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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid Metal Actuator'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Hu, Qingming, Tianyi Jiang, and Hongyuan Jiang. "Versatile Movements of Liquid Metal Droplet under Electrostatic Actuation in Alkaline Solutions." Materials 13, no. 9 (May 3, 2020): 2122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13092122.

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The gallium-based eutectic liquid metal alloys exhibit unique properties of deformability, excellent electrical conductivity and low vapour pressure. The liquid metal-based circuits’ element or actuator have drawn considerable attention in stretchable electronics and microelectromechanical (MEMS) actuators. Yet, the motion of the liquid metal within the electrolyte needs to be precisely regulated to satisfy application requirements. Herein, we investigated the locomotion of liquid metal within the alkaline aqueous solution under electrostatic actuation. The relationship between the travelling speed of the liquid metal slug and the relative influential parameters, such as the voltage amplitude and frequencies of the applied electric field, electrolyte concentration, electrodes distance and the liquid metal volume, were experimentally characterized. A travelling speed up to 20.33 mm/s was obtained at the applied voltage of 4 Vpp at 150 Hz at 6 V DC offset. Finally, the frequency-dependent liquid metal marble movements were demonstrated, namely oscillation and forward locomotion while oscillating. The oscillation frequency was determined by the frequency of the applied alternate current (AC) signal. The remarkable transportation and oscillating characteristic of the liquid metal marble under the electrostatic actuation may present potentials towards the development of flexible electronics and reconfigurable structures.

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2

Li, Junfeng, Songyu Chen, and Minjie Sun. "Design and fabrication of a crawling robot based on a soft actuator." Smart Materials and Structures 30, no. 12 (November 9, 2021): 125018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ac2e1b.

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Abstract Inspired by biological systems, soft crawling robots provide unique advantages in terms of resilience and adaptive shaping during robotic motion. However, soft robots actuated by motors and pumps are usually heavy, noisy and bulky. In this paper, based on the principle of liquid-vapor changes of ethanol, a novel soft crawling robot that demonstrates more silent actuation and lighter weight compared with other robots is proposed. To increase the crawling speed of the robot, silicone mixed with liquid metal with a volume ratio of 20% is used to fabricate the actuators. The deformation of the actuator is analyzed and can be predicted using a theoretical model. To obtain effective crawling performance, a crawling locomotion sequence consisting of the three different parts (central, head and tail) based on the variable friction mechanism of actuators B and C is presented. The experimental results demonstrate that the robot can achieve forward movement on a horizontal surface and along vertical pipes and sticks. This study will provide further inspiration and guidance for the future development of crawling robots.

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3

Zhang, Chenghong, Bin He, Zhipeng Wang, Yanmin Zhou, and Aiguo Ming. "Application and Analysis of an Ionic Liquid Gel in a Soft Robot." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2857282.

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Due to their light weight, flexibility, and low energy consumption, ionic electroactive polymers have become a hotspot for bionic soft robotics and are ideal materials for the preparation of soft actuators. Because the traditional ionic electroactive polymers, such as ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs), contain water ions, a soft actuator does not work properly upon the evaporation of water ions. An ionic liquid polymer gel is a new type of ionic electroactive polymer that does not contain water ions, and ionic liquids are more thermally and electrochemically stable than water. These liquids, with a low melting point and a high ionic conductivity, can be used in ionic electroactive polymer soft actuators. An ionic liquid gel (ILG), a new type of soft actuator material, was obtained by mixing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), diethoxyacetophenone (DEAP) and ZrO2 and then polymerizing this mixture into a gel state under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. An ILG soft actuator was designed, the material preparation principle was expounded, and the design method of the soft robot mechanism was discussed. Based on nonlinear finite element theory, the deformation mechanism of the ILG actuator was deeply analyzed and the deformation of the soft robot when grabbing an object was also analyzed. A soft robot was designed with the soft actuator as the basic module. The experimental results show that the ILG soft robot has good driving performance, and the soft robot can grab a 105 mg object at an input voltage of 3.5 V.

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4

Tang, Shi-Yang, Vijay Sivan, Phred Petersen, Wei Zhang, Paul D. Morrison, Kourosh Kalantar-zadeh, Arnan Mitchell, and Khashayar Khoshmanesh. "Liquid Metal Actuator for Inducing Chaotic Advection." Advanced Functional Materials 24, no. 37 (July 14, 2014): 5851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201400689.

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5

MATSUDA, Shinichi, Manabu ONO, Toshiyuki IZUMI, and Shigeo KATO. "Metal Bellows Type Gas-liquid Phase-change Actuator." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering, Contributed Papers 71, no. 6 (2005): 723–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jspe.71.723.

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6

Guo, Rui, Lei Sheng, HengYi Gong, and Jing Liu. "Liquid metal spiral coil enabled soft electromagnetic actuator." Science China Technological Sciences 61, no. 4 (July 6, 2017): 516–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-017-9063-2.

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7

Matsubara, Ken, and Ota Hiroki. "Electrically Controlled Gel Actuator using Liquid Metal Spring." Proceedings of the Symposium on Micro-Nano Science and Technology 2019.10 (2019): 19am3PN335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemnm.2019.10.19am3pn335.

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8

Hyun, Youngbin, Jeong-Bong Lee, Sangkug Chung, and Daeyoung Kim. "Acoustic Wave-Driven Liquid Metal Expansion." Micromachines 13, no. 5 (April 28, 2022): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13050685.

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In this paper, we report a volume expansion phenomenon of a liquid metal droplet naturally oxidized in an ambient environment by applying an acoustic wave. An oxidized gallium-based liquid metal droplet was placed on a paper towel, and a piezo-actuator was attached underneath it. When a liquid metal droplet was excited by acoustic wave, the volume of liquid metal was expanded due to the inflow of air throughout the oxide crack. The liquid metal without the oxide layer cannot be expanded with an applied acoustic wave. To confirm the effect of the expansion of the oxidized liquid metal droplet, we measured an expansion ratio, which was calculated by comparing the expanded size in the x (horizontal), y (vertical) axis to the initial size of the liquid metal droplet, using a high-speed camera. For various volumes of the droplet, when we applied various voltages in the range of 5~8 Vrms with 18.5~24.5 kHz using the piezo-actuator, we obtained a maximum expansion ratio of 2.4 in the x axis and 3.8 in the y axis, respectively. In addition, we investigated that the time to reach the maximum expansion in proportion to the volume size of liquid metal differed by five times from 4 s to 20 s, and that the time to maintain the maximum expansion differed from 23 s to 2.5 s, which was inversely proportional to the volume size. We also investigated the expansion ratios depending on the exposure time to the atmosphere. Finally, a circuit containing LED, which can be turned on by expanded liquid metal droplet, was demonstrated.

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9

Konishi, Satoshi, Fuminari Mori, Ayano Shimizu, and Akiya Hirata. "Structural Reinforcement Effect of a Flexible Strain Sensor Integrated with Pneumatic Balloon Actuators for Soft Microrobot Fingers." Micromachines 12, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12040395.

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Motion capture of a robot and tactile sensing for a robot require sensors. Strain sensors are used to detect bending deformation of the robot finger and to sense the force from an object. It is important to introduce sensors in effective combination with actuators without affecting the original performance of the robot. We are interested in the improvement of flexible strain sensors integrated into soft microrobot fingers using a pneumatic balloon actuator (PBA). A strain sensor using a microchannel filled with liquid metal was developed for soft PBAs by considering the compatibility of sensors and actuators. Inflatable deformation generated by PBAs, however, was found to affect sensor characteristics. This paper presents structural reinforcement of a liquid metal-based sensor to solve this problem. Parylene C film was deposited into a microchannel to reinforce its structure against the inflatable deformation caused by a PBA. Parylene C deposition into a microchannel suppressed the interference of inflatable deformation. The proposed method enables the effective combination of soft PBAs and a flexible liquid metal strain sensor for use in microrobot fingers.

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10

Chen, Heng Wei, Xu Dong Wang, Liao Wang, Wen Zhou, and Yi Qing Li. "Design and Application of Galinstan Liquid Metal Fully Flexible Angular Displacement Sensor." Advances in Science and Technology 105 (April 2021): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.105.202.

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In this study, we design and fabricate a fully flexible angular displacement sensor and a corresponding fish-shaped soft pneumatic actuator. We describe the design and fabrication process of the sensor and fabricate a corresponding physical object to apply it to the soft pneumatic actuator. Material experiments with silicone rubber were also conducted to obtain the linear relationship in its small deformation range. Through the theoretical analysis of the designed angular displacement sensor, a linear relationship between the bending angle of the soft pneumatic actuator and the resistance of the angular displacement sensor was obtained. And a bending angle visual measurement platform was built for experimental verification. The results show that the experimental results are consistent with the theory, and the designed angular displacement sensor has a good linear relationship when applied to a fish-shaped soft pneumatic actuator.

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11

Russell, Loren, James Wissman, and Carmel Majidi. "Liquid metal actuator driven by electrochemical manipulation of surface tension." Applied Physics Letters 111, no. 25 (December 18, 2017): 254101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4999113.

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12

MATSUDA, Shinichi, Shigeo KATO, and Manabu ONO. "HIGH-POWERED METAL BELLOWS TYPE GAS-LIQUID PHASE-CHANGE ACTUATOR." Proceedings of the International Conference on Motion and Vibration Control 6.2 (2002): 795–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeintmovic.6.2.795.

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13

Komuro, Masanori, Osamu Kitamura, and Shigeo Okayama. "Ion beam fabrication using piezo-actuator and liquid metal source." Microelectronic Engineering 9, no. 1-4 (May 1989): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9317(89)90066-x.

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14

Kan, Junwu, Shuyun Wang, Zhonghua Zhang, Ping Zeng, Guangming Cheng, Xiaopei Zheng, and Huangqiao Shen. "Development of piezohydraulic actuator driven by piezomembrane pump." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 22, no. 16 (August 22, 2011): 1829–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x11414074.

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A piezohydraulic actuator (piezopump-driven cylinder system) has the advantage over the conventional contact/non-contact piezoelectric motors in terms of achieving large thrust, high velocity, and long traveling distance. In this study, a serial-connection 5-chamber piezomembrane pump (SCCPP) was introduced and used for replacing piezostack pumps so as to decrease cost of piezohydraulic actuators. The border-upon piezomembranes work in anti-phase, a SCCPP is equivalent to several single-chamber pumps running in series. The theoretical study suggests that the performance of a SCCPP-driven actuator depends mainly on the efficiency of check valves, structural parameters of piezomembrane/pump chamber/cylinder, the number of pump chambers, and liquid bulk modulus. A piezomembrane has an optimal thickness ratio (metal to piezoelectric) for the actuator to achieve maximal power. A SCCPP-driven actuator was fabricated and tested under three/four/five chambers running. The testing results show that the thrust, velocity, power, and even optimal frequency of the piezohydraulic actuator all increase linearly with number of working chambers and driving voltage. At 180 V and 280 Hz, the achieved thrust, velocity, power, and step length from the actuator under five piezomembranes running are 75 N, 9.8 mm/s, 184.5 mW, and 35.2 µm, respectively, which are about 2.1/2.7/5.7/2.7 times than those of three piezomembranes running.

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15

Kapłon, Tomasz, and Andrzej Milecki. "Research on the Use of Silicon-Ethanol Composite in Actuators." Materials 15, no. 23 (December 1, 2022): 8570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238570.

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Silicon-ethanol is a relatively new smart composite in the category of phase-change materials (PCM). It consists of liquid ethanol entrapped in bubbles spread into a silicone rubber matrix, i.e., during cooling. The composite is able to expand significantly when heat is applied and shrink when it is removed. The properties of this material can be used in a new type of actuator. In this paper, the basic equations that describe the properties of actuators with a silicon-ethanol composite are given. Using them, two solutions of unidirectional actuators with a composite inserted into polycarbonate tubes and metal bellows are designed and investigated. In the study, actuators with different geometric dimensions and applied composite volumes are investigated. The elongations of the actuators and the blocking forces are measured. The theoretical relationships given at the beginning of the paper that describe the properties of the composite are validated using the performed experimental results of the built actuators. The tube actuators achieved elongation between 32% and 35% at a temperature of 75 degrees Celsius, that is, less than that predicted according to equations from earlier publications. Due to this, a modified equation that includes the influence of friction was proposed and compared with experimental results. The performance of the tube actuator deteriorates rapidly. In the case of bellow actuators, they stabilize after a few cycles of heating and cooling.

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16

Maksimkin, Aleksey V., Tarek Dayyoub, Dmitry V. Telyshev, and Alexander Yu Gerasimenko. "Electroactive Polymer-Based Composites for Artificial Muscle-like Actuators: A Review." Nanomaterials 12, no. 13 (July 1, 2022): 2272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12132272.

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Unlike traditional actuators, such as piezoelectric ceramic or metallic actuators, polymer actuators are currently attracting more interest in biomedicine due to their unique properties, such as light weight, easy processing, biodegradability, fast response, large active strains, and good mechanical properties. They can be actuated under external stimuli, such as chemical (pH changes), electric, humidity, light, temperature, and magnetic field. Electroactive polymers (EAPs), called ‘artificial muscles’, can be activated by an electric stimulus, and fixed into a temporary shape. Restoring their permanent shape after the release of an electrical field, electroactive polymer is considered the most attractive actuator type because of its high suitability for prosthetics and soft robotics applications. However, robust control, modeling non-linear behavior, and scalable fabrication are considered the most critical challenges for applying the soft robotic systems in real conditions. Researchers from around the world investigate the scientific and engineering foundations of polymer actuators, especially the principles of their work, for the purpose of a better control of their capability and durability. The activation method of actuators and the realization of required mechanical properties are the main restrictions on using actuators in real applications. The latest highlights, operating principles, perspectives, and challenges of electroactive materials (EAPs) such as dielectric EAPs, ferroelectric polymers, electrostrictive graft elastomers, liquid crystal elastomers, ionic gels, and ionic polymer–metal composites are reviewed in this article.

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17

Khmelnitskiy, I. K., V. M. Aivazyan, N. I. Alekseyev, A. P. Broyko, V. V. Luchinin, and D. O. Testov. "Investigation of Ionic EAP Actuators with Metal and Polymer Electrodes in Aqueous Medium." Nano- i Mikrosistemnaya Tehnika 23, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/nmst.23.32-43.

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Electroactive polymers (EAP) are promising materials for creating electromechanical transducers. Among ionic EAP, ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC), which are an ion-exchange membrane with metal electrodes on both sides, have been widely spread and well studied. The evolutionary development of IPMC results in ionic polymer-polymer composites (IP2C), in which polymer electrodes are used. To obtain IPMC actuators with platinum electrodes, the method of chemical reduction from the salt solution was chosen, and to obtain IP2C actuators with PEDOT electrodes, the method of in situ polymerization of the monomer on the membrane surface was chosen. Samples of 2x0.5 cm in size based on the MF-4SK membrane with a thickness of 290 μm were preliminarily kept in deionized water (H+ form) and in 0.1 M CuSO4 aqueous solution (Cu2+ form), after which their performance was studied in air, in deionized water, as well as in aqueous solutions of CuSO4 and NaCl. When applying a DC voltage and a sine wave AC voltage, a decrease in the maximum displacement and peak-to-peak displacement of the IPMC actuators and IP2C actuators with an increase in the ionic strength of the liquid was observed, except for the case of the IPMC actuator operation in CuSO4 aqueous solutions. In all considered media, the IPMC actuators and IP2C actuators in Cu2+ form displaced more strongly than the corresponding samples in H+ form, except for the IP2C actuators in deionized water. The largest peak-to-peak displacement was demonstrated by the IPMC actuators in Cu2+form when operating in air (5 mm) and the IP2С actuators in H+ form when operating in deionized water (8.4 mm).

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18

Zhang, Hong Zhuang, Jiang Tian Shi, and De Xin Sun. "Entire Symmetric Structure Inchworm-Type Piezoelectric Linear Actuator." Key Engineering Materials 480-481 (June 2011): 1061–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.480-481.1061.

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The feature of the hot cracks of the welding joint of the MIG welded magnesium alloy AZ91D was studied systematically. The result indicates that the weld of the magnesium alloy displays a high cracking susceptibility. The cracks are mainly formed on the centerline of the weld and in the arc crater at the end of the weld. These cracks propagate along the α-Mg grain boundary, and they belong to the solidification cracking. These solidification cracks are resulted by the joint function of the low melting point liquid film in the weld and the tensile stress suffered by the weld metal during the solidification process. The low melting point liquid film is the internal cause to form the solidification cracks, while the tensile stress is a necessary condition. Limiting the amount of the low melting point eutectic and decreasing the tensile stress of the welding joint are two effective methods to improve the solidification cracking susceptibility of the Mg alloy weld.

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19

Pekas, Nikola, Qing Zhang, and David Juncker. "Electrostatic actuator with liquid metal–elastomer compliant electrodes used for on-chip microvalving." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 22, no. 9 (July 26, 2012): 097001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/22/9/097001.

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20

Matsubara, Ken, Daiki Tachibana, Ryosuke Matsuda, Hiroaki Onoe, Ohmi Fuchiwaki, and Hiroki Ota. "Hydrogel Actuator with a Built‐In Stimulator Using Liquid Metal for Local Control." Advanced Intelligent Systems 2, no. 5 (April 14, 2020): 2000008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000008.

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21

Kurokawa, Ryo, Jun Kadowaki, Daisuke Sasaki, and Hiroki Ishizuka. "Artificial Muscle Actuator to Provide Pulling Force and Electrical Signal with Pressurized Liquid Metal." IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines 139, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 381–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejsmas.139.381.

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22

Mirhoseini, S. M. H., and F. A. Volpe. "Resistive sensor and electromagnetic actuator for feedback stabilization of liquid metal walls in fusion reactors." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 58, no. 12 (September 8, 2016): 124005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/58/12/124005.

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23

MATSUDA, Shinichi, and Shigeo KATO. "608 Operation Control of a Metal Bellows type Gas-liquid Phase-change Actuator in the Air." Proceedings of Conference of Tohoku Branch 2001 (2001): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeth.2001.181.

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24

Zhang, Yubai, Zhenhua Wang, Yang Yang, Qiaomei Chen, Xiaojie Qian, Yahe Wu, Huan Liang, Yanshuang Xu, Yen Wei, and Yan Ji. "Seamless multimaterial 3D liquid-crystalline elastomer actuators for next-generation entirely soft robots." Science Advances 6, no. 9 (February 2020): eaay8606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay8606.

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Liquid-crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are excellent soft actuator materials for a wide range of applications, especially the blooming area of soft robotics. For entirely soft LCE robots to exhibit high dexterity and complicated performance, several components are typically required to be integrated together in one single robot body. Here, we show that seamless multicomponent/multimaterial three-dimensional (3D) LCE robots can be created via simultaneously welding and aligning LCE materials with different chemical compositions and physical properties without other additives such as tapes and glues (just like metal welding). Both welding and aligning of the LCE materials rely on thermal polymerization of preformed LCE films with reactive acrylate groups. This method provides an easy way to robustly fabricate arbitrary 3D desirable geometries with strongly stable reversible actuations and multifunctionalities, which greatly enlarges and benefits the future applications and manufacturing of LCE soft robots.

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Wang, Zhipeng, Bin He, Xinhua Liu, and Qigang Wang. "Development and modeling of a new ionogel based actuator." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 28, no. 15 (January 12, 2017): 2036–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x16682841.

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Ionic electroactive polymer actuators are expected to be one of the most promising driving mechanisms in the future due to their extraordinary features such as their lightweight, flexibility, and low-energy consumption. Traditional ionic electroactive polymer actuators for example, ionic-polymer metal composites have a problem with durability in open air due to the evaporation of water contained in the polymer electrolytes, resulting in a corresponding loss of performance. Electrolysis of the water at relatively low operating voltages may cause deterioration of these materials. Ionic liquids are more thermally and electrochemically stable than water, with unique advantages including negligible volatility, low melting point and high ionic conductivity, therefore they can be used in the application of ionic electroactive polymer actuators. In this work, a new ionic electroactive polymer actuator based on ionogel is developed, which can be operated at low driving voltage with high electrochemical stability. In order to investigate the actuation mechanism of the actuator, a general model consisting of an equivalent electrical circuit, an electromechanical coupling term and a mechanical beam model is built up to characterize its interrelated electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties. This model explains the relationship between input voltage and bending displacement of the actuator. Theoretical and experimental results are demonstrated and documented to validate the conclusion that the model can effectively predict the actuation response of the material. The geometric scalability of the model is also investigated, giving support to the design of the soft mechanism based on ionogel.

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26

Yu, Li, Ran Peng, Geoffrey Rivers, Che Zhang, Pengxiang Si, and Boxin Zhao. "Multifunctional liquid crystal polymer network soft actuators." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 6 (2020): 3390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta12139k.

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27

Nakano, Natsumi, and Norihisa Miki. "Development of a palm tactile sensor driven by an artificial muscle actuator that uses liquid metal as its working fluid." Proceedings of the Symposium on Micro-Nano Science and Technology 2020.11 (2020): 27A2—MN1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemnm.2020.11.27a2-mn1-5.

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28

Chirkov, Dmitrii Andreevich, Aleksandr Dmitrievich Korotayev, and Evgenii Aleksandrovich Chabanov. "Improving the efficiency of an electric drive with a cylindrical linear alternating current electronic engine." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i1.pp58-67.

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Currently, linear motors find increasingly wide application in various industrial sectors. These motors feature a range of advantages including the absence of compound mechanical power transmissions between a motor and an actuator, simple design, and performance reliability. These advantages determine application of linear motors in electric drive systems of a range of industrial mechanisms including liquid metal and melt transfer units, various transport systems, and metal working and grinding machines. As an illustration, the article addresses submersible cylindrical linear alternating current electronic engines used for rodless oil extraction. Practice shows that the overall efficiency of such units is extremely low. This article is dedicated to the determination of performance and power/angle characteristics of such linear motors, their main energy indicators 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 and efficiency at various supply voltage frequencies. It is shown that 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 at all supply voltage frequencies remains very high, while the efficiency is extremely low. The main way to increase the engine efficiency is to increase the frequency of its supply voltage as much as possible. It is proposed to extend the results obtained to other possible industrial applications of linear electric drives.

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29

Terasawa, Naohiro, Ichiroh Takeuchi, Ken Mukai, and Kinji Asaka. "The effects of alkaline earth metal salts on the performance of a polymer actuator based on single-walled carbon nanotube-ionic liquid gel." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 150, no. 2 (October 2010): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2010.08.030.

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30

Terasawa, Naohiro, Ichiroh Takeuchi, Ken Mukai, and Kinji Asaka. "The effects of alkaline and alkaline earth metal salts on the performance of a polymer actuator based on single-wal led carbon nanotube-ionic liquid gel." Physics Procedia 14 (2011): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2011.05.016.

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31

Merritt, Glen R., Malcolm B. Williams, Paul G. Allison, James B. Jordon, Timothy W. Rushing, and Christian A. Cousin. "Closed-Loop Temperature and Force Control of Additive Friction Stir Deposition." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 6, no. 5 (August 24, 2022): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6050092.

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Additive Friction Stir Deposition (AFSD) is a recent innovation in non-beam-based metal additive manufacturing that achieves layer-by-layer deposition while avoiding the solid-to-liquid phase transformation. AFSD presents numerous benefits over other forms of fusion-based additive manufacturing, such as high-strength mechanical bonding, joining of dissimilar alloys, and high deposition rates. To improve, automate, and ensure the quality, uniformity, and consistency of the AFSD process, it is necessary to control the temperature at the interaction zone and the force applied to the consumable feedstock during deposition. In this paper, real-time temperature and force feedback are achieved by embedding thermocouples into the nonconsumable machine tool-shoulder and estimating the applied force from the motor current of the linear actuator driving the feedstock. Subsequently, temperature and force controllers are developed for the AFSD process, ensuring that the temperature at the interaction zone and the force applied to the feedstock track desired command values. The temperature and force controllers were evaluated separately and together on setpoints and time-varying trajectories. For combined temperature and force control with setpoints selected at a temperature of 420 °C and a force of 2669 N, the average temperature and force tracking errors are 5.4 ± 6.5 °C (1.4 ± 1.6%) and 140.1 ± 213.5 N (5.2 ± 8.0%), respectively.

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32

Mea, Hing Jii, Luis Delgadillo, and Jiandi Wan. "On-demand modulation of 3D-printed elastomers using programmable droplet inclusions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 26 (June 15, 2020): 14790–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917289117.

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One of the key thrusts in three-dimensional (3D) printing and direct writing is to seamlessly vary composition and functional properties in printed constructs. Most inks used for extrusion-based printing, however, are compositionally static and available approaches for dynamic tuning of ink composition remain few. Here, we present an approach to modulate extruded inks at the point of print, using droplet inclusions. Using a glass capillary microfluidic device as the printhead, we dispersed droplets in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) continuous phase and subsequently 3D printed the resulting emulsion into a variety of structures. The mechanical characteristics of the 3D-printed constructs can be tuned in situ by varying the spatial distribution of droplets, including aqueous and liquid metal droplets. In particular, we report the use of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) aqueous droplets for local PDMS chemistry alteration resulting in significant softening (85% reduced elastic modulus) of the 3D-printed constructs. Furthermore, we imparted magnetic functionality in PDMS by dispersing ferrofluid droplets and rationally designed and printed a rudimentary magnetically responsive soft robotic actuator as a functional demonstration of our droplet-based strategy. Our approach represents a continuing trend of adapting microfluidic technology and principles for developing the next generation of additive manufacturing technology.

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Kim, Taeyeong, Dong-min Kim, Bong Jae Lee, and Jungchul Lee. "Soft and Deformable Sensors Based on Liquid Metals." Sensors 19, no. 19 (September 30, 2019): 4250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194250.

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Liquid metals are one of the most interesting and promising materials due to their electrical, fluidic, and thermophysical properties. With the aid of their exceptional deformable natures, liquid metals are now considered to be electrically conductive materials for sensors and actuators, major constituent transducers in soft robotics, that can experience and withstand significant levels of mechanical deformation. For the upcoming era of wearable electronics and soft robotics, we would like to offer an up-to-date overview of liquid metal-based soft (thus significantly deformable) sensors mainly but not limited to researchers in relevant fields. This paper will thoroughly highlight and critically review recent literature on design, fabrication, characterization, and application of liquid metal devices and suggest scientific and engineering routes towards liquid metal sensing devices of tomorrow.

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Ansell, Troy Y. "Current Status of Liquid Metal Printing." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 5, no. 2 (April 6, 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp5020031.

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This review focuses on the current state of the art in liquid metal additive manufacturing (AM), an emerging and growing family of related printing technologies used to fabricate near-net shape or fully free-standing metal objects. The various printing modes and droplet generation techniques as applied to liquid metals are discussed. Two different printing modes, continuous and drop-on-demand (DOD), exist for liquid metal printing and are based on commercial inkjet printing technology. Several techniques are in various stages of development from laboratory testing, prototyping, to full commercialization. Printing techniques include metal droplet generation by piezoelectric actuation or impact-driven, electrostatic, pneumatic, electrohydrodynamic (EHD), magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) ejection, or droplet generation by application of a high-power laser. The impetus for development of liquid metal printing was the precise, and often small scale, jetting of solder alloys for microelectronics applications. The fabrication of higher-melting-point metals and alloys and the printing of free-standing metal objects has provided further motivation for the research and development of liquid metal printing.

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Wang, Wei-Yi, Bo-You Lin, Yen-Peng Liao, and Yao-Joe Yang. "Photothermal Thin Films with Highly Efficient NIR Conversion for Miniaturized Liquid-Crystal Elastomer Actuators." Polymers 14, no. 15 (July 24, 2022): 2997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14152997.

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This work presents the development of highly efficient photothermal thin films (PTFs) and the demonstration of their application on miniaturized polymer-based soft actuators. The proposed PTF, which comprises acrylic-based black paint and EGaIn liquid metal (LM) microdroplets, serves as an excellent absorber for efficiently converting near-infrared (NIR) irradiation into heat for actuating liquid-crystal elastomer (LCE) actuators. The introduction of LM microdroplets into the PTFs effectively increases the overall thermal efficiency of PTFs. Miniaturized soft crawlers monolithically integrated with the NIR-driven LCE actuators are also implemented for demonstrating the application of the proposed PTF. The crawler’s locomotion, which is inspired by the rectilinear movement of snakes, is generated with the proposed PTF for inducing the LC-to-isotropic phase transition of the LCEs. The experimental results show that introducing LM microdroplets into the PTF can effectively reduce the thermal time constants of LCE actuators by 70%. Under periodic on/off NIR illumination cycles, the locomotion of crawlers with different dimensions is also demonstrated. The measurement results indicate that the proposed PTF is not only essential for enabling photothermal LCE actuation but also quite efficient and durable for repeated operation.

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Dacuycuy, Saige J., Wayne A. Shiroma, and Aaron T. Ohta. "Electrocapillary Actuation of Liquid Metal in Microchannels." Micromachines 13, no. 4 (April 3, 2022): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13040572.

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Controllable deformation of liquid metal by electrocapillary actuation (ECA) is empirically characterized in fluidic channels at the sub-millimeter-length scale. In 100-µm-deep channels of varying widths, the Galinstan liquid metal could move at velocities of more than 40 mm/s. The liquid metal could extend more than 2.5 mm into the channels at an electrocapillary actuation voltage of 3 V DC. The dynamic behavior of the liquid metal as it moves in the microchannels is described. These results are useful for designing microsystems that use liquid metal as a functional material.

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Bu, Tianzhao, Hang Yang, Wenbo Liu, Yaokun Pang, Chi Zhang, and Zhong Lin Wang. "Triboelectric Effect-Driven Liquid Metal Actuators." Soft Robotics 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/soro.2018.0161.

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Wan, Zhiliang, Hongjun Zeng, and Alan Feinerman. "Reversible Electrowetting of Liquid-Metal Droplet." Journal of Fluids Engineering 129, no. 4 (June 2, 2006): 388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2436582.

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This paper reports experimental investigations on the electrowetting effect of liquid metals, e.g., mercury, on dielectric films. Largest contact angle change of 74deg (from 141degto67deg) is achieved on top of a Parylene film. Highly reversible electrowetting with very low hysteresis (2-4deg) is demonstrated on the Teflon®-coated surfaces. The actuation voltage for 30deg contact angle change (from 148degto118deg) is largely reduced to 25V by using a high-dielectric-constant tantalum oxide film as the dielectric layer. The effect of trapped charges in the dielectric film on the electrowetting is observed and measured. The rise and fall times of the electrowetting actuation are inversely proportional to the droplet diameter and as short as 0.1-0.2ms for a 50μmdia droplet. The actuation reliability is tested, and a long-time operation is achieved in an oil environment.

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Tang, Jianbo, Yuan Zhou, Jing Liu, Junjie Wang, and Wenxiu Zhu. "Liquid metal actuated ejector vacuum system." Applied Physics Letters 106, no. 3 (January 19, 2015): 031901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4906098.

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Sarabia, Kent J., Sasha S. Yamada, Matthew R. Moorefield, Anthony W. Combs, Aaron T. Ohta, and Wayne A. Shiroma. "Frequency-Reconfigurable Dipole Antenna Using Liquid-Metal Pixels." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1248459.

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A frequency-tunable half-wavelength dipole antenna is realized using an array of electrically actuated liquid-metal pixels. The liquid-metal pixelated dipole antenna demonstrates frequency reconfigurability by switching between resonances at 2.51 GHz, 2.12 GHz, 1.85 GHz, and 1.68 GHz.

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Mao, Guoyong, Michael Drack, Mahya Karami-Mosammam, Daniela Wirthl, Thomas Stockinger, Reinhard Schwödiauer, and Martin Kaltenbrunner. "Soft electromagnetic actuators." Science Advances 6, no. 26 (June 2020): eabc0251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc0251.

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Rigid electromagnetic actuators serve our society in a myriad of ways for more than 200 years. However, their bulky nature restricts close collaboration with humans. Here, we introduce soft electromagnetic actuators (SEMAs) by replacing solid metal coils with liquid-metal channels embedded in elastomeric shells. We demonstrate human-friendly, simple, stretchable, fast, durable, and programmable centimeter-scale SEMAs that drive a soft shark, interact with everyday objects, or rapidly mix a dye with water. A multicoil flower SEMA with individually controlled petals blooms or closes within tens of milliseconds, and a cubic SEMA performs programmed, arbitrary motion sequences. We develop a numerical model supporting design and opening potential routes toward miniaturization, reduction of power consumption, and increase in mechanical efficiency. SEMAs are electrically controlled shape-morphing systems that are potentially empowering future applications from soft grippers to minimally invasive medicine.

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Ford, Michael J., Maduran Palaniswamy, Cedric P. Ambulo, Taylor H. Ware, and Carmel Majidi. "Size of liquid metal particles influences actuation properties of a liquid crystal elastomer composite." Soft Matter 16, no. 25 (2020): 5878–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm00278j.

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Lv, Pengfei, Xiao Yang, Hari Krishna Bisoyi, Hao Zeng, Xuan Zhang, Yuanhao Chen, Pan Xue, et al. "Stimulus-driven liquid metal and liquid crystal network actuators for programmable soft robotics." Materials Horizons 8, no. 9 (2021): 2475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1mh00623a.

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Shape-programmable soft actuators are developed through the integration of electrically conductive liquid metals with shape-morphing liquid crystal networks. Their applications in light-fueled oscillator, crawler and programmable robotic Shadow Play are demonstrated.

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Cole, Tim, and Shi-Yang Tang. "Liquid metals as soft electromechanical actuators." Materials Advances 3, no. 1 (2022): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00885d.

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The unique properties of gallium based liquid metals (GaLMs) can be harnessed for realising various effects, enabling the formation of numerous soft electromechanical actuators and eventually lead to applications in more complex systems.

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Liu, Hao, Moxiao Li, Yuhui Li, Hui Yang, Ang Li, Tian Jian Lu, Fei Li, and Feng Xu. "Magnetic steering of liquid metal mobiles." Soft Matter 14, no. 17 (2018): 3236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm00056e.

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In this study, we proposed a magnetic actuation scenario for steering liquid metal locomotion in an easily accessible and highly directed manner. And it could have potential applications in flexible electronics, matter transfer, as well as vessel cleaning.

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Cheeseman, Samuel, Aaron Elbourne, Rashad Kariuki, Aswin V. Ramarao, Ali Zavabeti, Nitu Syed, Andrew J. Christofferson, et al. "Broad-spectrum treatment of bacterial biofilms using magneto-responsive liquid metal particles." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 8, no. 47 (2020): 10776–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tb01655a.

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Moorefield, M. R., A. T. Ohta, and W. A. Shiroma. "Paper‐based capillary actuation of liquid metal." Electronics Letters 53, no. 20 (September 2017): 1372–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2017.2665.

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Sarabia, K. J., W. A. Shiroma, and A. T. Ohta. "Pixelated reconfiguration using electrically actuated liquid metal." Electronics Letters 54, no. 4 (February 2018): 192–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2017.4154.

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McClung, Sarah N., Shahrokh Saeedi, and Hjalti H. Sigmarsson. "Band-Reconfigurable Filter With Liquid Metal Actuation." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 66, no. 6 (June 2018): 3073–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2018.2823307.

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Latorre, L., Joonwon Kim, Junghoon Lee, P. P. de Guzman, H. J. Lee, P. Nouet, and Chang-Jin Kim. "Electrostatic actuation of microscale liquid-metal droplets." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 11, no. 4 (August 2002): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2002.800934.

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