Journal articles: 'Liquid Metal Films'

1

Herminghaus, S. "Spinodal Dewetting in Liquid Crystal and Liquid Metal Films." Science 282, no. 5390 (October 30, 1998): 916–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5390.916.

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2

Yogev, D., D. Rostkier-Edelstein, and S. Efrima. "Macroemulsions of silver metal liquid-like films." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 147, no. 1 (November 1991): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(91)90136-v.

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3

Mitterauer, J. "Field emission from thin liquid metal films." Applied Surface Science 94-95 (March 1996): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4332(95)00365-7.

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4

Weirauch, Douglas A. "Predicting the spreading kinetics of high-temperature liquids on solid surfaces." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 12 (December 1998): 3504–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0478.

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The rate of movement of liquid drops toward their equilibrium position on smooth, horizontal solid surfaces (spreading kinetics) is considered in this study. A model for nonreactive liquid spreading which was developed for low-temperature liquids is applied to results for a set of high-temperature liquids and room-temperature liquids. These data were generated in a single laboratory following a consistent experimental methodology. The liquid-solid pairs were chosen to result in weak or no interfacial chemical reaction. Furnace atmospheres were chosen to provide data for liquid metals with submonolayer, thin or thick oxide films. Analysis of the high-temperature spreading kinetics for liquids covering a broad range of viscosity, surface tension, and density shows that they can be predicted with a constant shift factor applied to the deGennes expression for nonreactive spreading. The consequences of gravitational and inertial forces, substrate roughness, weak interfacial reactions, and liquid-metal oxide films are discussed.

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5

Deki, Shigehito, and Yoshifumi Aoi. "Synthesis of metal oxide thin films by liquid-phase deposition method." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 4 (April 1998): 883–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0119.

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A novel wet process to synthesize metal oxide thin films has been developed. The process is called the Liquid-Phase Deposition (LPD) method. In this method, metal oxide or hydroxide thin films are formed on the substrate through the ligand-exchanging (hydrolysis) equilibrium reaction of metal-fluoro complex species and the F− consumption reaction of a F− scavenger. The LPD method is a unique soft solution process, and is performed by very simple procedures. In this paper, we develop a method of preparing composite oxide thin films, Pt-dispersed titanium oxide, and iron-nickel binary oxide thin films.

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Yogev, D., M. Deutsch, and S. Efrima. "Structural studies of silver metal liquid-like films." Journal of Physical Chemistry 93, no. 10 (May 1989): 4174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100347a056.

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7

Yogev, D., and S. Efrima. "Chemical aspects of silver metal liquid-like films." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 147, no. 1 (November 1991): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(91)90137-w.

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8

Hirsch, Arthur, Hadrien O. Michaud, Aaron P. Gerratt, Séverine de Mulatier, and Stéphanie P. Lacour. "Intrinsically Stretchable Biphasic (Solid-Liquid) Thin Metal Films." Advanced Materials 28, no. 22 (February 29, 2016): 4507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201506234.

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9

Hirsch, Arthur, Hadrien O. Michaud, Aaron P. Gerratt, Séverine de Mulatier, and Stéphanie P. Lacour. "Biphasic Metal Films: Intrinsically Stretchable Biphasic (Solid-Liquid) Thin Metal Films (Adv. Mater. 22/2016)." Advanced Materials 28, no. 22 (June 2016): 4506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201670153.

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10

Clark, R. M., K. J. Berean, B. J. Carey, N. Pillai, T. Daeneke, I. S. Cole, K. Latham, and K. Kalantar-zadeh. "Patterned films from exfoliated two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides assembled at a liquid–liquid interface." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 28 (2017): 6937–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc01883e.

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11

ZHANG, YONG-JU, SEN-JIANG YU, HONG ZHOU, and PING-GEN CAI. "FRACTURE AND WRINKLE PATTERNS IN METAL FILMS DEPOSITED ON LIQUID MENISCUSES." Surface Review and Letters 25, no. 04 (May 11, 2018): 1850088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x18500889.

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Liquid meniscuses were prepared by spraying silicone oil drops with different sizes onto clean glass slides. Metal (iron) films with varied thicknesses were then deposited on the liquid meniscuses by direct current magnetron sputtering. The fracture and wrinkle behaviors of the films resulting from residual stresses are investigated in detail. It is found that cracks nucleate and propagate in the film during deposition owing to the thermal expansion of the liquid substrate. Subsequent cooling of the system creates a high compressive stress, resulting in the formation of various wrinkles in the film. The initiation and shape of the cracks are closely related to the film thickness and oil drop size. The wrinkle morphologies are dependent on the stress anisotropy induced by the liquid meniscus and crack edge.

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12

Pawar, B. G., P. P. Salvi, and S. S. Kolekar. "Electrochemical Tailoring of Honeycomb-Structured ZnO Thin Films by Interfacial Surfactant Templating." ISRN Nanomaterials 2012 (August 21, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/907340.

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Zinc oxide thin films with honeycomb structures can be electrochemically produced by interfacial surfactant templating. Newly synthesized 4-amino-1-(2,3-dihydroxy propyl) pyridinium hydroxide ionic liquid exhibiting the hydroxyl functionalized ionic liquids (HFILs) was used in electrodeposition. This method utilizes amphiphile assemblies at the solid-liquid interface (i.e., the surface of a working electrode) as a template to gain the precisely tailor zinc oxide nanostructures. The results described here will provide a useful foundation to design and optimize greener protocol for the electrochemical construction of inorganic nanostructures thin films for possible application of films in nanotechnology field. Moreover, it is believed that this electrochemical tailoring approach can be extended to fabricate other porous metal oxide materials with a unique morphology or shape.

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13

Tsuneyoshi, Toshihiko, Yu Yohaze, Takaichi Watanabe, and Tsutomu Ono. "Free-Standing Metal Films Prepared via Electroless Plating at Liquid–Liquid Interfaces." Langmuir 34, no. 44 (October 16, 2018): 13183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02822.

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14

Mohammed, Mohammed, Rishi Sundaresan, and Michael D. Dickey. "Self-Running Liquid Metal Drops that Delaminate Metal Films at Record Velocities." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 7, no. 41 (October 7, 2015): 23163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b06978.

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15

Kondic, Lou, Alejandro G. González, Javier A. Diez, Jason D. Fowlkes, and Philip Rack. "Liquid-State Dewetting of Pulsed-Laser-Heated Nanoscale Metal Films and Other Geometries." Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 52, no. 1 (January 5, 2020): 235–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-010719-060340.

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Metal films of nanoscale thickness, deposited on substrates and exposed to laser heating, provide systems that involve several interesting multiphysics effects. In addition to fluid mechanical aspects associated with a free boundary setup, other relevant physical effects include phase change, thermal flow, and liquid–solid interactions. Such films are challenging to model, in particular because inertial effects may be relevant, and large contact angles require care when considering the long-wave formulation. Applications of nanoscale metal films are numerous, and the materials science community is actively pursuing more complex setups involving templated films and substrates, bimetallic films and alloys, and a variety of elemental film geometries. The goal of this review is to discuss our current understanding of thin metal film systems, while also providing an overview of the challenges in this research area, which stands at the intersection of fluid mechanics, materials science, and thermal physics.

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16

Magnussen, Olaf M., Benjamin M. Ocko, Moshe Deutsch, Michael J. Regan, Peter S. Pershan, Douglas Abernathy, Gerhard Grübel, and Jean-François Legrand. "Self-assembly of organic films on a liquid metal." Nature 384, no. 6606 (November 1996): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/384250a0.

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17

Zeng, Mengqi, Lifang Tan, Jiao Wang, Linfeng Chen, Mark H. Rümmeli, and Lei Fu. "Liquid Metal: An Innovative Solution to Uniform Graphene Films." Chemistry of Materials 26, no. 12 (June 4, 2014): 3637–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm501571h.

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18

Saiz, Eduardo, and Antoni P. Tomsia. "Atomic dynamics and Marangoni films during liquid-metal spreading." Nature Materials 3, no. 12 (November 14, 2004): 903–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat1252.

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19

Liu, Bo, and Roland A. Fischer. "Liquid-phase epitaxy of metal organic framework thin films." Science China Chemistry 54, no. 12 (November 16, 2011): 1851–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11426-011-4406-8.

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20

Zhu, Yongfei, Seshu B. Desu, Tingkai Li, Sasangan Ramanathan, and Masaya Nagata. "SrBi2Ta2O9 thin films made by liquid source metal-organic chemical vapor deposition." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 3 (March 1997): 783–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0114.

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A liquid source metal-organic chemical vapor deposition system was installed to deposit SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) thin films on sapphire and Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates. The process parameters such as deposition temperature and pressure, and ratio of Sr: Bi: Ta in the precursor solutions were optimized to achieve stoichiometric films with good reproducible ferroelectric properties. It was found that the nucleation of SBT started at a deposition temperature close to 500 °C and grain growth dominated at 700 °C and higher temperatures. With increasing deposition temperatures, the grain size of SBT thin films increased from 0.01 μm to 0.2 μm; however, the surface roughness and porosity of the films also increased. To fabricate specular SBT films, the films had to be deposited at lower temperature and annealed at higher temperature for grain growth. A two-step deposition process was developed which resulted in high quality films in terms of uniformity, surface morphology, and ferroelectric properties. The key to the success of this process was the homogeneous nucleation sites at lower deposition temperature during the first step and subsequent dense film growth at higher temperature. The two-step deposition process resulted in dense, homogeneous films with less surface roughness and improved ferroelectric properties. SBT thin films with a grain size of about 0.1 μm exhibited the following properties: thickness: 0.16–0.19 μm; 2Pr: 7.8–11.4 μC/cm2 at 5 V; Ec: 50–65 kV/cm; Ileakage: 8.0–9.5 × 10−9 Acm−2 at 150 kV/cm; dielectric constant: 100–200; and fatigue rate: 0.94–0.98 after 1010 cycles at 5 V.

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21

Pascall, Andrew J., and Todd M. Squires. "Electrokinetics at liquid/liquid interfaces." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 684 (September 28, 2011): 163–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.288.

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AbstractElectrokinetic effects at liquid/liquid interfaces have received considerably less attention than at solid/liquid interfaces. Because liquid/liquid interfaces are generally mobile, one might expect electrokinetic effects over a liquid/liquid interface to be faster than over an equivalent solid surface. The earliest predictions for the electrophoretic mobility of charged mercury drops – distinct approaches by Frumkin, along with Levich, and Booth – differed by $O(a/ {\lambda }_{D} )$, where $a$ is the radius of the drop and ${\lambda }_{D} $ is the Debye length. Seeking to reconcile this rather striking discrepancy, Levine & O’Brien showed double-layer polarization to be the key ingredient. Without a physical mechanism by which electrokinetic effects are enhanced, however, it is difficult to know how general the enhancement is – whether it holds only for liquid metal surfaces, or more generally, for all liquid/liquid surfaces. By considering a series of systems in which a planar metal strip is coated with either a liquid metal or liquid dielectric, we show that the central physical mechanism behind the enhancement predicted by Frumkin is the presence of an unmatched electrical stress upon the electrolyte/liquid interface, which establishes a Marangoni stress on the droplet surface and drives it into motion. The source of the unbalanced electrokinetic stress on a liquid metal surface is clear – metals represent equipotential surfaces, so no field exists to drive an equal and opposite force on the surface charge. This might suggest that liquid metals represent a unique system, since dielectric liquids can support finite electric fields, which might be expected to exert an electrical stress on the surface charge that balances the electric stress. We demonstrate, however, that electrical and osmotic stresses on relaxed double layers internal to dielectric liquids precisely cancel, so that internal electrokinetic stresses generally vanish in closed, ideally polarizable liquids. The enhancement predicted by Frumkin for liquid mercury drops can thus be expected quite generally over ideally polarizable liquid drops. We then reconsider the electrophoretic mobility of spherical drops, and reconcile the approaches of Frumkin and Booth: Booth’s neglect of double-layer polarization leads to a standard electro-osmotic flow, without the enhancement, and Frumkin’s neglect of the detailed double-layer dynamics leads to the enhanced electrocapillary motion, but does not capture the (sub-dominant) electrophoretic motion. Finally, we show that, while the electrokinetic flow over electrodes coated with thin liquid films is $O(d/ {\lambda }_{D} )$ faster than over solid/liquid interfaces, the Dukhin number, $\mathit{Du}$, which reflects the importance of surface conduction to bulk conduction, generally increases by a smaller amount [$O(d/ L)$], where $d$ is the thickness of film and $L$ is the length of the electrode. This suggests that liquid/liquid interfaces may be utilized to enhance electrokinetic velocities in microfluidic devices, while delaying the onset of high-$\mathit{Du}$ electrokinetic suppression.

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22

QIU, J. H. "ION SELECTIVITY DURING FORMATION OF PASSIVE FILMS ON STAINLESS STEELS AND ALLOYS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 01n02 (January 20, 2002): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202009500.

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The stability of stainless steels and allied materials is essentially determined by the integrity of naturally formed ultra thin oxide films – the passive films on their surfaces. The thickness of such an ultra thin film for a typical stainless steel (AISI 304) is about 2 nm. The compositions of passive films are totally different from those of the underlying substrates. During the film formation process, ion selectivity occurs both at the solid/liquid and metal/oxide interfaces. Using advanced surface and solution analytical techniques such as X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Inductively-Coupled Plasma source Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS), it is possible analyse the ion selectivity at the solid/liquid and metal/oxide interfaces. It was observed that at the solid/liquid interface, elements such as iron and nickel were selectively leached into the liquid phase, leading to a surface enriched with other alloying elements such as chromium and molybdenum. There exists a good linear relationship between the selectivity factor and passivation time.

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23

Wan, Zhiliang, Hongjun Zeng, and Alan Feinerman. "Reversible Electrowetting of Liquid-Metal Droplet." Journal of Fluids Engineering 129, no. 4 (June 2, 2006): 388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2436582.

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This paper reports experimental investigations on the electrowetting effect of liquid metals, e.g., mercury, on dielectric films. Largest contact angle change of 74deg (from 141degto67deg) is achieved on top of a Parylene film. Highly reversible electrowetting with very low hysteresis (2-4deg) is demonstrated on the Teflon®-coated surfaces. The actuation voltage for 30deg contact angle change (from 148degto118deg) is largely reduced to 25V by using a high-dielectric-constant tantalum oxide film as the dielectric layer. The effect of trapped charges in the dielectric film on the electrowetting is observed and measured. The rise and fall times of the electrowetting actuation are inversely proportional to the droplet diameter and as short as 0.1-0.2ms for a 50μmdia droplet. The actuation reliability is tested, and a long-time operation is achieved in an oil environment.

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24

Deki, Shigehito, Akiyoshi Nakata, Yasuyuki Sakakibara, and Minoru Mizuhata. "Deposition of Metal Oxide Films at Liquid−Liquid Interface by the Liquid Phase Deposition Method." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112, no. 35 (August 12, 2008): 13535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp8012199.

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25

Cardenas-Trivi�o, G., M. Alvial J., K. J. Klabunde, O. Pantoja M., and H. Soto Z. "Tin colloids and metal-metal oxide films prepared by chemical liquid deposition. III." Colloid & Polymer Science 272, no. 3 (March 1994): 310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00655502.

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26

Boopathi, Karunakara Moorthy, Mohan Ramesh, Packiyaraj Perumal, Yu-Ching Huang, Cheng-Si Tsao, Yang-Fang Chen, Chih-Hao Lee, and Chih-Wei Chu. "Preparation of metal halide perovskite solar cells through a liquid droplet assisted method." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 17 (2015): 9257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta06392a.

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27

Moberly, Warren J., Daniel Schwarcz, and Milton Ohring. "“dual phase” thin films prepared by deposition of aluminum on liquid nucleant gallium layers." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1432–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100131796.

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Aluminum thin films have been universally employed as interconnections in integrated circuits for the last quarter of a century. However, during this time Al metallization has never been totally immune from assorted reliability problems. This present research involves preparation and characterization of “dual phase” thin films, comprised of Al (or a transition metal) vacuum evaporated onto a liquid Ga (or other low melting temperature metal) nucleant layer. Ga is well known for causing grain boundary embrittlement in structural Al alloys. However, the Ga may well enhance the mechanical properties in Al thin films used as interconnect metallization, where this “dual phase” microstructure will prevent the buildup of stress that has historically resulted in electromigration failures in semiconductor devices. In addition, the presence of a liquid nucleant layer results in thin films (up to 2 μm thick) having surface roughness of the order of the film thickness, which in turn would enhance the bondability of such films.

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28

Qu, Chun-Chun, Yu-Tong Liang, Xi-Qing Wang, Shang Gao, Zhi-Zhu He, and Xu-Yang Sun. "Gallium-Based Liquid Metal Materials for Antimicrobial Applications." Bioengineering 9, no. 9 (August 25, 2022): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090416.

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The hazards caused by drug-resistant bacteria are rocketing along with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. The development of new non-antibiotic antibacterial drugs is urgent. The excellent biocompatibility and diverse multifunctionalities of liquid metal have stimulated the studies of antibacterial application. Several gallium-based antimicrobial agents have been developed based on the mechanism that gallium (a type of liquid metal) ions disorder the normal metabolism of iron ions. Other emerging strategies, such as physical sterilization by directly using LM microparticles to destroy the biofilm of bacteria or thermal destruction via infrared laser irradiation, are gaining increasing attention. Different from traditional antibacterial agents of gallium compounds, the pronounced property of gallium-based liquid metal materials would bring innovation to the antibacterial field. Here, LM-based antimicrobial mechanisms, including iron metabolism disorder, production of reactive oxygen species, thermal injury, and mechanical destruction, are highlighted. Antimicrobial applications of LM-based materials are summarized and divided into five categories, including liquid metal motors, antibacterial fabrics, magnetic field-responsive microparticles, liquid metal films, and liquid metal polymer composites. In addition, future opportunities and challenges towards the development and application of LM-based antimicrobial materials are presented.

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29

Mikheev, Evgeny, Adam J. Hauser, Burak Himmetoglu, Nelson E. Moreno, Anderson Janotti, Chris G. Van de Walle, and Susanne Stemmer. "Tuning bad metal and non-Fermi liquid behavior in a Mott material: Rare-earth nickelate thin films." Science Advances 1, no. 10 (November 2015): e1500797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500797.

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Resistances that exceed the Mott-Ioffe-Regel limit (known as bad metal behavior) and non-Fermi liquid behavior are ubiquitous features of the normal state of many strongly correlated materials. We establish the conditions that lead to bad metal and non-Fermi liquid phases in NdNiO3, which exhibits a prototype bandwidth-controlled metal-insulator transition. We show that resistance saturation is determined by the magnitude of Ni egorbital splitting, which can be tuned by strain in epitaxial films, causing the appearance of bad metal behavior under certain conditions. The results shed light on the nature of a crossover to a non-Fermi liquid metal phase and provide a predictive criterion for Anderson localization. They elucidate a seemingly complex phase behavior as a function of film strain and confinement and provide guidelines for orbital engineering and novel devices.

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30

Ye, Zi, Qian Li, Renchang Zhang, Pan Zhang, and Lin Gui. "Fabrication of a thin PDMS film with complex liquid metal electrodes embedded and its application as skin sensors." RSC Advances 12, no. 14 (2022): 8290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra09394k.

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31

Sun, Yi, Liping Yan, Benyong Chen, Wei Song, and Filippo Berto. "Localized wrinkling of metal films on elastic and liquid substrates." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 13, no. 48 (March 8, 2019): 648–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.48.62.

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32

Kraack, H., M. Deutsch, B. M. Ocko, and P. S. Pershan. "The structure of organic langmuir films on liquid metal surfaces." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 200 (January 2003): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(02)01724-x.

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33

Zhang, Xingfan, Tao Li, Yifan Li, Yunrui Duan, and Hui Li. "How Do Different Liquid Metal Films Coalesce on Carbon Substrates?" Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122, no. 14 (March 21, 2018): 7702–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b12756.

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34

Omelianovych, A. Yu, D. I. Dominskiy, E. V. Feldman, A. A. Bessonov, K. J. Stevenson, and D. Yu Paraschuk. "Liquid-processed transition metal dichalcogenide films for field-effect transistors." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 28, no. 23 (August 24, 2017): 18106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-7755-z.

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35

Zubkins, Martins, Viktors Vibornijs, Edvards Strods, Edgars Butanovs, Liga Bikse, Mikael Ottosson, Anders Hallén, Jevgenijs Gabrusenoks, Juris Purans, and Andris Azens. "Deposition of Ga2O3 thin films by liquid metal target sputtering." Vacuum 209 (March 2023): 111789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2022.111789.

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36

Khan, Mohammad Rashed, John Bell, and Michael D. Dickey. "Localized Instabilities of Liquid Metal Films via In-Plane Recapillarity." Advanced Materials Interfaces 3, no. 23 (November 4, 2016): 1600546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admi.201600546.

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37

Ye, Ziran, Haixia Huang, Fengyun Xu, Ping Lu, Yiben Chen, Jiawei Shen, Gaoxiang Ye, Fan Gao, and Bo Yan. "Thermal Annealing Effect on Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering of Gold Films Deposited on Liquid Substrates." Molecules 28, no. 3 (February 3, 2023): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031472.

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We prepare metal films with various thicknesses on liquid substrates by thermal evaporation and investigate the annealing effect on these films. Gold films deposited on a silicone oil surface consist of a large number of branched aggregates, which contains plenty of gold nanoparticles. This characteristic morphology is mainly attributed to the isotropic and free-sustained liquid substrate. Thermal annealing results in the reintegration of nanoparticles; thus, the surface morphology and microstructure of gold films change significantly. The dependence of annealing conditions on the surface-enhanced Raman scattering performance of gold films is studied, in which gold films show favorable Raman activity when annealed at certain annealing temperature and the experimental results are verified by simulation analysis. The study on the optimal annealing temperature of surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate will pave the way for the potential application of films deposited on liquid surfaces in microfluidics and enhanced Raman detection.

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38

Zhang, Pengju, Qian Wang, Rui Guo, Mingkuan Zhang, Shunqi Wang, Chennan Lu, Mianqi Xue, Junbing Fan, Zhizhu He, and Wei Rao. "Self-assembled ultrathin film of CNC/PVA–liquid metal composite as a multifunctional Janus material." Materials Horizons 6, no. 8 (2019): 1643–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9mh00280d.

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39

Han, Ming, Yuwei Liu, Dong-Jin Qian, Yong-Ill Lee, and Hong-Guo Liu. "Large-Area Assembly of Metal–Organic Layered Ultrathin Films at the Liquid/Liquid Interface." Langmuir 37, no. 15 (April 6, 2021): 4515–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03670.

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40

Han, Ming, Yuwei Liu, and Hong-Guo Liu. "Large area layered ultrathin films of metal-diacid via liquid/liquid interfacial self-assembly." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 626 (October 2021): 127028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127028.

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41

Li, Qian, Bang-Deng Du, Jian-Ye Gao, and Jing Liu. "Liquid metal gallium-based printing of Cu-doped p-type Ga₂O₃ semiconductor and Ga₂O₃ homojunction diodes." Applied Physics Reviews 10, no. 1 (March 2023): 011402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0097346.

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As a promising third-generation semiconductor, gallium oxide (Ga2O3) is currently facing bottleneck for its p-type doping. The doping process of conventional semiconductors usually introduces trace impurities, which is a major technical problem in the electronics industry. In this article, we conceived that the process complexity could be significantly alleviated, and a high degree of control over the results could be attained using the selective enrichment of liquid metal interfaces and harvesting the doped metal oxide semiconductor layers. An appropriate mechanism is thus proposed to prepare the doped semiconducting based on multicomponent liquid metal alloys. Liquid metal alloys with the certain Cu weight ratios in bulk are utilized to harvest Cu-doped Ga2O3 films, which result in p-type conductivity. Then, field-effect transistors were integrated using the printed p and n-type Ga2O3 films and demonstrated to own excellent electrical properties and stability. Au electrodes fabricated on the printed Ga2O3 and Cu-doped Ga2O3 layers showed good Ohmic behavior. Furthermore, high-power diodes are realized using printed p and n-type Ga2O3 homojunction through combining van der Waals stacking with transfer printing. The fabricated Ga2O3 homojunction diode exhibited good efficiency at room temperature, involving a rectification ratio of 103 and forward current density at 10 V (J@10 V) of 1.3 mA. This opens the opportunity for the cost-effective creation of semiconductor films with controlled metal dopants. The process disclosed here suggests important strategies for further synthesis and manufacturing routes in electronics industries.

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42

Tan, Lifang, Mengqi Zeng, Tao Zhang, and Lei Fu. "Design of catalytic substrates for uniform graphene films: from solid-metal to liquid-metal." Nanoscale 7, no. 20 (2015): 9105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nr01420d.

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43

Mohammed, Mohammed, Rishi Sundaresan, and Michael D. Dickey. "Correction to “Self-Running Liquid Metal Drops that Delaminate Metal Films at Record Velocities”." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 24 (June 13, 2016): 15855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b05828.

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Wang, Qian, Xingjuan Zhao, Xiao-Kai Zhang, Yong-Ill Lee, and Hong-Guo Liu. "Fabrication of porous thin films of block copolymer at the liquid/liquid interface and construction of composite films doped with noble metal nanoparticles." RSC Advances 5, no. 85 (2015): 69339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra12001b.

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Wu, Guo, Keyna O'Reilly, and Marina Galano. "Characterization of Casting Defects in Aluminium Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 984–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.984.

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In this paper, typical defects in aluminium alloys cast by conventional pouring of liquid metal into a cylindrical alumina crucible and an induction melting process are characterized by using macroetching, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Oxide film defects are generated in both processing methods. Oxide films formed during casting are a major type of defect observed in the microstructures of aluminium alloys products. It has been found that pouring of molten metal into a mould and induction stirring lead to different forms of oxide defects. Under induction stirring, such low-density entrained defects are found to be carried to near the surface of the liquid aluminium alloys and submerged surface oxide films become entangled.

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Fujioka, Daiki, Shingo Ikeda, Kensuke Akamatsu, Hidemi Nawafune, and Kazuo Kojima. "Preparation of Ni nanoparticles by liquid-phase reduction to fabricate metal nanoparticle–polyimide composite films." RSC Advances 9, no. 12 (2019): 6438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra00182d.

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Nickel-nanoparticle-containing polyimide composite films were prepared by liquid-phase reduction of Ni²⁺ ions with potassium borohydride (KBH₄). This preparation method could be repeated to increase the number of the nanoparticles in the films.

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Ryu, Gaabhin, Kwangseok Park, and Hyoungsoo Kim. "Interfacial properties of liquid metal immersed in various liquids." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 621 (September 2022): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.037.

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Wang, Yifang, Mahroo Baharfar, Jiong Yang, Mohannad Mayyas, Mohammad B. Ghasemian, and Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh. "Liquid state of post-transition metals for interfacial synthesis of two-dimensional materials." Applied Physics Reviews 9, no. 2 (June 2022): 021306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0089232.

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The nascent field of liquid metals, metals, and alloys of low melting points has provided opportunities for synthesizing low-dimensional materials. Located between transition- and non-metals in the periodic table, post-transition elements exhibit unique properties in particular low melting points. Taking on a liquid form at low temperature, post-transition liquid metals can be used as solvents for metallic solutes. The enigmatic surface of liquid metals is also ultra-active and smooth, offering opportunities for fabricating and templating two-dimensional (2D) films. So far, various 2D materials have been harvested from the surface of liquid metals including 2D metal compounds and nonmetallic materials. Utilizing different extraction and transfer techniques, the produced 2D films can be uniformly deposited on desired substrates at large lateral dimensions. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals underlying post-transition-elements-based liquid metals and alloys and explain the effect of atomic level electron configurations on their characteristics. We discuss the key physical properties of liquid metals including the origin of their low melting points and their high thermal and electrical conductivities. We illustrate their boundary-induced layering and oxidation as essential traits for creating 2D films. Afterward, the interfacial synthesis of 2D materials is depicted with the discussion of surface oxidation, reduction and exfoliation. We present different types of devices using liquid metal-induced 2D synthesis processes, including field-effect transistors, optoelectronic devices, systems that use 2D dielectric and conductive layers, and piezoelectric devices. Eventually, we discuss future prospects and outline how liquid metals can contribute to exciting future applications.

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Sinkevich, O. A., V. V. Glazkov, Yu P. Ivochkin, and A. N. Kireeva. "Vapor Films under Influence of High Heat Fluxes: Nongravity Surface Waves and Film Explosive Disintegration." International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation 14, no. 1 (February 21, 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijnsns-2012-0021.

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Abstract Linear and non-linear stability analysis of the interface between a thin vapor film and a layer of liquid in the presence of a steady heat flux from a metal surface heated to a high temperature, to the vapor film and then from vapor to the subcooled liquid is investigated. The temperature dependence of saturation pressure is taken into account. Boundary conditions on the vapor–liquid interface that generalizes the known correlations on the free surface of liquid in the gravity field are derived. The thermal processes on the phase boundary lead to the generation of weakly decaying periodic surface waves of low amplitude and may cause small length waves (ripple), which are not capillary ones. Thermal processes on the phase interface are capable to provide the stability of a film of lights vapor under a layer of heavy liquid in the gravity field. The explosive instability may arise in the non-linear stage due to a weak variation of the film thickness or superheating of liquids.

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Sun, Shao Dong, Shi Jian He, Meng Qun Zhang, and Xiang Ma. "Study of Blowholes Formation and its Prevention in Nodular Iron Castings." Key Engineering Materials 584 (September 2013): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.584.67.

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The content of magnesium in various parts of a nodular iron casting is measured by using spectrum analyzer. The results show that the skin of castings has an enrichment of magnesium, and the inner has a gradient distribution of magnesium, not an average distribution. Discussions on the results indicate that bubbles in the liquid metal would not move upward under the action of buoyancy, but migrate toward all directions and the bubble stranded below the surface of the liquid metal form blowholes, because these bubbles can not migrate with the obstruction of oxide films and dendrites. The results of production practices show that increasing carbon equivalent in the liquid metal is helpful to avoid blowhole defects.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid Metal Films'

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