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1
Zhang, Ji, Junling Yang, Huafu Zhang, Zhentao Zhang, and Yu Zhang. "Research status and future development of biomass liquid fuels." BioResources 16, no. 2 (April 8, 2021): 4523–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.zhang.
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Due to the combined pressures of energy shortage and environmental degradation, bio-liquid fuels have been widely studied as a green, environmentally friendly, renewable petroleum alternative. This article summarizes the various technologies of three generations of biomass feedstocks (especially the second-generation, biomass lignin, and the third-generation, algae raw materials) used to convert liquid fuels (bioethanol, biodiesel, and bio-jet fuel) and analyzes their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, this article details the latest research progress in biomass liquid fuel production, summarizes the list of raw materials, products and conversion processes, and provides personal opinions on its future development. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the optimization of existing technology and future research and development of biomass liquid fuels.
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Ambrose, M. J., R. F. Costello, and H. Schreiber. "Utility Combustion Turbine Evaluation of Coal Liquid Fuels." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 107, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 714–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239793.
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A comprehensive field test was performed to evaluate the suitability of H-Coal middle distillate and full-range Exxon Donor Solvent (EDS) coal-derived liquids (CDLs) as utility combustion turbine fuels. A Westinghouse W251AA 26 MW combustion turbine operated by the Philadelphia Electric Company was the test engine. No. 2 petroleum distillate fuel was also fired to establish baseline data. This program was sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute. Site modifications included a temporary CDL storage and fuel transfer system, water storage and injection equipment, an instrumented combustor, engine and emissions instrumentation and data acquisition systems, and industrial hygiene facilities required for the proper handling of the CDLs. The overall results of testing were positive for using such CDL fuels in combustion turbines for power generation. With the exception of higher combustor metal temperatures with the CDLs, and persistent fuel filter plugging with the EDS fuel (which occurred even with increased fuel temperature and filter size), the engine operated satisfactorily during approximately 80 hr of total running over the standard range of load and water injection conditions.
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Kuznetsov, Geniy, Dmitrii Antonov, Maxim Piskunov, Leonid Yanovskyi, and Olga Vysokomornaya. "Alternative Liquid Fuels for Power Plants and Engines for Aviation, Marine, and Land Applications." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 9565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249565.
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The article considers the main tendencies of development of alternative liquid fuels used in aviation, land transport, and for the needs of power generation sector. An overview of the main constraints to the development of alternative fuel technologies in these technical areas was carried out. The main groups of the most promising components and fuel compositions capable of effectively replacing conventional liquid fuels have been generalized. The basic criteria for evaluating alternative fuels are formulated. Environmental indicators of fuel combustion are of paramount importance for aviation. Rheological characteristics, calorific value, and environmental friendliness are critical for land transport engines. The effectiveness of alternative fuels for the power generation sector needs to be assessed in terms of such factors as economic, environmental, rheological, and energy to find an optimal balanced formulation. The list of potential components of alternative liquid fuels is extremely large. For a comprehensive analysis of the efficiency and selection of the optimal composition of the fuel that meets specific requirements, it is necessary to use multicriteria evaluation methods.
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Sankar, Vinay, Sreejith Sudarsanan, Sudipto Mukhopadhyay, Prabhu Selvaraj, Aravind Balakrishnan, and Ratna Kishore Velamati. "Towards the Development of Miniature Scale Liquid Fuel Combustors for Power Generation Application—A Review." Energies 16, no. 10 (May 11, 2023): 4035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104035.
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As the demand for powerful, light energy sources continues to grow, traditional electrochemical batteries are no longer sufficient and combustion-based power generation devices have become an attractive alternative due to their high energy density, compact size, fast recharging time and long service life. While most research on miniature-scale combustors has focused on gaseous fuels, the use of commonly available liquid fuels has the potential to be highly portable and economical. However, the complexity of droplet atomization, evaporation, mixing and burning in a limited volume and short residence time has presented significant challenges for researchers. This review focuses on various methodologies proposed by researchers (like flow burring injector, fuel film injection, injecting into porous media, electrospray and some self-aspirating designs) to overcome these challenges, the combustion behaviour and different instabilities associated with liquid fuels at small scales. The current review intends to present a clear direction to channel the efforts made by researchers to overcome the difficulties associated with liquid fuel combustion at small scales for power generation applications. Additionally, this review aims to give an overview of power systems at the micro and meso scales that operate using liquid fuels. The methodologies introduced like electrospray requires external power, which again makes the system complex. Towards the development of standalone type power generators, the self-aspirating design which makes use of hydrostatic pressure, fuel film injection or taking advantage of exhaust gas enthalpy to preheat and evaporate the liquid fuel are the promising methodologies.
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Shi, Hong-Hui, and Kazuyoshi Takayama. "Generation of hypersonic liquid fuel jets accompanying self-combustion." Shock Waves 9, no. 5 (October 1, 1999): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001930050193.
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Chen, Zhuo, Tingzhou Lei, Zhiwei Wang, Xueqin Li, and Peng Liu. "Environmental and Economic Impacts of Biomass Liquid Fuel Conversion and Utilization—A Review." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2022.2172.
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Biomass liquid fuel, one of the most important renewable fuels, plays a key role in the energy development. This paper reviews the research progress in biomass liquid fuel conversion and utilization, environmental impact, and economic analysis. The application research of biomass liquid fuel currently focuses on the evaluation of substitution and emission reduction effect of a single component on fossil energy. While most studies confirm that biomass liquid fuel can reduce greenhouse gas emission and current energy shortage problems, the large-scale cultivation and use of energy crops may induce negative environmental impacts. And although second-generation biomass liquid fuel base on agricultural residues have potential development and considerable economic feasibility compared to fossil fuel, technological breakthroughs are required to reduce production costs and achieve large-scale promotion and application. Technological breakthroughs in the multi-product comprehensive utilization of biomass liquid fuel, raw material plants in the environment, establishment of economic analysis models, and economic quantification of ecological benefits will drive research directions in the future.
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Wang, Changlong, and Didier Astruc. "Recent developments of nanocatalyzed liquid-phase hydrogen generation." Chemical Society Reviews 50, no. 5 (2021): 3437–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cs00515k.
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Chen, Jun Jie, and De Guang Xu. "Review on Progress and Challenges of the Power Generation Systems at Micro-Scales." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 47 (February 2015): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.47.185.
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The miniaturization of electro-mechanical devices, and the resulting need for micro-power generation (milliwatts to watts) with low weight, long life devices, has led to the recent development of the field of micro-scale combustion and power generation. The primary objective of this new field is to leverage the high energy density of fuels, specifically liquid hydrocarbon fuels relative to batteries and all other energy storage devices other than nuclear fission, fusion or decay. Some brief scaling arguments are given in this work, and more detailed efforts are referred. A brief introduction to several of the fabrication techniques is presented in this work. Hydrogen-based and some preliminary specialty fuel micro-fuel cells have been successfully developed, and there is a need to develop reliable reformers (or direct conversion fuel cells) for liquid hydrocarbons so that the fuel cells become competitive with the batteries. In this work, the technological issues related to micro-scale combustion and the development of thermochemical devices for power generation will be discussed. Some of the systems currently being developed will be presented, ongoing critical study issues under investigation, and other potential areas of development discussed. Comments regarding the opportunities and limitations of each of the techniques are also presented where applicable.
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Chen, Jun Jie, and De Guang Xu. "Review on Progress and Challenges of the Power Generation Systems at Micro-Scales." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 47 (February 24, 2015): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-0c1h5o.
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The miniaturization of electro-mechanical devices, and the resulting need for micro-power generation (milliwatts to watts) with low weight, long life devices, has led to the recent development of the field of micro-scale combustion and power generation. The primary objective of this new field is to leverage the high energy density of fuels, specifically liquid hydrocarbon fuels relative to batteries and all other energy storage devices other than nuclear fission, fusion or decay. Some brief scaling arguments are given in this work, and more detailed efforts are referred. A brief introduction to several of the fabrication techniques is presented in this work. Hydrogen-based and some preliminary specialty fuel micro-fuel cells have been successfully developed, and there is a need to develop reliable reformers (or direct conversion fuel cells) for liquid hydrocarbons so that the fuel cells become competitive with the batteries. In this work, the technological issues related to micro-scale combustion and the development of thermochemical devices for power generation will be discussed. Some of the systems currently being developed will be presented, ongoing critical study issues under investigation, and other potential areas of development discussed. Comments regarding the opportunities and limitations of each of the techniques are also presented where applicable.
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Djurisic-Mladenovic, Natasa, Zlatica Predojevic, and Biljana Skrbic. "Conventional and advanced liquid biofuels." Chemical Industry 70, no. 3 (2016): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind150311029d.
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Energy security and independence, increase and fluctuation of the oil price, fossil fuel resources depletion and global climate change are some of the greatest challanges facing societies today and in incoming decades. Sustainable economic and industrial growth of every country and the world in general requires safe and renewable resources of energy. It has been expected that re-arrangement of economies towards biofuels would mitigate at least partially problems arised from fossil fuel consumption and create more sustainable development. Of the renewable energy sources, bioenergy draws major and particular development endeavors, primarily due to the extensive availability of biomass, already-existence of biomass production technologies and infrastructure, and biomass being the sole feedstock for liquid fuels. The evolution of biofuels is classified into four generations (from 1st to 4th) in accordance to the feedstock origin; if the technologies of feedstock processing are taken into account, than there are two classes of biofuels - conventional and advanced. The conventional biofuels, also known as the 1st generation biofuels, are those produced currently in large quantities using well known, commercially-practiced technologies. The major feedstocks for these biofuels are cereals or oleaginous plants, used also in the food or feed production. Thus, viability of the 1st generation biofuels is questionable due to the conflict with food supply and high feedstocks? cost. This limitation favoured the search for non-edible biomass for the production of the advanced biofuels. In a general and comparative way, this paper discusses about various definitions of biomass, classification of biofuels, and brief overview of the biomass conversion routes to liquid biofuels depending on the main constituents of the biomass. Liquid biofuels covered by this paper are those compatible with existing infrastructure for gasoline and diesel and ready to be used in mixture with them as ?drop-in? fuels: bioethanol, celullosic ethanol, biodiesel, renewable diesel and BtL diesel; their major advantages and drawbacks are compared.
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Glushkov, Dmitrii, Dmitrii Klepikov, Aleksandr Nigay, Kristina Paushkina, and Andrei Pleshko. "Experimental Research of the Initial Temperature and Additives Effect on the Ignition and Combustion Mechanisms of Composite Liquid Fuel in a High-Temperature Oxidizer." Applied Sciences 13, no. 6 (March 9, 2023): 3501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063501.
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Composite fuel is a promising energy source that allows for solving the problems of waste disposal with energy generation. Such fuel is the most accessible fuel and is cheap in comparison with fossil fuels widely used in industrial thermal power engineering. This paper presents the results of experimental studies on the effect of the initial temperature and the addition of combustible liquids and solid components on the ignition characteristics of composite fuel single droplets. Composite liquid fuels were prepared using the main components: bituminous coal, coal processing waste (filter cake), rapeseed oil, turbine oil, and water. The research was carried out for fuel droplets with an initial temperature from −60 to +60 and an ambient temperature from 700 to 1000 °C. The differences in the ignition delay times at conditions close to the limiting ones were 2–3.5 times. A promising direction for intensifying the processes of the ignition and combustion of composite liquid fuels under relatively intense heating is self-grinding into a large number of small fragments up to complete disintegration due to the dispersion effect. It has been experimentally found that the addition of highly flammable liquids (gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, formic acid) to the fuel composition in an amount of 5% is characterized by an intensification of ignition and burnout of droplets by about two times. The ignition delay time is reduced by 20–40%, while the size of the dispersion area is increased by 20–70%. The addition of formic acid to the composite fuel has a positive effect on the main ignition characteristics from 5 to 50%, and the addition of a similar amount of diesel fuel by 20–64%.
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Lasemi, Mohammad Ali, Mohsen Assili, and Amin Hajizadeh. "Multi-Objective Hydrothermal Generation Scheduling and Fuel Dispatch Management considering Liquid Fuel Dispatch Network Modeling." Electric Power Systems Research 187 (October 2020): 106436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106436.
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Rehan, M., A. S. Nizami, K. Shahzad, O. K. M. Ouda, I. M. I. Ismail, T. Almeelbi, T. Iqbal, and A. Demirbas. "Pyrolytic liquid fuel: A source of renewable electricity generation in Makkah." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 38, no. 17 (September 2016): 2598–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2016.1153753.
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Kabeyi, Moses Jeremiah Barasa, and Oludolapo Akanni Olanrewaju. "Biogas Production and Applications in the Sustainable Energy Transition." Journal of Energy 2022 (July 9, 2022): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8750221.
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Biogas is competitive, viable, and generally a sustainable energy resource due to abundant supply of cheap feedstocks and availability of a wide range of biogas applications in heating, power generation, fuel, and raw materials for further processing and production of sustainable chemicals including hydrogen, and carbon dioxide and biofuels. The capacity of biogas based power has been growing rapidly for the past decade with global biogas based electricity generation capacity increasing from 65 GW in 2010 to 120 GW in 2019 representing a 90% growth. This study presents the pathways for use of biogas in the energy transition by application in power generation and production of fuels. Diesel engines, petrol or gasoline engines, turbines, microturbines, and Stirling engines offer feasible options for biogas to electricity production as prme movers. Biogas fuel can be used in both spark ignition (petrol) and compression ignition engines (diesel) with varying degrees of modifications on conventional internal combustion engines. In internal combustion engines, the dual-fuel mode can be used with little or no modification compared to full engine conversion to gas engines which may require major modifications. Biogas can also be used in fuel cells for direct conversion to electricity and raw material for hydrogen and transport fuel production which is a significant pathway to sustainable energy development. Enriched biogas or biomethane can be containerized or injected to gas supply mains for use as renewable natural gas. Biogas can be used directly for cooking and lighting as well as for power generation and for production of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) fuels. Upgraded biogas/biomethane which can also be used to process methanol fuel. Compressed biogas (CBG) and liquid biogas (LBG) can be reversibly made from biomethane for various direct and indirect applications as fuels for transport and power generation. Biogas can be used in processes like combined heat and power generation from biogas (CHP), trigeneration, and compression to Bio-CNG and bio-LPG for cleaned biogas/biomethane. Fuels are manufactured from biogas by cleaning, and purification before reforming to syngas, and partial oxidation to produce methanol which can be used to make gasoline. Syngas is used in production of alcohols, jet fuels, diesel, and gasoline through the Fischer-Tropsch process.
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Tavel, Nelson Garcia, and Isabel C. Johnson. "Orimulsion®-400, the Next Generation: Environmental Fate, Effects, and Recovery." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 1233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-1233.
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ABSTRACT Orimulsion “First Generation,” commonly known as Orimulsion®-100, is a commercial boiler fuel presently used at power plants worldwide (e.g., Canada, Denmark, Japan, Italy, Lithuania, and China). This fuel is manufactured by PDVSA-BITOR (PDVSA, Petroleos de Venezuela South America) from the vast bitumen reserves of the Orinoco Belt, Venezuela. Orimulsion® is a liquid fossil fuel made up of 70% bitumen, and 30% water. Orimulsion®-400 is part of the “New Generation” of Orimulsion-type fuels being developed by PDVSA-BITOR; this formulation includes modifications which enhance the fuel's combustion and transport, while continuing to improve its environmental and economic benefits. The characteristics of Orimulsion® fuels are conducive to the conversion to this fuel in any kind of boiler designed to burn Fuel Oil No. 6 or coal. The introduction of this fuel alternative for utility repowering will have a significant impact on power generation worldwide. The environmental fate and effects of Orimulsion®-400 has been studied by several groups of scientists (e.g., Battelle, 1998; Bjornstead et al., 1998; Environment Canada, 1998; Esclapés et al., 7997, 1998; Johnson et al., 1998a), and this paper is an overview of these studies. This presentation includes: chemical and physical properties of the fuel; behavior of bitumen particles in freshwater and seawater; environmental toxicity studies using Orimulsion®-400 and its new surfactant package; and spill prevention and cleanup methods.
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Liu, Ya, Dan Lei, Xiaoqi Guo, Tengfei Ma, Feng Wang, and Yubin Chen. "Scale Effect on Producing Gaseous and Liquid Chemical Fuels via CO2 Reduction." Energies 15, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010335.
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Producing chemical fuels from sunlight is a sustainable way to utilize solar energy and reduce carbon emissions. Within the current photovoltaic-electrolysis or photoelectrochemical-based solar fuel generation system, electrochemical CO2 reduction is the key step. Although there has been important progress in developing new materials and devices, scaling up electrochemical CO2 reduction is essential to promote the industrial application of this technology. In this work, we use Ag and In as the representative electrocatalyst for producing gas and liquid products in both small and big electrochemical cells. We find that gas production is blocked more easily than liquid products when scaling up the electrochemical cell. Simulation results show that the generated gas product, CO, forms bubbles on the surface of the electrocatalyst, thus blocking the transport of CO2, while there is no such trouble for producing the liquid product such as formate. This work provides methods for studying the mass transfer of CO, and it is also an important reference for scaling up solar fuel generation devices that are constructed based on electrochemical CO2 reduction.
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Abdul Jabbar, Mohammed Hussain, Dave Thompson, Javier Parrondo, Cenk Gumeci, Yoshihisa Furuya, Nilesh Dale, Martinus Dewa, Su Ha, Fan Liu, and Chuancheng Duan. "Performance and Durability of Metal SOFCs in Alternate Fuels." ECS Transactions 111, no. 6 (May 19, 2023): 2311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.2311ecst.
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Power generation from electrochemical devices based on solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is in great demand for both stationary and automotive applications to achieve carbon neutrality goals by 2050. In particular, SOFCs are known for their fuel-flexible operations; for example, SOFCs can operate on simple and complex renewable fuels (such as ethanol, natural gas, jet fuel, propane, etc.). Unlike H2-based fuel cells, liquid and hydrocarbon fuels in SOFCs adopt the existing fuel infrastructure and contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions significantly. This article presents the potential of using metal-based SOFCs (metal cells) as highly performing and durable power generators. The metal cells technology could be the most accessible solution for using SOFCs for versatile industrial needs.
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Bennett, James P., Kyei Sing Kwong, Hugh Thomas, and Rick Krabbe. "A New Generation of Refractories to Enable Gasifier Fuel Flexibility." Advances in Science and Technology 70 (October 2010): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.70.179.
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Gasification is used by industry to convert low cost carbon into materials for producing electricity and chemical products such as fertilizer, plastics, and Fischer-Tropsch liquids. It is considered a critical technology in the success of the DOE’s Near Zero Emissions Advanced Fossil Fuel Power Plants, could play a key role in defining long-term energy security in both power and liquid fuels, and is considered a leading candidate for H2 production in a hydrogen based economy. Molten slag originating from mineral impurities in the carbon feedstock is of concern to slagging gasifier operation, with some gasifiers generating over 100 tons per day. Molten slag attacks and wears away the internal lining of the gasifier vessel by two major mechanisms, chemical dissolution and spalling. The main component in current refractory linings is chrome oxide. NETL is researching new types of refractory materials as an alternative to the high chrome oxide refractories currently used, with the goal of improving performance and providing a predictable service life. It has previously developed and patented the use of phosphate additives to improve the wear and spalling resistance of high chrome oxide refractories, and is exploring chrome and non-chrome oxide materials through laboratory testing and the use of thermodynamic modeling. In this paper, the results of a different additive (carbon) was evaluated by laboratory testing and found to improve slag penetration resistance. Data on this evaluation will be presented, and is proposed as a means of improving the molten slag wear resistance of the refractory. The use of it as a means of improving refractory service life in the field is patent pending.
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An, Sang Mo, Woo Shik Kim, and Sang Yong Lee. "Spraying of liquid fuel for improvement of reforming performance for hydrogen generation." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36, no. 9 (May 2011): 5342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.01.171.
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Mohd Mustaqim Tukiman, Shahrul Azmir Osman, Mas Fawzi, and Norrizal Mustaffa. "Enhancing the Spark Ignition Engine Performance for Use LPG Liquid Phase by Modified the Ignition Timings." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 95, no. 1 (June 18, 2022): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.95.1.7684.
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LPG is one of the potential alternative fuels use in a spark-ignition engine. This paper presents the result of the experimental effect that modified the spark ignition timing for the latest generation LPG, using liquid phase. The objective of this study is explicitly to determine the quality of engine performance behavior at the maximum brake torque (MBT) condition as compared to gasoline fuel. Experiments were carried out at engine speed from 1500rpm to 3500rpm and the throttle positions were tested at 25%, 50% and 75%. Both of fuels have excess air coefficient at the stoichiometric ratio for the completed combustion process. Performance parameters, namely brake power (BP) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) studied. It was shown, the LPG liquid phase significantly improves the engine performance in the range of 0.3% to 12.63% when the spark ignition was adjusted at -20 °CA to -10°CA BTDC from low to high engine speed as produced MBT condition. The fuel consumption also improves by 4.5% to 13.6%. The result showed that the LPG liquid phase had improved more than conventional fuel with modified ignition timing until the achieved the MBT condition.
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Kimura, Lygia Maestri, Larissa Cardoso Santos, Paula Fraga Vieira, Priciane Martins Parreira, and Humberto Molinar Henrique. "Biomass Pyrolysis: Use of Some Agricultural Wastes for Alternative Fuel Production." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.259.
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The use of biomass for energy generation has aroused great attention and interest because of the global climate changes, environmental pollution and reduction of availability of fossil energy. This study deals with pyrolysis of four agricultural wastes (sawdust, sugarcane straw, chicken litter and cashew nut shell) in a fixed bed pyrolytic reactor. The yields of char, liquid and gas were quantified at 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700oC and the temperature and pressure effects were investigated. Pyrolytic liquids produced were separated into aqueous and oil phases. XRF spectroscopy was used for qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis of the liquids and solids produced at whole temperature range. Calorific value analysis of liquids and solids were also performed for energy content evaluation. Experimental results showed sawdust, sugarcane straw and cashew nut waste have very good potential for using in pyrolysis process for alternative fuel production.
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TÜRKER, Onur Can. "SOLAR ENERGY ASSISTS SEDIMENT MICROBIAL FUEL CELL TO GENERATE GREEN ENERGY FROM LIQUID ORGANIC WASTE." Eskişehir Technical University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering 23, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18038/estubtda.1031449.
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Simultaneous liquid organic waste disposal and electricity generation were achieved by a solar-assist sediment microbial fuel cell (S-SMFC) in terms of an ecological and economical perspective. In this respect, 840 mL house environment liquid organic waste which contains 10% juice and 10% sugary tea were disposed by electrogenic bacteria and converted electricity with solar energy. A 100 F capacitor was easily charged 29 times with generated electricity. S-SMFC was disposed 10 mL more waste than control due to more electrical bacteria density on the graphite electrode. In this case, Proteobacteria and Firmucutes were categorized dominate bacteria groups, and they were found in the S-SMFC as 54% and 28%, respectively. Importantly, solar energy increased population density of these groups in the S-SMFC and the density on the graphite electrode increased more than 19% according to control. Some bacteria which were associated with electricity production in the S-SMFC were to Azospirillum fermentarium, Clostridium sp., Pseudomonas guangdongensis, Bacteroides sp., Azovibrio restrictus, Clostridium pascui, Levilinea saccharolytica, Seleniivibrio woodruffii, Geovibrio ferrireducens. Consequently, S-SMFC presents innovative, crucial and simple methodology in order to convert liquid organic waste into the green energy.
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Hakawati, Rawan, Beatrice Smyth, Helen Daly, Geoffrey McCullough, and David Rooney. "Is the Fischer-Tropsch Conversion of Biogas-Derived Syngas to Liquid Fuels Feasible at Atmospheric Pressure?" Energies 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2019): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061031.
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Biogas resulting from anaerobic digestion can be utilized for the production of liquid fuels via reforming to syngas followed by the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. Renewable liquid fuels are highly desirable due to their potential for use in existing infrastructure, but current Fischer-Tropsch processes, which require operating pressures of 2–4 MPa (20–40 bar), are unsuitable for the relatively small scale of typical biogas production facilities in the EU, which are agriculture-based. This paper investigates the feasibility of producing liquid fuels from biogas-derived syngas at atmospheric pressure, with a focus on the system’s response to various interruption factors, such as total loss of feed gas, variations to feed ratio, and technical problems in the furnace. Results of laboratory testing showed that the liquid fuel selectivity could reach 60% under the studied conditions of 488 K (215 °C), H2/CO = 2 and 0.1 MPa (1 bar) over a commercial Fischer–Tropsch catalyst. Analysis indicated that the catalyst had two active sites for propagation, one site for the generation of methane and another for the production of liquid fuels and wax products. However, although the production of liquid fuels was verified at atmospheric pressure with high liquid fuel selectivity, the control of such a system to maintain activity is crucial. From an economic perspective, the system would require subsidies to achieve financial viability.
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Balan, Venkatesh. "Current Challenges in Commercially Producing Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass." ISRN Biotechnology 2014 (May 5, 2014): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/463074.
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Biofuels that are produced from biobased materials are a good alternative to petroleum based fuels. They offer several benefits to society and the environment. Producing second generation biofuels is even more challenging than producing first generation biofuels due the complexity of the biomass and issues related to producing, harvesting, and transporting less dense biomass to centralized biorefineries. In addition to this logistic challenge, other challenges with respect to processing steps in converting biomass to liquid transportation fuel like pretreatment, hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, and fuel separation still exist and are discussed in this review. The possible coproducts that could be produced in the biorefinery and their importance to reduce the processing cost of biofuel are discussed. About $1 billion was spent in the year 2012 by the government agencies in US to meet the mandate to replace 30% existing liquid transportation fuels by 2022 which is 36 billion gallons/year. Other countries in the world have set their own targets to replace petroleum fuel by biofuels. Because of the challenges listed in this review and lack of government policies to create the demand for biofuels, it may take more time for the lignocellulosic biofuels to hit the market place than previously projected.
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Lear, M. "The New Zealand Energy Scene Now and Post-Maui." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 13, no. 2-3 (May 1995): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598795013002-302.
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Supply and demand forecasts to 2020 published by the Ministry of Commerce highlight the significance of the depletion of the Maui gas and condensate field for the New Zealand energy scene. Maui currently produces around 34% of our primary energy and 45% of our transport fuels, including fuel from the synthetic fuels plant. The depletion of Maui around 2010 is expected to reduce our liquid fuel self-sufficiency and reduce the availability of gas for electricity generation and petrochemicals. The Ministry's forecasts conclude this will result in price rises for gas and electricity, and increased use of coal, geothermal, hydro, wind and other renewables for generation. The depletion of the Maui field highlights the importance of developing an attractive petroleum royalty regime to encourage further exploration of New Zealand's petroleum resources.
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Castaño Mesa, Edisson S., Sebastián H. Quintana, and Iván D. Bedoya. "Development of a Dual Fuel ICE-Based Micro-CHP System and Experimental Evaluation of Its Performance at Light Loads Using Natural Gas as Primary Fuel." Energies 16, no. 17 (August 29, 2023): 6281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16176281.
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This study presents the implementation of a micro-generation system and its operation procedure, based on a dual fuel diesel engine using natural gas as the primary fuel and conventional diesel as the pilot fuel. On the other hand, the evaluation and validation results by experimental testing of a model according to International Energy Agency—IEA—Annex 42, applied to dual fuel diesel micro-cogeneration system, are also presented. The control procedure for experimental operation depends of both inputs’ electric power generation demand and desired substitution level due a given natural gas availability. The heat recovery system of the micro-generation system uses a gas–liquid compact heat exchanger that was selected and implemented, where wasted heat from exhaust gases was transferred to liquid water as a cool fluid. Effective operation engine performance was determined by measurement of masses’ flow rate such as inlet air, diesel and natural gas, and also operation parameters such as electric power generation and recovered thermal power were measured. Electric power was generated by using an electric generator and then dissipated as heat by using an electric resistors bank with a dissipation capacity of 18kW. Natural gas fuel was supplied and measured by using a sonic nozzle flowmeter; in addition, natural gas composition was close to 84.7% CH4, 0.74% CO2 and 1.58% N2, with the rest of them as higher hydrocarbons. The highest overall efficiency (electric efficiency plus heat recovery efficiency) was 52.3% at 14.4 kW of electric power generation and 0% of substitution level. Several substitution levels were tested at each engine electric power generation, obtaining the maximum substitution level of 61% at 17.7 kW of electric power generation. Finally, model prediction results were closed to experimental results, both stationary and transient. The maximum error presented was close to 20% associated to thermal efficiency. However, errors for all other variables were lower than 10% for most of micro-cogeneration system operation points.
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Fedorovich, V., S. D. Varfolomeev, A. Sizov, and I. Goryanin. "Multi-electrode microbial fuel cell with horizontal liquid flow." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 2 (July 1, 2009): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.139.
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A plug flow multi-electrode bioelectrochemical reactor for wastewater treatment and simultaneous generation of electricity has been developed and its efficiency investigated. It employs a horizontally located anodic zone in which the anodic electrodes comprise porous graphite plates coated with palladium. The aerated immersed cathodic electrodes contain iron(II) phthalocyanine as a catalyst. The parameters of the device were obtained using glycerol and acetate as fuels and anaerobic sludge as an inoculum. The maximal volumetric power and current densities obtained, relative to the total volume of the anodic zone, were: glycerol: 73±1 mA/L; 43±1 mW/L; acetate: 75±1 mA/L; 40±1 mW/L. It was shown that biotransformation of glycerol into volatile fatty acids does not depend on the presence of anodic electrodes in the reaction zone, while acetate degradation takes place only if the reaction zone contains anodic electrodes as a final electron acceptor.
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Nakanishi, Atsushi, Shohei Hayashi, Hiroshi Satozono, and Kazuue Fujita. "Polarization Imaging of Liquid Crystal Polymer Using Terahertz Difference-Frequency Generation Source." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (November 1, 2021): 10260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110260.
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We performed the polarization imaging of a liquid crystal polymer with a terahertz difference-frequency generation (THz DFG) source. The DFG source is an easy-to-operate and practical THz source. Liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) are suitable for applications such as fuel cell components, aircraft parts, and next-generation wireless communication materials. Accordingly, the demand for evaluating the orientation of liquid crystals, which affects the properties of the polymers, is set to increase. Since LCPs exhibit birefringence in the THz range due to the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, we can determine the alignment of the molecules from the direction of the optical axis.
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Tyurina, Elina, Aleksandr Mednikov, and Pavel Zharkov. "Clean Coal Technologies for Electricity and Synthetic Liquid Fuel Production for Distributed Generation." Environmental and Climate Technologies 24, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0060.
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AbstractThe paper presents energy technology installations for combined production of methanol and electricity for distributed generation. The technical and economic study is based on mathematical modeling using a system of computer-aided construction of programs and optimization with the models. The results of the effect of fuel composition on methanol and electricity production are presented. The competitiveness of the obtained methanol is assessed. The studies were carried out for various electricity and coal costs. The thermal efficiency of such installations is more than 60 %. At present methanol produced at energy technology installations is competitive with expensive diesel fuel delivered from other areas.
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ARNOLD, Gerd, and Joachim WOLF. "Liquid Hydrogen for Automotive Application Next Generation Fuel for FC and ICE Vehicles." TEION KOGAKU (Journal of the Cryogenic Society of Japan) 40, no. 6 (2005): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2221/jcsj.40.221.
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Vladimirov, I. A., Liliya Mukhametova, and M. V. Yamashkin. "Some aspects of use of organic containing waste for electrical and thermal energy generation." E3S Web of Conferences 178 (2020): 01084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017801084.
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This article is devoted to the problem of energy generation from the non-processed part of waste, both industrial and municipal. Some aspects of use of gasification products of organic-containing wastes and landfill gas are considered. The presented comparison shows that landfill and generator gases can be attributed to the group of medium-calorific gases used both as boiler fuel and for production of liquid synthetic fuels. It should also be noted that generator and landfill gases contain a significant proportion of inert gases (from 22% to 60%), which is significantly higher than that of natural gases. Inert gases in landfill and generator gases are different. In the first case it is CO2, in the second it is N2. Unlike solid fuel boilers, in a boiler designed to burn gaseous fuels (natural gas), synthetic gases can also be burned without significant additional reconstruction. Due to the difference in gas calorific value, the ratio of fuel to air (with a constant coefficient of excess air α) will change to obtain the necessary thermal power, however, the volume of flue gases will differ slightly. Therefore, the flow sections of the boiler furnace can be saved.
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Hönig, Vladimír, Matyáš Orsák, and Štěpánka Horníčková. "Analysis of the Effects of BioButanol and BioEthanol on the Vapour Pressure Gasoline." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 1411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.1411.
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With the gradual introduction of biofuels II. generation, attention will be devoted to research and development of wider use of fuels of vegetable origin focused on the possibility of making and using better quality motor fuel than bioethanol. Biobutanol (n-Butanol, Butan-1-ol) is an alternative to bioethanol, which is currently commercially produced and used as a component of motor gasoline or as E85. The article introduces the principle of the evaporation of liquids and creating vapor pressure gasoline fuels with bioethanol and biobutanol. The release of particles from the liquid surface (evaporation) is a process that more or less is intensively carried out at each temperature. The saturation of vapor pressure in the system at a given temperature is at an equilibrium of gas and liquid phases. The introduction of biofuels as renewable sources brings with it a number of technical problems. The addition of bioethanol and other oxygenates in gasoline, is associated with a change in vapor pressure, which of course also applies to biobutanol. The analysis of the variance evaluates the vapor pressure characteristics of both alcohol fuels and their properties as a prerequisite for the potential introduction of biobutanol for commercial use as fuel in internal combustion engines. The article reviews the experimental analysis of the vapor pressure and selected compounds including the additives MTBE and ETBE.
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Ćosić, Bernhard, Dominik Waßmer, and Franklin Genin. "Integration of Fluidic Nozzles in the New Low Emission Dual Fuel Combustion System for MGT Gas Turbines." Fluids 6, no. 3 (March 21, 2021): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6030129.
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Fluidic oscillators have proven their capabilities and advantages in terms of the generation of oscillating jets without moving parts for many years, mainly in experimental studies. In this paper, the design, development, and integration of fluidic atomizers into the liquid-fuel system of the dual-fuel low NOX Advanced Can Combustion (ACC) system of the MAN Gas Turbines (MGT) are presented. The two-stage system comprises a pressure-swirl nozzle as a pilot stage and an assembly of four main premixed nozzles, based on fluidic technology. The design and the features of the pilot nozzle are briefly presented, whereas the focus lies on the functionality and layout of the fluidic nozzles. The complete integration, validation, and verification of this innovative liquid-fuel injection unit are presented. The final system features fast fuel-switchovers, low complexity, high reliability, and dry low emissions in liquid-fuel operation.
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Nogueira da Silva, Nayane, Fabiana Rocha Pinto, David Barbosa de Alencar, and Ricardo Silva Parente. "Transformation of Plastic Waste into Fuel by Pyrolysis." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 628–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss11.1917.
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Given the scenario of difficulty of equalizing treatment and disposal costs, environmental risks and reduction of mass and volume of waste, the pyrolysis process presents itself as a promising option of heat treatment for the most varied types of waste. The present work aims to enable the transformation of plastic waste into combustion engine fuels. And specifically, perform the pyrolysis process for fuel generation through plastic waste, and describe the benefits generated by the transformation process. The methodology used is the case study, with qualitative approach. To obtain the fuel, it was necessary to use equipment that can degrade the plastic waste by heating it, being possible with the use of a pyrolysis oven. Heating the plastic residue inside the oven without the presence of oxygen causes the residue to melt without burning, releasing vapors, which upon exiting the heating chamber and finding the condensation chamber turns the vapor into liquid, more precisely into fuel oil. However, it was noticed that the transformation of plastic waste into fuel through pyrolysis causes the reduction of the impacts generated by solid waste disposal in the environment, water and air. In addition, it enables a new form of fuel generation, since previously it could only generate fuel from oil.
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Vourdoubas, John, and Vasiliki K. Skoulou. "Possibilities of Upgrading Solid Underutilized Lingo-cellulosic Feedstock (Carob Pods) to Liquid Bio-fuel: Bio-ethanol Production and Electricity Generation in Fuel Cells - A Critical Appraisal of the Required Processes." Studies in Engineering and Technology 4, no. 1 (January 20, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/set.v4i1.2170.
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The exploitation of rich in sugars lingo-cellulosic residue of carob pods for bio-ethanol and bio-electricity generation has been investigated. The process could take place in two (2) or three (3) stages including: a) bio-ethanol production originated from carob pods, b) direct exploitation of bio-ethanol to fuel cells for electricity generation, and/or c) steam reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production and exploitation of the produced hydrogen in fuel cells for electricity generation. Surveying the scientific literature it has been found that the production of bio-ethanol from carob pods and electricity fed to the ethanol fuel cells for hydrogen production do not present any technological difficulties. The economic viability of bio-ethanol production from carob pods has not yet been proved and thus commercial plants do not yet exist. The use, however, of direct fed ethanol fuel cells and steam reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production are promising processes which require, however, further research and development (R&D) before reaching demonstration and possibly a commercial scale. Therefore the realization of power generation from carob pods requires initially the investigation and indication of the appropriate solution of various technological problems. This should be done in a way that the whole integrated process would be cost effective. In addition since the carob tree grows in marginal and partly desertified areas mainly around the Mediterranean region, the use of carob’s fruit for power generation via upgrading of its waste by biochemical and electrochemical processes will partly replace fossil fuels generated electricity and will promote sustainability.
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Joseph, Ben, Frank Hensgen, Lutz Bühle, and Michael Wachendorf. "Solid Fuel Production from Semi-Natural Grassland Biomass—Results from a Commercial-Scale IFBB Plant." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 3011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113011.
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Biomass-based energy accounts for a notable share of renewable heat and electricity generation in Germany. Due to limited alternative uses, biomass obtained from management of semi-natural grasslands is a potential feedstock. Technical and environmental limitations exist in using this biomass for combustion, due to the presence of harmful elements. Converting biomass using integrated generation of solid fuel and biogas from biomass system (IFBB) produces a solid fuel with lower concentrations of harmful elements and a press liquid usable for biogas generation. In this study, solid fuel generation with a commercial scale IFBB unit was investigated. The concentration of harmful elements such as N, S, Cl, and K in the solid fuel was significantly reduced compared to the original biomass silage. Emissions during combustion of the solid fuel briquettes were below German legal thresholds. Elemental concentration of solid fuel obtained from commercial scale process had a significant improvement in removal rate of harmful elements than the prototype. Hence, the limitations of using semi-natural grassland biomass as an energy source were overcome. The commercial scale IFBB plant could be used in practice to handle large volumes of green residual biomass by converting it into a solid fuel with favorable fuel properties.
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Kolář, L., S. Kužel, J. Peterka, and J. Borová-Batt. "Agrochemical value of the liquid phase of wastes from fermentem during biogas production." Plant, Soil and Environment 56, No. 1 (January 27, 2010): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/180/2009-pse.
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We tested the procedure of combined phytomass utilization Integrated Generation of Solid Fuel and Biogas from Biomass (IFBB) proposed for ensiled grass matter from the aspect of suitability of its use for a typical substrate of new Czech biogas stations, a mixture of cattle slurry, maize silage and grass haylage. The agrochemical value of the liquid phase from a biofermenter was also evaluated. We concluded that this procedure is suitable for the tested substrate and improves the agrochemical value of a fugate from biogas production. By chlorine transfer to the liquid phase, it enables to use the solid phase as a material for production of solid biofuels with a reduced threat of the generation of polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans during combustion. However, the concentration of mineral nutrients in the liquid phase during IFBB procedure is extremely low after anaerobic digestion as a result of dilution with water, and so its volume value is negligible.
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Miccio, Francesco, Elettra Papa, Annalisa Natali Murri, Elena Landi, and Matteo Minelli. "Pressurized Steam Conversion of Biomass Residues for Liquid Hydrocarbons Generation." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041034.
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Biomass residues are often considered as a resource if conveniently converted in fuel and alternative feedstock for chemical processes, and their conversion into valuable products may occur by different pathways. This work is focused on the thermochemical conversion at moderate temperature and in steam atmosphere, a mild process in comparison to hydrothermal liquefaction, followed by extraction of soluble products in a solvent. Such process has been already applied to various residues and here extended to the case of marc, the residual pomace from wine making, largely produced worldwide. A pressurized batch reactor was used for the quantitative determination of produced solid and liquid fractions, and their qualitative characterization was performed by instrumental analyses. The pressurized steam conversion of marc was effective, providing a yield in liquid fraction, upon extraction in solvent, up to 30% of the raw dried biomass. The use of polar and nonpolar solvent for the extraction of the liquid fraction was inspected. Applied operating conditions, namely residence time in the batch reactor and extraction modality, showed a significant influence on the process performance. In particular, long residence and extraction times and use of nonpolar solvent substantially improved the yield in liquid fraction.
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Rimkus, Alfredas, Saulius Stravinskas, and Jonas Matijošius. "Comparative Study on the Energetic and Ecologic Parameters of Dual Fuels (Diesel–NG and HVO–Biogas) and Conventional Diesel Fuel in a CI Engine." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010359.
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The Article presents the results of the experimental research and numerical analysis of a compression ignition (CI) engine adapted for running on dual fuels of different composition (diesel and natural gas, diesel and biogas, biodiesel and natural gas, and biodiesel and biogas). The main goal was to find out the impact of different dual fuels on energy performance and emissions depending on the start of injection (SOI) of diesel and the crank angle degree (CAD). Pure conventional diesel fuel and second generation hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) (Neste) was used in the research. Natural gas contained 97 vol. % of methane. Biogas (biomethane) was simulated using a methane and carbon dioxide blend consisting of 60 vol. % of methane and 40 vol. % of carbon dioxide. Dual (liquid and gaseous) fuels were used in the tests, with the energy share of liquid fuels accounting for 40% and gas for 60%. The research results have shown that having replaced conventional diesel fuel with dual fuel, engine’s BTE declined by 11.9–16.5%. The use of methane in the dual fuel blend reduced CO2 volumetric fraction in the exhaust gases by 17–20%, while biomethane increased CO2 volumetric fraction by 10–14%. Dual fuel significantly increased CO and HC emissions, but NOx volumetric fraction decreased by 67–82% and smoke by 23–39%. The numerical analysis of the combustion process revealed changes in the ROHR (Rate of Heat Release) that affected engine efficiency and exhaust emissions was done by AVL (Anstalt für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen List) BOOST program.
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Mularczyk, Adrian, and Antoni Forner-Cuenca. "Engineering Electrodes with Bimodal Pore Size Distributions for Next-Generation Electrochemical Devices." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 35 (July 7, 2022): 1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01351434mtgabs.
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In many electrochemical conversion devices such as low temperature fuel cells or water electrolyzers, the transport of reactants to and products from the catalyst layer is facilitated by porous structures referred to as gas diffusion layers or porous transport layers. They bridge the gap between flow fields and catalyst layers and their mass transport capabilities become especially critical at high current density operation. Excessive accumulations of reaction products or a lack of fresh reagents stall out the electrochemical conversion resulting in reduced efficiencies or even damage to the system itself due to fuel starvation1. Thus, to realize cost-competitive electrochemical systems we must overcome the fundamental challenge of multiphase flows in which liquid and gaseous phases flow through porous structures in opposing directions. In recent years, porous electrodes have been adapted to better address these issues and improve performance. For example, the addition of a layer with reduced pore size facing the catalyst layer (i.e., micro porous layer) was shown to increase performance in fuel cells and electrolyzers2–4. Furthermore, chemical5 as well as mechanical6,7 methods of creating dedicated liquid and gas pathways in the structure have been investigated with promising results. These approaches are however intrinsically limited by the microstructure of the material they are applied to. Inspired by the success of these modifications, we propose a novel structure containing both a pore size gradient as well as dedicated water and gas pathways in the form of bimodal pore size distributions (Figure 1). This material is generated by depositing a metal in the presence of gas evolution to form a structure containing microscopic and macroscopic pores. This type of material has in the past been used successfully to improve boiling heat transfer8, another process faced with the counterflow of liquid and gas. They have also been investigated as high surface area material for microbial anodes9 and have been postulated to find application in other electrochemical devices such as batteries or fuel cells10. In this talk, I will discuss the synthetic approach to manufacture self-standing porous electrodes using an electrochemical flow platform and elucidate the correlation between applied electrochemical parameters and resulting material microstructure. Properties such as electrode thickness and pore sizes can be adjusted during the synthetic process to suit the requirements of specific applications exhibiting complex mass transport requirements. Acknowledgements: This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 899987. References: Z. Y. Liu et al., Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 155, B979 (2008) https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2956198. T. Schuler et al., Advanced Energy Materials, 10, 1903216 (2020) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aenm.201903216. Z. Qi and A. Kaufman, Journal of Power Sources, 109, 38–46 (2002). A. Iranzo, P. Boillat, P. Oberholzer, and J. Guerra, Energy, 68, 971–981 (2014). A. Forner-Cuenca et al., Advanced Materials, 27, 6317–6322 (2015) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/adma.201503557. C. Csoklich, H. Xu, F. Marone, T. J. Schmidt, and F. N. Büchi, ACS Applied Energy Materials, acsaem.1c02454 (2021) https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsaem.1c02454. D. Gerteisen, T. Heilmann, and C. Ziegler, Journal of Power Sources, 177, 348–354 (2008). R. Furberg and B. Palm, Applied Thermal Engineering, 31, 3595–3603 (2011). P. Champigneux et al., https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02279662. N. D. Nikolic, K. I. Popov, L. J. Pavlovic, and M. G. Pavlovic, Sensors 2007, Vol. 7, Pages 1-15, 7, 1–15 (2007) https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/7/1/1/htm. Figure 1
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Brockmeyer, J. W. "Ceramic Matrix Composite Applications in Advanced Liquid Fuel Rocket Engine Turbomachinery." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 115, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906686.
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Hot gas path components of current generation, liquid fuel rocket engine turbopumps (T/P) are exposed to severe thermal shock, extremely high heat fluxes, corrosive atmospheres, and erosive flows. These conditions, combined with high operating stresses, are severely degrading to conventional materials. Advanced turbomachinery (T/M) applications will impose harsher demands on the turbine materials. These demands include higher turbine inlet temperature for improved performance and efficiency, lower density for improved thrust-to-weight ratio, and longer life for reduced maintenance of re-usable engines. Conventional materials are not expected to meet these demands, and fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites (FRCMC) have been identified as candidate materials for these applications. This paper summarizes rocket engine T/M needs, reviews the properties and capabilities of FRCMC, identifies candidate FRCMC materials and assesses their potential benefits, and summarizes the status of FRCMC component development with respect to advanced liquid fuel rocket engine T/M applications.
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Stelmachowski, Marek, and Krzysztof Słowiński. "Thermal and thermo-catalytic conversion of waste polyolefins to fuel-like mixture of hydrocarbons." Chemical and Process Engineering 33, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10176-012-0016-z.
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Thermal and thermo-catalytic conversion of waste polyolefins to fuel-like mixture of hydrocarbons Results of the investigation of thermal degradation of polyolefins in the laboratory-scale set-up reactors are presented in the paper. Melting and cracking processes were carried out in two different types of reactors at the temperature of 390-420°C. This article presents the results obtained for conversion of polyolefin waste in a reactor with a stirrer. Next, they were compared with the results obtained for the process carried out in a reactor with a molten metal bed, which was described in a previous publication. For both processes, the final product consisted of a gaseous (2-16 % mass) and a liquid (84-98 % mass) part. No solid product was produced. The light, "gasoline" fraction of the liquid hydrocarbons mixture (C4-C10) made up over 50% of the liquid product. The overall (vapor) product may be used for electricity generation and the liquid product for fuel production.
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Kamińska-Pietrzak, Natalia, Natalia Howaniec, and Adam Smoliński. "THE INFLUENCE OF FEEDSTOCK TYPE AND OPERATING PARAMETERS ON TAR FORMATION IN THE PROCESS OF GASIFICATION AND CO-GASIFICATION." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 747–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2013-0052.
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Abstract Increasing energy demand, limited resources of fossil fuels and environmental aspects are the main rationales of the research efforts aiming at wider utilization of renewable resources and waste in energy generation systems. Gasification technologies are based on thermochemical processing of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels to gas of the composition dependent on kind of gasification agent and operating parameters used. The range of applications of the product gas includes basically chemical and petrochemical industries. Its utilization in power generation systems is also of industrial interest since the environmental impact of gasification technologies is lower and the process efficiency is higher than of coal-fired power plants and it enables to utilize wide range of fuels, including fossil fuels, biomass, industrial waste and various fuel blends. One of the most important operational issues related with thermochemical processing of biomass and waste is the formation of tars, which reduces the energy efficiency of the process and causes technical problems in a system operation. The amount and quality of tars depends on the chemical composition of a fuel, a gasification agent used and its ratio to fuel flow, process temperature and pressure as well as the construction of a gasifier. In the paper review of the research on the influence of operating parameters and kind of feedstock on tar formation and composition in the process of gasification and co-gasification is presented.
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Islam, Ekramul, Md Saddam Hossain, Palash Kumar Sarker, Syeda Tasneem Towhid, Md Salimullah, and Abu Hashem. "Isolation and Characterization of Electrogenic Bacteria from Tannery Wastewater." Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology 37, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v37i1.51205.
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Electrogenic bacteria are able to transfer electrons to extracellular electron acceptors as well as can be used in devices like bioelectrochemical systems (BES). This study was focused to produce electricity from wastewater using microbial fuel cell and find out potential electrogenic bacteria from liquid tannery wastes. After power generation study, six isolates were screened as potential electrogenic bacteria. Of them, two potential bacteria were identified based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics and confirmed by phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence. We also investigated the effect of anode surface area on electricity generation in the microbial fuel cells and found that the surface area had positive impact on electricity generation.
Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 37 Number 1 June 2020, pp 23-27
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Rodriguez, Karen, Marcelo Pedroso, Audrey Harris, Shivani Garg, Damian Hine, Michael Köpke, Gerhard Schenk, and Esteban Marcellin. "Gas fermentation for microbial sustainable aviation fuel production." Microbiology Australia 44, no. 1 (March 6, 2023): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma23008.
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The challenge of limiting global warming to below 1.5°C requires all industries to implement new technologies and change practices immediately. The aviation industry contributes 2% of human-induced CO2 emissions and 12% of all transport emissions. Decarbonising the aviation industry, which relies heavily on high-density liquid fuels, has been difficult to achieve. The problems are compounded by the continued reliance on so-called sustainable aviation fuels, which use first-generation agricultural feedstocks, creating a trade-off between biomass for food and feed and its use as a feedstock for energy generation. Decarbonising aviation is also challenging because of problems in developing electric aircraft. Alternative feedstocks already exist that provide a more feasible path towards decelerating climate change. One such alternative is to use gas fermentation to convert greenhouse gases (e.g. from food production and food waste) into fuels using microbial acetogens. Acetogens are anaerobic microorganisms capable of producing alcohols from gaseous CO, CO2 and H2. Australia offers feedstock resources for gas fermentation with abundant H2 and CO2 production in proximity to each other. In this review, we put forward the principles, approaches and opportunities offered by gas fermentation technologies to replace our dependency on fossil fuels for aviation fuel production in Australia.
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Zajecs, D., K. Lebedeva, and T. Odineca. "Application Possibilities of the Off-Grid HVAC System Operation Solution for Temporary Shelters in the Latvian Climate Conditions." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 59, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2022-0011.
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Abstract Temporary shelters are extensively used by emergency services (rescue, disaster relief, military response) and other end-users requiring temporary mobile power solutions for different purposes (event organization, vacation homes, summer camps, etc.). The Covid-19 pandemics resulted in an increase of motor homes worldwide sales. When temporary shelter connection to power grid is impossible, the off-grid liquid fossil fuel generator can be used for electricity generation. Since the liquid fuel supply is often limited, the stock of fuel requires storage that may pose an explosion risk. Quickly installable and energy-efficient ventilation / cooling system with heat recovery is essential to ensure adequate air hygiene and occupants’ comfort in temporary structure. This paper presents a mobile modular electric energy generating unit with photovoltaic (PV) panels for providing temporary shelters (tents) in Latvian climate conditions with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC). All calculations were performed using the computer model developed with TRNSYS tool and based on real data from mobile modular energy unit for spring, summer and autumn 2020 and winter 2021. The results show that mobile modular energy unit can be successfully applied for off-grid HVAC system operation of temporary shelters in the Latvian climate conditions.
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Leybovych, Lev, Borys Dymo, Sergey Anastasenko, and Yurii Yevstigneyev. "RESEARCH OF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DIESEL FUEL-HYDROGEN MIXTURES." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 87, no. 9 (October 25, 2021): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/2708-129x.87.09.2021.45-54.
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The change in the viscosity of diesel fuel with dissolved hydrogen, the rate of dissolution of hydrogen in the diesel fuel, and the hydrogen diffusion coefficient in diesel fuel were experimentally determined. Dissolving hydrogen in liquid fuel changes its physical-chemical properties. It has been found that the viscosity and density of diesel fuel change little when it is saturated with hydrogen. The flashpoint in a closed crucible is reduced by 3–4 °C. The rate of dissolution of hydrogen in diesel fuel has been investigated. It has been found that the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in diesel fuel depends significantly on the initial concentration of H2 in the fuel. The liquid fuel is advisable to supply with saturated hydrogen for the safety of the heat engine operation. The design of the hydrogen fuel saturation system with a special hydrogen sensor based on the MQ-8 sensor was proposed. The system of protection of the research stand from unauthorized emissions of hydrogen into the environment has been worked out. The protection ensures the shutdown of the stand equipment when the hydrogen concentration in the zone of its generation and supply to the fuel is at the level of 1%.
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Neuhausen, Jörg. "Radionuclide Chemistry in Nuclear Facilities Based on Heavy Liquid Metal Coolants: Past, Present and Future." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 74, no. 12 (December 23, 2020): 976–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2020.976.
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Heavy liquid metals such as lead and lead bismuth eutectic (LBE) are considered as spallation target material for next-generation neutron sources and as coolant of fast spectrum nuclear reactors that are developed to facilitate more efficient use of nuclear fuel as well as transmutation of long-lived nuclear waste. During the operation of such facilities, the heavy liquid metal will be activated by nuclear reactions. Additionally, fission product radionuclides may be introduced into the liquid metal from leaking fuel pins or by fission of the target nuclei in spallation. The chemical behaviour of these radioactive contaminants in the liquid metal – especially their immediate volatilization or volatilization of formed secondary compounds – may affect the safety of such facilities. The present article summarizes the activities of PSI's Laboratory of Radiochemistry towards a better understanding of the chemistry of potentially hazardous radionuclides in LBE and discusses aspects that need to be addressed in future to support the licensing of heavy liquid metal-based nuclear facilities.
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Lee, Dong-Ha, Seung-Joo Cha, Jeong-Dae Kim, Jeong-Hyeon Kim, Seul-Kee Kim, and Jae-Myung Lee. "Practical Prediction of the Boil-Off Rate of Independent-Type Storage Tanks." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010036.
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Because environmentally-friendly fuels such as natural gas and hydrogen are primarily stored in the form of cryogenic liquids to enable efficient transportation, the demand for cryogenic fuel (LNG, LH) ships has been increasing as the primary carriers of environmentally-friendly fuels. In such ships, insulation systems must be used to prevent heat inflow to the tank to suppress the generation of boil-off gas (BOG). The presence of BOG can lead to an increased internal pressure, and thus, its control and prediction are key aspects in the design of fuel tanks. In this regard, although the thermal analysis of the phase change through a finite element analysis requires less computational time than that implemented through computational fluid dynamics, the former is relatively more error-prone. Therefore, in this study, a cryogenic fuel tank to be incorporated in ships was established, and the boil-off rate (BOR), measured considering liquid nitrogen, was compared with that obtained using the finite element method. Insulation material with a cubic structure was applied to the cylindrical tank to increase the insulation performance and space efficiency. To predict the BOR through finite element analysis, the effective thermal conductivity was calculated through an empirical correlation and applied to the designed fuel tank. The calculation was predicted to within 1% of the minimum error, and the internal fluid behavior was evaluated by analyzing the vertical temperature profile according to the filling ratio.
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Ji, Hyun-Jin, Sang-Hyun Ha, Young-Chul Kim, and Sung-Baek Cho. "Control Model of 1 kW Class Tactical Hybrid Power Generation System with Liquid Fuel Processor." Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology 14, no. 4 (August 5, 2011): 732–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.9766/kimst.2011.14.4.732.
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