Christian J. "The Effect of Dissolved Elements and Inclusions on the Properties of Metal Products." In Principles of Metal Refining and Recycling, 1–71. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811923.003.0001.

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The chapter deals mainly with the effect of impurities on the macro properties of metals made from steel, aluminium, copper, and zinc. It is about porosity, mechanical properties, strength, fatigue, and corrosion. It shows the effect of small amounts of inclusions and liquid impurities in bulk, on grain boundaries, and on the surface of the metals. The investigations have been carried out using mechanical tests, and advanced microscopic instruments like electron microscopes, X-ray diffraction, and different SIMS instruments (secondary ion mass spectrometry). The chapter lays the foundation for the need for refining of primary and secondary metals, i.e. recycling.
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González Solórzano, María-Guadalupe, Rodolfo Morales-Dávila, Jafeth Rodríguez Ávila, Carlos Rodrigo Muñiz-Valdés, and Alfonso Nájera Bastida. "The Physical Chemistry of Steel Deoxidation and Nozzle Clogging in Continuous Casting." In Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95369.

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Nozzle clogging in continuous casting of steel originates by the adherence of alumina particles and other oxides, precipitated during the liquid steel deoxidation, on the refractory material’s surface. Hence, these particles’ nucleation and growth rates in supersaturated melts are analyzed considering, specifically, the role of the interfacial tensions between alumina, silica, and other oxides and the liquid metal. Weak steel deoxidizers like silicon do not need high supersaturations favoring high nucleation rates, giving particles’ narrow size distributions thanks to fast diffusion and Ostwald-ripening coagulation. Strong deoxidizers, like aluminum, need high supersaturation levels leading to broad size distributions. Besides, the morphology of these particles depends on the nucleation and growth mechanisms. The adhesion forces among the deoxidation particles, forming clusters, depending on the morphology and the oxide’s chemistry. The stability of the nozzle’s clog, adhered to the nozzle’s wall, depends on the interface tensions between the melt and the nozzle’s refractory surface and between the melt and the inclusion. The results obtained here help set up basic recommendations in steel refining and materials specifications of casting nozzles.
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Conference papers on the topic "Liquid Steel Refining"

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Godinez, Joel, Nicholas J. Walla, Xipeng Guo, and Chenn Q. Zhou. "Effects of Combined Electromagnetic and Bottom-Plug Stirring in a Steel Refining Ladle." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71767.

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Abstract After being tapped from a basic oxygen furnace or electric arc furnace, the liquid steel must be refined at a ladle treatment station as part of alloying and quality improvement. In the ladle, the steel can be stirred using electromagnetic techniques, argon injection, or a combination of both methods. This work discusses the observed differences in stirring characteristics between these different approaches. Simulations of gas-stirring using a single plug, stirring using upwards electromagnetic stirring (EMS), downwards EMS, and the combination of electromagnetic stirring and single bottom plug with various plug positions in relation to the active EMS unit. The approach found in this work uses the CFD solver ANSYS Fluent to the simulate the isothermal multiphase flow field using a combined Eulerian and Lagrangian (E-L) approaches. The E-L approach with DPM uses a time-step (ts) of 1e−3s while the mixing study uses a ts of 0.1s. To improve simulation stability and computational speed, the Lorentz forces of the magnetic field data are imported directly into the simulation via User Defined Function and applied as a momentum source term onto the liquid steel. The flow field is monitored for quasi-steady state, upon which the momentum calculation is disabled and the secondary mixing study begins. The mixing study uses a tracer species to determine how long is required until homogeneity is reached. It was found that under standard stirring conditions, EMS has a faster mixing time than EM-Gas and gas-only, though both EMS and EM-gas see greater wall shear stresses.
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Shukla, Rishabh, Ravikiran Anapagaddi, Amarendra K. Singh, Jitesh H. Panchal, Janet K. Allen, and Farrokh Mistree. "Exploring the Design Set Points of Refining Operation in Ladle for Cost Effective Desulfurization and Inclusion Removal." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46265.

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This paper is motivated by a need identified by steel makers, namely, the need to produce steel products with new and often more stringent set of specifications and enhanced performances (such as fatigue life and corrosion behavior) using existing equipment cost-effectively. Manufacturing a steel product involves series of unit operations, each having a significant bearing on the properties of the end product. This paper focuses on studying the effect of one such unit operation, namely, ladle refining. The performance like corrosion behavior and fatigue life and properties of advanced high strength steel are greatly influenced by its cleanliness and by maintaining composition within specified bounds. Cleanliness of steel is assessed in terms of the count and nature of inclusions present and the levels of tramp elements such as sulfur, phosphorus and total oxygen present in the liquid steel. The desired composition is maintained with respect to alloying elements (Ni, Cr, Mn, etc.) that are added to impart certain properties to the steel. The ladle furnace is one of the key unit operations for carrying out deoxidation and desulfurization to maintain the levels of oxygen and sulfur within a tolerable limit. Deoxidation reaction during refining lead to formation of a number of which are deleterious in nature and should be removed. The effectiveness of the ladle operation is thus influenced by conflicting goals such as inclusion removal efficiency, desulfurization and the cost of refining. George Box is reputed to have observed that all models are wrong and some are useful. In keeping with George Box’s observation we suggest that our challenge is to determine the set points for the ladle unit operation using computational models that at best capture the essence of reality but not reality itself. Therefore, the need is to find solutions that are relatively insensitive to the inherent uncertainties embodied in the computational model while satisficing the conflicting goals. In this paper we present a method for visualizing and exploring the solution space using the compromise Decision Support Problem (cDSP) as a decision model. We illustrate the efficacy of our method, for use by steel producers, by determining the set points for a ladle, in an industrial setting.
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Luo, Zhibo, and Yaoyao Fiona Zhao. "Finite Element Thermal Analysis of Melt Pool in Selective Laser Melting Process." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85701.

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Selective laser melting is one of the powder bed fusion processes which fabricates a part through layer-wised method. Due to the ability to build a customized and complex part, selective laser melting process has been broadly studied in academic and applied in industry. However, rapidly changed thermal cycles and extremely high-temperature gradients among the melt pool induce a periodically changed thermal stress in solidified layers and finally result in a distorted part. Therefore, the temperature distribution in the melt pool and the size and shape of the melt pool directly determine the mechanical and geometrical property of final part. As experimental trial-and-error method takes a huge amount of cost, different numerical methods have been adopted to estimate the transient temperature and thermal stress distribution in the melt pool and powder bed. The most existing research utilizes the moving Gaussian point heat source to model the profile of the melt pool, which consumes a significant amount of computational cost and cannot be used to implement the part-level simulation. This research proposes a new line heat source to replace the moving point heat source. Some efforts are applied to reduce the computational cost. Specifically, a relatively large step size is used for the line heat source to reduce the number of time steps. In addition, a mesh refinement scheme is adopted to reduce the number of cells in each time step by refining the mesh close to the heat source and coarsening the mesh far away from it. On the other hand, efforts are implemented to increase the accuracy of the simulation result. Temperature-dependent material properties are considered in this FE framework. In addition, material transition among powder, liquid, and solid are incorporated in the developed FE framework. In this study, temperature simulation of one scanning track based on self-developed FE code is applied for Stainless Steel 316L. The simulation results show that the temperature distribution and history of melt pool within line heat source are comparable to that of the moving Gaussian point heat source. While the simulation time is reduced by more than two times depending on the length of line heat input. Therefore, this FE model can be used to numerically investigate the process parameters and help to control the quality of the final part.
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Nakanishi, Tomoaki, Tadashi Ikeuchi, Susumu Terada, Masato Yamada, Takeo Miyamura, Shigenobu Nanba, Tomoya Shinozaki, Hiroki Nakashima, Tetsunao Ikeda, and Ken Yamashita. "Development of Pressure Vessels Made of 9Cr-1Mo-V Steels for High-Temperature Processes in Refining Industries." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28364.

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Due to the increasing demands for light oil in newly industrializing countries and depletion of conventional oil resources, upgrading of heavy oil and coal-to-liquid processes have been a focus in recent years. The efficiency of these processes depends on temperature and pressure conditions, where a higher temperature, around 500°C, is likely to be used. However, 2¼Cr-1Mo-V steels which have been widely used for heavy-wall pressure vessels for many years cannot be applied to a high temperature process around 500°C since the design temperature of this material is limited to 482°C by ASME Code Section VIII, Division 2 [1]. On the other hand, 9Cr-1Mo-V steels (Grade 91), which has an excellent performance at high temperature in mechanical properties and hydrogen resistance, has been used for tubing and piping materials in power industries and it can be a candidate material for the high temperature processes. However it has not been used for pressure vessels in refining industries. In order to manufacture heavy-wall pressure vessels using 9Cr-1Mo-V steels, essential techniques including manufacture of large forged shell rings, thick wall welding and overlay welding have been developed.
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Muralidharan, Vikram, and Matthieu Vierling. "Enhancing Gas Turbine Operation With Heavy Fuel Oil." In ASME 2013 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2013-3767.

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Power generation in south Asia has witnessed a steep fall due to the shortage of natural gas supplies for power plants and poor water storage in reservoirs for low hydro power generation. Due to the current economic scenario, there is worldwide pressure to secure and make more gas and oil available to support global power needs. With constrained fuel sources and increasing environmental focus, the quest for higher efficiency would be imminent. Natural gas combined cycle plants operate at a very high efficiency, increasing the demand for gas. At the same time, countries may continue to look for alternate fuels such as coal and liquid fuels, including crude and residual oil, to increase energy stability and security. In over the past few decades, the technology for refining crude oil has gone through a significant transformation. With the advanced refining process, there are additional lighter distillates produced from crude that could significantly change the quality of residual oil used for producing heavy fuel. Using poor quality residual fuel in a gas turbine to generate power could have many challenges with regards to availability and efficiency of a gas turbine. The fuel needs to be treated prior to combustion and needs a frequent turbine cleaning to recover the lost performance due to fouling. This paper will discuss GE’s recently developed gas turbine features, including automatic water wash, smart cooldown and model based control (MBC) firing temperature control. These features could significantly increase availability and improve the average performance of heavy fuel oil (HFO). The duration of the gas turbine offline water wash sequence and the rate of output degradation due to fouling can be considerably reduced.
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