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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid-liquid crystal phase separation'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Mosses, Joanna, David A. Turton, Leo Lue, Jan Sefcik, and Klaas Wynne. "Crystal templating through liquid–liquid phase separation." Chemical Communications 51, no. 6 (2015): 1139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc07880b.

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2

Shipovskaya, Anna B., Natalia O. Gegel, Sergei L. Shmakov, and Sergei Yu Shchyogolev. "Phase Analysis of the Cellulose Triacetate-Nitromethane System." International Journal of Polymer Science 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/126362.

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A comprehensive study was made on the cellulose triacetate-nitromethane system to explore its phase separation within ranges 2–25 wt.% and−5÷+80°Cby means of polarization light and electron microscopy, the turbidity spectrum method, differential thermal and X-ray analyses, and rheological techniques. The physical state of the polymer was identified within the phase coexistence boundaries on the phase diagram which included three types of phase separation (amorphous (with a UCST atTcr=57∘Candccr=7.3 wt.%), crystal, and liquid crystal). The boundaries of the regions determining the coexistence of the liquid crystal (LC) and the partly crystal phase were found to be inside the region of amorphous liquid-liquid phase separation. For cellulose ester-solvent systems, this state diagram is the first experimental evidence for the possibility of coexistence of several phases with amorphous, LC, and crystal polymer ordering.

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3

Hasegawa, Ray, Masanori Sakamoto, and Hideyuki Sasaki. "Dynamic Analysis of Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal by Infrared Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 9 (September 1993): 1386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934067441.

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The dynamic behavior of a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) under an electric field has been studied by static and two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. The PDLC sample was prepared by polymerization-induced phase separation of a mixture of nematic liquid crystal E7 and acrylate. 2D IR correlation analysis indicates that the rigid core of the liquid crystal molecules reorients as a unit, and suggests that the polymer side chain existing in the interface between the polymer and the liquid crystals may reorient in phase with the liquid crystal reorientation by interaction with the liquid crystal molecules.

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4

Motoyama, M., H. Nakazawa, T. Ohta, T. Fujisawa, H. Nakada, M. Hayashi, and M. Aizawa. "Phase separation of liquid crystal–polymer mixtures." Computational and Theoretical Polymer Science 10, no. 3-4 (June 2000): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1089-3156(99)00044-6.

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5

SMITH, GEORGE W. "MIXING AND PHASE SEPARATION IN LIQUID CRYSTAL/MATRIX SYSTEMS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 07, no. 25 (November 15, 1993): 4187–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979293003620.

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We review mixing and phase separation (demixing) in mixtures of low molecular weight liquid crystals (LCs) and organic matrices, with emphasis on aspects relevant to the formation of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films. These films, which contain a myriad of micron-sized LC droplets, are of interest because of their electro-optic properties. Film formation is simple: A liquid crystal and a liquid polymer precursor are initially mixed to form a single phase. Subsequently the polymer is hardened, and LC microdroplets phase-separate from the matrix. Although matrix hardening can be achieved in several ways, this review focuses on curing, during which cross-linking reactions lead to an increased matrix molecular weight. Topics discussed include: phase behavior of the binary system before, during, and after cure and LC/matrix solubilities. The Flory-Huggins model for phase separation (as modified by several workers) has provided a theoretical basis for the studies. Principal experimental tools have been calorimetry and light scattering. Uncured LC/matrix binaries possess phase diagrams with an upper critical solution temperature. Such systems, when heated through the mixing temperature, exhibit a decrease in specific heat, the (negative) excess specific heat of mixing, ∆ C mix . A plot of ∆ C mix vs. LC concentration exhibits a minimum, from which we can estimate LC and uncured-matrix solubilities. Matrix cure plays a major role in the phase separation process: In partially-cured samples, ∆ C mix transitions persist until cure is nearly complete, at which time a fraction of the LC is permanently phase-separated, with the rest remaining dissolved in the matrix. The kinetics of phase separation can be determined by calorimetry or light scattering. Cure rates have been shown to control LC microdroplet size, with fast cures leading to small droplets. Calorimetry of the fully cured system also allows us to determine the solubility of liquid crystal in the polymer matrix, as well as the fraction of phase-separated LC. An approximation based on the lever rule and the Flory-Huggins spinodal curve provides an upper bound for the solubilities and also describes their temperature dependence.

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6

Xu, Yuan, Aleks D. Atrens, and Jason R. Stokes. "Liquid crystal hydroglass formed via phase separation of nanocellulose colloidal rods." Soft Matter 15, no. 8 (2019): 1716–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm02288g.

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Liquid crystal hydroglass: under a specific solution environment, aqueous suspensions of cellulose colloidal rods phase separate into a colloid-rich attractive glass matrix and a coexisting liquid crystal phase. This structure allows control over reversibly orientating the colloidal rods through shear forces, which achieves a persistent flow-programmable directional order to the liquid crystal phase.

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7

Ma, Qing Lan, and Yuan Ming Huang. "Phase Separation in Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Device." Materials Science Forum 663-665 (November 2010): 763–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.663-665.763.

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Polymer dispersed liquid crystal device was prepared by the method of polymerization induced phase separation. The phase separation in our PDLC device was characterized by a polarized optical microscope. Our results demonstrated that the phase-separated droplets in our PDLC device presented the four-brush radial, bipolar and axial configurations. Furthermore, these configurations were simulated by mathematica tool

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8

Spivak, B. "Phase separation in the two-dimensional electron liquid in MOSFETs." Journal de Physique IV 12, no. 9 (November 2002): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:20020432.

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We show that the existence of an intermediate phase between the Fermi liquid and the Wigner crystal phases is a generic property of the two-dimensional pure electron liquid in MOSFET's at zero temperature. The physical reason for the existence of the phases is a partial separation of the uniform phases. We discuss properties of these phases and a possible explanation of experimental results on transport properties of low density electron gas in MOSFET's. We also argue that in certain range of parameters the partial phase separation corresponds to a supersolid phase discussed in [25].

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9

Yang, Man, Chunyan Liu, and Kongshuang Zhao. "Concentration dependent phase behavior and collapse dynamics of PNIPAM microgel by dielectric relaxation." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 23 (2017): 15433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp01378g.

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Concentration dependent phase behavior of microgel: the dense system underwent a phase transition from colloidal crystal to liquid and to phase separation (above); the dilute system only underwent a transition from liquid to phase separation (below).

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10

Zeng, Jia, Fengtao Suo, and Yong Huang. "Phase separation of the liquid crystal in the cholesterin phase." Polymer Bulletin 46, no. 1 (February 22, 2001): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890170092.

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11

Reyes, Catherine G., Jörg Baller, Takeaki Araki, and Jan P. F. Lagerwall. "Isotropic–isotropic phase separation and spinodal decomposition in liquid crystal–solvent mixtures." Soft Matter 15, no. 30 (2019): 6044–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm00921c.

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12

KYU, T., I. ILIES, and M. MUSTAFA. "Phase separation dynamics of a polymer dispersed liquid crystal." Le Journal de Physique IV 03, no. C8 (December 1993): C8–37—C8–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1993808.

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13

Kim, J. Y., and P. Palffy-muhoray. "Phase Separation Kinetics of a Liquid Crystal-Polymer Mixture." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 203, no. 1 (July 1991): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268949108046049.

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14

Nakazawa, Hatsumi, Shinobu Fujinami, Miho Motoyama, Takao Ohta, Takeaki Araki, and Hajime Tanaka. "POLYMERIZATION-INDUCED PHASE SEPARATION OF POLYMER-DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTAL." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 366, no. 1 (August 2001): 871–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587250108024029.

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15

Fu, Shuang, and Jie Zhang. "The Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Crystal Polymer and the Study of as Chromatographic Stationary Phase." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 626–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.626.

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This paper was about the synthesized of ionic liquid crystal polymer of benzoic acid type of the tree, and had some tests about the structure characterization and performance, studied the performance of the liquid crystal, let it as the chromatographic stationary phase, preliminary surveying the separation of benzene and homologues. The studies have shown that ionic liquid crystal polymer as chromatographic stationary phase has certain development space and research value.

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16

Naikwadi, K. P., A. M. McGovern, and F. W. Karasek. "Prospectives of polymeric liquid crystal stationary phases for capillary column gas chromatographic separations." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 970–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-165.

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The liquid crystalline polysiloxane substrate offers unique selectivity when used in capillary column gas chromatography. The separation and identification of priority pollutants along with other compounds is very difficult but important. In particular, the separation of isomeric organic compounds having similar volatilities could not be obtained on capillary columns using conventional stationary phases. The complete separation of ortho, meta, and para isomers of certain disubstituted benzenes as well as polycyclic aromatic compounds was achieved on a capillary column using a liquid crystalline polysiloxane stationary phase. The complete separation of octachlorodibenzodioxin from octachlorodibenzofuran was also obtained on this column which is not possible on columns of identical lengths using conventional stationary phases. The separation of polycyclic aromatic compounds in a complex sample of airborne particulate matter extract on the liquid crystal column is demonstrated.

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17

Wall, Bentley G., Chris M. Snively, and Jack L. Koenig. "Infrared Microscopic Imaging of the Diffusion of Liquid Crystals into Thermoplastics." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 841–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600011090.

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Thermoplastic polymer/liquid crystal systems have found application in the generation of display devices known as thermoplastic, polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs). These systems take advantage of the beneficial properties of both components to generate a device that has unique optical properties. The liquid crystal is dielectric and responds to an electric field. The polymer confines the liquid crystal so that the cells are closed. The two components are melted together until they are miscible. At lower temperatures, the two components phase separate. The liquid crystal component is the minor phase and takes the form of many tiny droplets contained within the major-phase, polymer matrix. An application of an electric field across these systems causes the liquid crystal within the droplets to align with the field. The systems are engineered such that when this alignment occurs there is no refractive index difference between the liquid crystal in the droplets and the polymer matrix, thus, the cells appear optically transparent. When there is no field applied, the liquid crystals in each droplet are aligned without respect to a general direction according to the surface energetics of each droplet/polymer interface. When this is the case, there is a refractive index mismatch between the droplets and the polymer and the cells are opaque. Research of these systems is aimed at improving the optical properties in order to facilitate the manufacturing of improved devices utilizing this technology. Because these systems are generated by a diffusion-controlled, phase separation process, understanding the relevant parameters, particularly the diffusion coefficients, should enable the manufacturing processes of these systems to be controlled more efficiently, generating improved optical properties.

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18

MANAILA-MAXIMEAN, DOINA, MAURIZIO FURLANI, RODICA BENA, BENGT-ERIK MELLANDER, CONSTANTIN ROSU, TATIANA POP, and CORNELIA MOTOC. "PHASE TRANSITION INVESTIGATIONS IN POLYMER/LIQUID CRYSTAL COMPOSITE MATERIALS." Modern Physics Letters B 13, no. 21 (September 10, 1999): 759–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984999000956.

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We prepared polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) composite films using polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and the ferroelectric liquid crystal (LC) Felix 015/000 (Hoechst) by the solvent-induced phase separation method. We studied the phase transitions by the thermally stimulated depolarization currents (TSDC) method and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), for the composite film and the corresponding liquid crystal. Polarized microscopy was also used to characterize the phase transitions. When the LC is mixed with the PMMA, its characteristic transition temperatures are shifted down a few degrees and the current peaks revealed by the TSDC method are broadened due to the dispersion of microdroplets and the consequential presence of a large interface between the LC and the polymer matrix.

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19

Li, Wen Cui, Shi Wen Wang, Lei Sheng, and Ning Ning Zhang. "Surface Vertical Alignment Effect on the Morphology of Liquid Crystal Optical Devices." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 1670–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.1670.

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The effect of liquid crystal (LC) vertical alignment on phase separation dynamics of liquid crystal optical devices with different cell gaps is investigated in this paper. As the cell gap increases, the surface effect on the bulk LC droplets is reduced due to the longer distance. It is found in this experiment that the vertical alignment film can influence the LC droplets in the middle of the gap, and in the meanwhile the surface effect is not too strong to disturb phase separate. In that case, the LC droplets separate at a fixed position during phase separation and also can flow to form good morphology. The surface vertical alignment has a significant effect on the morphology of liquid crystal optical devices.

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20

Shanks, Robert A., and Daniel Staszczyk. "Thermal and Optical Characterization of Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals." International Journal of Polymer Science 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/767581.

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Liquid crystals are compounds that display order in the liquid state above the melting temperature and below the mesogenic isotropic temperature. Polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) are composite materials in which liquid crystalline material is dispersed within a polymer matrix to form micron-sized droplets. The aim was to prepare several cholesteryl esters or alkoxybenzoic acid PDLCs and characterise thermal and optical properties. Differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy were employed. The matrix polymer was a one-component UV-curable epoxy-acrylate resin. PDLCs were formed through entropy controlled phase separation resulting from UV-initiated crosslinking. The liquid crystals, both as mesogenic moieties and as dispersed droplets, exhibited various textures according to their molecular order and orientation. These textures formed in constrained regions separated by phase boundaries that occurred at temperatures characteristic of each liquid crystal used. The PDLC phase transitions occurred at temperatures lower than those exhibited by the mesogenic components in the neat state.

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21

Liu, Y. J., and X. W. Sun. "Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals: Materials, Formation, and Applications." Advances in OptoElectronics 2008 (April 27, 2008): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/684349.

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By combining polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) and holography, holographic PDLC (H-PDLC) has emerged as a new composite material for switchable or tunable optical devices. Generally, H-PDLC structures are created in a liquid crystal cell filled with polymer-dispersed liquid crystal materials by recording the interference pattern generated by two or more coherent laser beams which is a fast and single-step fabrication. With a relatively ideal phase separation between liquid crystals and polymers, periodic refractive index profile is formed in the cell and thus light can be diffracted. Under a suitable electric field, the light diffraction behavior disappears due to the index matching between liquid crystals and polymers. H-PDLCs show a fast switching time due to the small size of the liquid crystal droplets. So far, H-PDLCs have been applied in many promising applications in photonics, such as flat panel displays, switchable gratings, switchable lasers, switchable microlenses, and switchable photonic crystals. In this paper, we review the current state-of-the-art of H-PDLCs including the materials used to date, the grating formation dynamics and simulations, the optimization of electro-optical properties, the photonic applications, and the issues existed in H-PDLCs.

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22

Muratov, C. B., and Weinan E. "Theory of phase separation kinetics in polymer–liquid crystal systems." Journal of Chemical Physics 116, no. 11 (March 15, 2002): 4723–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1426411.

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23

Kim, J. Y., C. H. Cho, P. Palffy-Muhoray, and T. Kyu. "Polymerization-induced phase separation in a liquid-crystal-polymer mixture." Physical Review Letters 71, no. 14 (October 4, 1993): 2232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.71.2232.

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24

Lin, Jian-Cheng, and P. L. Taylor. "Polymerization-induced Phase Separation of a Liquid Crystal-Polymer Mixture." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 237, no. 1 (December 1993): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587259308030120.

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25

Bartkiewicz, S., and A. Miniewicz. "Whirl-enhanced continuous wave laser trapping of particles." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 2 (2015): 1077–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp04008b.

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This work highlights the role of the laser-induced whirl formation in a solvent–solute system for molecular trapping, liquid–liquid phase separation and controlled crystal growth under an optical microscope.

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26

Ortuño, Manuel, Andrés Márquez, Sergi Gallego, Inmaculada Pascual, and Augusto Beléndez. "Experimental Conditions to Obtain Photopolymerization Induced Phase Separation Process in Liquid Crystal-Photopolymer Composite Materials under Laser Exposure." International Journal of Polymer Science 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/386736.

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We analyze the experimental conditions necessary to obtain a photopolymerization induced phase separation process inside liquid crystal-photopolymer composite materials. Composites stored for 24 hours perform poorly in hologram recording but a good result is obtained if they are used recently prepared. We use a procedure combining heat and sonication to disarrange the liquid crystal structures formed during storage of the composite. We also propose incoherent light treatment after recording the hologram in order to evaluate if the phase separation evolved correctly during hologram recording.

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27

West, John L. "Phase Separation of Liquid Crystals in Polymers." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Incorporating Nonlinear Optics 157, no. 1 (April 1988): 427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268948808080247.

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28

Wang, Shujun, Changjiang Wu, Min-Qiao Ren, Ryan M. Van Horn, Matthew J. Graham, Charles C. Han, Erqiang Chen, and Stephen Z. D. Cheng. "Liquid–liquid phase separation in a polyethylene blend monitored by crystallization kinetics and crystal-decorated phase morphologies." Polymer 50, no. 4 (February 2009): 1025–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2008.12.028.

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29

Allaire, Ryan H., Abhijeet Dhakane, Reece Emery, P. Ganesh, Philip D. Rack, Lou Kondic, Linda Cummings, and Miguel Fuentes-Cabrera. "Surface, Interface, and Temperature Effects on the Phase Separation and Nanoparticle Self Assembly of Bi-Metallic Ni0.5Ag0.5: A Molecular Dynamics Study." Nanomaterials 9, no. 7 (July 21, 2019): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9071040.

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Classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to investigate how free surfaces, as well as supporting substrates, affect phase separation in a NiAg alloy. Bulk samples, droplets, and droplets deposited on a graphene substrate were investigated at temperatures that spanned regions of interest in the bulk NiAg phase diagram, i.e., miscible and immiscible liquid, liquid-crystal, and crystal-crystal regions. Using MD simulations to cool down a bulk sample from 3000 K to 800 K, it was found that phase separation below 2400 K takes place in agreement with the phase diagram. When free surface effects were introduced, phase separation was accompanied by a core-shell transformation: spherical droplets created from the bulk samples became core-shell nanoparticles with a shell made mostly of Ag atoms and a core made of Ni atoms. When such droplets were deposited on a graphene substrate, the phase separation was accompanied by Ni layering at the graphene interface and Ag at the vacuum interface. Thus, it should be possible to create NiAg core-shell and layer-like nanostructures by quenching liquid NiAg samples on tailored substrates. Furthermore, interesting bimetallic nanoparticle morphologies might be tuned via control of the surface and interface energies and chemical instabilities of the system.

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30

Schaper, Andreas K., Hiroki Kurata, Taiyo Yoshioka, and Masaki Tsuji. "Composite Structure of Liquid Crystal/Polymer Nanotubes Revealed by High-Angle Annular Dark-Field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 13, no. 5 (September 28, 2007): 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927607070729.

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We have applied high-angle annular dark-field microscopy to the characterization of the structure of template-grown nanotubes composed of a polymer and a discotic liquid crystalline material. Selective staining of the liquid crystal phase with ruthenium tetroxide was used to develop adequate Z-contrast that allows us to distinguish between the two phases. At appropriate staining conditions, we could clearly visualize, in the annular dark-field mode, a 5–15-nm thin liquid crystalline layer precipitated on the inner surface of the polymer tubes. Cryo-electron diffraction has shown high alignment of the discotic columns within the layer parallel to the tube axis. However, although the polymer/liquid crystal phase separation is almost complete, the wetting behavior of the polymer in relation to the template appears to be sensitively influenced by kinetic factors.

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Matsuyama, Akihiko, and Ryota Hirashima. "Phase separations in liquid crystal-colloid mixtures." Journal of Chemical Physics 128, no. 4 (January 28, 2008): 044907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2823737.

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32

Du, Chun Hui, Zhong Chen, Yan Feng Wu, Kun Wang, and Yong Gao. "Structure Design and Properties of Porous PVDF Membranes Based on Ionic Liquid." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 1102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.1102.

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Ionic liquid was used as the pore-forming additive to design the structure and properties of PVDF membranes. The crystal structure, morphology and the wettability of the membranes was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle measurement. The results of FTIR and XRD suggested that ionic liquid could make α crystal phase in pure PVDF membrane totally transformed into β crystal phase via immersion precipitation process. SEM results also indicated that ionic liquid was a good pore-forming additive, which was in favor of the formation of the pore structure in the membranes. Contact angle results showed that the surface hydrophobic of PVDF membrane increased with the addition of ionic liquid in the casting solution. These results suggested that ionic liquid may be found its further application in the preparation of piezo-electric PVDF films with β crystal phase, and oil/water separation membranes.

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Ma, Qing Lan, and Yuan Ming Huang. "Transmittance of Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Device." Materials Science Forum 663-665 (November 2010): 795–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.663-665.795.

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Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) devices were prepared by the method of polymerization induced phase separation. The transmittances and textures of the PDLC devices in OFF state and ON state were characterized by an ultraviolet-visible spectrometer and a polarized optical microscope, respectively. Our results demonstrated that the transmittances of our PDLC devices can be up to 95% when it is in ON state and that the transmittances of our PDLC devices is only about 20% when it is in OFF state.

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Zhang, Xiaohua, Zhigang Wang, Ruoyu Zhang, and Charles C. Han. "Effect of Liquid−Liquid Phase Separation on the Lamellar Crystal Morphology in PEH/PEB Blend." Macromolecules 39, no. 26 (December 2006): 9285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma061801a.

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35

Mourad, M. C. D., J. E. G. J. Wijnhoven, D. D. van 't Zand, D. van der Beek, and H. N. W. Lekkerkerker. "Gelation versus liquid crystal phase transitions in suspensions of plate-like particles." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, no. 1847 (August 21, 2006): 2807–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1856.

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Gelation is a common effect in aqueous suspensions of charged colloidal clay platelets at concentrations as low as 1 wt%. However, in systems of charged gibbsite [Al(OH) 3 ] platelets, gelation can be delayed to concentrations as high as 50 wt% depending on the ionic strength. We investigated the phase behaviour of this system approaching the state of gelation in the delicate region between attractive and repulsive states that originate from competition between Coulomb repulsion and van der Waals attraction. As a function of the ionic strength, isotropic–nematic, nematic–columnar and isotropic–columnar phase separations were observed. Moreover, compression by gravitational forces allowed us to observe phase separation that is arrested by gelation in the homogeneous suspensions.

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36

McFarland, Coleen A., Jack L. Koenig, and John L. West. "Influence of the Polymer Matrix on the Bipolar and Radial Droplet Configurations within PDLC Films Examined by Infrared Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 5 (May 1993): 598–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934067270.

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The influence of the polymer matrix on the liquid crystal droplet configuration within a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) film is studied with the use of infrared spectroscopy. With a change of the polymer from poly( n-butyl methacrylate) to poly(isobutyl methacrylate) with the use of E7 liquid crystal, the droplet configuration changes from bipolar to radial. For both of these PDLC systems with 80:20, 70:30, and 60:40 E7/polymer compositions, the LC droplets grow in diameter with time. The spectroscopic data monitoring the droplet growth are described exponentially. A transition temperature is observed as both types of PDLCs cool, forming droplets by the thermally induced phase-separation technique. The TN-I, transition for the E7/PBMA PDLC appears at 46°C and for the E7/PIBMA PDLC appears at 51°C. Index Headings: FT-IR spectroscopy; Polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC).

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37

Kurita, Rei, and Hajime Tanaka. "Drastic enhancement of crystal nucleation in a molecular liquid by its liquid–liquid transition." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 50 (November 25, 2019): 24949–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909660116.

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Crystallization is one of the most familiar and fundamental phase transition phenomena. There is a possibility that crystallization may be enhanced by critical-like fluctuations associated with another nearby phase transition if the order parameter of the former is coupled to that of the latter; however, the mechanism of such order parameter coupling and its generality remain elusive due to the lack of experimental studies. Here we report experimental evidence for a nontrivial coupling between crystallization and liquid–liquid transition (LLT) for a molecular liquid, triphenyl phosphite. We find that the crystal nucleation frequency is drastically enhanced by short-time preannealing near but above the spinodal temperature of LLT. By successfully separating the thermodynamic and kinetic factors governing crystal nucleation, we show that this enhancement is induced by the lowering of the crystal–liquid interfacial energy due to the presence of critical-like order parameter fluctuations. This finding may be regarded as a fingerprint of the presence of LLT below the melting point. Thus, it may allow us not only to control the crystal nucleation frequency by LLT but also to unveil LLT hidden behind crystallization. This enhancement of nucleation frequency by critical-like fluctuations of another ordering phenomenon may be general to a variety of combinations of phase transitions. It would provide a way to control a crystal grain structure, which is a crucial control factor of mechanical and thermal properties of crystalline materials.

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38

KOIZUMI, Shigeru, Yasufumi OTSUBO, and Takeshi AMARI. "Phase Separation in Liquid Crystal/UV-Curable Monomer Systems during Polymerization." KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 51, no. 5 (1994): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/koron.51.303.

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39

Justice, Ryan S., Dale W. Schaefer, Richard A. Vaia, David W. Tomlin, and Timothy J. Bunning. "Interface morphology and phase separation in polymer-dispersed liquid crystal composites." Polymer 46, no. 12 (May 2005): 4465–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.02.029.

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40

Uchida, Nariya. "PHASE SEPARATION IN LIQUID CRYSTAL/GEL COMPOSITES: ROLE OF NETWORK ELASTICITY." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 366, no. 1 (August 2001): 857–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587250108024027.

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Kim, W. K., and T. Kyu. "Phase Separation Dynamics in a Mixture of Polystyrene and Liquid Crystal." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 250, no. 1 (July 1994): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587259408028199.

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Shipovskaya, A. B., G. N. Timofeeva, N. O. Gegel’, and S. Yu Shchegolev. "Phase separation and liquid-crystal state of cellulose triacetate in nitromethane." Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 81, no. 6 (November 2008): 1222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10891-009-0141-9.

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Das, Susanta K., and Alejandro D. Rey. "Texture formation under phase ordering and phase separation in polymer-liquid crystal mixtures." Journal of Chemical Physics 121, no. 19 (November 15, 2004): 9733–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1804494.

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Mani, Santosh, Pushpendra Rai, Samriti Khosla, and Pradip Sarawade. "The influence of polymer on optical and thermal properties of nematic liquid crystals." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2070, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012055.

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Abstract Polymer is substance which consists of large number of molecules and plays a very important in our everyday life. In the present study the effect of different concentration of polymer Poly Methyl Methacrylate on the optical and thermal properties of nematic liquid crystal were investigated. The polymer was dispersed in the liquid crystal by polymerization induced phase separation method. The physical properties were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy. We found various textures according to the molecular order and orientation of the liquid crystal and polymer in constrained regions separated by phase boundaries. These composite materials can be used to enhance contrast ratio with more stability for display application and smart window.

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Lyu, Jae Jin, Hirotsuku Kikuchi, Dae Hyun Kim, Jun Hyup Lee, Kyeong Hyeon Kim, Hiroki Higuchi, and Seung Hee Lee. "Phase separation of monomer in liquid crystal mixtures and surface morphology in polymer-stabilized vertical alignment liquid crystal displays." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 44, no. 32 (July 27, 2011): 325104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/44/32/325104.

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Wang, Qingbing, and Satyendra Kumar. "Submillisecond switching of nematic liquid crystal in cells fabricated by anisotropic phase-separation of liquid crystal and polymer mixture." Applied Physics Letters 86, no. 7 (2005): 071119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1861120.

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Wu, Chen-Xu, Yoshitake Yamazaki, and Ou-Yang Zhong-can. "Anchoring-dependent phase separation in hexatic liquid crystals." Chemical Physics Letters 338, no. 1 (April 2001): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(01)00125-7.

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48

Osipov, Mikhail A., Maxim V. Gorkunov, and Alexander A. Antonov. "Liquid Crystal Ordering in the Hexagonal Phase of Rod-Coil Diblock Copolymers." Polymers 12, no. 6 (May 31, 2020): 1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061262.

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Density functional theory of rod-coil diblock copolymers, developed recently by the authors, has been generalised and used to study the liquid crystal ordering and microphase separation effects in the hexagonal, lamellar and nematic phases. The translational order parameters of rod and coil monomers and the orientational order parameters of rod-like fragments of the copolymer chains have been determined numerically by direct minimization of the free energy. The phase diagram has been derived containing the isotropic, the lamellar and the hexagonal phases which is consistent with typical experimental data. The order parameter profiles as functions of temperature and the copolymer composition have also been determined in different anisotropic phases. Finally, the spatial distributions of the density of rigid rod fragments and of the corresponding orientational order parameter in the hexagonal phase have been calculated.

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Jacobs, Jeroen, Koen Binnemans, and Luc Van Meervelt. "Liquid-liquid solvent extraction of rare earths: a crystallographic analysis." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314089931.

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Liquid-liquid solvent extraction has become the primary research topic for separating mixtures of rare-earths. [1] Current research on this topic focuses on extraction processes involving ionic liquids as basic extracting agents. In the aqueous phase, the rare-earth is coordinated by the anionic entities of the ionic liquid, forming an anionic complex. The large organic cation of the ionic liquid neutralizes the complex (ion-pair complex) and migrates the entity to an organic phase. The choice of these agents is solely based on the calculation of thermodynamical extraction parameters, whilst structural information about these compounds is rare or even non-existent. Our research focuses on obtaining structural information via crystallography on the above-mentioned molecules and relating the interactions between anion and cation to the stability of the complexes. A difference in stability between the anionic complex and cation can give a different extractability. Different rare-earth chloride salts were dissolved in an aqueous phase, containing ionic liquids with β-diketonate anions and 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cations. After the extraction, crystals of the formed compounds are grown from the organic phase and measured. Current results show us that an intermolecular non-classical C-H ... O hydrogen bond is persistent across the different molecules, whilst small interactions between the cation side chain and halogens on the β-diketonate add extra stability to the crystal structure. Structures formed with 2-thenolytrifluoroactylacetonate anions have no intention to form side chain interactions, leaving the alkyl chain of the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in a void, whilst structures formed with hexafluoroacetylactonate have strong side chain interactions, which leads to a better packing. The different solubility of both compounds can be related to the different interactions and stability in the crystal structure.

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Ma, Qing Lan, and Yuan Ming Huang. "Dependence of the Morphology of Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal on Temperature." Materials Science Forum 663-665 (November 2010): 804–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.663-665.804.

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Polymer dispersed liquid crystal film was prepared by the method of polymerization induced phase separation. The optical morphologies of the PDLC film were characterized by polarized optical microscope with a hot stage. Our results demonstrated that the morphology of the PDLC film depended on temperature of PDLC system.

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