Journal articles: 'Liquid phase exfoliation (LPE)'

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Xu, Yanyan, Huizhe Cao, Yanqin Xue, Biao Li, and Weihua Cai. "Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Graphene: An Overview on Exfoliation Media, Techniques, and Challenges." Nanomaterials 8, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8110942.

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Graphene, a two-dimensional (2D) carbon nanomaterial, has attracted worldwide attention owing to its fascinating properties. One of critical bottlenecks on some important classes of applications, such as printed electronics, conductive coatings, and composite fillers, is the lack of industrial-scale methods to produce high-quality graphene in the form of liquid suspensions, inks, or dispersions. Since 2008, when liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) of graphene via sonication was initiated, huge progress has been made in the past decade. This review highlights the latest progress on the successful preparation of graphene in various media, including organic solvents, ionic liquids, water/polymer or surfactant solutions, and some other green dispersants. The techniques of LPE, namely sonication, high-shear mixing, and microfluidization are reviewed subsequently. Moreover, several typical devices of high-shear mixing and exfoliation mechanisms are introduced in detail. Finally, we give perspectives on future research directions for the development of green exfoliation media and efficient techniques for producing high-quality graphene. This systematic exploratory study of LPE will potentially pave the way for the scalable production of graphene, which can be also applied to produce other 2D layered materials, such as BN, MoS2, WS2, etc.

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Aitzhanov, Madi, Nazim Guseinov, Renata Nemkayeva, Yerulan Sagidolda, Zhandos Tolepov, Oleg Prikhodko, and Yerzhan Mukhametkarimov. "Growth and Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of GaSe1−xSx Crystals." Materials 15, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 7080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15207080.

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In recent years, interest in the liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) of layered crystals has been growing due to the efficiency and scalability of the method, as well as the wide range of practical applications of the obtained dispersions based on two-dimensional flakes. In this paper, we present a comparative study of as-grown and liquid-phase exfoliated GaSe1−xSx flakes. Bulk GaSe1−xSx crystals with x ~ 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 were synthesized by melting stoichiometric amounts of gallium, selenium, and sulfur particles in evacuated ampoules. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the crystal structure does not change considerably after LPE, while the analysis of the Raman spectra revealed that, after liquid-phase processing in IPA, an additional peak associated with amorphous selenium is observed in selenium-rich GaSeS compounds. Nevertheless, the direct and indirect transition energies determined from the Kubelka-Munk function for LPE crystals correlate with the band gap of the as-grown bulk GaSeS crystals. This finding is also confirmed by comparison with the data on the positions of the photoluminescence peak.

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Xie, Zhongjian, Ruitao Lu, Yao Zhu, Minhua Peng, Taojian Fan, Peigen Ren, Bing Wang, et al. "Liquid-phase exfoliation of black sesame to create a nanoplatform for in vitro photoluminescence and photothermal therapy." Nanomedicine 15, no. 21 (September 2020): 2041–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2020-0151.

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Aim: The present study aims to apply the facile liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) strategy to fabricate 2D organic materials and thus to broaden the family of biocompatible and multifunctional 2D materials. Materials & methods: 2D material-organic melanin and cellulose nanosheets were synthesized from black sesame hull using LPE. Photoluminescence and photothermal properties of the nanosheets were assessed, as well as stability and cell killing ability. Results: The prepared 2D nanoplatform exhibited broad and multiple photoluminescent emission bands. It also demonstrated efficient photothermal cancer therapy with excellent biocompatibility. Conclusion: The present study could open an avenue in exfoliating organic materials using the LPE strategy. This could make the fabrication of multifunctional 2D organic materials more efficient and broaden the family of biocompatible 2D nanomaterials.

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Sousa, Samuel M., Helane L. O. Morais, Joyce C. C. Santos, Ana Paula M. Barboza, Bernardo R. A. Neves, Elisângela S. Pinto, and Mariana C. Prado. "Liquid phase exfoliation of talc: effect of the medium on flake size and shape." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 14 (January 9, 2023): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.14.8.

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Industrial applications of nanomaterials require large-scale production methods, such as liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). Regarding this, it is imperative to characterize the obtained materials to tailor parameters such as exfoliation medium, duration, and mechanical energy source to the desired applications. This work presents results of statistical analyses of talc flakes obtained by LPE in four different media. Talc is a phyllosilicate that can be exfoliated into nanoflakes with great mechanical properties. Sodium cholate at two different concentrations (below and at the critical micelar concentration), butanone, and Triton-X100 were employed as exfoliation medium for talc. Using recent published statistical analysis methods based on atomic force microscopy images of thousands of flakes, the shape and size distribution of nanotalc obtained using the four different media are compared. This comparison highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the media tested and hopefully will facilitate the choice of the medium for applications that have specific requirements.

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Goni, Freskida, Angela Chemelli, and Frank Uhlig. "High-Yield Production of Selected 2D Materials by Understanding Their Sonication-Assisted Liquid-Phase Exfoliation." Nanomaterials 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 3253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11123253.

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Liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) is a widely used and promising method for the production of 2D nanomaterials because it can be scaled up relatively easily. Nevertheless, the yields achieved by this process are still low, ranging between 2% and 5%, which makes the large-scale production of these materials difficult. In this report, we investigate the cause of these low yields by examining the sonication-assisted LPE of graphene, boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs), and molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (MoS2 NS). Our results show that the low yields are caused by an equilibrium that is formed between the exfoliated nanosheets and the flocculated ones during the sonication process. This study provides an understanding of this behaviour, which prevents further exfoliation of nanosheets. By avoiding this equilibrium, we were able to increase the total yields of graphene, BNNSs, and MoS2 NS up to 14%, 44%, and 29%, respectively. Here, we demonstrate a modified LPE process that leads to the high-yield production of 2D nanomaterials.

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Martín-Pérez, Lucía, and Enrique Burzurí. "Optimized Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Magnetic van der Waals Heterostructures: Towards the Single Layer and Deterministic Fabrication of Devices." Molecules 26, no. 23 (December 4, 2021): 7371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237371.

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Van der Waals magnetic materials are promising candidates for spintronics and testbeds for exotic magnetic phenomena in low dimensions. The two-dimensional (2D) limit in these materials is typically reached by mechanically breaking the van der Waals interactions between layers. Alternative approaches to producing large amounts of flakes rely on wet methods such as liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE). Here, we report an optimized route for obtaining monolayers of magnetic cylindrite by LPE. We show that the selection of exfoliation times is the determining factor in producing a statistically significant amount of monolayers while keeping relatively big flake areas (~1 µm2). We show that the cylindrite lattice is preserved in the flakes after LPE. To study the electron transport properties, we have fabricated field-effect transistors based on LPE cylindrite. Flakes are deterministically positioned between nanoscale electrodes by dielectrophoresis. We show that dielectrophoresis can selectively move the larger flakes into the devices. Cylindrite nanoscale flakes present a p-doped semiconducting behaviour, in agreement with the mechanically exfoliated counterparts. Alternating current (AC) admittance spectroscopy sheds light on the role played by potential barriers between different flakes in terms of electron transport properties. The present large-scale exfoliation and device fabrication strategy can be extrapolated to other families of magnetic materials.

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Arao, Yoshihiko, Jonathon D. Tanks, Kojiro Aida, and Masatoshi Kubouchi. "Exfoliation Behavior of Large Anionic Graphite Flakes in Liquid Produced by Salt-Assisted Ball Milling." Processes 8, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8010028.

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Functionalization of graphite is crucial for efficient and effective exfoliation to graphene. When negative charges are fixed to the edges of natural graphite, the resulting anionic graphite shows negative charging in a polar solvent. This enhanced negative charging is assumed to contribute the exfoliation of graphite during liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE). In this study, we prepared large anionic graphite flakes (~10 μm) by salt-assisted ball milling, as well as natural graphite flakes of the same size for comparison. During the LPE process, centrifugation speed and solvent type have dominant effects on graphene concentration and quality (e.g., size and thickness), so we investigated these factors for anionic graphite flakes in detail. The anionic graphite showed higher exfoliation efficiency in every type of solvent (isopropanol, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, and water-based cosolvent) compared with the natural graphite. Monolayer graphene, with an average size of 80–200 nm, was obtained with relatively high yield (>10%) at only 3 min of sonication. The small size of graphene was due to edge fragmentation during the LPE process. The recyclability of the sediment and the characterization of the exfoliated powders for anionic graphene were also investigated.

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Shu, Kewei, Siyu Tian, Yu Wang, Guiqiang Fei, Liyu Sun, Huizhu Niu, Yihao Duan, Guangyu Hu, and Haihua Wang. "Graphene Composite via Bacterial Cellulose Assisted Liquid Phase Exfoliation for Sodium-Ion Batteries." Polymers 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010203.

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One of the most critical challenges for commercialization of sodium-ion battery (SIB) is to develop carbon anodes with high capacity and good rate performance. Graphene would be an excellent SIB anode candidate due to its success in various kinds of batteries. Liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) method is an inexpensive, facile and potentially scalable method to produce less-defected graphene sheets. In this work, we developed an improved, dispersant-assisted LPE method to produce graphene composite materials from raw graphite with high yield and better quality for SIB anode. Here, bacterial cellulose (BC) was used as a green dispersant/stabilizer for LPE, a “spacer” for anti-restacking, as well as a carbon precursor in the composite. As a result, the carbonized BC (CBC)/LPE graphene (LEGr) presented improved performance compared to composite with graphene prepared by Hummers method. It exhibited a specific capacity of 233 mAh g−1 at a current density of 20 mA g−1, and 157 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at a high current density of 100 mA g−1 with capacity retention rate of 87.73%. This method not only provides new insight in graphene composites preparation, but also takes a new step in the exploration of anode materials for sodium-ion batteriesSIBs.

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Ott, Steffen, Melanie Lakmann, and Claudia Backes. "Impact of Pretreatment of the Bulk Starting Material on the Efficiency of Liquid Phase Exfoliation of WS2." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051072.

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Liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) is widely used to produce colloidal dispersions of nanomaterials, in particular two-dimensional nanosheets. The degree of exfoliation, i.e., the length to thickness aspect ratio was shown to be intrinsically limited by the ratio of in-plane to out-of-plane binding strength. In this work, we investigate whether simple pretreatment of the starting material can be used to change the in-plane to out-of-plane binding strength through mild intercalation to improve the sample quality in sonication-assisted LPE. Five different pretreatment conditions of WS2 were tested and the dispersions size-selected through centrifugation. From optical spectroscopy (extinction, Raman, photoluminescence), information on nanosheet dimension (average lateral size, layer number, monolayer size) and optical quality (relative photoluminescence quantum yield) was extracted. We find that the pretreatment has a minor impact on the length/thickness aspect ratio, but that photoluminescence quantum yield can be increased in particular using mild sonication conditions. We attribute this to the successful exfoliation of nanosheets with a lower degree of basal plane defectiveness. This work emphasizes the complexity of the exfoliation process and suggests that the role of defects has to be considered for a comprehensive picture.

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Al-Dulaimi, Naktal, Edward A. Lewis, David J. Lewis, Simon K. Howell, Sarah J. Haigh, and Paul O'Brien. "Sequential bottom-up and top-down processing for the synthesis of transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets: the case of rhenium disulfide (ReS2)." Chemical Communications 52, no. 50 (2016): 7878–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc03316d.

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Bottom-up (aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition, AACVD) and top-down (liquid phase exfoliation, LPE) processing methodologies are used in tandem to produce colloids of few-layer thick rhenium disulfide (ReS₂) in N-methyl pyrrolidone.

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Lee, Jun Ho, Ho Jun Park, Chae Eun Im, Jong Gyeom Kim, Dong Eun Gu, and Suk Jun Kim. "Effect of Co-Solvent Percentages on the Exfoliation Rate of NiTe2 Thin Film for Transparent Electrodes." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 59, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2021.59.7.481.

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We attempted to maximize the transmittance of 2D NiTe2 thin film using the liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) process to confirm the applicability of NiTe2 as a transparent electrode. The LPE process, using a co-solvent of organic solvent and water, is a stable and efficient method of increasing transmittance at low cost. In this report, the effect of 12 different co-solvents, mixtures of acetone, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and water, on exfoliation rate was studied. NiTe2 thin film with a thickness of 6.3 nm prepared by sputtering, and exhibited a highest transmittance of 68% and a lowest resistivity of 291 μΩ·cm after 12 hrs sonication in ethanol/water co-solvent (ethanol : water = 60 : 40 vol. %). Three physical properties, polarization and dispersion ratio (p/d ratio), boiling point, and water contents, were compared to determine which property was the main control factor for the LPE process. Unlike previous LPE processes for powders of 2D materials, it was revealed that the improvement in the transmittance of the NiTe2 thin film was more strongly dependent on both of vol.% of water and boiling point of the solvents. This was because the transmittance improved after removing the NiTe2 thin film from the substrate, rather than layer by layer exfoliation. We believe that NiTe2 thin film prepared by sputtering followed by exfoliation process can be one of the potential candidates for transparent electrode.

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Monajjemi, Majid. "Liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) of graphite towards graphene: An ab initio study." Journal of Molecular Liquids 230 (March 2017): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2017.01.044.

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Choi, Chang-Ho, Yeongwon Kwak, Rajiv Malhotra, and Chih-Hung Chang. "Microfluidics for Two-Dimensional Nanosheets: A Mini Review." Processes 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8091067.

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Since the discovery of graphene, there has been increasing interest in two-dimensional (2D) materials. To realize practical applications of 2D materials, it is essential to isolate mono- or few-layered 2D nanosheets from unexfoliated counterparts. Liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) is the most common technique to produce atomically thin-layered 2D nanosheets. However, low production yield and prolonged process time remain key challenges. Recently, novel exfoliation processes based on microfluidics have been developed to achieve rapid and high yield production of few-layer 2D nanosheets. We review the primary types of microfluidic-based exfoliation techniques in terms of the underlying process mechanisms and the applications of the 2D nanosheets thus produced. The key challenges and future directions are discussed in the above context to delineate future research directions in this exciting area of materials processing.

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Wang, Mengxia, Fang Zhang, Zhengping Wang, and Xinguang Xu. "Liquid-Phase Exfoliated Silicon Nanosheets: Saturable Absorber for Solid-State Lasers." Materials 12, no. 2 (January 9, 2019): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12020201.

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As a newly-developed two-dimensional (2D) material of group-IVA, few-layer silicon (Si) nanosheets were prepared by the liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) method. Its non-linear saturable adsorption property was investigated by 532 and 1064 nm nanosecond lasers. Using Si nanosheets as the saturable absorber (SA), passive Q-switched all-solid-state lasers were demonstrated for the first time. For different laser emissions of Nd3+ at 0.9, 1.06, and 1.34 µm, the narrowest Q-switched pulse widths were 200.2, 103.7, and 110.4 ns, corresponding to the highest peak powers of 2.76, 2.15, and 1.26 W. The results provide a promising SA for solid-state pulsed lasers and broaden the potential application range of Si nanosheets in ultrafast photonics and optoelectronics.

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Gürünlü, Betül, Çiğdem Taşdelen-Yücedağ, and Mahmut Bayramoğlu. "Graphene Synthesis by Ultrasound Energy-Assisted Exfoliation of Graphite in Various Solvents." Crystals 10, no. 11 (November 14, 2020): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10111037.

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The liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) method has been gaining increasing interest by academic and industrial researchers due to its simplicity, low cost, and scalability. High-intensity ultrasound energy was exploited to transform graphite to graphene in the solvents of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), and perchloric acid (PA) without adding any surfactants or ionic liquids. The crystal structure, number of layers, particle size, and morphology of the synthesized graphene samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), ultraviolet visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD and AFM analyses indicated that G-DMSO and G-DMF have few layers while G-PA has multilayers. The layer numbers of G-DMSO, G-DMF, and G-PA were determined as 9, 10, and 21, respectively. By DLS analysis, the particle sizes, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential of graphene samples were estimated in a few micrometers. TEM analyses showed that G-DMSO and G-DMF possess sheet-like fewer layers and also, G-PA has wrinkled and unordered multilayers.

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Bete, Yuditha Ignasia, Minsyahril Bukit, Albert Zicko Johannes, and Redi K. Pingak. "KAJIAN AWAL SIFAT OPTIK GRAPHENE OXIDE BERBAHAN DASAR ARANG TONGKOL JAGUNG YANG DISINTESIS DENGAN METODE LIQUID PHASE EXFOLIATION (LPE)." Jurnal Fisika : Fisika Sains dan Aplikasinya 4, no. 2 (October 25, 2019): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/fisa.v4i2.1832.

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Abstrak Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang kajian awal sifat optik Graphene Oxide berbahan dasar arang tongkol jagung yang disintesis dengan metode Liquid Phase Exfoliation (LPE). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh variasi massa karbon tongkol jagung dengan variasi 1 gram; 1,5 gram; 2 gram, pengaruh perlakuan blender, ultrasonikasi, dan blender + ultrasonikasi terhadap nilai absorbansi UV-Vis Graphene Oxide hasil sintesis. Karbon tongkol jagung yang dibakar dihaluskan sampai menjadi serbuk, disintesis dengan bantuan blender, ultrasonifikasi dan blender + ultrasonifikasi selama 3 jam, didiamkan selama satu malam, kemudian diencerkan dengan menggunakan pelarut aquades. Selanjutnya hasil sintesis tersebut dikarakterisasi menggunakan Spektrometer UV-Vis double beam untuk mendapatkan spektrum absorbansinya. Berdasarkan hasil analisis spektrum absorbansi pada masing – masing variasi massa, pada perlakuan ultrasonifikasi nilai absorbansi meningkat secara linear seiring bertambahnya massa. Nilai absorbansi untuk variasi massa 1 gram, 1,5 gram dan 2 gram secara berturut-turut diperoleh sebesar 1,710 ; 2,071 ; 1,483 untuk perlakuan blender, 1,478 ; 1,571; 1,588 untuk perlakuan ultasonikasi, dan 1,574 ; 1,450 ; 1,547 untuk perlakuan blender+ultrasonikasi. Dengan metode Liquid Phase Exfolition diperoleh nilai absorbansi maksimum pada perlakuan blender massa 1,5 gram dengan nilai 2,071 dan nilai absorbansi minimum diperoleh pada perlakuan dengan blender + ultrasonifikasi massa 1,5 gram dengan nilai 1,450. Berdasarkan nilai absorbansi tersebut larutan sampel hasil sintesis termasuk Graphene Oxide. Kata-kata kunci: Graphene Oxide; LPE; Spektrum absorbansi; Spektrofotometer UV –Vis; Tongkol jagung. Abstract The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of varying corncob mass (1 gr; 1,5 gr; 2 gr) and varying treatments including blender, ultrasonification, and blender + ultrasonication on the UV-Vis spectrum of Graphene Oxide synthesized from the corncob. The corncobs that have been burned were powdered, synthesized using blender, ultrasonification and blender + ultrasonification for 3 hours, left overnight, and then diluted using aquades. Then, the synthesis results were characterized using UV-Vis double beam spectrophotometer. From the analysis of the absorption spectrum, the absorption values from ultrasonification treatments, the absorption values were linearly proportional to the mass. Absorption values for mass variation of 1 gram, 1,5 gram and 2 gram were 1,710 ; 2,071 ; 1,483 using blender treatment, 1,478 ; 1,571; 1,588 using ultrasonification treatment, and 1,574 ; 1,450 ; 1,547 using blender+ultrasonification treatment. With Liquid Phase Exfoliation, the maximum value of absorbance was found at 1,5 gram mass variation using blender treatment, with the value being 2,071 and the minimum value of the was found when using blender + ultrasonification treatment at 1,5-gram mass variation, with the minimun value being 1,450. From the absoption values, Graphene Oxide has been succesfully sinthesized from the corncob. Keywords: Graphene Oxide; LPE; Absorption Spectrum; UV–Vis Spectrophotometer; Corncob.

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Shang, Yiping, Wu Yang, Yabei Xu, Siru Pan, Huayu Wang, and Xiong Cao. "Preparation of Few-Layered WS2 and Its Thermal Catalysis for Dihydroxylammonium-5,5′-Bistetrazole-1,1′-Diolate." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (December 6, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7458645.

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In this study, few-layered tungsten disulfide (WS2) was prepared using a liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) method, and its thermal catalytic effects on an important kind of energetic salts, dihydroxylammonium-5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50), were investigated. Few-layered WS2 nanosheets were obtained successfully from LPE process. And the effects of the catalytic activity of the bulk and few-layered WS2 on the thermal decomposition behavior of TKX-50 were studied by using synchronous thermal analysis (STA). Moreover, the thermal analysis data was analyzed furtherly by using the thermokinetic software AKTS. The results showed the WS2 materials had an intrinsic thermal catalysis performance for TKX-50 thermal decomposition. With the few-layered WS2 added, the initial decomposition temperature and activation energy (Ea) of TKX-50 had been decreased more efficiently. A possible thermal catalysis decomposition mechanism was proposed based on WS2. Two dimensional-layered semiconductor WS2 materials under thermal excitation can promote the primary decomposition of TKX-50 by enhancing the H-transfer progress.

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Gholamalizadeh, Naghmeh, Saeedeh Mazinani, Majid Abdouss, Ali Mohammad Bazargan, and Fataneh Fatemi. "Efficient and Direct Exfoliation of High-Quality Graphene Layers in Water from Different Graphite Sources and Its Electrical Characterization." Nano 16, no. 07 (June 24, 2021): 2150079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179329202150079x.

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Green and efficient mass production of graphene sheets with high quality and electrical conductivity is intriguing for both academic scientists and industry. Among numerous production methods suffering from complexity or harsh chemical media, direct and high-yield exfoliation of graphite in water seems to be the best choice. In this study, efforts were made to prepare high-quality and stable graphene dispersions with the highest possible concentrations through an ultrasound-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) in water directly from two types of natural graphites. The rigorous structural, morphological and electrical analyses were conducted on both graphite and graphene samples to quantitatively identify the effect of graphite sources on the LPE yield and the quality of the graphene nanosheets produced in the presence of an ionic surfactant. The results obtained by TEM, AFM, XRD and Raman spectroscopy indicated the successful and efficient production of single and few layer graphene sheets with the remarkable concentration of 3.18[Formula: see text]mg.ml[Formula: see text] in water. Moreover, the results signified that the structural quality, electrical conductivity and production yield of the graphene layers undoubtedly depend on the structural properties of graphite source. In fact, the graphite source greatly influences the final properties and potential applications of the produced graphene layer and the results are so important for the future graphene industry.

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Pourmoghadam, Nasrin, and Nezihe Ayas. "Graphene As A Hydrogen Storage Material." E3S Web of Conferences 294 (2021): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129405003.

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Although, hydrogen is a promising key solution for the effective delivery of electricity, the issue of finding materials for efficient storage has still remained a significant challenge. Due to the marvelous features of graphene and graphene-based structures, they can be one of the best candidates among all the materials. The purpose of this study was to investigate the synthesis of graphene oxide by improved hummers method and graphene by liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) technique which is safe, easy, economical, and high in quality. In addition, the prepared samples were analyzed and characterized by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), TGA (Thermo Gravimetric Analysis) Setaram Labsys Evo), UV–VIS absorbance spectra, XRD (X-ray diffractometer).

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Liu, Shunxiang, Hongfu Huang, Jinsheng Lu, Ning Xu, Junle Qu, and Qiao Wen. "Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Ta2NiS5 and Its Application in Near-Infrared Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers with Evanescent Field Interactions and Passively Q-Switched Bulk Laser." Nanomaterials 12, no. 4 (February 19, 2022): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12040695.

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We report on the application of a 1 μm solid-state passively Q-switched (PQS) laser and 1, 1.5 μm mode-locked (ML) fiber lasers based on ternary chalcogenide Ta2NiS5 saturable absorber (SA), which were successfully fabricated by liquid-phase exfoliation method (LPE). The nonlinear absorption of the Ta2NiS5-SA was characterized by 0.32 GW/cm2 and 0.25 GW/cm2 saturation intensities with 7.3% and 5.1% modulations depths at 1 μm and 1.5 μm, respectively. A PQS solid-state laser operating at 1.0 μm has been realized with the Ta2NiS5-SA. The maximum average output power, shortest pulse width, pulse energy, and pulse peak power from the PQS laser are 0.257 W, 180 ns, 1.265 μJ, and 7 W. Moreover, highly stable femtosecond laser centered at 1.5 μm, and picosecond centered at 1 μm, ML fiber lasers were obtained using the Ta2NiS5-SA. A 70 dB signal-to-noise ML laser with a pulse duration of 781 fs was observed in the telecommunication window, which is better than the duration of the previously reported lasers based on Ta2NiS5. The corresponding maximum single pulse energy and peak power are 0.977 nJ and 1251 W, respectively. The Ta2NiS5-SA fabricated by the LPE method was applied in near-infrared (NIR) ML fiber lasers (evanescent field interactions) and PQS bulk lasers. The results indicate that Ta2NiS5-SA prepared by the LPE method can be applied in a 1 μm bulk PQS laser and improved by the new combination mode (evanescent field interactions) for better output performance of the fiber laser.

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Chen, Si, Fengpeng Wang, Fangguang Kuang, Shuying Kang, Hanwen Liang, Lijing Zheng, Lixin Guan, and Qing Wu. "Femtosecond Pulsed Fiber Laser by an Optical Device Based on NaOH-LPE Prepared WSe2 Saturable Absorber." Nanomaterials 12, no. 16 (August 11, 2022): 2747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12162747.

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We report on all-optical devices prepared from WSe2 combined with drawn tapered fibers as saturable absorbers to achieve ultrashort pulse output. The saturable absorber with a high damage threshold and high saturable absorption characteristics is prepared for application in erbium-doped fiber lasers by the liquid phase exfoliation method for WSe2, and the all-optical device exhibited strong saturable absorption characteristics with a modulation depth of 15% and a saturation intensity of 100.58 W. The net dispersion of the erbium-doped fiber laser cavity is ~−0.1 ps2, and a femtosecond pulse output with a bandwidth of 11.4 nm, a pulse width of 390 fs, and a single-pulse capability of 42 pJ is obtained. Results indicate that the proposed WSe2 saturable absorbers are efficient, photonic devices to realize stable fiber lasers. The results demonstrate that the WSe2 saturable absorber is an effective photonic device for realizing stable fiber lasers, which have a certain significance for the development of potential photonic devices.

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Zahraei, Fatemeh, Ferydon Babaei, and Ali Ehsani. "Effect of morphology on supercapacitive and optical properties of chemically grown Graphene-Nickel Oxide nanocomposites." International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, no. 26 (September 8, 2020): 2050229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797922050229x.

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Graphene-Nickel Oxide (G-NiO) nanocomposites with different morphologies, such as nanowires (NWs), nanorods (NRs) and nanoparticles (NPs), are synthesized by a combination of liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) and hydrothermal methods. The synthesis of Graphene, morphology of Nickel Oxide (NiO) thin films and concentration of elements are analyzed using Raman Spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. Furthermore, the capacitive behavior of nanocomposites is investigated using the Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). The optical properties of samples are extracted from measured absorbance spectra. Our results show that G-NiO NWs with the longest length have the largest specific capacitance (SC). In addition, optical data revealed that the adding Graphene to NiO thin films decreased the optical bandgap as well as the optical conductivity of nanocomposites increased with photon energy due to excitation electrons.

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Meng, Shuolei, Qianyuan Chen, Hongjian Lin, Feng Zhou, Youning Gong, Chunxu Pan, and Shunbin Lu. "Scalable Production of Boron Quantum Dots for Broadband Ultrafast Nonlinear Optical Performance." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030687.

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A simple and effective approach based on the liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) method has been put forward for synthesizing boron quantum dots (BQDs). By adjusting the interactions between bulk boron and various solvents, the average diameter of produced BQDs is about 7 nm. The nonlinear absorption (NLA) responses of as-prepared BQDs have been systematically studied at 515 nm and 1030 nm. Experimental results prove that BQDs possess broadband saturable absorption (SA) and good third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility, which are comparable to graphene. The fast relaxation time and slow relaxation time of BQDs at 515 nm and 1030 nm are about 0.394–5.34 ps and 4.45–115 ps, respectively. The significant ultrafast nonlinear optical properties can be used in optical devices. Here, we successfully demonstrate all-optical diode application based on BQDs/ReS2 tandem structure. The findings are essential for understanding the nonlinear optical properties in BQDs and open a new pathway for their applications in optical devices.

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Yousef, Aseel, Zeineb Thiehmed, Rana Abdul Shakoor, and Talal Altahtamouni. "Recent Progress in WS2-Based Nanomaterials Employed for Photocatalytic Water Treatment." Catalysts 12, no. 10 (September 28, 2022): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12101138.

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Water pollution is one of the most serious environmental issues globally due to its harmful consequences on the ecosystem and public health. Various technologies have been developed for water treatment such as photocatalysis, which has recently drawn scientists’ attention. Photocatalytic techniques using semiconductors have shown an efficient removal of various water contaminants during water treatment as well as cost effectivity and low energy consumption. Tungsten disulfide (WS2) is among the promising Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) photocatalysts, as it has an exceptional nanostructure and special properties including high surface area and high carrier mobility. It is usually synthesized via hydrothermal technique, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) to obtain a wide variety of nanostructures such as nanosheets and nanorods. Most common examples of water pollutants that can be removed efficiently by WS2-based nanomaterials through semiconductor photocatalytic techniques are organic contaminants, pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, and infectious microorganisms. This review summarizes the most recent work on employing WS2-based nanomaterials for different photocatalytic water treatment processes.

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Lamkaouane, Hind, Hajar Ftouhi, Mireille Richard-Plouet, Nicolas Gautier, Nicolas Stephant, Mimoun Zazoui, Mohammed Addou, et al. "Efficient and Facile Synthetic Route of MoO3:MoS2 Hybrid Thin Layer via Oxidative Reaction of MoS2 Nanoflakes." Nanomaterials 12, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 3171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12183171.

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In the present study, MoO3:MoS2 hybrid thin layers have been synthesized through partial oxidation of MoS2. We have demonstrated that the reaction requires darkness conditions to decrease the oxidation rate, thus obtaining the hybrid, MoO3:MoS2. A simple liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) is carried out to achieve homogenous MoS2 nanoflakes and high reproducibility of the results after MoS2 oxidation. XPS analyses reveal the presence of MoO3, MoS2, and MoOxSy in the hybrid layer. These results are also confirmed by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution TEM. Optical absorbance reveals that the absorption peaks of the MoO3:MoS2 hybrid are slightly redshifted with the appearance of absorption peaks in the near-infrared region due to the defects created after the oxidation reaction. The composition and atomic percentages of each component in the hybrid layer as a function of reaction time have also been reported to give perspective guides for improving electronic and optoelectronic devices based on 2D-MoS2.

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Yan, Bingzheng, Guoru Li, Bingnan Shi, Junting Liu, Hongkun Nie, Kejian Yang, Baitao Zhang, and Jingliang He. "2D tellurene/black phosphorus heterojunctions based broadband nonlinear saturable absorber." Nanophotonics 9, no. 8 (April 27, 2020): 2593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0174.

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AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) mono-elemental materials (Xenes) show remarkable potential in the fields of fundamental science and technology, have been regarded as a wide range of building blocks for electronic technologies due to their unique chemical, physical, electrical, and optical properties. Here, 2D tellurene/black phosphorus (Te/BP) heterojunctions are successfully fabricated through liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) method. Their nonlinear optical absorption properties at 1.0, 2.0, and 2.8 μm have been studied by an open-aperture Z-scan method. The results revealed the excellent broadband saturable absorption responses of the prepared BP/Te heterojunctions, which are further confirmed by using them as saturable absorbers (SAs) for passively Q-switched all-solid-state lasers operating at 1.0, 2.0, and 2.8 μm, respectively. In particular, 1.04 μm continuous-wave (CW) mode-locked lasers with a pulse width of 404 fs is realized for the first time, to our best knowledge. Our work indicates that 2D Xenes especially 2D Xenes based heterojunctions have great potential in the fields of pulsed laser generation/modulation and other optoelectronic and photonic devices.

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27

Guler, Omer, Yakup Say, and Burak Dikici. "The effect of graphene nano-sheet (GNS) weight percentage on mechanical and corrosion properties of AZ61 and AZ91 based magnesium matrix composites." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 28 (June 19, 2020): 4473–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320933345.

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In this study, the effect of graphene nano-sheets (GNSs) on mechanical and corrosion properties of AZ61 and AZ91 based composites was investigated, detail. GNSs have been successfully produced by the liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) method and then, added AZ61 and AZ91 matrix with 01, 0.2, and 0.5 wt% GNSs for the production of the composites. The composite compacts were produced by powder metallurgy technique and sintered for 2 h at 500 °C under Ar atmosphere. The composite characterizations were carried out by scanning and transmission electron microscopes (SEM, TEM), electron dispersive spectroscope (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical properties and corrosion behaviors of the composites have been compared with compression tests and potentiodynamic scanning (PDS) techniques, respectively. The results showed that the compressive strength of the composites increased with increasing GNS amount in both the AZ61 and AZ91 matrix alloys. The most susceptible composites to corrosion for both AZ61 and AZ91 matrix were observed in the 0.5 wt% GNS containing structures. However, there is a certain ratio of GNS in the Mg matrix to achieve good corrosion resistance.

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Villani, F., C. Schiattarella, T. Polichetti, R. Di Capua, F. Loffredo, B. Alfano, M. L. Miglietta, E. Massera, L. Verdoliva, and G. Di Francia. "Study of the correlation between sensing performance and surface morphology of inkjet-printed aqueous graphene-based chemiresistors for NO2 detection." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 8 (May 9, 2017): 1023–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.8.103.

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The extremely high sensitivity to the external environment and the high specific surface area, as well as the absence of bulk phenomena that could interfere with the response signal, make graphene highly attractive for the applications in the field of sensing. Among the various methods for producing graphene over large areas, liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) appears to be very promising, especially if combined with inkjet printing (IJP), which offers several advantages, including the selective and controlled deposition of small ink volumes and the versatility of the exploitable inks and substrates. Herein we present a feasibility study of chemiresistive gas sensors inkjet-printed onto paper substrates, in which a LPE graphene suspension dispersed in a water/isopropanol (H2O/IPA) mixture is used as sensing ink. The device performances, in terms of relative conductance variations, upon exposure to NO2 at standard ambient temperature and pressure, are analysed. In addition, we examine the effect of the substrate morphology and, more specifically, of the ink/substrate interaction on the device performances, by comparing the response of different chemiresistors fabricated by dispensing the same suspension also onto Al2O3 and Si/SiO2 substrates and carrying out a supportive atomic force microscopy analysis. The results prove the possibility to produce sensor devices by means of a wholly environmentally friendly, low-cost process that meets the requests coming from the increasing field of paper-based electronics and paving the way towards a flexible, green-by-design mass production.

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Huang, Zhenping, Jun Zhu, Yi Hu, Yueping Zhu, Guanghua Zhu, Lanping Hu, You Zi, and Weichun Huang. "Tin Oxide (SnO2) Nanoparticles: Facile Fabrication, Characterization, and Application in UV Photodetectors." Nanomaterials 12, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12040632.

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Tin oxide (SnO2) nanomaterials are of great interest in many fields such as catalytic, electrochemical, and biomedical applications, due to their low cost, suitable stability characteristics, high photosensitivity, etc. In this contribution, SnO2 NPs were facilely fabricated by calcination of tin (II) oxalate in air, followed by a liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) method. Size-selected SnO2 NPs were easily obtained using a liquid cascade centrifugation (LCC) technique. The as-obtained SnO2 NPs displayed strong absorption in the UV region (~300 nm) and exhibited narrower absorption characteristics with a decrease in NP size. The as-fabricated SnO2 NPs were, for the first time, directly deposited onto a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film with a regular Ag lattice to fabricate a flexible working electrode for a photoelectrochemical (PEC)-type photodetector. The results demonstrated that the SnO2-NP-based electrode showed the strongest photoresponse signal in an alkaline electrolyte compared with those in neutral and acidic electrolytes. The maximum photocurrent density reached 14.0 μA cm−2, significantly outperforming black phosphorus nanosheets and black phosphorus analogue nanomaterials such as tin (II) sulfide nanosheets and tellurene. The as-fabricated SnO2 NPs with relatively larger size had better self-powered photoresponse performance. In addition, the as-fabricated SnO2-NP-based PEC photodetector exhibited strong cycling stability for on/off switching behavior under ambient conditions. It is anticipated that SnO2 nanostructures, as building blocks, can offer diverse availabilities for high-performance self-powered optoelectronic devices to realize a carbon-neutral or carbon-free environment.

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Zribi, Rayhane, Antonino Foti, Maria Grazia Donato, Pietro Giuseppe Gucciardi, and Giovanni Neri. "Fabrication of a Novel Electrochemical Sensor Based on Carbon Cloth Matrix Functionalized with MoO3 and 2D-MoS2 Layers for Riboflavin Determination." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 1371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041371.

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The preparation and characterization of a hybrid composite, based on carbon cloth (CC) matrix functionalized with two-dimensional (2D) MoS2 flakes and MoO3, and its use for developing an electrochemical sensor for the determination of riboflavin (RF) is here reported. The 2D-MoS2-MoO3CC composite was prepared by depositing 2D-MoS2 nanosheets, obtained by liquid phase exfoliation (LPE), on the surface of a carbon cloth fiber network, previously functionalized with a layer of molybdenum oxide (α-MoO3) by radio-frequency magnetron reactive sputtering technique. The 2D-MoS2-MoO3CC composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), and Raman spectroscopy. An electrochemical sensor has been then fabricated by fixing a slice of the 2D-MoS2-MoO3CC composite on the working electrode of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). The 2D-MoS2-MoO3-CC/SPCE sensor display good electrochemical characteristics which have been exploited, for the first time, in the electroanalytical determination of riboflavin (RF). The sensitivity to RF, equal to 0.67 µA mM−1 in the linear range from 2 to 40 µM, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.5 µM at S/N = 3, demonstrate the promising characteristics of the proposed 2D-MoS2-MoO3-CC/SPCE electrochemical sensor for the determination of riboflavin.

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Acebedo Martinez, Francisco Javier, Ana Voltes-Martínez, Elena López Ruíz, Duane Choquesillo-Lazarte, Jorge Fernando Fernández-Sánchez, Juan Antonio Marchal, and Jaime Gómez-Morales. "Apatite-Graphene and Apatite-Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites: Hybrid Materials with Tailored Biological and Luminescent Properties." Solid State Phenomena 340 (December 23, 2022): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-bc0q6b.

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Apatite nanocomposites with graphene (G) or graphene oxide (GO) nanoflakes, as well as with related carbonaceous materials, present promising applications in hard tissue engineering, biomedicine, or drug delivery. Different methodologies have been explored in the last years to prepare apatite-based nanocomposites. Sitting drop vapour diffusion (SDVD) methodology induces the heterogeneous nucleation of biomimetic apatite on the reinforcement material, improving biological properties of the nanocomposites. In this work SDVD was used to prepare G-apatite and GO-apatite nanocomposites. Prior to the SDVD experiments, G flakes were obtained by sonication-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) using L-Alanine (L-Aln) as dispersing biomolecule, while a commercial aqueous Graphene Oxide (GO) dispersion was used for the nucleation essays in presence of the same biomolecules. A parallel set of nucleation experiments was performed in presence of Tb3+ ions, to endow the nanocomposites of luminescent properties. Characterization by XRD, FTIR, and TEM demonstrated the heterogeneous nucleation of needle-shaped apatite nanocrystals on the surfaces of G and GO flakes. Fluorescence spectroscopy certified the presence of Tb3+ ions in the nanocomposites resulting in luminescent materials which can be used in imaging or theragnostic. Finally, in vitro tests with human mesenchymal stem cells revealed excellent cytocompatibility and cell proliferation in presence of the nanocomposites.

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32

Liu, Jianfeng, Shanshan Chen, Junshan He, Runming Huang, Lili Tao, Yu Zhao, and Yibin Yang. "Ti3C2Tx MXene Quantum Dots with Surface-Terminated Groups (-F, -OH, =O, -Cl) for Ultrafast Photonics." Nanomaterials 12, no. 12 (June 14, 2022): 2043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12122043.

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Transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) have attracted significant attention in photoelectric applications due to their highly tunable electronic and optical properties influenced by a flexible compositional or surface functional group regulation. Ti3C2Tx MXenes (-F, -OH, =O terminated) used in previous ultrafast photonic studies are usually synthesized via a generic hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching strategy, which may cause numerous defects and thus impedes the optoelectronic properties of Ti3C2Tx. In this contribution, inspired by a much higher conductivity and carrier mobility of Ti3C2Tx (-F, -OH, =O, -Cl terminated) prepared from a minimally intensive layer delamination method (MILD) etching strategy, we further optimized it with a liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) method to synthesize pure Ti3C2Tx quantum dots (QDs) for ultrafast photonic. Compared to the other QDs saturable absorber (SA) devices performed at 1550 nm, our SA device exhibited a relatively low saturation intensity (1.983 GW/cm−2) and high modulation depth (11.6%), allowing for a more easily mode-locked pulse generation. A distinguished ultrashort pulse duration of 466 fs centered at the wavelength of 1566.57 nm with a fundamental frequency of 22.78 MHz was obtained in the communication band. Considering the SA based on such a Ti3C2Tx QDs tapered fiber is the first exploration of Er3+-doped fiber laser (EDFL), this work will open up a new avenue for applications in ultrafast photonics.

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Vannozzi, Lorenzo, Enrico Catalano, Madina Telkhozhayeva, Eti Teblum, Alina Yarmolenko, Efrat Shawat Avraham, Rajashree Konar, Gilbert Daniel Nessim, and Leonardo Ricotti. "Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanoflakes Coated with Glycol Chitosan, Propylene Glycol Alginate, and Polydopamine: Characterization and Cytotoxicity in Human Chondrocytes." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 2105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11082105.

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Recently, graphene and its derivatives have been extensively investigated for their interesting properties in many biomedical fields, including tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Nonetheless, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced GO (rGO) are still under investigation for improving their dispersibility in aqueous solutions and their safety in different cell types. This work explores the interaction of GO and rGO with different polymeric dispersants, such as glycol chitosan (GC), propylene glycol alginate (PGA), and polydopamine (PDA), and their effects on human chondrocytes. GO was synthesized using Hummer’s method, followed by a sonication-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) process, drying, and thermal reduction to obtain rGO. The flakes of GO and rGO exhibited an average lateral size of 8.8 ± 4.6 and 18.3 ± 8.5 µm, respectively. Their dispersibility and colloidal stability were investigated in the presence of the polymeric surfactants, resulting in an improvement in the suspension stability in terms of average size and polydispersity index over 1 h, in particular for PDA. Furthermore, cytotoxic effects induced by coated and uncoated GO and rGO on human chondrocytes at different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL) were assessed through LDH assay. Results showed a concentration-dependent response, and the presence of PGA contributed to statistically decreasing the difference in the LDH activity with respect to the control. These results open the way to a potentially safer use of these nanomaterials in the fields of cartilage tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

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34

Ciesielski, Artur, and Paolo Samorì. "Grapheneviasonication assisted liquid-phase exfoliation." Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, no. 1 (2014): 381–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cs60217f.

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Pavlova, Alexandra S., Ekaterina A. Obraztsova, Alexey V. Belkin, Christelle Monat, Pedro Rojo-Romeo, and Elena D. Obraztsova. "Liquid-phase exfoliation of flaky graphite." Journal of Nanophotonics 10, no. 1 (February 10, 2016): 012525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jnp.10.012525.

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36

Butcher, KSA, D. Alexiev, and TL Tansley. "Minority Carrier Diffusion Lengths for High Purity Liquid Phase Epitaxial GaAs." Australian Journal of Physics 46, no. 2 (1993): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph930317.

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Measurements of minority carrier diffusion lengths for p-type and n-type GaAs were carried out using an electron beam induced current (EBIC) technique. The GaAs material was grown by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation. The diffusion lengths measured for high purity p-type and n-type LPE-GaAs samples were observed to be longer than any previously reported.

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37

Jawaid, Ali, Dhriti Nepal, Kyoungweon Park, Michael Jespersen, Anthony Qualley, Peter Mirau, Lawrence F. Drummy, and Richard A. Vaia. "Mechanism for Liquid Phase Exfoliation of MoS2." Chemistry of Materials 28, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b04224.

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Gibaja, Carlos, David Rodriguez-San-Miguel, Pablo Ares, Julio Gómez-Herrero, Maria Varela, Roland Gillen, Janina Maultzsch, et al. "Few-Layer Antimonene by Liquid-Phase Exfoliation." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 55, no. 46 (August 16, 2016): 14345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201605298.

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39

Gibaja, Carlos, David Rodriguez-San-Miguel, Pablo Ares, Julio Gómez-Herrero, Maria Varela, Roland Gillen, Janina Maultzsch, et al. "Few-Layer Antimonene by Liquid-Phase Exfoliation." Angewandte Chemie 128, no. 46 (August 16, 2016): 14557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201605298.

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40

Coleman, Jonathan N. "Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Nanotubes and Graphene." Advanced Functional Materials 19, no. 23 (December 9, 2009): 3680–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200901640.

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PRUTSKIJ, TATIANA A., PEDRO DÍAZ ARENCIBIA, ALEXANDER MINTAIROV, JAMES MERZ, and THOMAS H. KOSEL. "ORDERED VERSUS DISORDERED InGaP LAYERS GROWN BY LIQUID PHASE EPITAXY." Modern Physics Letters B 15, no. 17n19 (August 20, 2001): 651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021798490100221x.

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We make a comparative study of the optical and structural characteristics of two InxGa1-xP(x≈0.5 ) films nearly lattice matched to GaAs, (here referred to as disordered type 1 sample (S1) and ordered type 2 sample (S2)). The films were grown by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE). Photoluminescence (PL) measurements were performed in a wide temperature and exciting power density range for different polarization of the emitted radiation along the [110] and [1-10] directions. Observations suggest that the InxGa1-xP layer in sample 1 is disordered, as commonly obtained in LPE growth, while in sample 2 at least a partially spontaneously ordered layer was obtained. Moreover, the energy position of the 20 K PL peak is close to the predicted band gap energy for the InGaP 2 material ordered in the CuPt phase. [1].

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42

Imade, Mamoru, Shin Takeuchi, Masahiro Uemura, Masashi Yoshimura, Yasuo Kitaoka, Takatomo Sasaki, Yusuke Mori, Shinroh Itoh, Hiroyuki Okuda, and Masanobu Yamazaki. "Growth of Single-Phase 2H-SiC Layers by Vapor–Liquid–Solid Process." Materials Science Forum 645-648 (April 2010): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.645-648.45.

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We attempted the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) growth of SiC film in Si-Li solution using gaseous CH4 as a carbon source at 900 oC. A 100-m-thick liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) layer was obtained on a 4H-SiC (0001) substrate under CH4 pressure of 0.9 MPa. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) measurement showed that the LPE layer was single-phase 2H-SiC. We concluded that VLS growth in Si-Li solution using gaseous CH4 as a carbon source is useful for growing single-phase 2H-SiC.

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Heidary, N., A. Beyer, K. Volz, and J. Heine. "Towards the liquid phase exfoliation of bismuth iodide." Dalton Transactions 46, no. 26 (2017): 8359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7dt01749a.

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Fan, Su-Na, Ren-Wei Liu, Rui-Song Ma, Shan-Sheng Yu, Ming Li, Wei-Tao Zheng, and Shu-Xin Hu. "Two-dimensional polyaniline nanosheets via liquid-phase exfoliation." Chinese Physics B 26, no. 4 (April 2017): 048102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/26/4/048102.

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Cui, Xu, Chenzhen Zhang, Rui Hao, and Yanglong Hou. "Liquid-phase exfoliation, functionalization and applications of graphene." Nanoscale 3, no. 5 (2011): 2118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1nr10127g.

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Bari, Rozana, Dorsa Parviz, Fardin Khabaz, Christopher D. Klaassen, Shane D. Metzler, Matthew J. Hansen, Rajesh Khare, and Micah J. Green. "Liquid phase exfoliation and crumpling of inorganic nanosheets." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 14 (2015): 9383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp00294j.

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Experiment and simulation demonstrate the polymer-assisted dispersion of inorganic 2D layered nanomaterials such as boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs), MoS₂ nanosheets, and WS₂ nanosheets; spray drying can be used to alter such nanosheets into a crumpled morphology.

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Bourlinos, Athanasios B., Vasilios Georgakilas, Radek Zboril, Theodore A. Steriotis, and Athanasios K. Stubos. "Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Graphite Towards Solubilized Graphenes." Small 5, no. 16 (August 17, 2009): 1841–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.200900242.

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48

Aichele, T., S. Bornmann, C. Dubs, and P. Görnert. "Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE) of YB2Cu3O7-δ High Tc Superconductors." Crystal Research and Technology 32, no. 8 (1997): 1145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.2170320817.

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Li, Chao, Jia Guo, Yue Zhang, Jianlong Kang, Weichun Huang, Tianyou Zhai, and Han Zhang. "Facile liquid-phase exfoliated few-layer GeP nanosheets and their optoelectronic device applications." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 16 (2020): 5547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc00356e.

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Al-Jarakh, R. A., V. F. Pershin, and A. A. Osipov. "Production of Graphene-Containing Suspensions for Liquid-Phase Shear Exfoliation of Graphite." Vestnik Tambovskogo gosudarstvennogo tehnicheskogo universiteta 27, no. 3 (2021): 476–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/vestnik.2021.03.pp.476-485.

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A method and device for obtaining graphene-containing suspensions by liquid-phase shear exfoliation of graphite in a continuous mode have been developed. The comparison of the intensities of the process of exfoliation of graphite in the periodic and continuous modes was carried out and it was found that the intensity of the exfoliation process in the continuous mode is higher than in the periodic one. The limiting concentration of graphene structures in a suspension is reached 1.5 times faster when using an apparatus operating in a continuous mode than in a periodic mode, and its numerical value is greater (by at least 25 %).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid phase exfoliation (LPE)'

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