Journal articles: 'Liquid Fuel Production'

1

Tsukahara, Kenichiro, and Shigeki Sawayama. "Liquid Fuel Production Using Microalgae." Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute 48, no. 5 (2005): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1627/jpi.48.251.

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Badger, Phillip C., and Jacqueline D. Broder. "Ethanol Production from Food Processing Wastes." HortScience 24, no. 2 (April 1989): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.24.2.227.

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Abstract Liquid fuels, the most versatile form of energy, primarily are produced from oil. They are subject to wide price fluctuations and critical shortages. Ethanol, which can be used as a liquid fuel or liquid fuel supplement, readily can be produced from starch and sugar feedstocks. Ethanol production from cellulosic sources or biomass can provide renewable, domestically produced fuel from the decentralized sources of U.S. farms and forests. Such production has other stategic implications for the United States, such as strengthening the farm economy, reducing vulnerability to oil boycotts, and reducing the amounts of dollars exported. More information is available on using ethanol in internal combustion engines than any other nonpetroleum-based liquid fuel. For these reasons, ethanol represents the best near-term choice for a liquid fuel from biomass.

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Dobó, Zsolt, Gergő Kecsmár, Zsófia Jakab, Gábor Nagy, and Tamás Koós. "Production of Liquid Hydrocarbons from Plastic Wastes." International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences 4, no. 4 (December 12, 2019): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21791/ijems.2019.4.39.

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Thermal pyrolysis of HDPE, LDPE, PP and PS plastic wastes were performed in a batch reactor and the yields of pyrolysis oils and liquid transportation fuels prepared by atmospheric distillation were determined. The gasoline fractions were tested in a traditional spark-ignition engine without any modifications or fuel blending. Fuel consumption and exhaust gas emission (NOx, CO) were measured and compared to a commercial fuel (RON = 95). PS generated 70.5% gasoline range hydrocarbons from the solid waste, followed by PP with 42.1%, LDPE with 40.8% and HDPE with 37.3%. The fuel consumption was reduced by 9.1-9.4% in the case of PS compared to reference measurement. Reduction in fuel consumption was noticeable at HDPE, LDPE and PP as well. PS gasoline decreased by 91-96%, while HDPE, LDPE and PP more likely increased the CO emission of the engine compared to commercial gasoline. The results show that pyrolysis of plastic wastes is a promising method to generate value added liquid transportation fuels and reduce the footprint of waste accumulation in landfills.

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Ackerson, M. D., N. L. Johnson, M. Le, E. C. Clausen, and J. L. Gaddy. "Biosolubilization and liquid fuel production from coal." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 24-25, no. 1 (March 1990): 913–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02920304.

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Yokoyama, Shin-ya, Akira Suzuki, Masanori Murakami, Tomoko Ogi, and Katsuya Koguchi. "LIQUID FUEL PRODUCTION FROM ETHANOL FERMENTATION STILLAGE." Chemistry Letters 15, no. 5 (May 5, 1986): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.1986.649.

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Osipov, A. M., and T. G. Shendrik. "Production of synthetic liquid fuel from coals." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 37, no. 3 (May 1996): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6701(96)88485-2.

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Düz, Mehtap, and Gökmen ŞEKER. "CALCULATION OF FISSILE FUEL PRODUCTION IN SOME MINOR ACTINIDES BASED ON THORIUM." Euroasia Journal of Mathematics, Engineering, Natural & Medical Sciences 9, no. 20 (March 25, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.38065/euroasiaorg.823.

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In this study, a hybrid reactor with fission fusion reaction was modeled. As a fluid in design; 10% ThC2 + 0.1-1% AmF3 + 89.9-89% Li20Sn80 and 10% ThC2 + 0.1-1% NpF4 + 89.9-89% Li20Sn80 molten salt was used. In the first liquid wall, second liquid wall and shield regions of the reactor, the fissile fuel production was calculated using the MCNPX-2.7.0. ENDF/B-VII.0 nuclear reaction cross section library was used for numerical calculations.

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Hafeez, Sanaa, George Manos, S. M. Al-Salem, Elsa Aristodemou, and Achilleas Constantinou. "Liquid fuel synthesis in microreactors." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 3, no. 4 (2018): 414–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8re00040a.

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Fukuzumi, Shunichi. "Production of Liquid Solar Fuels and Their Use in Fuel Cells." Joule 1, no. 4 (December 2017): 689–738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2017.07.007.

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Connor, Michael R., and Shota Atsumi. "Synthetic Biology Guides Biofuel Production." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/541698.

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The advancement of microbial processes for the production of renewable liquid fuels has increased with concerns about the current fuel economy. The development of advanced biofuels in particular has risen to address some of the shortcomings of ethanol. These advanced fuels have chemical properties similar to petroleum-based liquid fuels, thus removing the need for engine modification or infrastructure redesign. While the productivity and titers of each of these processes remains to be improved, progress in synthetic biology has provided tools to guide the engineering of these processes through present and future challenges.

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Nomura, Shinfuku, Hiromichi Toyota, Michinaga Tawara, Hiroshi Yamashita, and Kenya Matsumoto. "Fuel gas production by microwave plasma in liquid." Applied Physics Letters 88, no. 23 (June 5, 2006): 231502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2210448.

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Bae, Joongmyeon, Sangho Lee, Sunyoung Kim, Jiwoo Oh, Seunghyeon Choi, Minseok Bae, Inyong Kang, and Sai P. Katikaneni. "Liquid fuel processing for hydrogen production: A review." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 44 (November 2016): 19990–20022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.08.135.

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13

Hossain, Md Shameem, and Dr A. N. M. Mizanur Rahman. "Production of Liquid Fuel from Pyrolysis of WasteTires." International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 6, no. 11 (November 25, 2015): 1224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2015.11.013.

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Domashenko, Anatoly M., and Andrey L. Dovbish. "The process of production of liquefied methane - the component of rocket propellant." MATEC Web of Conferences 324 (2020): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032401004.

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The use of new fuel components, such as LNG or liquefied methane, in rocket-space, aviation and other special-purpose engineering is promising. On the basis of these fuel components it is possible to provide a number of technical and tactical parameters of aircrafts, which are not achievable when using standard fuels. Considered were the cryogenic systems developed by PJSC "Cryogenmash" for natural gas liquefaction with liquid methane recovery by the method of low-temperature condensation, stage separation and rectification. The second method allows to reduce the content of not only low boiling but also high boiling liquids in methane liquefied.

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Degueldre, Claude A., Richard J. Dawson, and Vesna Najdanovic-Visak. "Nuclear fuel cycle, with a liquid ore and fuel: toward renewable energy." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 3, no. 7 (2019): 1693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8se00610e.

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To fulfill the conditions required for a nuclear renewable energy concept, one has to explore a combination of processes going from the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle to the fuel production and the energy conversion using specific fluid fuels and reactors.

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Babajo, S. A., J. S. Enaburekhan, and I. A. Rufa’i. "Design, Fabrication and Performance Study of Co-Pyrolysis System for Production of Liquid Fuel from Jatropha Cake with Polystyrene Waste." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 3 (April 27, 2021): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i3.15.

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The increasing quantities of plastics and their disposal has been a major public concern. This paper therefore describes a fixed bed co-pyrolysis system designed and fabricated to obtain liquid fuel from a combination of Jatropha seed cake and polystyrene (plastic) waste using appropriate standard technique. The characterization of the feedstock materials (Jatropha cake and polystyrene) were carried out based on proximate and ultimate analysis. The products of the experiment were: liquid fuel, char and gas, while char and gas were considered as by-product. The parameters that were found to influence the product yields significantly includes: feed ratio, temperature and reaction time. The optimum liquid yield obtained from the co-pyrolysis of Jatropha cake with plastic (polystyrene) waste was 65.0 wt% (that is at the optimum parameters of feed ratio 1:1, temperature 500 oC and reaction time of 45 minutes). The liquid fuel obtained at these optimum conditions were analyzed based on physical and chemical properties, and compared to that of conventional diesel. The results of the liquid fuel obtained and conventional diesel in terms of viscosity, density and pH were 3.8 cP, 3.5 cP, and 830 kg/m3 , 853 kg/m3 , and 1.0, and neutral respectively. Elemental analyses of the liquid fuels from Jatropha cake with polystyrene waste showed that there is high contents of carbon and hydrogen, 87.2 and 8.3 respectively, which indicates that the liquid fuels may support combustion. The calorific value of liquid fuel from copyrolysis of Jatropha cake with polystyrene waste was 42.3 MJ/Kg, and closer to that of conventional diesel 45.5 MJ/Kg. Considering the results obtained from the study, the liquid fuel from Jatropha cake and polystyrene waste can be used as an alternative fuel Keywords: Co-pyrolysis, Jatropha cake, Polystyrene waste, calorific value

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OGI, Tomoko, and Shin-ya YOKOYAMA. "Liquid Fuel Production from Woody Biomass by Direct Liquefaction." Journal of The Japan Petroleum Institute 36, no. 2 (1993): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1627/jpi1958.36.73.

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18

Chen, Xiaofang, and Huanting Wang. "Tailor-Made Zeolitic Water Nanochannels for Liquid Fuel Production." Joule 4, no. 4 (April 2020): 710–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2020.03.014.

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19

Yokoyama, Shinya. "Challenges and Prospects for Liquid Fuel Production from Biomass." Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2013.88 (2013): _11–8_—_11–11_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2013.88._11-8_.

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20

Nomura, Shinfuku. "Fuel Production and Materials Synthesis by In-liquid Plasma." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 619 (October 25, 2019): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/619/1/012034.

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21

Kimura, Lygia Maestri, Larissa Cardoso Santos, Paula Fraga Vieira, Priciane Martins Parreira, and Humberto Molinar Henrique. "Biomass Pyrolysis: Use of Some Agricultural Wastes for Alternative Fuel Production." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.259.

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The use of biomass for energy generation has aroused great attention and interest because of the global climate changes, environmental pollution and reduction of availability of fossil energy. This study deals with pyrolysis of four agricultural wastes (sawdust, sugarcane straw, chicken litter and cashew nut shell) in a fixed bed pyrolytic reactor. The yields of char, liquid and gas were quantified at 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700oC and the temperature and pressure effects were investigated. Pyrolytic liquids produced were separated into aqueous and oil phases. XRF spectroscopy was used for qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis of the liquids and solids produced at whole temperature range. Calorific value analysis of liquids and solids were also performed for energy content evaluation. Experimental results showed sawdust, sugarcane straw and cashew nut waste have very good potential for using in pyrolysis process for alternative fuel production.

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22

Ong, Benjamin H. Y., Timothy G. Walmsley, Martin J. Atkins, and Michael R. W. Walmsley. "A Kraft Mill-Integrated Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process for Liquid Fuel Co-Production." Processes 8, no. 10 (September 28, 2020): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8101216.

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There is a growing awareness of the need to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and the inevitable depletion of fossil fuel. With the market pull for the growth in sustainable and renewable alternative energy, the challenge is to develop cost-effective, large-scale renewable energy alternatives for all energy sectors, of which transport fuels are one significant area. This work presents a summary of novel methods for integrating kraft mills with a hydrothermal liquefaction process. The application of these methods has resulted in a proposed kraft mill-integrated design that produces a liquid fuel and could provide net mitigation of 64.6 kg CO2-e/GJ, compared to conventional petrol and diesel fuels, at a minimum fuel selling price of 1.12–1.38 NZD/LGE of fuel, based on the case study. This paper concludes that a hydrothermal liquefaction process with product upgrading has promising economic potential and environmental benefits that are significantly amplified by integrating with an existing kraft mill. At the current global kraft pulp production rate, if each kraft mill transforms into a biorefinery based on hydrothermal liquefaction, the biofuel production is an estimated 290 Mt (9.9 EJ).

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Hakawati, Rawan, Beatrice Smyth, Helen Daly, Geoffrey McCullough, and David Rooney. "Is the Fischer-Tropsch Conversion of Biogas-Derived Syngas to Liquid Fuels Feasible at Atmospheric Pressure?" Energies 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2019): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061031.

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Biogas resulting from anaerobic digestion can be utilized for the production of liquid fuels via reforming to syngas followed by the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. Renewable liquid fuels are highly desirable due to their potential for use in existing infrastructure, but current Fischer-Tropsch processes, which require operating pressures of 2–4 MPa (20–40 bar), are unsuitable for the relatively small scale of typical biogas production facilities in the EU, which are agriculture-based. This paper investigates the feasibility of producing liquid fuels from biogas-derived syngas at atmospheric pressure, with a focus on the system’s response to various interruption factors, such as total loss of feed gas, variations to feed ratio, and technical problems in the furnace. Results of laboratory testing showed that the liquid fuel selectivity could reach 60% under the studied conditions of 488 K (215 °C), H2/CO = 2 and 0.1 MPa (1 bar) over a commercial Fischer–Tropsch catalyst. Analysis indicated that the catalyst had two active sites for propagation, one site for the generation of methane and another for the production of liquid fuels and wax products. However, although the production of liquid fuels was verified at atmospheric pressure with high liquid fuel selectivity, the control of such a system to maintain activity is crucial. From an economic perspective, the system would require subsidies to achieve financial viability.

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Simanjuntak, Wasinton, Kamisah Delilawati Pandiangan, Zipora Sembiring, and Agustina Simanjuntak. "Liquid Fuel Production by Zeolite-A Catalyzed Pyrolysis of Mixed Cassava Solid Waste and Rubber Seed Oil." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 35, no. 1 (February 19, 2019): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/350108.

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In this investigation, a mixture of cassava solid waste and rubber seed oil was subjected to pyrolysis for liquid fuel production. A series of pyrolysis experiments was conducted with fixed composition of 50 g cassava solid waste and 150 mL rubber seed oil. The experiments were conducted using zeolite-A synthesized from rice husk silica and aluminum metal through sol-gel route and subsequently calcined at different temperatures as catalyst. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of calcination temperatures of the catalyst on the chemical composition of the liquid fuel obtained. The pyrolysis experiment was commenced at room temperature and allowed to reach peak temperature of 350°C, and the composition of liquid fuel produced was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The results of GC-MS analyses reveal that liquid fuels composed of a series of organic compounds, broadly belong to hydrocarbon, alcohol, ester, ketone, aldehyde, and acid. The results also display significant effect of the calcination temperatures of the catalyst on the composition of the liquid. For hydrocarbon contents in particular, the fuel with the highest hydrocarbon content of 90% was obtained using the catalyst calcined at 800°C, suggesting that the use of the particular catalyst is the optimum condition. Based on the hydrocarbon content of the liquid fuels, it is concluded that the zeolites exhibited considerably high ability to enhance the formation of hydrocarbon and simultaneously suppress the formation of oxygenated compounds.

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Serdyukova, E. Yu, Yu V. Kozhevnikova, A. A. Perminova, and L. R. Galikeeva. "Possibility of Liquid Biocomponent Usage in the Production of Commercial Diesel Fuel." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 630, no. 2 (2022): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2022-630-2-3-7.

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The article presents a description of the technique for compounding petroleum diesel fuel and a fraction of 180-240°C obtained from a liquid bioproduct of pyrolysis of plant materials. The physicochemical properties and group chemical composition of the fraction of plant origin have been studied. The results of the physicochemical properties of the resulting mixtures of diesel fuel are presented. Permissible concentrations of the biocomponent in the preparation of mixed biodiesel fuels have been established.

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Wang, Aiguo, Danielle Austin, and Hua Song. "Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass and its Model Compounds for Fuel Production." Current Organic Chemistry 23, no. 5 (July 1, 2019): 517–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272823666190416160249.

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The heavy dependence on fossil fuels raises many concerns on unsustainability and negative environmental impact. Biomass valorization to sustainable chemicals and fuels is an attractive strategy to reduce the reliance on fossil fuel sources. Gasification, liquefaction and pyrolysis are the main thermochemical technologies for biomass conversion. Gasification occurs at high temperature and yields the gas (syngas) as the main product. Liquefaction is conducted at low temperature but high pressure, which mainly produces liquid product with high quality. Biomass pyrolysis is performed at a moderate temperature and gives a primarily liquid product (bio-oil). However, the liquid product from biomass conversion is not advantageous for direct use as a fuel. Compared to liquefaction, pyrolysis is favorable when the aim is to produce the maximum amount of the liquid product from the biomass. Hydrotreating for bio-oil upgrading requires a large amount of expensive hydrogen, making this process costly. Catalytic cracking of bio-oil to reduce the oxygen content leads to a low H/C ratio. Methanolysis is a novel process that utilizes methane instead of hydrogen for biomass conversion. The feasibility studies show that this approach is quite promising. The original complexity of biomass and variation in composition make the composition of the product from biomass conversion unpredictable. Model compounds are employed to better understand the reaction mechanism and develop an optimal catalyst for obtaining the desired product. The major thermochemical technologies and the mechanism based on model compound investigations are reviewed in the article.

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Chen, Zhuo, Tingzhou Lei, Zhiwei Wang, Xueqin Li, and Peng Liu. "Environmental and Economic Impacts of Biomass Liquid Fuel Conversion and Utilization—A Review." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2022.2172.

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Biomass liquid fuel, one of the most important renewable fuels, plays a key role in the energy development. This paper reviews the research progress in biomass liquid fuel conversion and utilization, environmental impact, and economic analysis. The application research of biomass liquid fuel currently focuses on the evaluation of substitution and emission reduction effect of a single component on fossil energy. While most studies confirm that biomass liquid fuel can reduce greenhouse gas emission and current energy shortage problems, the large-scale cultivation and use of energy crops may induce negative environmental impacts. And although second-generation biomass liquid fuel base on agricultural residues have potential development and considerable economic feasibility compared to fossil fuel, technological breakthroughs are required to reduce production costs and achieve large-scale promotion and application. Technological breakthroughs in the multi-product comprehensive utilization of biomass liquid fuel, raw material plants in the environment, establishment of economic analysis models, and economic quantification of ecological benefits will drive research directions in the future.

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Thambiyapillai, Selvaganapathy, and Muthuvelayudham Ramanujam. "An Experimental Investigation and Aspen HYSYS Simulation of Waste Polystyrene Catalytic Cracking Process for the Gasoline Fuel Production." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 4 (July 5, 2021): 891–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.33817.

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Plastic wastes are necessary to recycle due to their disposal issues around the world. They can be recycled through various techniques i.e., mechanical reprocessing, mechanical recycling, chemical recycling and incineration. Most recycling techniques are expensive and end up in producing low-grade products excluding chemical recycling; it is an eco-friendly way to deal with plastic waste. Catalytic cracking is one of the chemical recycling methods, for converting waste plastics into liquid fuel same as commercial fuels. An experimental investigation of polystyrene catalytic cracking process was conducted with impregnated fly ash catalyst and 88.4% of liquid product yield was found as a maximum at optimum operating conditions 425 ̊C and 60 min. The liquid fuel quality was analyzed using FTIR spectra analysis, GC/MS analysis and Physico-chemical property analysis. The GC/MS analysis shows that the fly ash cracking of polystyrene leads to the production of gasoline fuels within the hydrocarbon range of C3-C24, and the aliphatic and aromatic functional compounds were detected using FTIR analysis. Moreover, the Aspen Hysys simulation of polystyrene catalytic cracking was conducted in a pyrolytic reactor at 425 ̊C and at the end of the simulation, 93.6% of liquid fuel yield was predicted. It was inferred that the simulation model for the catalytic cracking is substantial to fit the experimental data in terms of liquid fuel conversion

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Sarker, Moinuddin, and Mohammad Mamunor Rashid. "Cover of Cylinder Lattice Plastic Convert into Fuel." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 11 (September 2013): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.11.17.

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Waste plastic of cylinder lattice to liquid fuel production process was performing two step processes. 1st step process was perform muffle furnace with ceramic crucible and 2nd step process was perform glass reactor with condensation unit. Thermal degradation process was performing with furnace and temperature was 410 °C and reactor temperature was 420 °C. Muffle furnace was use for solid hard shape of plastic melting purpose and glass reactor was use for liquid slurry to produce vapor purpose. Liquid slurry to produce vapor was condensed and collected liquid fuel and fuel density is 0.75 g/ml. Liquid fuel production conversation rate was 71.05%. Fuel was analysis by GC/MS and carbon chains obtain C3 to C23 from GC/MS chromatogram. Fuel color is light yellow and fuel is ignited.

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Sarker, Moinuddin, and Mohammad Mamunor Rashid. "Cover of Cylinder Lattice Plastic Convert into Fuel." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 11 (April 2, 2013): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-qjo621.

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Waste plastic of cylinder lattice to liquid fuel production process was performing two step processes. 1st step process was perform muffle furnace with ceramic crucible and 2nd step process was perform glass reactor with condensation unit. Thermal degradation process was performing with furnace and temperature was 410 °C and reactor temperature was 420 °C. Muffle furnace was use for solid hard shape of plastic melting purpose and glass reactor was use for liquid slurry to produce vapor purpose. Liquid slurry to produce vapor was condensed and collected liquid fuel and fuel density is 0.75 g/ml. Liquid fuel production conversation rate was 71.05%. Fuel was analysis by GC/MS and carbon chains obtain C3 to C23 from GC/MS chromatogram. Fuel color is light yellow and fuel is ignited.

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Zhukov, A. V., and A. V. Mikhalkov. "SТRATEGIC APPROACHES OF COMBINED ELECTROTHERMAL PROCESSING OF COAL AND CARBONATE MINERAL RAW MATERIALS FOR OBTAINING OF HIGHLY EFFICIENT SYNTHETIC ENERGY CARRIERS AND NON-FUEL PRODUCTS." Professor’s Journal. Series: Technical science 3 (September 1, 2019): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2686-8598-2019-3-3-5-11.

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coal gasification and the production of gaseous fuels include three principal directionsrelated to the production of fuel gas: 1) composition and heat capacity of the produced gas; 2) gas generator structures; 3) characteristic properties of the obtained alternative product -low CO con-tent and gas toxicity, which allow making full use of this gas for domestic purposes. In industrial pro-cesses of coal conversion, the following combined technologies are used most often: — semi-cok-ing + gasification of fixed ash (low-temperature coke); — semi-coking + hydrogenation of liquid product (tar); — gasification + synthesis of high molecular weight hydrocarbons from the produced SYN gas (СО+Н) (Fischer-Tropsch synthesis). The choice of the layout for obtaining SLF (synthetic liquid fuel) can be based on specific conditions, the cost and quality of coal, energy supply, market conditions. The products obtained in the process of gasification and hydrogenation of coals pollute the atmosphere much less than the coal burned in electrical power plants. When implementing the organizational and technological model of innovative production, the first stage includes the following combined approaches for the processing of mineral raw materials and new products: 1. processing of carbonic mineral raw materials: calcium carbide, carbon dioxide (in a gaseous, liquid or solid state); 2. acetylene, plant growth regulators (PGRs), plant protection products (TAKAR).The second stage includes fuel and non-fuel products: 1. synthetic ethyl alcohol (ethanol), anti-freeze, ethylene glycol, dichloroethane, synthetic drying oils, acetone, etc .; 2. carbamide (urea), am-monia, nitrogen in gaseous and liquid states, methanol, gasoline, etc.

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Zhukov, Anatoly. "Strategic approaches of combined electrothermal processing of coal and carbonate mineral raw materials for obtainment of highly efficient synthetic energy carriers and non-fuel products." E3S Web of Conferences 56 (2018): 03017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185603017.

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Coal gasification and the production of gaseous fuels include three principal directions related to the production of fuel gas: 1) composition and heat capacity of the produced gas; 2) gas generator structures; 3) characteristic properties of the obtained alternative product - low CO content and gas toxicity, which allow making full use of this gas for domestic purposes. In industrial processes of coal conversion, the following combined technologies are used most often: - semi-coking + gasification of fixed ash (low-temperature coke); - semi-coking + hydrogenation of liquid product (tar); - gasification + synthesis of high molecular weight hydrocarbons from the produced SYN gas (СО+Н) (Fischer-Tropsch synthesis). The choice of the layout for obtaining SLF (synthetic liquid fuel) can be based on specific conditions, the cost and quality of coal, energy supply, market conditions. The products obtained in the process of gasification and hydrogenation of coals pollute the atmosphere much less than the coal burned in electrical power plants. When implementing the organizational and technological model of innovative production, the first stage includes the following combined approaches for the processing of mineral raw materials and new products: 1. processing of carbonic mineral raw materials: calcium carbide, carbon dioxide (in a gaseous, liquid or solid state); 2. acetylene, plant growth regulators (PGRs), plant protection products (TAKAR). The second stage includes fuel and non-fuel products: 1. synthetic ethyl alcohol (ethanol), antifreeze, ethylene glycol, dichloroethane, synthetic drying oils, acetone, etc .; 2. carbamide (urea), ammonia, nitrogen in gaseous and liquid states, methanol, gasoline, etc.

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Patterson, Bruce D., Frode Mo, Andreas Borgschulte, Magne Hillestad, Fortunat Joos, Trygve Kristiansen, Svein Sunde, and Jeroen A. van Bokhoven. "Renewable CO2 recycling and synthetic fuel production in a marine environment." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 25 (June 3, 2019): 12212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902335116.

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A massive reduction in CO2 emissions from fossil fuel burning is required to limit the extent of global warming. However, carbon-based liquid fuels will in the foreseeable future continue to be important energy storage media. We propose a combination of largely existing technologies to use solar energy to recycle atmospheric CO2 into a liquid fuel. Our concept is clusters of marine-based floating islands, on which photovoltaic cells convert sunlight into electrical energy to produce H2 and to extract CO2 from seawater, where it is in equilibrium with the atmosphere. These gases are then reacted to form the energy carrier methanol, which is conveniently shipped to the end consumer. The present work initiates the development of this concept and highlights relevant questions in physics, chemistry, and mechanics.

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Melnyk, V. О. "Improvement of classification of emulsion production methods." Oil and Gas Power Engineering, no. 2(34) (December 29, 2020): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9868-2020-2(34)-75-83.

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When burning liquid fuel, the problems arise related to ensuring the environmental requirements and the efficiency of its use. The process of high-quality liquid fuel combustion (mainly fuel oil) is complicated by the presence of excess water in it. One of the promising directions for solving this problem is the use of water-emulsion fuels (WEF), in which the expensive stage of fuel dehydration is replaced by the stage of emulsification – the uniform water distribution in the volume of fuel. In this case, it is possible to eliminate its stratification not only with the use of expensive surfactants, but also with the use of technologies, ensuring the stability of such fuel due to the formation of a finely dispersed emulsion. The stability and efficiency of combustion of such a fuel emulsion (FE) will significantly depend on the amount and water dispersion in the WEF. Nowadays such WEF technologies for emulsifying and their features are insufficiently studied and therefore have great scientific and practical importance. The existing classifications of emulsification methods (EM) are diverse, which makes it impossible to analyze the possibilities, functionality, and practicability of choosing the optimal EM for obtaining a high-quality emulsion. On the basis of the analysis of the existing EM classifications, the improved classification is proposed, which combined the possible EM and devices. The expediency of using a specific EM depends on the parameters of the FE and its needs, scope, conditions and purpose of application. It is effective to use for an industrial scale the devices that work with discrete-pulse energy input technology (DPEI). However, you can use the sound EM, using the UZDN-A disperser and the UZG-34 generator for laboratory studies.

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35

Choi, Younseok, and Jinkwang Lee. "Estimation of Liquid Hydrogen Fuels in Aviation." Aerospace 9, no. 10 (September 28, 2022): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9100564.

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As the demand for alternative fuels to solve environmental problems increases worldwide due to the greenhouse gas problem, this study predicted the demand for liquid hydrogen fuel in aviation to achieve ‘zero-emission flight’. The liquid hydrogen fuel models of an aircraft and all aviation sectors were produced based on the prediction of aviation fleet growth through the classification of currently operated aircraft. Using these models, the required amount of liquid hydrogen fuel and the total cost of liquid hydrogen were also calculated when various environmental regulations were satisfied. As a result, it was found to be necessary to convert approximately 66% to 100% of all aircraft from existing aircraft to liquid hydrogen aircraft in 2050, according to regulations. The annual liquid hydrogen cost was 4.7–5.2 times higher in the beginning due to the high production cost, but after 2030, it will be maintained at almost the same price, and it was found that the cost was rather low compared to jet fuel.

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Bett, Ronald k., Anil Kumar, and Zachary O. Siagi. "Optimization of Liquid Fuel Production from Microwave Pyrolysis of Used Tyres." Journal of Energy 2021 (August 11, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3109374.

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Used tyres pose a threat to the environment, especially in developing countries, since the current disposal methods lead to environmental pollution. Pyrolysis liquid from used tyres can be used as a source of fuel to replace petroleum diesel. Microwave pyrolysis is an alternative valorization process that is supposed to save energy and, therefore, is environment friendly. In the current study, microwave pyrolysis was used to produce liquid fuel. Processing variable levels for microwave were power levels of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100%; the reaction times were 8, 13, 18, 23, and 28 minutes; and the particle sizes were 25, 50, 100, and 200 mm2. Design-Expert 13 was used for data analysis and optimization, and GC-MS was used for chemical composition analysis, while physiochemical properties were tested using standard methods. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the effects of operating variables and identify the points of optimal yields. For microwave pyrolysis, the highest liquid yield of 39.1 wt. % was at 50% power, 18 min reaction time, and particle size of 25 mm2. The yield decreased as the particle size increased. RSM gave conditions for optima in agreement with the experimental results. The calorific value for liquid fuel was 48.99 MJ/kg. GC-MS analysis showed that the oil comprised complex mixtures of organic compounds with limonene, toluene, and xylene as major components. The liquid fuel properties meet the required international standards and can be used as an alternative to diesel fuel.

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37

Reguera, Frank Martin, Lucia Regina Raddi de Araujo, Marta Cristina Picardo, Fábio de Oliveira Bello, Cynthia Fraga Scofield, Nídia Maria Ribeiro Pastura, and Wilma de Araujo Gonzalez. "The use of niobium based catalysts for liquid fuel production." Materials Research 7, no. 2 (June 2004): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-14392004000200021.

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Czernik, S., J. Scahill, and J. Diebold. "The Production of Liquid Fuel by Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 117, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2847714.

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The NREL Fast Ablative Pyrolysis Technology was employed to generate oils from various biomass feedstocks. The oil yield from wood (64 percent) was higher than from herbaceous species (51 percent). Biomass oils have potential to be used as fuel though their properties are different from those of petroleum derived oils. They are multicomponent mixtures containing various groups of organic compounds such as sugars, aldehydes, acids, and phenolics. The density of the oils is about 1.2 g/ml and the pH is in the range 2.5–3.7. The viscosity of 20–80 cP (at 45°C) corresponds to that of No. 6 fuel oil. The high heating value for the biomass oils is in the range of 22.5–24.4 MJ/kg on a water-free basis. Considering the highest oil yields, it corresponds to approximately 65 percent of the wood heating value transferred to the oil.

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Chan Park, Ji, Dong Hyun Chun, Jung-Il Yang, Ho-Tae Lee, Sungjun Hong, Geun Bae Rhim, Sanha Jang, and Heon Jung. "Cs promoted Fe5C2/charcoal nanocatalysts for sustainable liquid fuel production." RSC Advances 5, no. 55 (2015): 44211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra03439f.

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Cs promoted Fe₅C₂/charcoal nanocatalysts especially at Cs/Fe = 0.025, prepared by a melt-infiltration and a wetness impregnation process, demonstrated an excellent catalytic performance for the high-temperature Fischer–Tropsch reaction.

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40

Bensaid, Samir, Romualdo Conti, and Debora Fino. "Direct liquefaction of ligno-cellulosic residues for liquid fuel production." Fuel 94 (April 2012): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.11.053.

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41

Tyurina, Elina, Aleksandr Mednikov, and Svetlana Sushko. "Competitiveness Of Advanced Technologies For Production Of Electricity And Alternative Liquid Fuels." E3S Web of Conferences 69 (2018): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186902008.

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Technical and economic aspects of synthetic liquid fuel and electric power combined production within one energy-technology installation (ETI) are considered. The range of prices for alternative liquid fuel (ALF) produced by the installations, depending on the cost of consumed fuel, price of supplied electric power and level of capital investments, has been ascertained. The studies made suggest the conclusion that combined production of dimethyl ether is more efficient from the energy and economic viewpoints than methanol production. Besides, a certain level of oil prices was identified, its excess implying that production of ALF, i.e. dimethyl ether, will be more economically efficient than production of motor fuel from oil.

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Zhang, Ji, Junling Yang, Huafu Zhang, Zhentao Zhang, and Yu Zhang. "Research status and future development of biomass liquid fuels." BioResources 16, no. 2 (April 8, 2021): 4523–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.zhang.

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Due to the combined pressures of energy shortage and environmental degradation, bio-liquid fuels have been widely studied as a green, environmentally friendly, renewable petroleum alternative. This article summarizes the various technologies of three generations of biomass feedstocks (especially the second-generation, biomass lignin, and the third-generation, algae raw materials) used to convert liquid fuels (bioethanol, biodiesel, and bio-jet fuel) and analyzes their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, this article details the latest research progress in biomass liquid fuel production, summarizes the list of raw materials, products and conversion processes, and provides personal opinions on its future development. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the optimization of existing technology and future research and development of biomass liquid fuels.

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Simon Araya, Samuel, Vincenzo Liso, Xiaoti Cui, Na Li, Jimin Zhu, Simon Lennart Sahlin, Søren Højgaard Jensen, Mads Pagh Nielsen, and Søren Knudsen Kær. "A Review of The Methanol Economy: The Fuel Cell Route." Energies 13, no. 3 (January 29, 2020): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030596.

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This review presents methanol as a potential renewable alternative to fossil fuels in the fight against climate change. It explores the renewable ways of obtaining methanol and its use in efficient energy systems for a net zero-emission carbon cycle, with a special focus on fuel cells. It investigates the different parts of the carbon cycle from a methanol and fuel cell perspective. In recent years, the potential for a methanol economy has been shown and there has been significant technological advancement of its renewable production and utilization. Even though its full adoption will require further development, it can be produced from renewable electricity and biomass or CO2 capture and can be used in several industrial sectors, which make it an excellent liquid electrofuel for the transition to a sustainable economy. By converting CO2 into liquid fuels, the harmful effects of CO2 emissions from existing industries that still rely on fossil fuels are reduced. The methanol can then be used both in the energy sector and the chemical industry, and become an all-around substitute for petroleum. The scope of this review is to put together the different aspects of methanol as an energy carrier of the future, with particular focus on its renewable production and its use in high-temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) via methanol steam reforming.

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Fahim, Irene, Omar Mohsen, and Dina ElKayaly. "Production of Fuel from Plastic Waste: A Feasible Business." Polymers 13, no. 6 (March 16, 2021): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060915.

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This paper aims to conduct a feasibility study of producing fuel from plastic waste. It is a suggested approach to deal with the huge production of synthetic plastic around the world, so as to avoid its accumulation in landfills and the depletion of resources. Several types of research have addressed the conversion of plastic waste into energy, and in this study the authors focused on using pyrolysis to convert plastic to liquid oil. Accordingly, the volume of the waste was reduced significantly, and the produced liquid oil had a high calorific value in comparison to fossil fuel. The authors managed to develop a profitable business model for a facility producing fuel from plastic waste in Egypt. This project could be a very lucrative business opportunity for investors or venture capitalists interested in investing in green economy. A Business Model Canvas was used as a tool to identify how the different components of the business relate to each other.

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Ismagilov, Z. R. "Catalytic Combustion for Heat Production and Environmental Protection." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 3, no. 4 (July 10, 2017): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj574.

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Processes and apparatuses for catalytic combustion of fuels for heat production and for treatment of wastes for environment protection are described. Special attention is paid to processes of treatment of mixed<br />radioactive organic waste in a fluidized catalyst bed and for environmentally safe catalytic technology for the utilization of liquid rocket fuel unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and wastes, containing it.

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Tyurina, E. A., A. S. Mednikov, and P. Yu Elsukov. "Modular plants for combined biomass-based production of electricity and synthetic liquid fuel." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 22, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2020-22-1-113-127.

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The high costs of qualified liquid fuels in remote areas of Siberia and the Far East, as well as significant stocks of wood biomass in these areas determine the relevance of the presented studies. The integrated processing of woody biomass into synthetic liquid fuel and electricity will increase the energy and economic efficiency of processing technological waste, as well as improve the environmental situation in these areas. The aim of the work is technical and economic optimization of parameters modular installations of the combined production of electricity and methanol from woody biomass. The article presents an analysis of previously performed work on the topic of research and, based on them, selected one of the most effective ways to process wood biomass - oxidative conversion of this raw material to produce gas enriched in hydrogen and carbon oxides, synthesis of qualified liquid fuels and generating electricity when burning purge gas synthesis process. The technological scheme of modular plants for combined biomass-based production of electricity and synthetic liquid fuel, its mathematical model of its elements and the scheme as a whole are given. On the basis of the selected methods, optimization studies of the operation of a modular energy technology installation were carried out. Analysis of the results showed that the combined production of electricity and methanol based on biomass increases the thermal efficiency of the process by 12% and reduces investment by 15-20% compared with separate production. With an internal rate of return of capital of 15%, the cost of methanol from biomass will be 275-317 dollars per ton. At such a cost, methanol can compete with both boiler-furnace and motor fuels in the eastern regions of Russia.

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Falter, Christoph, Niklas Scharfenberg, and Antoine Habersetzer. "Geographical Potential of Solar Thermochemical Jet Fuel Production." Energies 13, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040802.

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The solar thermochemical fuel pathway offers the possibility to defossilize the transportation sector by producing renewable fuels that emit significantly less greenhouse gases than conventional fuels over the whole life cycle. Especially for the aviation sector, the availability of renewable liquid hydrocarbon fuels enables climate impact goals to be reached. In this paper, both the geographical potential and life-cycle fuel production costs are analyzed. The assessment of the geographical potential of solar thermochemical fuels excludes areas based on sustainability criteria such as competing land use, protected areas, slope, or shifting sands. On the remaining suitable areas, the production potential surpasses the current global jet fuel demand by a factor of more than fifty, enabling all but one country to cover its own demand. In many cases, a single country can even supply the world demand for jet fuel. A dedicated economic model expresses the life-cycle fuel production costs as a function of the location, taking into account local financial conditions by estimating the national costs of capital. It is found that the lowest production costs are to be expected in Israel, Chile, Spain, and the USA, through a combination of high solar irradiation and low-level capital costs. The thermochemical energy conversion efficiency also has a strong influence on the costs, scaling the size of the solar concentrator. Increasing the efficiency from 15% to 25%, the production costs are reduced by about 20%. In the baseline case, the global jet fuel demand could be covered at costs between 1.58 and 1.83 €/L with production locations in South America, the United States, and the Mediterranean region. The flat progression of the cost-supply curves indicates that production costs remain relatively constant even at very high production volumes.

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Kler, Aleksandr, Elina Tyurina, and Aleksandr Mednikov. "Comparative efficiency of technologies for conversion and transportation of energy resources of Russia’s eastern regions to NEA countries." E3S Web of Conferences 27 (2018): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20182702005.

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The paper presents perspective technologies for combined conversion of fossil fuels into synthetic liquid fuels and electricity. The comparative efficiency of various process flows of conversion and transportation of energy resources of Russia's east that are aimed at supplying electricity to remote consumers is presented. These also include process flows based on production of synthetic liquid fuel.

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Kabeyi, Moses Jeremiah Barasa, and Oludolapo Akanni Olanrewaju. "Biogas Production and Applications in the Sustainable Energy Transition." Journal of Energy 2022 (July 9, 2022): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8750221.

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Biogas is competitive, viable, and generally a sustainable energy resource due to abundant supply of cheap feedstocks and availability of a wide range of biogas applications in heating, power generation, fuel, and raw materials for further processing and production of sustainable chemicals including hydrogen, and carbon dioxide and biofuels. The capacity of biogas based power has been growing rapidly for the past decade with global biogas based electricity generation capacity increasing from 65 GW in 2010 to 120 GW in 2019 representing a 90% growth. This study presents the pathways for use of biogas in the energy transition by application in power generation and production of fuels. Diesel engines, petrol or gasoline engines, turbines, microturbines, and Stirling engines offer feasible options for biogas to electricity production as prme movers. Biogas fuel can be used in both spark ignition (petrol) and compression ignition engines (diesel) with varying degrees of modifications on conventional internal combustion engines. In internal combustion engines, the dual-fuel mode can be used with little or no modification compared to full engine conversion to gas engines which may require major modifications. Biogas can also be used in fuel cells for direct conversion to electricity and raw material for hydrogen and transport fuel production which is a significant pathway to sustainable energy development. Enriched biogas or biomethane can be containerized or injected to gas supply mains for use as renewable natural gas. Biogas can be used directly for cooking and lighting as well as for power generation and for production of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) fuels. Upgraded biogas/biomethane which can also be used to process methanol fuel. Compressed biogas (CBG) and liquid biogas (LBG) can be reversibly made from biomethane for various direct and indirect applications as fuels for transport and power generation. Biogas can be used in processes like combined heat and power generation from biogas (CHP), trigeneration, and compression to Bio-CNG and bio-LPG for cleaned biogas/biomethane. Fuels are manufactured from biogas by cleaning, and purification before reforming to syngas, and partial oxidation to produce methanol which can be used to make gasoline. Syngas is used in production of alcohols, jet fuels, diesel, and gasoline through the Fischer-Tropsch process.

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Kolář, L., S. Kužel, J. Peterka, and J. Borová-Batt. "Agrochemical value of the liquid phase of wastes from fermentem during biogas production." Plant, Soil and Environment 56, No. 1 (January 27, 2010): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/180/2009-pse.

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We tested the procedure of combined phytomass utilization Integrated Generation of Solid Fuel and Biogas from Biomass (IFBB) proposed for ensiled grass matter from the aspect of suitability of its use for a typical substrate of new Czech biogas stations, a mixture of cattle slurry, maize silage and grass haylage. The agrochemical value of the liquid phase from a biofermenter was also evaluated. We concluded that this procedure is suitable for the tested substrate and improves the agrochemical value of a fugate from biogas production. By chlorine transfer to the liquid phase, it enables to use the solid phase as a material for production of solid biofuels with a reduced threat of the generation of polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans during combustion. However, the concentration of mineral nutrients in the liquid phase during IFBB procedure is extremely low after anaerobic digestion as a result of dilution with water, and so its volume value is negligible.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid Fuel Production'

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