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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid Metal Alloys'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Ansell, Troy Y. "Current Status of Liquid Metal Printing." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 5, no. 2 (April 6, 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp5020031.

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This review focuses on the current state of the art in liquid metal additive manufacturing (AM), an emerging and growing family of related printing technologies used to fabricate near-net shape or fully free-standing metal objects. The various printing modes and droplet generation techniques as applied to liquid metals are discussed. Two different printing modes, continuous and drop-on-demand (DOD), exist for liquid metal printing and are based on commercial inkjet printing technology. Several techniques are in various stages of development from laboratory testing, prototyping, to full commercialization. Printing techniques include metal droplet generation by piezoelectric actuation or impact-driven, electrostatic, pneumatic, electrohydrodynamic (EHD), magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) ejection, or droplet generation by application of a high-power laser. The impetus for development of liquid metal printing was the precise, and often small scale, jetting of solder alloys for microelectronics applications. The fabrication of higher-melting-point metals and alloys and the printing of free-standing metal objects has provided further motivation for the research and development of liquid metal printing.

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2

Enderby, J. E., and A. C. Barnes. "Liquid Alloys and the Metal Non-Metal Transition*." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 156, Part_2 (January 1988): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.1988.156.part_2.529.

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3

Enderby, J. E. "The metal-non-metal transition in liquid alloys." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 205-207 (October 1996): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3093(96)00211-6.

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4

Johnson, William L. "Bulk Glass-Forming Metallic Alloys: Science and Technology." MRS Bulletin 24, no. 10 (October 1999): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400053252.

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The following article is based on the MRS Medal talk presented by William L. Johnson at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting on December 2, 1998. The MRS Medal is awarded for a specific outstanding recent discovery or advancement that has a major impact on the progress of a materials-related field. Johnson received the honor for his development of bulk metallic glass-forming alloys, the fundamental understanding of the thermodynamics and kinetics that control glass formation and crystallization of glass-forming liquids, and the application of these materials in engineering.The development of bulk glass-forming metallic alloys has led to interesting advances in the science of liquid metals. This article begins with brief remarks about the history and background of the field, then follows with a discussion of multicomponent glass-forming alloys and deep eutectics, the chemical constitution of these new alloys, and how they differ from metallic glasses of a decade ago or earlier. Recent studies of deeply undercooled liquid alloys and the insights made possible by their exceptional stability with respect to crystallization will then be discussed. Advances in this area will be illustrated by several examples. The article then describes some of the physical and specific mechanical properties of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), and concludes with some interesting potential applications.The first liquid-metal alloy vitrified by cooling from the molten state to the glass transition was Au-Si, as reported by Duwez at Caltech in 1960. Duwez made this discovery as a result of developing rapid quenching techniques for chilling metallic liquids at very high rates of 105–106 K/s.

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5

Panfilovich, K. B., I. L. Golubeva, and V. V. Sagadeev. "Thermal Radiation of Liquid Metal Alloys." Heat Transfer Research 36, no. 6 (2005): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/heattransres.v36.i6.40.

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6

Kolokol, A. S., A. L. Shimkevich, and I. Yu Shimkevich. "On composition converting liquid metal alloys." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 98, no. 4 (February 1, 2008): 042021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/98/4/042021.

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7

Krasin, V., and S. Soyustova. "COMPUTATIONAL AND THEORETICAL EVALUATION OF THE PARAMETERS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE COMPATIBILITY OF METALLIC MATERIALS WITH THE LIQUID SN-20% LI ALLOY." PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. SERIES: NUCLEAR AND REACTOR CONSTANTS 2021, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.55176/2414-1038-2021-1-86-96.

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The main features of the thermodynamic evaluation of the parameters responsible for compatibility of metal materials with liquid Sn-20%Li alloy are considered in the article. Interest in the study of the physicochemical properties of liquid lithium-tin alloys is associated with the prospects for their use in plasma facing components of tokamaks. The main advantages of capillary-porous systems with a liquid metal in comparison with solid materials are their resistance to degradation of properties under tokamak conditions and the ability to self-repair the surface. Due to the fact that liquid tin is a very corrosive metal with respect to many structural materials, the advancement of liquid Li-Sn alloys is largely constrained by the lack of systematic studies of the corrosion resistance of structural materials in contact with these liquid alloys. To calculate the temperature dependences of the solubility of metals in the liquid Sn-20% Li alloy, the method of thermodynamic modeling was used, which included the following steps: (1) selection of models for the Gibbs energy functions; (2) selection and evaluation of input data; (3) optimization of model parameters; (4) calculations and comparisons. Using information on the excess Gibbs energies of mixing for the liquid phase in the form of the Redlich-Kister polynomial decomposition for the corresponding binary systems, the temperature dependences of the solubility of nickel, iron, chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten in the liquid alloy Sn-20% Li were calculated by thermodynamic modeling.

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8

Abramov, Aleksandr V., Ruslan R. Alimgulov, Anastasia I. Trubcheninova, Arkadiy Yu Zhilyakov, Sergey V. Belikov, Vladimir A. Volkovich, and Ilya B. Polovov. "Corrosion of Metals and Nickel-Based Alloys in Liquid Bismuth–Lithium Alloy." Metals 11, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050791.

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Bismuth–lithium alloys are considered as primary candidates for the reductive extraction step of on-line reprocessing of a molten salt reactor fuel. The corrosion behavior of pure metals and nickel-based alloys was studied in a liquid Bi–Li (5 mol.%) alloy at 650 °C. The tantalum, molybdenum, and corrosion-resistant alloys VDM® Alloy C-4, Hastelloy® G-35®, KhN62M, VDM® Alloy 59 were studied as prospective materials for this liquid metal media. The corrosion rates were determined by gravimetric method as well as chemical analysis of corrosion products in Bi–Li alloy. Microstructure and chemical composition of samples of the materials and Bi–Li alloys containing the corrosion products after the tests were evaluated using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Metallic tantalum and molybdenum do not chemically interact with liquid Bi–Li alloy; the corrosion rate of these metals is determined only by the solubility in this medium. The corrosion rates of Ta and Mo at 650 °C were 0.09 and 0.07 mm/year, respectively. Nickel alloys are subjected to severe corrosion in liquid Bi–Li alloys due to dissolution of nickel in liquid bismuth. Alloys of this type cannot be used in such an environment.

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9

Ge, Yuru, and Rudolf Holze. "All-Liquid Metal Battery." Encyclopedia 2, no. 4 (November 21, 2022): 1859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2040128.

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A secondary battery (accumulator) employing molten metals or molten metal alloys as active masses at both electrodes and a molten salt as electrolyte in between is called an all-liquid-metal accumulator battery (LMB). Separation of the electrodes and the liquid electrolyte based on segregation caused by different densities and immiscibility of the materials is a characteristic feature. High coulometric storage capabilities of the molten-metal electrodes combined with the relatively low cell voltage and the high stability of the system and the operational principle yield a secondary battery suitable for grid applications and, in particular, for power-quality management and large-scale stationary storage.

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10

Tumidajski, Peter J. "Thermodynamic investigation of the ternary K–Pb–Sn and Rb–Pb–Sn alloys." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v91-068.

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Activity coefficients for alkali metals in the K–Pb–Sn and Rb–Pb–Sn alloys were measured at 606 °C (879 K) for compositions generally less than about 10 at.% alkali metal. An alkali metal concentration cell with a potassium or rubidium substituted β-Al2O3 solid electrolyte was used to perform the experiments. A coulometric titration technique was used to electrochemically generate the alkali metal in the Pb–Sn alloys. The results indicated that, for both potassium and rubidium alloys, as solvent composition is varied from pure tin to pure lead the liquid becomes more associated, suggesting the formation of complex species. Key words: thermodynamics, alkali metals, liquid alloys.

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11

Marukovich, E. I., and V. Yu Stetsenko. "Scientific problem of metal melts. Solutions." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 2 (August 9, 2019): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2019-2-9-12.

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In the existing theories of liquid state of metals and alloys the basic structural element is atom. It creates a serious problem in scientific understanding of the mechanism of process of melt and properties of metal melts. For the solution of this problem it is necessary to consider that the basic structural element of liquid metals and alloys is the nanocrystal. As a result of researches it was set that metal melts are the equilibrium two-phase systems consisting on average of 97% from nanocrystals and of 3% from atoms, which form an unstructured zone.

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12

Kim, Yeon-Wook. "Amorphous solidification in submicron droplets of pure metals." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 450–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100104315.

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Many techniques have been developed for synthesis of amorphous materials. The most successful method used to form metallic glasses from melts has been to alloy pure metals with other elements in order to decrease the thermodynamic and kinetic driving force for crystallization. There are two common groups of alloying systems that form glass effectively; metal-metalloid alloys and intertransition metal alloys. These alloys would be readily solidified as an amorphous phase by splat quenching, metal spinning, or laser surface melting. In the 1970's, pure metals such as Cr, Fe, and Mn were made amorphous in thin film form by evaporation of metal vapors onto a very cold substrate (4 K). Recently, Kim, Lin, and Kelly discovered amorphous phases in rapidly solidified droplets of pure iron and alloys of iron and nickel. The submicron droplets of liquid metal were produced and cooled in free fright through a vacuum chamber.

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13

Khoshmanesh, Khashayar, Shi-Yang Tang, Jiu Yang Zhu, Samira Schaefer, Arnan Mitchell, Kourosh Kalantar-zadeh, and Michael D. Dickey. "Liquid metal enabled microfluidics." Lab on a Chip 17, no. 6 (2017): 974–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7lc00046d.

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14

Vaneetveld, G., Ahmed Rassili, Jacqueline Lecomte-Beckers, and H. V. Atkinson. "Thixoforging of 7075 Aluminium Alloys at High Solid Fraction." Solid State Phenomena 116-117 (October 2006): 762–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.116-117.762.

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Thixoforging is a type of semi-solid metal processing at high solid fraction (0.5<fs<1), which involves the processing of alloys in the semi-solid state. 7075 alloy has been used as a feedstock for thixoforming in order to investigate thixoformability of a high performance aluminium alloy at high solid fraction. The microstructure in semi-solid state consists of fine spheroidal solid grains surrounded by liquid. Thixo behaviour allows laminar flow that avoids macro-porosity and other casting defects and gives better mechanical properties; so we can reduce the weight of functional parts. Higher solid fraction of 7075 alloy is less sensitive to temperature, avoids metal splash at high speed, allows laminar flow at high speed and gives a good smooth surface without stick-slip phenomenon. The process is quicker with less energy and so the production rate increases and the tool has longer life. However, high solid fraction promotes freezing flow because of faster solidification and the lack of liquid phase. This freezing flow creates solid/liquid segregation and increases the forming force.

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15

Znamenskii, L. G., A. N. Franchuk, and A. A. Yuzhakova. "Nanostructured Materials in Preparation Casting Alloys." Materials Science Forum 946 (February 2019): 668–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.668.

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The article deals with technologies of refining and inoculating casting alloys with the use of nanostructured diamond powder, as well as stimulation technique on molten metal including processing of the liquid alloy with nanosecond electromagnetic pulses. The developed method of cast iron inoculation allows to eliminate the flare and to increase the physical and mechanical properties of the castings through the grain refining and the decrease of chilling tendency during crystallization of the liquid alloy. Inoculating of aluminium alloys by high-melting particles of a nanostructured diamond powder leads to the grinding of structural constituents, including conditions for dispersing hardening intermetallics during postbaking of such castings. As a result, foundry and physicomechanical properties of castings are significantly improved.

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16

Bellot, Jean-Pierre, Pascal Gardin, and Frédéric Gruy. "Inclusion cleanliness in metallic alloys." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 5 (2019): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2019026.

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The inclusion cleanliness remains an issue of great concern in liquid metal processing which has been addressed in a full session of the last Matériaux Conference held in November 2018 in Strasbourg, France. A special issue of the Metallurgical Research & Technology journal gathers most of the papers of this session which are divided into two sub-sections: on the one hand the analysis and characterization techniques of the inclusions are addressed and on the other hand the modelling methods to simulate the behavior of single particle or a population of inclusions are discussed.

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17

Dubinin,, N. E., A. A. Yuryev,, and N. A. Vatolin,. "Thermodynamic Properties of Ternary Liquid Metal Alloys." High Temperature Materials and Processes 14, no. 4 (October 1995): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp.1995.14.4.285.

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18

Terzieff, Peter. "Anomalies in Noble-Metal-Based Liquid Alloys." Physics and Chemistry of Liquids 41, no. 4 (August 2003): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0031910031000120612.

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19

Ram, S., and G. P. Johari. "Glass—liquid transition in hyperquenched metal alloys." Philosophical Magazine B 61, no. 3 (March 1990): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642819008208636.

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20

Eslamian, Morteza, Fatemeh Sabzi, and M. Ziad Saghir. "Modeling of thermodiffusion in liquid metal alloys." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 12, no. 41 (2010): 13835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0cp00781a.

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21

Omini, M. "Solute diffusion in dilute liquid-metal alloys." Philosophical Magazine A 57, no. 5 (May 1988): 799–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01418618808209922.

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22

Jain, K. C., N. Gupta, and N. S. Saxena. "Transport Properties in Liquid Metal Binary Alloys." physica status solidi (b) 178, no. 1 (July 1, 1993): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221780109.

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23

Mingear, Jacob, and Darren Hartl. "Liquid metal-induced corrosion of nickel-titanium alloys by gallium alloys for liquid metal-enabled shape memory applications." Corrosion Science 167 (May 2020): 108524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108524.

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24

Govender, Gonasagren, Heinrich Möller, and Ulyate Andries Curle. "Alloy Design for Semi Solid Metal Forming." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.136.

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Semi-solid metal forming is more than 40 years old but its full potential to near net shape form high strength aluminium alloys has been realised only to a limited degree. Alloys developed for traditional manufacturing processes were initially used but it became apparent that alloys specific to SSM forming needed to be developed. The main alloy development criteria revolved around SSM processing temperature, solid fraction (fs) versus temperature sensitivity and age hardening potential. This methodology while sound does not fully address the unique processing behaviour of SSM forming. By its very nature SSM requires the controlled solidification of a part of the melt before forming. From basic solidification fundamentals this results in the enrichment of the remaining liquid with alloying elements. During the forming process segregation of liquid phase essentially produces a component with very different compositions in the regions where the liquid solidifies last. From recent work completed on a wide range of standard alloy systems it has become apparent that this segregation effect has a significant impact on aging behaviour and strength. Low melting point structures formed in the these regions result in localised melting in the grain boundary region and along areas of gross liquid segregation during solution heat treatment, contributing to the poor mechanical properties. Although this behaviour can be addressed using modified heat treatment, this cannot be applied to all current alloy systems. Alloy design for SSM forming must take these phenomena into account in order to develop and or specify aluminium alloys with acceptable mechanical properties.

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25

Mizuno, Nobuyuki, Shoki Kosai, and Eiji Yamasue. "Applicability of Wiedemann-Franz Law to Thermal Conductivity of Molten Field’s Metal." Materials Science Forum 985 (April 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.985.1.

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The thermal conductivity of metals and alloys is an important physical property. The thermal conductivity of metals and alloys in the liquid state is usually hard to be measured, because it is difficult to exclude the effect of convection. As such, as a convenient approach, the Wiedemann-Franz law has been used for the estimation of thermal conductivity of metals and alloys in the liquid state. However, some reports show the deviation from Wiedemann-Franz law of pure Sn and Sn-based metals in the liquid state. Measuring the thermal conductivity of various Sn-based alloys in the liquid state is of significant importance to identify its heat transfer in terms of whether the deviation from Wiedemann-Franz law is observed. In this study, Field’s metal is focused on as one of the Sn-based alloys. Then, its thermal conductivity in the solid and liquid states with various temperature ranges by employing the transient hot wire method. This method is appropriate due to its nature of dealing with the convection-including problems. Finally, the adaptability of Wiedemann-Franz law is analyzed by using the obtained thermal conductivity and electric conductivity data. In this study, the deviation from Wiedemann-Franz law was observed in the liquid state.

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26

Tuissi, Ausonio, Paola Bassani, and Carlo Alberto Biffi. "CuZnAl Shape Memory Alloys Foams." Advances in Science and Technology 78 (September 2012): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.78.31.

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Foams and other highly porous metallic materials with cellular structures are known to have many interesting combinations of physical and mechanical properties. That makes these systems very attractive for both structural and functional applications. Cellular metals can be produced by several methods including liquid infiltration of leachable space holders. In this contribution, results on metal foams of Cu based shape memory alloys (SMAs) processed by molten metal infiltration of SiO2 particles are presented. By using this route, highly homogeneous CuZnAl SMA foams with a spherical open-cell morphologies have been manufactured and tested. Morphological, thermo-mechanical and cycling results are reported.

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27

Park, Soo Han, Kwang-Ho Song, Yong Su Um, and Bo Young Hur. "Rheological Characteristics of Mg-Al Alloys with Ceramic Particles for Meta Foam." Materials Science Forum 510-511 (March 2006): 742–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.742.

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Foamed metal is a kind of porous material with pores in the metal matrix. One of the possible process routes is to blow gas bubbles into liquid metals. However, many metallic foams produced by this foaming method have coarse and irregular cell structures. The industrial aim is to fabricate foams with more uniform structure and cell size. It is important to understand the mechanisms and factors controlling. The rheological characteristics are the most important factors in the metal foam manufacturing. Thus this study investigated the bubble behavior of the molten metal and its two most important two parameters: surface tension and liquid viscosity. The surface tension (by the ring method) and the viscosity (by the rotation method) of Mg-Al alloy (AZ91, AM60) have been measured under pure Ar and SF6 + CO2 atmosphere. The results show that the surface tension and the viscosity of these alloys decrease with increasing temperature. The addition of Ca and SiC to Mg alloys decreases the surface tension and increases the viscosity. This anomalous behavior is related with the preferential adsorption of high activity elements on the surface.

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28

Shrivastava, Subhash Chandra, Ramakant, Shekhar Srivastava, and J. D. Pandey. "Evaluation and Comparative Study of Acoustic Non-Linearity Parameter of Liquid Metals and Alloys using Sound Speed and Density Data." Asian Journal of Chemistry 33, no. 3 (2021): 509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2021.22855.

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The non-linearity acoustic parameter (B/A) has been computed for six pure liquid metal alloys (Na, K, Rb, Cs, Pb and Sn), four liquid metal alloys (K-Rb, Na-Cs, Pb-Sn and Na-K) and other several liquid metals at different temperatures. This parameter has been calculated by using three different approaches viz. Hartmann method, Ballou rule and Johnson et al. method. The input data required density, sound speed and thermal expansivity were taken from literature. A comparative study has been carried out and quite satisfactory results are obtained.

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29

March, N. H. "Structure and forces in liquid metals and alloys." Canadian Journal of Physics 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 219–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p87-034.

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The so-called force equation relating the pair function g(r), the three-body correlation function, and the assumed pair potential [Formula: see text] is first discussed from the standpoint of extracting force fields from diffraction measurements of the structure factor of liquid metals. Recent progress has been possible in this area by making use of the modified hypernetted-chain approximation, including the bridge function.A discussion is then given that relates the bridge function to vacancy-formation energy in hot close-packed metals, and also to the structure factor of the liquid. The possible role of cooperative effects in liquid metals on the inversion procedure is considered, as is the relation between three-body direct and total correlation functions.Pressing further the relation between liquid structure just above the melting point and the hot solid, advances in the theory of freezing are considered. The so-called Verlet rule on the height of the principal peak of the structure factor at melting is considered in relation to Lindemann's Law.After a brief discussion of the relation between structure and forces in liquid-metal alloys, the theory of inhomogeneous systems used to discuss freezing is applied to liquid surfaces, and in particular to surface segregation. The final topic treated is that of the critical constants of the fluid alkali metals, where it is argued that Coulomb forces are of decisive importance.

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30

Koirala, RP, D. Adhikari, and BP Singh. "Surface tension of two weakly interacting liquid alloys." BIBECHANA 9 (December 10, 2012): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v9i0.7183.

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We report surface tension of two weakly segregating alloys Al-Ga and Cd-In in molten state at temperatures of 1023 K and 800 K respectively using different approaches. Our analysis based on different assumptions reveal that the metal with lower surface tension tends to segregate on the surface of molten alloy and the metal with higher surface tension tends to segregate in the bulk. Different approaches predict consistency in the values of the surface tension of Al-Ga liquid alloy that increases with increase in bulk concentration of aluminium in the alloy with all values smaller than the ideal values. In Cd-In alloy the models reveal no such regularity in the surface tension; it varies slightly from the ideality. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v9i0.7183 BIBECHANA 9 (2013) 103-112

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31

Lozano, L. J., F. J. Alguacil, M. Alonso, and C. Godínez. "Review of algorithms for modeling metal distribution equilibria in liquid-liquid extraction processes." Revista de Metalurgia 41, no. 5 (October 30, 2005): 374–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.2005.v41.i5.227.

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32

Li, Ming, Hisham Mohamed Cassim Mohamed Anver, Yuxin Zhang, Shi-Yang Tang, and Weihua Li. "Automatic Morphology Control of Liquid Metal using a Combined Electrochemical and Feedback Control Approach." Micromachines 10, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10030209.

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Gallium-based liquid metal alloys have been attracting attention from both industry and academia as soft, deformable, reconfigurable and multifunctional materials in microfluidic, electronic and electromagnetic devices. Although various technologies have been explored to control the morphology of liquid metals, there is still a lack of methods that can achieve precise morphological control over a free-standing liquid metal droplet without the use of mechanical confinement. Electrochemical manipulation can be relatively easy to apply to liquid metals, but there is a need for techniques that can enable automatic and precise control. Here, we investigate the use of an electrochemical technique combined with a feedback control system to automatically and precisely control the morphology of a free-standing liquid metal droplet in a sodium hydroxide solution. We establish a proof-of-concept platform controlled by a microcontroller to demonstrate the reconfiguration of a liquid metal droplet to desired patterns. We expect that this method will be further developed to realize future reconfigurable liquid metal-enabled soft robots.

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33

Okada, Tatsuya, and Satoru Ohno. "Electronic Properties of Liquid Transition Metal-Te Alloys*." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 157, Part_2 (January 1988): 675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.1988.157.part_2.675.

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34

Lazarus, Nathan, Sarah S. Bedair, and Iain M. Kierzewski. "Ultrafine Pitch Stencil Printing of Liquid Metal Alloys." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 2 (January 9, 2017): 1178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b13088.

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35

Miani, Fabio, and Paolo Matteazzi. "Estimation of viscosity in undercooled liquid metal alloys." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 143 (January 1992): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3093(05)80561-7.

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36

Ohno, S., K. Ishida, and T. Okada. "Electronic properties of liquid noble metal–Si alloys." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 353, no. 32-40 (October 2007): 3220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2007.05.070.

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37

Reynolds, A. P., and G. E. Stoner. "Cleavage crystallography of liquid metal embrittled aluminum alloys." Metallurgical Transactions A 22, no. 8 (August 1991): 1849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02646509.

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38

Shirakawa, Yoshiyuki, Yasutomo Arai, Takamichi Iida, and Shigeru Tamaki. "Thermodynamic stability of liquid Ag–polyvalent metal alloys." Thermochimica Acta 314, no. 1-2 (April 1998): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6031(98)00251-2.

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39

Quitmann, D. "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of liquid metal alloys." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 2, S (December 1, 1990): SA245—SA249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/2/s/036.

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40

Okada, Tatsuya, and Satoru Ohno. "Electrical Conductivities of Liquid Transition Metal-Te Alloys." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 56, no. 3 (March 15, 1987): 1092–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.56.1092.

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41

Okada, Tatsuya, Satoru Ohno, and Masamori Iida. "Magnetic susceptibilities of liquid transition metal-tellurium alloys." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 117-118 (February 1990): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(90)90954-k.

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42

HOYER, W., and I. KABAN. "Experimental and calculated liquid-liquid interfacial tension in demixing metal alloys." Rare Metals 25, no. 5 (October 2006): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0521(06)60084-3.

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43

Yang, Yuhou, Bo Song, Zhanbing Yang, Jin Cheng, Gaoyang Song, and Longfei Li. "Macrosegregation behavior of solute Cu in the solidifying Al-Cu alloys in super-gravity field." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 5 (2018): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018025.

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In this research, super gravity field was introduced to investigate the macrosegregation behavior of solute Cu in Al-Cu alloys in super gravity field systematically. And the macrosegregation mechanism was also explored by well-designed experiments. When Al-Cu alloys were solidified in super gravity field, the macrosegregation of solute Cu was generated and the solute Cu increases along the direction of super gravity field. The macrosegregation becomes severer with the increasing gravity coefficient and the solute content. When the Al-4.5wt%Cu alloy was solidified in super gravity field of G = 800, the copper content at the bottom position increases up to 8.48 wt% and that at the up position decreases to only 2.58 wt%, resulting in the positive segregation at the bottom and the negative segregation at the top of the sample. The segregation mechanisms are that solute-rich regions, which have a larger density than the main liquid, sediment toward the bottom of the sample under the effect of super gravity, and at the final solidification stage, super gravity can drive the residual solute-rich liquid to flow toward the bottom of the sample along the dendrite space (channel), which formed the super gravity channel segregation.

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44

Chu, C. N., N. Saka, S. T. Oktay, and N. P. Suh. "Dispersion-Strengthened Alloys by the Mixalloying Process." Journal of Engineering for Industry 113, no. 4 (November 1, 1991): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899727.

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Ceramic particle-dispersed metal-matrix alloys were produced by the Mixalloying Process. In this process, two liquid metal jets were impinged into a mixing head and intimately mixed by turbulence. Liquid copper solution with dilute boron and liquid copper solution with dilute zirconium were impinged and submicron size zirconium diboride particles were produced in liquid copper. The copper-zirconium diboride mixture was solidified in a water cooled mold. Addition of excessive zirconium enhanced boride particle dispersion. Because of particle strengthening, the room temperature microhardness was twice that of annealed copper, and the hardness was retained up to 1173 K in one hour annealing treatments. Experimental result on copper-aluminum oxide alloy is also reported.

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45

Bischoff, Lothar, Nico Klingner, Paul Mazarov, Kilian Lenz, Ryszard Narkowicz, Wolfgang Pilz, and Fabian Meyer. "Dysprosium liquid metal alloy ion source for magnetic nanostructures." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 40, no. 5 (September 2022): 052802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0001837.

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Focused ion beam (FIB) processing has been established as a well-suited and promising technique in R&D in nearly all fields of nanotechnology for patterning and prototyping on the micrometer scale and below. Liquid metal alloy ion sources (LMAISs) represent an alternative to expand FIB application fields beyond all other source concepts. In particular, ions from the rare earth (RE) element Dy are very interesting for local modification of magnetic properties like RE-induced damping in metallic alloys. In this article, various alloys for source preparation were investigated. A promising solution was found in a Cu30Dy70 based LMAIS, which will be introduced in more detail.

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46

Neumann, Taylor, Berra Kara, Yasaman Sargolzaeiaval, Sooik Im, Jinwoo Ma, Jiayi Yang, Mehmet Ozturk, and Michael Dickey. "Aerosol Spray Deposition of Liquid Metal and Elastomer Coatings for Rapid Processing of Stretchable Electronics." Micromachines 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12020146.

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We report a spray deposition technique for patterning liquid metal alloys to form stretchable conductors, which can then be encapsulated in silicone elastomers via the same spraying procedure. While spraying has been used previously to deposit many materials, including liquid metals, this work focuses on quantifying the spraying process and combining it with silicones. Spraying generates liquid metal microparticles (~5 μm diameter) that pass through openings in a stencil to produce traces with high resolution (~300 µm resolution using stencils from a craft cutter) on a substrate. The spraying produces sufficient kinetic energy (~14 m/s) to distort the particles on impact, which allows them to merge together. This merging process depends on both particle size and velocity. Particles of similar size do not merge when cast as a film. Likewise, smaller particles (<1 µm) moving at the same speed do not rupture on impact either, though calculations suggest that such particles could rupture at higher velocities. The liquid metal features can be encased by spraying uncured silicone elastomer from a volatile solvent to form a conformal coating that does not disrupt the liquid metal features during spraying. Alternating layers of liquid metal and elastomer may be patterned sequentially to build multilayer devices, such as soft and stretchable sensors.

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Makrovets, L. A., O. V. Samoilova, G. G. Mikhailov, and I. V. Bakin. "Phase equilibrium occurring during low-carbon iron-based melt deoxidation with silicostrontium." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 64, no. 6 (July 21, 2021): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2021-6-413-419.

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At the moment, to improve quality of metal (especially low-alloyed), out-of-furnace steel processing technologies are used with complex alloys utilization, which include alkaline earth metals (ALM) in addition to silicon. Study of strontium additives effect on deoxidation and liquid steel modification processes is one of the promising areas of research in field of metallurgical technologies. Thermodynamic modeling of phase equilibria in Fe – Sr – Si –C– O system melt was carried out using method of constructing surface of components solubility in metal. Solubility surface determines stability limits of non-metallic phases formed during deoxidation, depending on composition of liquid metal of the studied system. The calculation was carried out using equilibrium constants of reactions occurring in the melt during deoxidation, as well as the first order interaction parameters (according to Wagner) of elements in liquid iron. Activity of the oxide melt components was determined using theory of subregular ionic solutions. Activity of the gas phase was calculated taking into account partial pressures. Simulations were performed for two temperatures (1550 and 1600 °C) for fixed carbon concentrations (0 (no carbon in liquid iron) and 0.1 % (low-carbon metal melt)). It has been shown that, in comparison with silicon, strontium is stronger deoxidizing agent in liquid metal. According to the simulation results, liquid oxide non-metallic inclusions of variable composition or strontium ortho- and metasilicates Sr2SiO4 and SrSiO3 (with an increase in strontium concentration) should be the main oxide phases in deoxidation products. Decrease in the temperature of liquid metal leads to changes in phase formation (formation of SrSiO3 silicate becomes possible).

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Wang, Yong, Andrey Karasev, Joo Hyun Park, Wangzhong Mu, and Pär G. Jönsson. "Interfacial Phenomena and Inclusion Formation Behavior at Early Melting Stages of HCFeCr and LCFeCr Alloys in Liquid Iron." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 52, no. 4 (May 18, 2021): 2459–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02185-8.

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AbstractChromium is normally added to liquid alloy in the form of different grades of ferrochromium (FeCr) alloys for the requirement of different alloy grades, such as stainless steels, high Cr cast iron, etc.. In this work, inclusions in two commercially produced alloys, i.e., high-carbon ferrochromium (HCFeCr) and low-carbon ferrochromium (LCFeCr) alloys, were investigated. The FeCr alloy/liquid iron interactions at an early stage were investigated by inserting solid alloy piece into contact with the liquid iron for a predetermined time using the liquid-metal-suction method. After quenching these samples, a diffusion zone between the alloys and the liquid Fe was studied based on the microstructural characterizations. It was observed that Cr-O-(Fe) inclusions were formed in the diffusion zone, FeOx inclusions were formed in the bulk Fe, and an “inclusion-free” zone was detected between them. Moreover, it was found that the HCFeCr was slowly dissolved, but LCFeCr alloy was rapidly melted during the experiment. The dissolution and melting behaviors of these two FeCr alloys were compared and the mechanism of the early-stage dissolution process of FeCr alloys in the liquid Fe was proposed.

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Huang, L. J., K. Ramakrishna, P. S. Ayyaswamy, and I. M. Cohen. "An Analysis of Shrinkage Porosity in Aluminum Ball Bonding Process." Journal of Electronic Packaging 111, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3226534.

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The thermal evolution of liquid and solid during the radially inward solidification of spherical balls of liquid has been studied by accounting for the increase in the density as phase transition occurs from liquid to solid. With this increase in density, the system geometry becomes that of a hollow sphere with a void at the center. We consider pure metals and binary alloys. For alloy solidification, the void begins to grow only after the outer surface reaches the solidus temperature. The temperature dependence of the thermophysical properties of the two phases is taken into account along with the natural convective and radiative loss to the ambient. The model has been applied to pure aluminum, Al – 1% Si, Al - 1% Mg, and Al - 2% Mg for a range of initial radii of the balls. From this study, we conclude that: (a) the volume fraction of the shrinkage void in the ball is independent of the initial radius for pure metal while it increases monotonically with initial radius for the binary alloys, and (b) for identical conditions, the voids are much smaller in alloys than in the pure metal.

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50

Huang, Chenghao, Junjie Zong, Xiaodong Wang, Qingpin Cao, Dongxian Zhang, and Jian-Zhong Jiang. "Production of Uniformly Sized Gallium-Based Liquid Alloy Nanodroplets via Ultrasonic Method and Their Li-Ion Storage." Materials 14, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 1759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071759.

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Gallium-based liquid alloys are attractive due to their unique properties, and they can potentially be applied in the field of flexible electronics as coolant materials for nuclear and liquid batteries, due to the high thermal conductivity and excellent fluid properties of liquid metals. However, it is still challenging to fabricate gallium-based liquid alloy nanodroplets with uniform and small size. Here, we performed a systematical study on the influence of various factors affecting the size of nanodroplets. Liquid metal nanodroplets with an average size of 74 nm and narrow size distribution were successfully fabricated. Li-ion half-cells were assembled with eutectic GaIn (eGaIn) nanodroplets as anode active materials, which showed higher specific capacity than the bulk eGaIn alloy under the same testing conditions.

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