Academic literature on the topic 'Liquid purification processes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Liquid purification processes"
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Huseynov, H. D. "IONIC LIQUID EXTRACTION CLEANING OF PETROLEUM FRACTIONS." Chemical Problems 20, no. 3 (2022): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2022-3-197-212.
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The extraction purification process is currently being intensively studied and has a great future as an alternative method of purification of petroleum fractions. The point is that the development of technology and rise in the consumption of fuels and oils calls for tightening of requirements to their quality characteristics. At the same time, special attention is paid to the content of aromatic hydrocarbons, sulfur-containing and resinous compounds in their composition. The present review considers the results of studies of extractive purification of various oil fractions using both traditional and "green" solvents - ionic liquids as an extractant providing for the effectiveness of ion-liquid extraction purification. The article also describes studies on combining the process of ion-liquid extraction with an oxidative purification method. The results of studies carried out at the Institute of Petrochemical Processes of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan on ion-liquid extraction purification of petroleum distillates for various purposes, in particular, transformer oil distillate, catalytic cracking and reforming gasoline, AMG-10 hydraulic fluid, Naftalan oil, diesel fuel, as well as oil distillates fractions with different viscosity values, are shown in the article. Also, the possibility getting petroleum products when used as a selective solvent of ionic liquids (morpholformate, anilinformate, N-methylpyrrolidone acetate, etc.) differing in cationic-anionic combination is substantiated.
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REDDY, M. L. P., T. PRASADA RAO, and A. D. DAMODARAN. "Liquid-Liquid Extraction Processes for the Separation and Purification of Rare Earths." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 12, no. 2-4 (December 1993): 91–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827509508935254.
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Schmidt, Axel, Fabian Mestmäcker, Lisa Brückner, Tobias Elwert, and Jochen Strube. "Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Chromatography Process Routes for the Purification of Lithium." Materials Science Forum 959 (June 2019): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.959.79.
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Since several years, the lithium market is characterized by high growth rates especially due to the increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, the primary production is currently expanded and there is a growing interest in recycling. However, because of the chemical properties of lithium, many production processes lack efficient processes for the separation, concentration and purification of lithium. This article reviews the current use of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and chromatography in lithium production as well as research. Currently, the industrial application of LLE and chromatography in lithium purification is limited to the extraction of impurities and co-products. Extraction of lithium is only used as concentration step in few processes before lithium precipitation. In research and development, a wide variety of extractants and resins is investigated. In LLE, chelating extractants like crown ethers and calixarene and synergistic systems show the greatest potential. In the chromatographic separation the main focus of research lies upon cation exchange media, especially media with sulfonated ligands. However, most research is still in early development. Therefore, extensive research is needed to enable the industrial use of optimized LLE and chromatography processes in lithium production. Content TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u HYPERLINK \l "_Toc515547308" Abstract PAGEREF _Toc515547308 \h 2 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc515547309" Content PAGEREF _Toc515547309 \h 3
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Blaga, Alexandra Cristina, Alexandra Tucaliuc, and Lenuta Kloetzer. "Applications of Ionic Liquids in Carboxylic Acids Separation." Membranes 12, no. 8 (August 9, 2022): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12080771.
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Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered a green viable organic solvent substitute for use in the extraction and purification of biosynthetic products (derived from biomass—solid/liquid extraction, or obtained through fermentation—liquid/liquid extraction). In this review, we analyzed the ionic liquids (greener alternative for volatile organic media in chemical separation processes) as solvents for extraction (physical and reactive) and pertraction (extraction and transport through liquid membranes) in the downstream part of organic acids production, focusing on current advances and future trends of ILs in the fields of promoting environmentally friendly products separation.
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Seidova, Sabina A. "EXTRACTION METHODS OF CLEANING OF MOTOR FUEL." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 62, no. 10 (October 29, 2019): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20196210.5941.
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In paper the results of the carried out analysis of literary data on preparation of motor fuels of high quality by extraction method of purification of the corresponding oil distillates with use of compounds of various class as a selective solvent have been presented. In particular, the results of comparative analysis of existing methods of the extraction purification of distillates of motor fuels from unnecessary components – aromatic hydrocarbons, sulphur-containing compounds and resinous substances with use of organic solvents and ion-liquid compositions as a selective solvent have been presented. The advantage of the extraction method of purification of motor fuels determined by possibility of the process at low temperature and pressure, by absence of necessity of application of the expensive catalysts, by possibility of regeneration and reuse of solvent, etc. in comparison with widely used hydrogenation method has been shown. The lacks of the organic solvents used as an extractant have been also listed and due to the ecological problems the use of non-volatile, thermally stable ion-liquid compositions as a selective solvent in the processes of purification of the distillates, intended for preparation a high quality target products, such as diesel fuel, gasoline, base oils for various purposes has been substantiated. In paper the results of systematic investigations carried out at the Institute of Petrochemical Processes of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences with the participation of the authors themselves, concerning the selective purification of the oil fractions of various composition and viscosity with use of ionic liquids synthesized on the basis of formic and acetic acids composition have been also presented. By carried out analysis it has been shown the perspectivity of application of the ion-liquid compositions as an extractant in the processes of the selective purification of the oil distillates.
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Nunes, Ana N., Alexandra Borges, Ana A. Matias, Maria Rosário Bronze, and Joana Oliveira. "Alternative Extraction and Downstream Purification Processes for Anthocyanins." Molecules 27, no. 2 (January 7, 2022): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020368.
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Anthocyanins are natural pigments displaying different attractive colors ranging from red, violet, to blue. These pigments present health benefits that increased their use in food, nutraceuticals, and the cosmetic industry. However, anthocyanins are mainly extracted through conventional methods that are time-consuming and involve the use of organic solvents. Moreover, the chemical diversity of the obtained complex extracts make the downstream purification step challenging. Therefore, the growing demand of these high-value pigments has stimulated the interest in designing new, safe, cost-effective, and tunable strategies for their extraction and purification. The current review focuses on the potential application of compressed fluid-based (such as subcritical and supercritical fluid extraction and pressurized liquid extraction) and deep eutectic solvents-based extraction methods for the recovery of anthocyanins. In addition, an updated review of the application of counter-current chromatography for anthocyanins purification is provided as a faster and cost-effective alternative to preparative-scale HPLC.
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Wang, Jianjian, Xiaohui Liu, Bicheng Hu, Guanzhong Lu, and Yanqin Wang. "Efficient catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into renewable liquid biofuels via furan derivatives." RSC Adv. 4, no. 59 (2014): 31101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra04900d.
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Martini, Petra, Andrea Adamo, Neilesh Syna, Alessandra Boschi, Licia Uccelli, Nopphon Weeranoppanant, Jack Markham, and Giancarlo Pascali. "Perspectives on the Use of Liquid Extraction for Radioisotope Purification." Molecules 24, no. 2 (January 18, 2019): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020334.
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The reliable and efficient production of radioisotopes for diagnosis and therapy is becoming an increasingly important capability, due to their demonstrated utility in Nuclear Medicine applications. Starting from the first processes involving the separation of 99mTc from irradiated materials, several methods and concepts have been developed to selectively extract the radioisotopes of interest. Even though the initial methods were based on liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) approaches, the perceived difficulty in automating such processes has slowly moved the focus towards resin separation methods, whose basic chemical principles are often similar to the LLE ones in terms of chelators and phases. However, the emerging field of flow chemistry allows LLE to be easily automated and operated in a continuous manner, resulting in an even improved efficiency and reliability. In this contribution, we will outline the fundamentals of LLE processes and their translation into flow-based apparatuses; in addition, we will provide examples of radioisotope separations that have been achieved using LLE methods. This article is intended to offer insights about the future potential of LLE to purify medically relevant radioisotopes.
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Tietze, Alesia A., Pascal Heimer, Annegret Stark, and Diana Imhof. "Ionic Liquid Applications in Peptide Chemistry: Synthesis, Purification and Analytical Characterization Processes." Molecules 17, no. 4 (April 5, 2012): 4158–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules17044158.
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Somma, Simona, Ernesto Reverchon, and Lucia Baldino. "Water Purification of Classical and Emerging Organic Pollutants: An Extensive Review." ChemEngineering 5, no. 3 (August 7, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering5030047.
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The main techniques used for organic pollutant removal from water are adsorption, reductive and oxidative processes, phytoremediation, bioremediation, separation by membranes and liquid–liquid extraction. In this review, strengths and weaknesses of the different purification techniques are discussed, with particular attention to the newest results published in the scientific literature. This study highlighted that adsorption is the most frequently used method for water purification, since it can balance high organic pollutants removal efficiency, it has the possibility to treat a large quantity of water in semi-continuous way and has acceptable costs.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Liquid purification processes"
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Vadon, Mathieu. "Extraction de bore par oxydation du silicium liquide pour applications photovoltaïques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI067/document.
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L'extraction du bore du silicium liquide est une étape d'une chaîne de procédés de purification de silicium de qualité suffisante pour les applications photovoltaïques. Cette thèse étudie en priorité le procédé dit "gaz froid" qui consiste en l'injection d'un mélange de gaz Ar-H2-H2O sur du silicium liquide chauffé électromagnétiquement. Une deuxième méthode similaire ("procédé plasma") où on injecte un plasma thermique issu d'un mélange Ar-H2-O2 a également été étudiée. Un modèle est nécessaire afin d'optimiser le procédé pour économiser de l'énergie.Les trois objectifs du modèle sont la prédiction du flux de silicium issu de la surface (vitesse d'oxydation), du flux de bore issu de la surface (pour avoir la vitesse de purification), et du seuil de passivation. Le seuil de passivation est la limite de concentration d'oxydant au-delà de laquelleil apparait une couche de silice passivante qui empêche la purification. Afin de minimiser la consommation d'énergie en accélérant le procédé, on cherche à injecter une concentration d'oxydant juste en dessous du seuil de passivation.De précédentes études ont montré que le facteur limitant pour les flux de bore et de silicium est le transport d'oxydant dans la phase gaz. Ainsi, nous avons fait un modèle monodimensionnel réactif-diffusif à l'équilibre thermodynamique de la couche limite gazeuse. Selon ce modèle, l'effet de la formation d'aérosols de silice est de diviser par deux le flux d'oxydant vers la surface, ce qui sert aux simulations CFD. Cet effet des aérosols de silice sur les flux d'oxydant peut aussi se retrouver si on enlève l'hypothèse d'équilibre thermodynamique des aérosols de silice avec la phase gaz, ce qui est confirmé par des simulations CFD et des expériences.Pour ce qui concerne l'estimation de la vitesse de purification, les données les plus réalistes concernant l'enthalpie de formation de HBO(g) et le coefficient d'activité du bore dans le silicium liquide ont été sélectionnées. Nous obtenons une bonne prédiction de la vitesse de purification à différentes températures et concentrations d'oxydant, y compris pour le cas plasma que nous avons étudié, en utilisant ces données thermodynamiques et en supposant que les produits de réaction de surface SiO(g) et HBO(g) diffusent de manière similaire. Ces coefficients de transfert identiques pour HBO(g) et SiO(g) peuvent s'expliquer par une précipitation simultanée et commune de HBO(g) et SiO(g), selon des mécanismes de germination et croissance restant à déterminer.Un dispositif expérimental de lévitation électromagnétique de silicium sous un jet oxydant a été monté. La mesure et le contrôle de température d'une bille de silicium ont été mis en oeuvre ce qui permettra la mesure sans contaminations de données thermodynamiques concernant les impuretés .Le seuil de passivation mesuré sur quelques expériences disponibles peut être prédit par notre modèle d'oxydation (associé au facteur deux représentant les aérosols de silice), si on l'associe à un critère proposé dans la littérature, qui couple la fraction du flux d'oxydant arrivant à la surface à une loi d'équilibre entre SiO(g), Si(l) et SiO2(s/l). Nous montrons dans cette thèse que la couche passivante n'est compatible avec des aérosols de silice que si ces aérosols ne sont pas en équilibre avec la phase gaz. La cinétique de formation des aérosols de silice doit donc être étudiée plus en détailsBoron extraction from liquid silicon is a step within a new chain of processes aimed to purify silicon that meets purity requirements specific to photovoltaic applications. This thesis focuses mostly on cold gas processes that involve the injection of a mixture of Ar-H2-H2O gases onto electromagnetically stirred liquid silicon. A second similar method ("plasma processes") that involves the injection of thermal plasma made from an Ar-H2-H2O mixture has also been studied. A model is needed to minimize energy consumption by optimizing the process.We want to be able to predict the flow of silicon from the reactive surface (oxidation speed), the flow of boron from the surface (to have the purification speed) and the passivation threshold. For a given setting, the passivation threshold is the limit oxydant partial pressure at injection beyond which a passivating silica layer appears on the surface of the liquid silicon, which interrupts the purification. In order to minimize the energy consumption, and for that matter , in order to speed up the process, we want to inject oxydant in a quantity just below the passivation threshold.Previous studies have shown that the limiting factor for the oxidation and purification speed is the transport of oxidant in the gas phase. That's why we have made a 1D reactive-diffusive model at thermodynamical equilibrium of the gaseous boundary layer. According to this model the effect of the formation of silica aerosols is to divide by two the flow of oxydant towards the surface, which is useful for the simplification of CFD simulations. This effect of the formation of silica aerosols on oxidant flows can also be found without the hypothesis of thermodynamical equilibrium of silica aerosols with the gas phase, as confirmed by simulations and experiments.Regarding the estimation of the purification speed, we have selected the most realistic values of the enthalpy of formation of HBO(g) and of the activity coefficient of boron in liquid silicon.We could get good estimates of the purification speed at different temperatures and levels of oxidant concentrations at injection, by using the selected thermodynamical values and by supposing that the surface reaction products HBO(g) and SiO(g) diffuse similarly. A reason for this similar diffusion of SiO(g) and HBO(g) might be a common and simultaneous precipitation , due to specific dynamics of nucleation and growth that need to be investigated further. Those results for cold gas processed could also be obtained for a plasma experiment.However for the plasma experiment, silica aerosols can be formed only in a very thin layer near the surface and this result needs confirmation from other experiments.Temperature measurement and control for electromagnetically levitating liquid silicon under a flow of oxidant were achieved. With more time, quantitative results could be achieved to measure thermodynamical data on impurities without contaminations.Regarding the prediction of the passivation threshold, we justified a thermodynamical equilibrium at surface of SiO(g) with Si(l) and SiO2(s/l) at passivation threshold with the spreading of silica particles over the liquid silicon surface with the stirring. We show that the passivation layer is compatible with silica aerosols only if those aerosols are not in equilibrium with the gas phase. Therefore the kinetics of formation of silica aerosols should be studied further. A previous empirical formula on the prediction of the passivation threshold for experiments where H2O is the oxidant has been confirmed using our CFD model. A passivation experiment has shown the absence of impact of silica aerosols on oxidant transport when the oxidant is O2
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Aurousseau, Marc. "Étude d'un procédé électrochimique de dépollution d'effluents gazeux contenant du dioxyde de soufre et des oxydes d'azote, par voie directe ou indirecte à l'aide du couple Redox Ce(III)/Ce(IV)." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPL138N.
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Dans le cadre de la lutte contre la pollution atmosphérique, la réduction des émissions de dioxyde de soufre (SO2) et d'oxydes d'azote (NOx) est une des préoccupations majeures des pays industrialisés. L’objectif de ce travail est de proposer et d'étudier un procédé de dépollution, d'effluents gazeux contenant ces espèces polluantes, par voie humide conduisant à la production de produits valorisables, des solutions concentrées et séparées des acides correspondants dans le cas présent. Deux voies électrochimiques ont été prospectées et développées. La première repose sur la mise en œuvre du couplage entre l'absorption de l'espèce polluante et son électro-oxydation à la surface d'une électrode de graphite. Cette étude ne concerne que le dioxyde de soufre et comprend une modélisation simplifiée du phénomène de couplage ainsi qu'une validation expérimentale de ce modèle. Son objectif principal était de démontrer le bien-fondé du couplage absorption/électro-oxydation, mais la faible solubilité du monoxyde d'azote nous a conduit à abandonner cette voie. Par la seconde, SO2 et NOx sont oxydés par le cérium tétravalent en milieu acide. Nous nous sommes particulièrement attachés à étudier les réactions mises en jeu et leur cinétique ainsi que la régénération dans une cellule électrochimique de l'espèce oxydante. Les résultats obtenus ont conduit à la mise en œuvre d'un pilote actuellement en cours de fonctionnement auprès de notre partenaire industriel
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Sewnarain, Reshan. "Multipurpose separation and purification facility." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5827.
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A waste acid stream is being produced by a local petrochemical company (SASOL) at a rate of 10 000 -12 000 tons per annum and contains approximately 44-mole % butyric acid, 20 % isobutyric
acid and 10 % valeric acid. Whilst this stream is currently being incinerated, SASOL has requested
an investigation into the possibility of separating and purifying butyric acid and isobutyric acid
from this waste acid stream.
The goal of this project was to determine a separation and purification route for butyric acid and
isobutyric acid from SASOL'S waste acid stream. In order to achieve this, vacuum distillation and
freeze crystallization were chosen for the recovery and purification of the acids respectively.
Vapour-liquid equilibrium data for key component pairs present in the waste acid stream (propionic
acid + butyric acid, isobutyric acid + butyric acid, butyric acid + isovaleric acid and butyric acid +
hexanoic acid) were experimentally determined in a dynamic VLE still. The measured VLE data
was successfully correlated us ing the gamma-phi approach. with the NRTL activity coefficient
model representing the liquid phase and the virial equation of state describing the vapour phase.
Using these equations. the VLE data obtained from the experimental work was then regressed to
provide interaction coefficients for the NRTL model. which were then used in the Hysys process
simulator to explore a range of design alternatives for distillation.
Hysys simulations showed that greater than 80 % butyric acid and isobutyric acid can be recovered
from the waste acid stream in a single distillation column containing 18 theoretical stages and an
optimum reflux ratio of 3.8. The simulation was performed at a pressure of 58kPa and a maximum
operating tempe rature of 150°C.
Batch distillation experiments performed in a batch rectification column at 250kPa recovered more
than 90% of both the butyric acid and isobutyric acid from a 450ml sample of the waste acid
stream. A subsequent batch experiment concentrated the recovered acids into a distillate containing
more than 95 % butyric acid and isobutyric acid combined.
To investigate freeze crystallization as a suitable operation for purifying butyric acid and isobutyric
acid a solid-liquid phase equilibrium curve for the system was generated us ing the Van Hoft
equation. The generated curve showed that butyric acid and isobutyric acid could be theoretically purified (>98%) by operating two crystallizers at -20°C and -55°C respectively. A simple freeze
crystallization experiment produced butyric acid with greater than 94% purity.
An economic feasibility study conducted on the process showed that separation and purification of
the acids by this process (distillation and crystallization) could create a business opportunity with
revenue of approximately R47 million per annum. Preliminary estimates for capital investment
amounted to approximately R5.4 million. for which the payback period was estimated at less than one year.Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.
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Moreira, Filipa Alexandra Lima. "Development of aqueous (micellar) two phase systems to continously purify macroalgae compounds." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/25592.
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Currently, macroalgae have been widely studied as a new raw material in the industry. This high interest is due to the fact that macroalgae have attractive production conditions, as well as having high added value compounds, such as phycobiliproteins. Phycobiliproteins, in particular R-phycoerythrin, are proteins that act as natural light-picking pigments, which have very attractive biological properties, especially antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, given the interesting characteristics of this protein, many companies have developed a high interest in these macromolecules, considering in particular the high potential of these in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and energy sectors. Having said that, it is necessary to establish efficient extraction and purification methods that allow the use of R-phycoerythrin. In relation to the existing methods, these involve multiple steps, which normally represent processes of high complexity and/or which require a high energy consumption which implies the enhancement of the final product. In this sense, this work will aim to develop and optimize a continuous purification process of R-phycoerythrin using two-phase aqueous micellar systems (AMTPS). These systems appear to be more selective and more biocompatible because they do not interfere with biomolecules. In this work, a separation unit with temperature control will be designed for the first time for the application of AMTPS in continuous flow regime.Atualmente, as macroalgas têm sido amplamente estudadas como nova matéria-prima na indústria. Este elevado interesse deve-se ao facto de as macroalgas terem condições de produção aliciantes, para além de apresentarem na sua constituição compostos de alto valor acrescentado, como é o caso das ficobiliproteínas. Ficobiliproteínas, em particular a R-ficoeritrina, são proteínas que atuam como pigmentos captadores de luz natural, as quais possuem propriedades biológicas bastante atrativas, especialmente propriedades antioxidantes, anticancerígenas e anti-inflamatórias. Assim sendo, dadas as características interessantes desta proteína, muitas empresas têm vindo a desenvolver um elevado interesse por estas macromoléculas, considerando nomeadamente o elevado potencial destas nos setores farmacêutico, cosmético e energético. Posto isto, é necessário estabelecer métodos de extração e purificação eficientes que permitam a utilização da R-ficoeritrina. Relativamente aos métodos já existentes, estes envolvem múltiplas etapas, as quais representam normalmente processos de elevada complexidade e/ou que requerem um elevado consumo energético o que implica o encarecimento do produto final. Neste sentido, este trabalho terá como objetivo o desenvolvimento e otimização de um processo de purificação da R-ficoeritrina em regime contínuo, utilizando sistemas micelares de duas fases aquosas (AMTPS). Estes sistemas apresentam-se como mais seletivos e mais biocompatíveis, por não interferirem com as biomoléculas. Neste trabalho, será pela primeira vez projetada uma unidade de separação com controlo de temperatura para a aplicação de AMTPS em regime de fluxo contínuo.
POPH/FSE; FAPESP/19793/2014
Mestrado em Engenharia Química
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Roopan, Renésha. "Investigation into the effect of stripped gas liquor on the anaerobic digestion of Fischer-Tropsch reaction water." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/11328.
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The Fischer-Tropsch reaction technology is utilised in Sasol’s Coal-to-liquid plant to produce liquid fuels from low grade coal. There are several processes on the Coal-to-liquid plant that generate aqueous streams which contain a high organic load and require treatment. The main contributors to the wastewater are the Phenosolvan plant, producing stripped gas liquor (SGL), and the Synthol plant, producing Fischer-Tropsch reaction water (FTRW). Stripped gas liquor contains water, organic acids, ammonia, and potentially toxic phenols. Fischer-Tropsch reaction water contains volatile fatty acids and alcohol. Stripped gas liquor is therefore nitrogen-rich while FTRW is nitrogen-deficient and requires nutrient supplementation for anaerobic treatment. Therefore co-treatment of the two streams could reduce nitrogen supplementation requirements.
This study is part of a larger project to determine the feasibility of anaerobically co-digesting FTRW and SGL.
This study has looked at the influence of SGL on the methanogenic activity of FTRW-acclimated sludge and involved the development of a method which allows accurate recording of the methanogenic activity in batch assays. Other studies involving the anaerobic digestion of high phenolic wastewaters showed that the phenol had an inhibitory effect on the specific methanogenic activity of the sludge, which was not acclimated to the phenol. The objective of this work was to test the hypotheses that (1) anaerobic sludge acclimated to FTRW will be inhibited by high molecular weight organics in SGL and (2) FTRW-acclimated sludge will not degrade phenolic compounds in SGL. This information will be used for designing process configurations for simultaneous treatment of the two streams with minimum contamination of the effluent stream.
The serum bottle was used as a small batch reactor and the biogas production was monitored as an indication of the state of the reaction. The biogas produced was collected and measured by the downward displacement of a sodium hydroxide solution, which absorbed the carbon dioxide and collected only the methane. A concentration of 1 g COD/ℓ FTRW was chosen as the reference test due to the reproducibility of the replicates within each experiment as well as its reproducibility across different batches of sludge. For the first inhibition test, the test units contained an additional 5% SGL (0.05 g COD/ℓ SGL) and an additional 15% SGL (0.15 g COD/ℓ SGL, i.e. 13% of the total COD load) respectively, added to 1 g COD/ℓ FTRW. The 5% SGL test unit showed no inhibition compared to the reference unit. There was a reduction in the specific methanogenic activity of the 15% SGL test units compared to the reference unit. Since the total COD load was not the same in each unit, it cannot be conclusively stated that the SGL was responsible for the reduction in SMA, but this seems a reasonable possibility in the light of results from the reference test selection experiments which showed higher SMA at higher organic loading rates.
For the second inhibition test, the test units contained 85% FTRW (0.85 g COD/ℓ FTRW) and 15% SGL (0.15 g COD/ℓ SGL) to make up a total COD load of 1 g COD/ℓ. There was an increase in the specific methanogenic activity of the test unit compared to the reference unit. There was very little change in the phenol concentration.
Therefore, it was concluded the addition of SGL potentially reduced the SMA and that this could be an inhibitory effect, but that any inhibition would be a function of the concentration of potentially inhibitory substances in SGL and that these concentrations vary from batch to batch. However, the degree of SMA reduction is fairly low and would not prevent co-digestion of the two streams at the concentrations tested. It has been shown that FTRW anaerobic digestion can proceed adequately in the presence of SGL. There was some evidence that phenolics were degraded but at a much slower rate than COD. The percentage reduction in SMA due to additional SGL at concentrations and SGL:FTRW ratios tested was between 0 and 51%.
Ultimately, this work is a first step in the development of a co-digestion model relating organic loading rate, SGL:FTRW feed ratio to methane recovery and extent of biodegradation of phenol for use in the design and optimization of a co-digestion system.M.Sc.Eng. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 2014.
Books on the topic "Liquid purification processes"
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service), ScienceDirect (Online, and Knovel (Firm), eds. Liquid membranes: Principles and applications in chemical separations and wastewater treatment. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Liquid purification processes"
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Carneiro-Da-Cunha, M. G., E. P. Melo, M. J. Sebastião, M. R. Aires-Barros, and J. M. S. Cabral. "Separation and Purification of Lipases by Liquid-Liquid Extraction Processes." In Engineering of/with Lipases, 551–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1671-5_35.
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Piccin, Jeferson Steffanello, Tito Roberto Sant’Anna Cadaval, Luiz Antonio Almeida de Pinto, and Guilherme Luiz Dotto. "Adsorption Isotherms in Liquid Phase: Experimental, Modeling, and Interpretations." In Adsorption Processes for Water Treatment and Purification, 19–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58136-1_2.
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Dotto, Guilherme Luiz, Nina Paula Gonçalves Salau, Jeferson Steffanello Piccin, Tito Roberto Sant’Anna Cadaval, and Luiz Antonio Almeida de Pinto. "Adsorption Kinetics in Liquid Phase: Modeling for Discontinuous and Continuous Systems." In Adsorption Processes for Water Treatment and Purification, 53–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58136-1_3.
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Kohl, Arthur L., and Richard B. Nielsen. "Liquid Phase Oxidation Processes for Hydrogen Sulfide Removal." In Gas Purification, 731–865. Elsevier, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-088415220-0/50009-4.
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Reed, Ian, and Duncan Mackay. "Clarification techniques." In Protein Purification Techniques. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199636747.003.0008.
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Proteins can be produced by a number of different routes such as fermentation, tissue culture, and by extraction from plasma or plants. Whatever route is chosen, the raw protein-bearing stream is likely to be a complex mixture containing both dissolved species and particulate material. The target protein will be present at very low concentration and with a host of contaminants such as cells or cell debris, DNA, proteins and polysaccharides, and a large quantity of water. Such a mixture is very difficult to treat using the highly selective processes that are required to obtain the target product at high purity since the presence of particulate material impairs their function. The first challenge of protein purification is therefore to convert the complex fermentation broth which is a mixture of dissolved and suspended solids into a form that is amenable to further purification. Although there is much interest in direct recovery of protein from such materials, the most frequent first step currently is to clarify the raw protein source to remove suspended matter. It is then possible to use a range of highly selective techniques to purify the target protein. There are a number of clarification techniques that can be adopted and the choice of which to use depends on both the source of raw feed and the scale of operation. There are two main classes of process; sedimentation and filtration. Sedimentation can be carried out under normal gravity conditions or, as is almost always the case for biological streams, using a centrifuge. Filtration can be performed using either conventional filter media or using membrane filters for removal of finer particles. The aim of this chapter is to describe these methods, and their underlying principles, the advantages of each are discussed, and examples of equipment are presented. Practical advice is presented on how and when to use each technique. Sedimentation processes operate primarily on the basis of density differences between the various components of a mixture. They are most commonly applied to suspensions of solid in liquid, but also to disengage immiscible liquids. If there is no density difference between particulates and the suspending medium, sedimentation cannot occur.
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Kubek, Dennis J. "Liquid-Liquid Extraction." In Protein Purification Process Engineering, 87–114. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203741733-5.
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Alma, M. Hakkı, and Tufan Salan. "Alternative Fuels." In Energy: Concepts and Applications, 327–446. Turkish Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-8352-00-9.ch06.
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Nowadays, a wide range of value-added fine chemicals, alternative biofuels and eco-friendly polymeric materials can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass sources via thermochemical, biological or catalytic routes in the biorefinery. For the sustainable production of biofuels, abundant, easy accessible and renewable biomass-based feedstock has an important key role to replace petroleum oil in the production of liquid hydrocarbon fuels for the transportation sector with a zero carbon footprint. The biofuel can be defined as the solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels which are predominantly obtained from these biomass based raw materials. However, thepre-treatment, production and purification processes differ greatly based on the feedstock type, used technology and desired fuel type. Thus, to eliminate the contradiction in terms, biofuels are classified from first to fourth generation at the present time. This chapter review the several liquid biofuel type along with production methods, technologies and feedstock types based on that generation classification.
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Avino, Pasquale, Ivan Notardonato, and Mario Vincenzo Russo. "A Review of the Analytical Methods Based on Chromatography for Analyzing Glyphosate in Foods." In Pests, Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92810.
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Glyphosate is a pesticide widely used in agriculture, horticulture, and silviculture as well as around homes and gardens. It was introduced by Monsanto in the early 1970s, and it is a broad spectrum, nonselective, post-emergence herbicide that inhibits plants’ shikimic acid pathway. Glyphosate is considered as “difficult herbicide” in terms of trace analysis. It has low molecular weight, low volatility, thermal lability, and good water solubility. These properties cause problems in its extraction, purification, and detection. The determination often requires additional processes that may allow quantification by chromatographic methods. Several analytical procedures have been developed based on solid-phase extraction, ion-exchange chromatography, or matrix solid phase dispersion. Most published methods involve liquid extraction followed by clean-up. This review would like to revise the literature on this issue discussing the relevant chromatographic methods reported in the literature in terms of analytical parameters for analyzing such compound in food chain.
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Young, Jennifer L., and Joseph M. DeSimone. "Synthesis and Characterization of Polymers: From Polymeric Micelles to Step-Growth Polymerizations." In Green Chemistry Using Liquid and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195154832.003.0014.
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The benefits of using CO2 in polymer synthesis are numerous, ranging from environmental responsibility to improved materials properties. Carbon dioxide is an inert, nontoxic, nonflammable, and inexpensive reaction and processing medium that is an environmentally benign alternative to the organic solvents or water typically used today. Although the often toxic, carcinogenic, and environmentally hazardous organic solvents are recycled, some release to the environment is inevitable. Replacement of organic solvents with water still requires the costly purification of the wastewater prior to disposal and/or an energy-intensive drying process to remove the water. On the other hand, CO2 can be easily separated from other chemical components and recycled through depressurization and recompression. Although CO2 is a greenhouse gas, the CO2 used as a solvent does not contribute to the greenhouse gases since it is acquired from natural reservoirs or recovered as a by-product from other industrial chemical processes. The more specific environmental benefits of using liquid or supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent vary depending on the polymerization being considered. The synthesis of fluoropolymers in CO2 is of particular interest since these polymers have historically been prepared in chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other fluorinated solvents, as well as in water. Due to the association of CFCs with ozone-layer depletion, these solvents have been banned and replacement solvents must be found. Alternative fluorinated solvents are expensive and also have environmental concerns. In heterogeneous polymerizations, many polymer latexes produced by emulsion or dispersion polymerization in water or organic solvents can be produced in CO2. To eliminate volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, more polymer latexes are being synthesized in water. However, for dry polymer applications, the latexes must undergo energy-intensive drying by vacuum or heat to remove the water. For polymer latexes produced in CO2, there are no VOC emissions and the energy-intensive drying step can be significantly reduced since the CO2 has a much lower heat of vaporization in the liquid state and, in fact, has a zero heat of vaporization in the supercritical state. Additionally, the polymer can be shipped dry at 100% solids, thus saving energy and money in shipping the heavy water latex.
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Harrison, Roger G., Paul W. Todd, Scott R. Rudge, and Demetri P. Petrides. "Extraction." In Bioseparations Science and Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391817.003.0009.
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Extraction is a process in which two phases come into contact with the objective of transferring a solute or particle from one phase to the other. For the separation and purification of biological products, the phases are most commonly immiscible liquids, and the solute is in soluble form. In certain instances, however, one phase is a liquid and the other phase is a solid; the extraction of caffeine from coffee beans is one example. Although most extractions in biotechnology involve the transfer of soluble bioproducts, organelles and cells have at times been transferred between phases. An organic solvent is often used as the extracting liquid when the solute to be extracted is stable in the organic solvent, typical examples being low molecular weight antibiotics. It is usually not feasible to extract proteins with organic solvents, since proteins are often denatured or degraded as a result of contact with the organic solvent. Proteins can often be successfully extracted by means of two immiscible liquid phases that consist of solutions of two water-soluble but incompatible polymers, or one polymer plus a high concentration of certain salts. Extraction usually comes early in the purification process for a bioproduct and typically would precede a high-resolution step such as chromatography. Extraction is often advantageous because it can bring about a significant reduction in volume and/or can separate the desired product from cells or cell debris. It is desirable to reduce the volume as soon as possible in the process, since large volumes typically lead to large costs. The extractions of interest in the purification of biotechnological and pharmaceutical products are mainly liquid-to-liquid, and this is the emphasis in this chapter. The basic definitions and principles of extraction are developed first, followed by an explanation of scale-up and design procedures for the extractors most commonly used for bioproducts. After completing this chapter, the reader should be able to do the following: • Define and use key constants such as the partition coefficient, solvent-to-feed ratio, and extraction factor. • Explain the factors that affect the partitioning of biomolecules.
Conference papers on the topic "Liquid purification processes"
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Lihong Xiao and Xiaoou Ma. "Effectiveness of photocatalytic water purification processes in regenerating the recovery liquid from nickel electroplating wastewater." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5966114.
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Malashchuk, V., A. Jess, and R. Moos. "C6.2 Operando State Diagnosis of Supported Ionic Liquid Phase Gas Purification Processes by a Resonant Perturbation Method." In SMSI 2021. AMA Service GmbH, Von-Münchhausen-Str. 49, 31515 Wunstorf, Germany, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5162/smsi2021/c6.2.
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Bangerth, Stefan, Harish Ganapathy, Michael Ohadi, Tariq S. Khan, and Mohamed Alshehhi. "Study of CO2 Absorption Into Aqueous Diethanolamine (DEA) Using Microchannel Reactors." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36348.
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Removal of CO2 from gas streams is a major step in the purification of natural gas and of interest for carbon capture and storage applications. Industrial scale implementations of the process with most state of the art technologies use aqueous alkanolamines as liquid solvents to chemically absorb CO2. Although the kinetics of the absorption process are fast, sufficient absorption performance can only be met by very large columns due to the limited interfacial area present between gas and liquid phases in these systems. In the present study we utilize micro structure surfaces in two-phase regime to provide substantially higher interfacial area and hence enhanced mass transfer characteristics. We report experimental data on the separation of CO2 from a gas stream containing 10% CO2 and 90% N2 by volume. An aqueous solution of 20% diethanolamine in water by weight was used as the solvent, and absorption performance was measured by potentiometric titration of the liquid product with potassium hydroxide. The microchannel-based reactors had circular cross-sectional geometry with an inner diameter of 762 μm and two different lengths of 10 cm and 30 cm. Additionally, blank experiments were performed for component-level analysis. Parametric studies varying the gas and liquid phase superficial velocities were conducted and discussed. The potential to use microchannel reaction systems in multiple pass configurations for scaled up implementation was investigated. The present work achieved mass transfer coefficients that are at least one order of magnitude higher than those of most conventional absorption technologies, thus indicating the substantial process intensification that can be achieved using the proposed microreactor system for CO2 separation processes.
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McQuillen, John, John Sankovic, and Nancy Rabel Hall. "Multiphase Flow Separators in Reduced Gravity." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-80764.
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Gas phase and liquid phase separation is necessary for one of two reasons. First, system-critical components are designed to specifically operate in a single phase mode only. Pumps, especially centrifugal pumps, lose their prime when gas bubbles accumulate in the impellor housing. Turbines and compressors suffer from erosion problems when exposed to vapor laden with liquid droplets. The second reason is that system performance can be significantly enhanced by operating in a single phase mode. The condensation heat transfer coefficient can be enhanced when the liquid of an entering two-phase stream is stripped thus permitting initial direct contact of the vapor with the cold walls of the condenser. High efficiency and low mass Environmental Control and Life Support Systems invariably require multiphase processes. These systems consist of water filtration and purification via bioreactors that encounter two phase flow at the inlets from drainage streams associated with the humidity condensate, urine, food processing, and with ullage bubble effluent from storage tanks. Entrained gases in the liquid feed, could have deleterious effects on the performance of many of these systems by cavitating pumps and poisoning catalytic packed bed bioreactors. Phase separation is required in thermal management and power systems whereby it is necessary to have all vapor entering the turbine and all liquid exiting the condenser and entering the pump in order to obtain the highest reliability and performance of these systems. Power systems which utilize Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells generate a humidified oxygen exit stream whereby the water vapor needs to be condensed and removed to insure reliable and efficient system operation. Gas-liquid separation can be achieved by a variety of means in low gravity. Several active and passive techniques are examined and evaluated. Ideally, a system that functions well in all gravity environments that the system experiences is a requirement
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Artemev, Alexandr, and Valentin Biryukov. "REDUCTION OF THE VOLUME OF PUMPING OF LIQUID WASTE FROM THE PRODUCTION OF APATITE CONCENTRATE DUE TO THE TECHNOLOGY OF PARTIALLY CLOSED WATER CIRCULATION." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/51.
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"The use of recycled water supply technology in mineral dressing plants solves current environmental and economic problems for the mining and processing industry. Usually, water treatment takes a long time and requires constructing large-volume tailing dumps. The paper proposes a technology of a partially closed water circulation with the purification of watered production waste from suspended particles and water-soluble impurities that negatively affect the flotation process, based on the regularities describing the interaction of flocculants with the phases of a heterogeneous system of process waters. The authors have determined the most effective reagents providing optimal indicators of recycled water. The proposed technology is implemented in hardware in a radial thickener and eliminates the discharge of process water into an external tailings dumps facility, which will reduce the area occupied by production waste. Based on the particle size distribution data for various preliminary treatment options, differential and integral particle size distribution curves have been obtained. Analytical expressions of the obtained curves have been used to create discrete functions of volume fractions of particles with different sizes when constructing a model of the initial feed. The hydrodynamic processes of highly diluted suspension flows in the thickener’s body were studied using computational experiments on a model developed in the ANSYS Fluent software package, which is based on the real 3D geometry of a radial thickener. To build the geometry, the authors used a standard module GAMBIT. A computational experiment on cleaning the apatite concentrate discharge was performed on a virtual stand. The distributions of the concentrations of volume fractions of particles and the velocities of their movement in the thickener’s volume were obtained. The results of laboratory studies and computer simulation data allow the authors to tell about the prospect implementation of the technology of intra-plant water circulation, which will reduce by 10% the amount of wastewater discharged into the tailing dump. The use of the most efficient reagents will provide optimal water parameters for the content of suspended particles and hardness cations and, ultimately, will increase the technological and environmental performance of the Khibiny apatite-nepheline ores processing."
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Bra¨hler, Georg, K. Froschauer, P. Welbers, and D. Boyes. "The PBMR Fuel Plant: Proven Technology in Advanced Safety Environment." In Fourth International Topical Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/htr2008-58060.
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The PBMR Fuel Plant (PFP), to be constructed at the Pelindaba site near Johannesburg will fuel the first South African Pebble Bed Modular Reactor. The qualification of the PBMR fuel shall be based on past experience with fuel which was produced in the German NUKEM/HOBEG plant and irradiated in the German AVR reactor. Accordingly, the PFP must produce the same fuel as the German plant did, and consequently, the design of the PFP has in essence to be a copy of the NUKEM/HOBEG plant. As a reminder this plant had been operated in accordance with the German regulatory rules which were defined in the years 1970/80. Since then, the requirements with regard to radiological protection, criticality safety and emission control have been significantly tightened, and of course the PFP must be designed in accordance with the most advanced international norms and standards. The implications which follow from these two potentially conflicting requirements, as defined above, are highlighted, and technical solutions are presented. Hence, the change from administrative criticality safety control to technical control, i.e. the application of safe geometry as far as possible, and the introduction of technical solutions for the remaining safe mass regime will be described. A lot of equipment in the Kernel area and in the recycling areas needed to be redesigned in safe geometry. The sensitive processes for Kernel Calcining, for the Coating and the Overcoating remain under safe mass regime, but the safety against criticality is completely independent from staff activities and based on technical measures. A new concept for safe storage of large volumes of Uranium-containing liquids has been developed. Also, the change from relatively open handling of Uranium to the application of containment enclosures wherever release of radioactivity into the room atmosphere is possible, will be addressed. This change required redesign of all process steps requiring the handling of dry Uranium oxides and uncoated Kernels. Finally, the introduction of processes for the near-total recycling of Uranium and chemicals, as well as for decontamination and purification of liquid and gaseous effluents will be presented. These processes were not available from NUKEM/HOBEG fuel facility and needed to be developed now, also following the above mentioned requirements, with respect to criticality safety and radiological protection.
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Damm, David L., and Andrei G. Fedorov. "Design and Analysis of Zero CO2 Emission Powerplants for the Transportation Sector." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14172.
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Hydrogen fuel cell powered vehicles provide a feasible pathway to elimination of CO2 emissions from the transportation sector if the hydrogen is produced from renewable energy sources, or the CO2 from hydrogen production is sequestered on a large scale. The lack of a hydrogen distribution infrastructure and the lack of dense hydrogen storage technology are fundamental roadblocks along this path. One alternative approach is to use a high energy-density liquid fuel (natural or synthetic, such as methanol) as an intermediate hydrogen carrier, and generate the hydrogen on demand in an onboard fuel processor. This demands, however, development of technologies for on-board CO2 capture, storage, and recycling to eliminate direct emission into the atmosphere. This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of feasibility of on-board carbon dioxide sequestration as well as various process/design schemes for the hybrid power generation-CO2 sequestration system. The primary difficulty in capturing CO2 from small-scale power plants (such as the internal combustion engine) is the extremely diluted state of CO2 in the exhaust gases. In contrast, onboard fuel processors have the potential to provide a highly concentrated CO2 exhaust stream, which could be separated, liquefied, and stored onboard at ambient temperatures with a minimal energy penalty. Current research efforts in small scale fuel processing are focused on producing a hydrogen-rich (or pure) stream from liquid hydrocarbon fuel with high yield and at a sufficient rate to provide the necessary vehicle power. Very few efforts reported in the open literature also address the need to capture the byproduct CO2 that is produced. The additional requirement of CO2 capture calls for fundamental change in the fuel processing strategy and reformer design. Several process or design schemes for fuel processing are identified, which produce hydrogen while allowing for CO2 capture. For example, in autothermal reforming of hydrocarbon or alcohol fuels, catalytic reactions of the fuel with air yield a product stream (hydrogen and CO2) that is diluted with nitrogen. Under the added constraint of CO2 capture, advanced oxygen membranes could be used to supply pure oxygen rather than air to the reaction, resulting in a more concentrated, nitrogen-free product stream which is favorable for CO2 capture. Simultaneously, this improves the efficiency of downstream hydrogen purification and utilization processes; thus, the penalties associated with CO2 capture are partially offset. In a similar manner, steam reforming of liquid fuels may not be the most attractive fuel processing option for automotive applications without consideration of CO2 capture. However, because the product stream is never diluted with air, it becomes a very attractive option for integrated fuel processing/CO2 sequestration systems. Consideration of CO2 capture early in the design stages of the fuel processing system allows a portion of the energetic penalty for CO2 sequestration to be recovered. While the design, analysis, and demonstration of an integrated onboard fuel processor with CO2 capture and storage is the ultimate goal, this technology is relevant to all small-scale, distributed power generation applications and should be an integral part of future CO2 abatement strategies.
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Yulistiani, F., A. Husna, R. Fuadah, Keryanti, R. P. Sihombing, A. R. Permanasari, and W. Wibisono. "The Effect of Distillation Temperature in Liquid Smoke Purification Process: A Review." In International Seminar of Science and Applied Technology (ISSAT 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aer.k.201221.088.
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Campanari, Stefano, Matteo Gazzani, and Matteo C. Romano. "Analysis of Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) Based Coal Fired Power Cycles With CO2 Capture." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-69778.
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This work presents an analysis of the application of Direct Carbon Fuel Cells (DCFC) to large scale, coal fuelled power cycles. DCFCs are a type of high temperature fuel cell featuring the possibility of being fed directly with coal or other heavy fuels, with high tolerance to impurities and contaminants (e.g. sulphur) contained in the fuel. Different DCFC technologies of this type are developed in laboratories, research centres or new startup companies, although at kW-scale, showing promising results for their possible future application to stationary power generation. This work investigates the potential application of two DCFC categories, both using a “molten anode medium” which can be (i) a mixture of molten carbonates or (ii) a molten metal (liquid tin) flowing at the anode of a fuel cell belonging to the solid oxide electrolyte family. Both technologies can be considered particularly interesting for the possible future application to large scale, coal fuelled power cycles with CO2 capture, since they both have the advantage of oxidizing coal without mixing the oxidized products with nitrogen, thus releasing a high CO2 concentration exhaust gas. After a description of the operating principles of the two DCFCs, it is presented a lumped-volume thermodynamic model which reproduces the DCFC behaviour in terms of energy and material balances, calibrated over available literature data. We consider then two plant layouts, using a hundred-MW scale coal feeding, where the DCFC generates electricity and heat recovered by a bottoming steam cycle, while the exhaust gases are sent to a CO2 compression train, after purification in appropriate cleaning processes. Detailed results are presented in terms of energy and material balances of the proposed cycles, showing how the complete system may surpass 65% LHV electrical efficiency with nearly complete (95%+) CO2 capture, making the system very attractive, although evidencing a number of technologically critical issues.
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Avramenko, Valentin, Vitaly Dobrzhansky, Dmitry Marinin, Valentin Sergienko, and Sergey Shmatko. "Novel Technology for Hydrothermal Treatment of NPP Evaporator Concentrates." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7093.
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A novel technology was developed for treatment of evaporator concentrates produced as a result of operation of evaporation devices comprising the main component of special water purification systems of nuclear power plants (NPP). The developed technology includes a hydrothermal (T = 250–300°C and P = 80–120 bar) processing of evaporator concentrates in oxidation medium in order to destruct stable organic complexes of cobalt radionuclides and remove these radionuclides by oxide materials formed during such a processing. The cesium radionuclides contained in evaporator concentrates are removed by a conventional method — through application of one of the developed composite sorbents with ferrocyanides of transition metals used as active agents. Extensive laboratory studies of the processes occurring in evaporator concentrates under hydrothermal conditions were performed. It was shown that hydrothermal oxidation of evaporator concentrates has a number of advantages as compared to traditional oxidation methods (ozonation, photocatalytic, electrochemical and plasma oxidation). A laboratory installation was built for the flow-type hydrothermal oxidation of NPP evaporator concentrates. The obtained experimental results showed good prospects for the developed method application. On the basis of the results obtained, a pilot installation of productivity up to 15 l/hour was developed and built in order to work out the technology of evaporator concentrates hydrothermal treatment. The pilot tests of the hydrothermal technology for evaporator concentrates hydrothermal treatment were performed for 6 months in 2006 at the 1st reactor unit of the Novovoronezhskaya NPP (Voronezh Region, Russia). Optimal technological regimes were determined, and estimations of the economic soundness of the technology were made. The advantages of the presented technology in terms of management of concentrated liquid radioactive wastes (LRW) at nuclear cycle facilities, as compared to other methods applicable for this type of LRW, were demonstrated. Application of the hydrothermal technology in the system of NPP LRW management enables one to reduce substantially the volume of solid radioactive waste sent for final disposal.