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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid iron'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 September 2023

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1

Caza, Mélissa, François Lépine, Sylvain Milot, and Charles M. Dozois. "Specific Roles of the iroBCDEN Genes in Virulence of an Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli O78 Strain and in Production of Salmochelins." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 8 (June 9, 2008): 3539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00455-08.

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ABSTRACT Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains are a subset of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strains associated with respiratory infections and septicemia in poultry. The iroBCDEN genes encode the salmochelin siderophore system present in Salmonella enterica and some ExPEC strains. Roles of the iro genes for virulence in chickens and production of salmochelins were assessed by introducing plasmids carrying different combinations of iro genes into an attenuated salmochelin- and aerobactin-negative mutant of O78 strain χ7122. Complementation with the iroBCDEN genes resulted in a regaining of virulence, whereas the absence of iroC, iroDE, or iroN abrogated restoration of virulence. The iroE gene was not required for virulence, since introduction of iroBCDN restored the capacity to cause lesions and colonize extraintestinal tissues. Prevalence studies indicated that iro sequences were associated with virulent APEC strains. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of supernatants of APEC χ7122 and the complemented mutants indicated that (i) for χ7122, salmochelins comprised 14 to 27% of the siderophores present in iron-limited medium or infected tissues; (ii) complementation of the mutant with the iro locus increased levels of glucosylated dimers (S1 and S5) and monomer (SX) compared to APEC strain χ7122; (iii) the iroDE genes were important for generation of S1, S5, and SX; (iv) iroC was required for export of salmochelin trimers and dimers; and (v) iroB was required for generation of salmochelins. Overall, efficient glucosylation (IroB), transport (IroC and IroN), and processing (IroD and IroE) of salmochelins are required for APEC virulence, although IroE appears to serve an ancillary role.

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2

Cubova, Katerina, Miroslava Semelova, Mojmir Nemec, and Vit Benes. "Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Ferric Ions into the Ionic Liquids." Minerals 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12010011.

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Imidazolium ionic liquids containing acetylacetone, thenoyltrifluoroacetone, or 8-hydroxyquinoline, respectively, were used as the extracting agents for the separation of traces of iron (III) from its aqueous solutions with or without citric and oxalic acids. The results show that 8-hydroxyquinoline in imidazolium ionic liquids extract iron quantitatively from all the tested solutions including complexing ones, regardless of indications of unexpected iron behavior/speciation.

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3

Liu, Weiqiang, Lei Shao, and Henrik Saxén. "Experimental Model Study of Liquid–Liquid and Liquid–Gas Interfaces during Blast Furnace Hearth Drainage." Metals 10, no. 4 (April 9, 2020): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10040496.

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The smooth drainage of produced iron and slag is a prerequisite for stable and efficient blast furnace operation. For this it is essential to understand the drainage behavior and the evolution of the liquid levels in the hearth. A two-dimensional Hele–Shaw model was used to study the liquid–liquid and liquid–gas interfaces experimentally and to clarify the effect of the initial amount of iron and slag, slag viscosity, and blast pressure on the drainage behavior. In accordance with the findings of other investigators, the gas breakthrough time increased and residual ratios for both liquids decreased with an increase of the initial levels of iron and slag, a decrease in blast pressure, and an increase in slag viscosity. The conditions under which the slag–iron interface in the end state was at the taphole and not below it were finally studied and reported.

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4

McDonald, Elissa M., Sara Mousa, and Felix S. F. Ram. "Iron supplementation for iron-deficiency anaemia." Journal of Prescribing Practice 5, no. 3 (March 2, 2023): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jprp.2023.5.3.118.

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Background: In recent years, iron supplementation has increased significantly because of the damaging systemic effects of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) being reported. The standard first-line therapy is oral iron tablets, with over 70% of recipients experiencing gastrointestinal adverse effects. Methods: This recent review of high-quality literature compares the effectiveness and adverse effects of tablet and liquid forms of iron supplementation in patients with IDA. Findings: The evidence to date indicates that both forms of iron supplementation are equally effective. However, the literature consistently and strongly supports the use of the liquid form of iron supplementation (ferrous sulfate) over the tablet form (ferrous sulphate or ferrous fumarate) in terms of adverse effects. Conclusions: Healthcare professionals should consider recommending the use of liquid iron formulation for the management of IDA and switch patients to this form if they experience gastrointestinal adverse effects. This may help to effectively manage IDA.

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5

Belashchenko, D. K. "Embedded atom model for liquid metals: Liquid iron." Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry 80, no. 5 (May 2006): 758–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036024406050165.

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6

Meyer, A., L. Hennig, F. Kargl, and T. Unruh. "Iron self diffusion in liquid pure iron and iron-carbon alloys." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 31, no. 39 (July 9, 2019): 395401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ab2855.

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7

Fuwa, Tasuku. "Reduction of Liquid Iron Oxide." Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals 29, no. 5 (1988): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1960.29.353.

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8

Fuwa, Tasuku. "Reduction of liquid iron oxide." Bulletin of the Japan Institute of Metals 26, no. 5 (1987): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia1962.26.365.

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9

Beutl, M., G. Pottlacher, and H. J�ger. "Thermophysical properties of liquid iron." International Journal of Thermophysics 15, no. 6 (November 1994): 1323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01458840.

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10

Bolʼshov, L. A., S. K. Korneichuk, and E. L. Bolʼshova. "Thermodynamics of nitrogen solutions in liquid nickel." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 64, no. 3 (April 9, 2021): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2021-3-200-204.

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The simplest model of the structure and interatomic interaction is applied to nitrogen solutions in liquid alloys of Fe – Ni system, which earlier (2019) was used by the authors for nitrogen solutions in alloys of Fe – Cr system. The principles of statistical mechanics are used in this model. Thus, three formulas were obtained. The first formula expresses the Sieverts law constant for the solubility of nitrogen in liquid nickel through a similar constant for the solubility of nitrogen in liquid iron and the Wagner interaction coefficient of nitrogen with nickel in low-concentration liquid iron-base alloys. The second formula expresses the partial enthalpy of dissolution of nitrogen in liquid nickel during the formation of an infinitely dilute solution through a similar value for dissolution of nitrogen in liquid iron and the Wagner interaction coefficient of nitrogen with nickel in iron-base liquid alloys. The third formula expresses the Wagner interaction coefficient of nitrogen with iron in low-concentration liquid nickel-base alloys through the Wagner interaction coefficient of nitrogen with nickel in liquid iron-base alloys. The constant of the Sieverts law for the solubility of nitrogen in liquid iron at T = 1873 K is assumed to be 0.044 mass. %. The partial enthalpy of dissolution of nitrogen in liquid iron assumed to be 5.0 kJ/mol. For Wagner interaction coefficient of nitrogen with nickel in iron-base liquid alloys at 1873 K three variants of values were studied: 2.4, 2.6, and 2.85. For the first option, theoretical value of the Sieverts law constant for solubility of nitrogen in liquid nickel at T = 1873 K, equal to 0.00195 mass. % was obtained. Theoretical value of the enthalpy of dissolution of nitrogen in liquid nickel is 52.7 kJ/mol. Theoretical value of the Wagner interaction coefficient of nitrogen with iron in nickel-base liquid alloys is –4.0. The agreement of theory with experiment seems to be satisfactory.

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11

Nouioua, A., and D. Barkat. "Liquid-liquid extraction of iron (III) from Ouenza iron ore leach liquor by tributylphosphate." Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (September 14, 2017): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v9i3.14.

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12

Takahira, Nobuyuki, Takeshi Yoshikawa, and Toshihiro Tanaka. "Unusual Wetting Behavior of Liquid Metals on Porous Layer Formed at Surface of Iron Substrate Prepared by Oxidation-Reduction Process." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 1699–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.1699.

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Unusual wetting behavior of liquid Cu was found on a surface-oxidized iron substrate in reducing atmosphere. Liquid Cu wetted and spread very widely on the iron substrate when a droplet was attached with the substrate in Ar-10%H2 after the surface oxidation of the substrate. The oxidationreduction process fabricates a porous layer at the surface of the iron substrate. The pores in the porous iron layer are 3-dimensionally interconnected. Thus, liquid metals, which are contacted with the reduced iron samples, penetrate into these pores by capillary force to cause the unusual wetting behavior. It has been already confirmed that liquid Ag, Sn, In and Bi show this phenomenon onto surface-porous iron samples as well as liquid Cu. This unusual wetting behavior of a liquid metal has been correlated to the normal contact angle of the liquid metal on a flat iron substrate.

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13

Berg, Martin, Jaewoo Lee, and Du Sichen. "Partitioning of Calcium Between Liquid Silver and Liquid Iron." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 49, no. 3 (March 6, 2018): 949–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-018-1226-7.

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14

Deng, Yong, Kexin Jiao, and Jianliang Zhang. "Liquid structure evolution of molten iron in blast furnace hearth." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 6 (2019): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2019035.

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The iron-carbon interfacial reaction between molten iron and carbon brick was carried out to simulate the working condition of blast furnace (BF) hearth. The carbon content in molten iron after the reaction was detected to be 5.0% which was almost saturated. XRD and SEM-EDS were conducted on the surface of polished rectangle iron before and after iron-carbon interfacial reaction. Fine striped graphite was observed in iron before iron-carbon interfacial reaction, a large amount of flake-like graphite was observed in iron after iron-carbon interfacial reaction. As a structure-sensitive physical property, the viscosity of molten iron was the macroscopic expression of its liquid structure. The liquid structure of molten iron (Fe-4.5%C, Fe-5.0%C) was measured through a high temperature X-ray diffractometer. The X-ray original diffraction intensity, the structure factor, the pair distribution function, the radial distribution function, and the main parameters of molten iron were obtained through the calculation. The presence of pre-peak in the structure factor indicated that there was a medium-range order in molten iron, some compounds or cluster of atoms might exist in molten iron, the structure model of atoms in liquid Fe-4.5%C was predicted through the structure parameters. The increase of carbon content after iron-carbon interfacial reaction was the essential reason for liquid structure evolution of molten iron in hearth.

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15

Xiao, Yuanyou, Hong Lei, Bin Yang, Guocheng Wang, Qi Wang, and Wei Jin. "Thermodynamic Modelling on Nanoscale Growth of Magnesia Inclusion in Fe-O-Mg Melt." Metals 9, no. 2 (February 2, 2019): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9020174.

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Nano-magnesia is the intermediate product during the growth of magnesia inclusion in Mg-deoxidized steel. Understanding the thermodynamics on nano-magnesia is important to explore the relationship between magnesia product size and deoxidation reaction in molten steel. In this work, a thermodynamic modeling is developed to study the Mg-deoxidation reaction between nano-magnesia inclusions and liquid iron. The thermodynamic results based on the first principle method show that the Gibbs free energy change for the forming magnesia product decrease gradually with the increasing nano-magnesia size in liquid iron. The published experimental data about Mg-deoxidation equilibria in liquid iron are scattered across the region between the thermodynamic curves of 2 nm magnesia and bulk-magnesia. It is suggested that these scattered experimental data of Mg-deoxidized liquid iron are in different thermodynamic states. Some of these experiments are in equilibrium with bulk-magnesia, while most of these experiments do not reach the equilibrium state between bulk magnesia and liquid iron, but in quasi-equilibria between nano-magnesia and liquid iron. This is the reason that different researchers gave different equilibrium constants. Furthermore, the behavior of the metastable magnesia is one of the most important reasons for the supersaturation ratio or the excess oxygen for MgO formation in liquid iron.

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16

Ligabue, Rosane Angélica, Jairton Dupont, and Roberto Fernando de Souza. "Liquid–liquid two-phase cyclodimerization of 1,3-dienes by iron-nitrosyl dissolved in ionic liquids." Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 169, no. 1-2 (March 2001): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1381-1169(00)00550-1.

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17

FUJITA, Hironori, and Motoyuki NAKAMURA. "Effect of iron on reaction between iron and liquid aluminum." Journal of the Surface Finishing Society of Japan 40, no. 10 (1989): 1131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.40.1131.

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18

Wu, Shengli, Heping Li, Weili Zhang, and Bo Su. "Effect of Thermodynamic Melt Formation Characteristics on Liquid Phase Fluidity of Iron Ore in the Sintering Process." Metals 9, no. 4 (April 2, 2019): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9040404.

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The liquid phase fluidity of iron ore is a vital index of fundamental sintering characteristics. In this paper, FactSage software and a visible microsintering test device were used to research the influence of the thermodynamic melt characteristics on the liquid phase fluidity under fixed CaO content conditions. The results show that the laws governing liquid phase fluidity of iron ore are significantly different with a fixed alkalinity and fixed CaO content of the sample. The liquid phase content at the sintering temperature is the most important thermodynamic melt formation characteristic affecting the liquid phase fluidity. In addition to the liquid phase content, other minerals also have a greater impact on liquid phase fluidity. Decreasing the viscosity of the liquid phase improves the liquid phase fluidity of the iron ore, and the effect of the SiO2 content of the iron ore on the mixed phase viscosity is greater than that of the Al2O3 content.

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19

ICHISE, Eiji, and Akira MORO-OKA. "Interaction parameter in liquid iron alloys." Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan 28, no. 3 (1988): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational1966.28.153.

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20

Grachev, V. A. "Electroslag Treatment of Liquid Cast Iron." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2018, no. 1 (January 2018): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029518010068.

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21

Bouchard, Dominique, and Christopher W. Bale. "Ti–Si Interactions in Liquid Iron." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 34, no. 4 (October 1995): 343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.1995.34.4.343.

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22

Wang, Xinjiao, Martin Valldor, Eike T. Spielberg, Frank W. Heinemann, Karsten Meyer, and Anja-Verena Mudring. "Paramagnetic iron-containing ionic liquid crystals." Journal of Molecular Liquids 304 (April 2020): 112583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112583.

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23

BOUCHARD, D., and C. BALE. "Ti-Si Interactions in liquid iron." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 34, no. 4 (October 1995): 343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-4433(95)00026-t.

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24

Kimura, Takashi, and Hideaki Suito. "Calcium deoxidation equilibrium in liquid iron." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 25, no. 1 (January 1994): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02663176.

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25

Monaghan, Brian J., Michael W. Chapman, and Sharon A. Nightingale. "Liquid Iron Wetting of Calcium Aluminates." ISIJ International 50, no. 11 (2010): 1707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.50.1707.

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26

Hirose, Kei, Shoh Tagawa, Yasuhiro Kuwayama, Ryosuke Sinmyo, Guillaume Morard, Yasuo Ohishi, and Hidenori Genda. "Hydrogen Limits Carbon in Liquid Iron." Geophysical Research Letters 46, no. 10 (May 22, 2019): 5190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gl082591.

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27

Ziminski, L., and J. Malthête. "Butadiene iron-tricarbonyl liquid crystal complexes." J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., no. 21 (1990): 1495–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c39900001495.

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28

Inoue, Ryo, and Hideaki Suito. "Calcium desulfurization equilibrium in liquid iron." Steel Research 65, no. 10 (October 1994): 403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.199401184.

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29

Nakashima, Kunihiko, and Katsumi Mori. "Interfacial Properties of Liquid Iron Alloys and Liquid Slags Relating to Iron- and Steel-making Processes." ISIJ International 32, no. 1 (1992): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.32.11.

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30

Li, Yanglong, Shusen Cheng, and Zhifeng Wang. "Corrosion Behavior of Ceramic Cup of Blast Furnace Hearth by Liquid Iron and Slag." High Temperature Materials and Processes 35, no. 9 (October 1, 2016): 941–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2015-0040.

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AbstractThree kinds of sample bricks of ceramic cups for blast furnace hearth were studied by dynamic corrosion tests based on different corrosion systems, i.e., liquid iron system, liquid slag system and liquid iron–slag system. Considering the influence of temperature and sample rotational speed, the corrosion profiles and mass loss of the samples were analyzed. In addition, the microstructure of the corroded samples was observed by optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found that the corrosion profiles could be divided into iron corrosion region, slag corrosion region and iron–slag corrosion region via corrosion degree after iron–slag corrosion experiment. The most serious corrosion occurred in iron–slag corrosion region. This is due to Marangoni effect, which promotes a slag film formed between liquid iron and ceramic cup and results in local corrosion. The corrosion of the samples deepened with increasing temperature of liquid iron and slag from 1,623 K to 1,823 K. The variation of slag composition had greater influence on the erosion degree than that of rotational speed in this experiment. Taking these results into account the ceramic cup composition should be close to slag composition to decrease the chemical reaction. A microporous and strong material should be applied for ceramic cup.

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31

Kim, Dong-Hyun, Won-Bum Park, Sang-Chae Park, and Youn-Bae Kang. "Evaporation of As and Sn from Liquid Iron: Experiments and a Kinetic Model during Top-Blown Oxygen Steelmaking Process." Materials 15, no. 14 (July 7, 2022): 4771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15144771.

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Evaporation kinetics of tramp elements (M = As and Sn) in liquid iron were investigated by high-temperature gas–liquid reaction experiments and a phenomenological kinetic model. Residual content of As or Sn in the liquid iron ([pct M]) during the evaporation was measured in the temperature range of 1680 °C to 1760 °C. [pct As] and [pct Sn] decreased faster as the reaction temperature and [pct C]0 increased. Assuming first-order reaction kinetics, the apparent rate constants (kM) were obtained at each reaction temperature and [pct C]0. [pct M] in a liquid iron during the top-blown oxygen steelmaking process was simulated, with an emphasis on enlarging the reaction surface area by forming a large number of liquid iron droplets. The surface area and the droplet generation rate were obtained based on the oxygen-blowing condition. The whole surface area increased up to ∼163 times the initial liquid iron (bath) surface area, due to the generation of the droplets. Using the kM obtained in the present study, the evaporation of M during the top-blown oxygen steelmaking process for 200 tonnes of liquid iron was simulated. For a condition of [pct M]0 = 0.005 (M = As and Sn), As and Sn could be removed from the liquid iron, which was seen to be much improved by the consideration of the droplet generation. However, additional actions are required to improve the evaporation rate, as the evaporation rate in the BOF process was not fast enough to be practically considered.

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32

Pradhan, Debabrata, and Ramana G. Reddy. "Interfacial Properties Prediction of Liquid Iron-Si Inclusion-MgO Refractory." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.390.

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A thermodynamic model for the prediction of interfacial tension of liquid iron, inclusion and solid oxide substrate/refractory was evaluated. The combined Good’s and Young’s equations were used for high temperature liquid metal-solid oxide substrate-inclusion system to evaluate the interfacial tensions. The study predicts the liquid silicon (as model inclusion/impurity) adherence on the solid oxide substrate/refractory (MgO) in a liquid iron melt. The calculated results for interfacial tension between liquid iron-MgO values decreased from 1798 to 1026 ergs/cm2 as the temperature increases from 1823 to 1933 K, respectively. The Gibbs energy of adhesion for liquid silicon-MgO substrate was calculated shows that silicon adhesion to MgO substrate increases with increasing surface tension of liquid Fe/MgO and with decreasing temperature.

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33

Hasegawa,, M., K. Wakimoto,, and M. Iwase,. "Activities of Iron in Liquid Copper-Iron Alloys Saturated with Copper-Iron Solid Solutions." High Temperature Materials and Processes 21, no. 5 (February 2002): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp.2002.21.5.243.

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34

Yathindranath, Vinith, V. Ganesh, Matthew Worden, Makoto Inokuchi, and Torsten Hegmann. "Highly crystalline iron/iron oxide nanosheets via lyotropic liquid crystal templating." RSC Advances 3, no. 24 (2013): 9210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ra41091a.

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35

Wiesli, René A., Brian L. Beard, Paul S. Braterman, Clark M. Johnson, Susanta K. Saha, and Mahadeva P. Sinha. "Iron isotope fractionation between liquid and vapor phases of iron pentacarbonyl." Talanta 71, no. 1 (January 15, 2007): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2006.03.026.

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36

Chen, Feng, and Ming Yu Li. "Preparation of Ammonium Iron Blue from Copperas and Ammonium Sulfate Wasted Liquid." Advanced Materials Research 898 (February 2014): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.898.443.

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Ammonium iron blue was prepared with ferrous sulfate and ammonium sulfate wasted liquid, ferrous sulfate is a byproduct from titanium dioxide production, and ammonium sulfate waste liquid is produced by ammonia oxidation iron oxide red. The influence of some parameters such as n (FeSO4)/n (Na4Fe (CN)6) ratio, PH value , reaction time, reaction temperature were discussed. The total iron content of ammonium iron blue is 35.89% and the quality of ammonium iron blue was accorded with the industrial standard (HG/T 3001-1999). SEM experimental result proved that the particle size of ammonium iron blue was uniform and about 100-200nm, and the structure of ammonium iron blue is Straight edges polyhedron. XRD experimental result showed that the structure of ammonium iron blue was similar to Fe [Fe (CN)]3.

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37

Perez, Henri, Virginie Jorda, Pierre Bonville, Jackie Vigneron, Mathieu Frégnaux, Arnaud Etcheberry, Axelle Quinsac, Aurélie Habert, and Yann Leconte. "Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon/Nitrogen/Iron Based Nanoparticles by Laser Pyrolysis as Non-Noble Metal Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction." C 4, no. 3 (July 30, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c4030043.

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This paper reports original results on the synthesis of Carbon/Nitrogen/Iron-based Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts by CO2 laser pyrolysis. Precursors consisted of two different liquid mixtures containing FeOOH nanoparticles or iron III acetylacetonate as iron precursors, being fed to the reactor as an aerosol of liquid droplets. Carbon and nitrogen were brought by pyridine or a mixture of pyridine and ethanol depending on the iron precursor involved. The use of ammonia as laser energy transfer agent also provided a potential nitrogen source. For each liquid precursor mixture, several syntheses were conducted through the step-by-step modification of NH3 flow volume fraction, so-called R parameter. We found that various feature such as the synthesis production yield or the nanomaterial iron and carbon content, showed identical trends as a function of R for each liquid precursor mixture. The obtained nanomaterials consisted in composite nanostructures in which iron based nanoparticles are, to varying degrees, encapsulated by a presumably nitrogen doped carbon shell. Combining X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy with acid leaching treatment and extensive XPS surface analysis allowed the difficult question of the nature of the formed iron phases to be addressed. Besides metal and carbide iron phases, data suggest the formation of iron nitride phase at high R values. Interestingly, electrochemical measurements reveal that the higher R the higher the onset potential for the ORR, what suggests the need of iron-nitride phase existence for the formation of active sites towards the ORR.

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38

BAZMANDEGAN-SHAMILI, Alireza, Ali Mohammad HAJI SHABANI, Shayessteh DADFARNIA, Mahboubeh SAEIDI, and Masoud ROHANI MOGHADAM. "Spectrophotometric determination of iron species using ionic liquid ultrasound assisted dispersive liquid--liquid microextraction." TURKISH JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 39 (2015): 1059–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/kim-1504-9.

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39

Lahiri, S., Sh Banerjee, and N. R. Das. "Liquid-liquid extraction of α-activation products of iron with HDEHP." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 223, no. 1-2 (September 1997): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02223393.

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40

Natsui, Shungo, Kazui Tonya, Hiroshi Nogami, Tatsuya Kikuchi, Ryosuke O. Suzuki, Ko-ichiro Ohno, Sohei Sukenaga, Tatsuya Kon, Shingo Ishihara, and Shigeru Ueda. "Numerical Study of Binary Trickle Flow of Liquid Iron and Molten Slag in Coke Bed by Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics." Processes 8, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8020221.

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In the bottom region of blast furnaces during the ironmaking process, the liquid iron and molten slag drip into the coke bed by the action of gravity. In this study, a practical multi-interfacial smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulation is carried out to track the complex liquid transient dripping behavior involving two immiscible phases in the coke bed. Numerical simulations were performed for different conditions corresponding to different values of wettability force between molten slag and cokes. The predicted dripping velocity changes and interfacial shape were investigated. The relaxation of the surface force of liquid iron plays a significant role in the dripping rate; i.e., the molten slag on the cokes acts as a lubricant against liquid iron flow. If the attractive force between the coke and slag is smaller than the gravitational force, the slag then drops together with the liquid iron. When the attractive force between the coke and slag becomes dominant, the iron-slag interface will be preferentially detached. These results indicate that transient interface morphology is formed by the balance between the momentum of the melt and the force acting on each interface.

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41

Naseri Seftejani, Masab, and Johannes Schenk. "Thermodynamic of Liquid Iron Ore Reduction by Hydrogen Thermal Plasma." Metals 8, no. 12 (December 11, 2018): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8121051.

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Abstract:

The production of iron using hydrogen as a reducing agent is an alternative to conventional iron- and steel-making processes, with an associated decrease in CO2 emissions. Hydrogen plasma smelting reduction (HPSR) of iron ore is the process of using hydrogen in a plasma state to reduce iron oxides. A hydrogen plasma arc is generated between a hollow graphite electrode and liquid iron oxide. In the present study, the thermodynamics of hydrogen thermal plasma and the reduction of iron oxide using hydrogen at plasma temperatures were studied. Thermodynamics calculations show that hydrogen at high temperatures is atomized, ionized, or excited. The Gibbs free energy changes of iron oxide reductions indicate that activated hydrogen particles are stronger reducing agents than molecular hydrogen. Temperature is the main influencing parameter on the atomization and ionization degree of hydrogen particles. Therefore, to increase the hydrogen ionization degree and, consequently, increase of the reduction rate of iron ore particles, the reduction reactions should take place in the plasma arc zone due to the high temperature of the plasma arc in HPSR. Moreover, the solubility of hydrogen in slag and molten metal are studied and the sequence of hematite reduction reactions is presented.

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NAGASAKA, Tetsuya, and Shiro BAN-YA. "Rate of Reduction of Liquid Iron Oxide." Tetsu-to-Hagane 78, no. 12 (1992): 1753–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.78.12_1753.

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KATO, Shuichi, Yasutaka IGUCHI, and Shiro BAN-YA. "Deoxidation Equilibrium of Liquid Iron with Barium." Tetsu-to-Hagane 78, no. 2 (1992): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.78.2_253.

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HINO, Mitsutaka, Shei-bin WANG, Tetsuya NAGASAKA, and Shiro BAN-YA. "Evaporation Rate of Zinc in Liquid Iron." Tetsu-to-Hagane 80, no. 4 (1994): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.80.4_300.

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ITOH, Hiroyasu, Mitsutaka HINO, and Shiro BAN-YA. "Deoxidation Equilibrium of Magnesium in Liquid Iron." Tetsu-to-Hagane 83, no. 10 (1997): 623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.83.10_623.

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ITOH, Hiroyasu, Mitsutaka HINO, and Shiro BAN-YA. "Deoxidation Equilibrium of Calcium in Liquid Iron." Tetsu-to-Hagane 83, no. 11 (1997): 695–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.83.11_695.

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CÁRDENAS T, GALO, and VIVIANA DELGADO G. "IRON COLLOIDS PREPARED BY CHEMICAL LIQUID DEPOSITION." Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society 55, no. 3 (2010): 301–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-97072010000300004.

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Kaptilniy, A. G., A. M. Kondratyev, A. E. Pletnev, and A. D. Rakhel. "The sound velocity measurements for liquid iron." Vestnik Ob"edinennogo instituta vysokikh temperatur 1, no. 1 (2018): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33849/2018108.

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Hino, Mitsutaka, Shei-bin Wang, Tetsuya Nagasaka, and Shiro Ban-Ya. "Evaporation Rate of Zinc in Liquid Iron." ISIJ International 34, no. 6 (1994): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.34.491.

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Verkhovlyuk, A. M. "Interaction of modifiers with liquid cast iron." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2007, no. 6 (December 2007): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029507060043.

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