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1
Charles Paré, Maxime, and Angela Bedard-Haughn. "Optimum liquid density in separation of the physically uncomplexed organic matter in Arctic soils." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 91, no. 1 (February 2011): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss10051.
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Paré, M. C. and Bedard-Haughn, A. 2011. Optimum liquid density in separation of the physically uncomplexed organic matter in Arctic soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 65–68. Using an appropriate density to separate the soil light fraction (LF) and heavy fraction (HF) is an important aspect of the density fractionation technique. The effect of liquid density when separating the physically uncomplexed Arctic soil organic matter (SOM) was tested on three Arctic sites: High-Arctic, Low-Arctic, and Sub-Arctic. Our results showed that selecting the right density to use for Arctic soils is not unequivocal. Nevertheless, based on these two criteria: (1) the difference between the C:N values of the LF and HF needs to be as large as possible, and (2) the C:N value of the whole soil needs to be different from the C:N values of the LF and HF, the optimum density for all of our Arctic sites was between 1.49 and 1.55 g mL−1. We concluded that 1.55g mL−1 was the conservative optimum liquid density to use to separate Arctic SOM light and heavy fractions.
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Maglione, Giuseppe, Gaetano De Tommaso, Mauro Iuliano, Giulia Costanzo, Ermenegilda Vitale, Carmen Arena, and Luca Vitale. "Aerated Buffalo Slurry Improves Spinach Plant Growth and Mitigates CO2 and N2O Emissions from Soil." Agriculture 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11080758.
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Manure management is the main strategy for mitigating gas emissions from livestock farming. In this study, a laboratory-scale experiment was set up to identify suitable conditions to be applied in a farm-scale experiment. The liquid fraction (LF) of slurry was aerobically treated and greenhouse gas emissions from soil were evaluated. Furthermore, the value of treated LF as a fertilizer on spinach plants was also tested. The aeration of LF determined an increase in mean alkalinity due to ammonia loss. The mass fraction of heavy metals also decreased, likely due to the reduction in solubility. After being applied on soil, aerated LF determined lower CO2 and N2O emissions compared to untreated LF due to a reduced nitrogen load. Spinach plants fertilized with treated LF showed a lush growth and exhibited a lower heavy metal mass fraction as well as a higher content of antioxidants compared to plants fertilized with untreated slurry. Our results show that aeration might be an effective alternative for slurry management as it is able to produce an eco-friendly final product with a high fertilizing value.
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Ku, Catherine S. M., and David R. Hershey. "255 LEACHING FRACTION, FERTIGATION RATE AND PHOSPHORUS LEACHING FROM POTTED GERANIUM." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 466c—466. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.466c.
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Single-pinched `Yours Truly' geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum) were greenhouse grown in 15-cm diameter pots. They received constant liquid fertigation with a modified Hoagland solution #1 at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 strength. The 1.0 strength Hoagland solution contained 210 mg/L NO3-N and 31 mg/L P. Leaching fractions (LFs) were 0, 0.2 and 0.4. The total P applied via fertigation ranged from 33 mg at 0 LF and 0.25x Hoagland to 407 mg at 0.4 LF and 1.5x Hoagland. The leachate P concentration ranged from <5 mg/L to -60 mg/L. The P concentration in the recently matured leaves was in the acceptable range for all treatments. We were able to recover 90 to 99% of the applied P by analyzing the shoots, soilless medium, and leachate. Only 4% of the recovered P was in the leachate for plants receiving 0.5x Hoagland and a 0.2 LF. However, these plants were equal in yield to plants receiving higher fertigation rates and higher LFs.
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Kim, Yong-Woon, Yuanzheng Wu, Moon-Hee Choi, Hyun-Jae Shin, and Jishun Li. "Alginate-Derived Elicitors Enhance β-Glucan Content and Antioxidant Activities in Culinary and Medicinal Mushroom, Sparassis latifolia." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6020092.
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This study aimed to investigate the elicitation effects of alginate oligosaccharides extracted from brown algae (Sargassum species) on β-glucan production in cauliflower mushroom (Sparassis latifolia). Sodium alginate was refined from Sargassum fulvellum, S. fusiforme, and S. horneri, and characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), resulting mannuronic acid to guluronic acid (M/G) rationes from 0.64 to 1.38. Three oligosaccharide fractions, ethanol fraction (EF), solid fraction (SF), and liquid fraction (LF), were prepared by acid hydrolysis and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with a pulsed amperometric detector (HPAEC-PAD). The samples of S. fusiforme resulted in the highest hydrolysate in SF and the lowest in LF, which was consistent with its highest M/G ratio. The SF of S. fusiforme and LF of S. horneri were chosen for elicitation on S. latifolia, yielding the highest β-glucan contents of 56.01 ± 3.45% and 59.74 ± 4.49% in the stalk, respectively. Total polyphenol content (TPC) and antioxidant activities (2,2’-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging and Superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity) of aqueous extracts of S. latifolia were greatly stimulated by alginate elicitation. These results demonstrate that alginate oligosaccharides extracted from brown algae may be useful as an elicitor to enhance the nutritional value of mushrooms.
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Salgado-Hernández, Enrique, Ángel Isauro Ortiz-Ceballos, Sergio Martínez-Hernández, Erik Samuel Rosas-Mendoza, Ana Elena Dorantes-Acosta, Andrea Alvarado-Vallejo, and Alejandro Alvarado-Lassman. "Methane Production of Sargassum spp. Biomass from the Mexican Caribbean: Solid–Liquid Separation and Component Distribution." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010219.
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In the last decade, Sargassum spp. seaweed species have caused massive flooding on the Caribbean Sea coasts. These seaweed species have a high content of recalcitrant compounds, such as insoluble fibers and polyphenols, which generate low methane yields in anaerobic digestion (AD). This study investigated the effect of solid–liquid separation of Sargassum biomass on biodegradability and methane yield. A biochemical methane potential (BMP) test was conducted with both fractions and raw biomass (RB). A mass balance was developed to assess the distribution of the components. The obtained liquid fraction (LF) showed high biodegradability and a high methane production rate, and it generated a methane yield of 159.7 ± 7.1 N L kg VS−1, a value that corresponds to approximately twice that achieved with RB and the solid fraction (SF). The component distribution analysis showed that about 90% of total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), ash, carbon, and cellulose were retained in the SF. In conclusion, the LF had high biodegradability and methane yield. This suggests the potential for LFs of Sargassum biomass to be treated in large-scale high-load reactors; however, studies applied to SFs are needed because they retain a large amount of organic matter with low biodegradability.
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Ku, Catherine S. M. "Preplant Superphosphate Amendment and Leaching Fraction on Growth of Potted Poinsettia." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 858G—858. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.858g.
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Earlier study indicates that greenhouse crop production may be an overlooked point source of P pollution. A potential strategy to reduce P leaching may be to eliminate superphosphate amendment in soilless medium. Single-pinched `Amy' poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima) in 15-cm pots were grown in a soilless medium of 3 peat: 1 perlite: 1 vermiculite (by volume). A treatment combination of preplant, finely ground, single superphosphate (SSP) (0N–8.8P–0K) amendment at 0 or 172 mg/pot and leaching fractions (LFs) of 0 and 0.2 were evaluated in a completely randomized design during a 10.5-week study. Plants received constant liquid fertigation with 7.8 mg P/liter and 210 mg N/liter from modified Hoagland solution #1. The total P applied via fertigation ranged from ≈38 mg at 0 LF to ≈50 mg at 0.2 LF. The leachate P concentration ranged from 4 mg/liter to 38 mg/liter. There was no significant difference in yield due to SSP and LF. Across all treatments, mean fresh mass was 36 g, mean dry mass was 5.9 g, mean leaf area was 980 cm2, and mean bract area was 1900 cm2.
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Rothan, Yahya Ali. "Investigation of hybrid nanomaterial application in melting process of paraffin enhanced with nanoparticles." Physica Scripta 96, no. 12 (November 23, 2021): 125253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ac3877.
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Abstract Current study is about the charging process of paraffin within a tank with spiral duct. The paraffin has been enhanced with adding CuO nanoparticles. The hot fluid within the spiral pipes is hybrid nanomaterial. The fraction of nano-sized material is poorer than 0.04 and selecting single phase methodology is acceptable. Finite volume approach with including implicit method was applied to solve these transient equations. Grids with structural configurations were utilized for two suggested styles of containers. Verification with empirical data reveals that nice agreement exist for utilized mathematical model. Entropy generation components were measured and reported in contours forms. Also, important role of buoyancy force were reported in streamline contours. Increase of time leads to increase in liquid fraction in both cases and first configuration reach to maximum value in lower time. The amount of liquid fraction (LF) for first style is higher than second style which means better performance of first configuration. When time increase up to 80 min, the amount of LF for second and first configuration are 5.77 and 4.9 times bigger than those of t = 300 s. With rise of time, frictional irreversibility augments owing to augmentation of velocity of liquid paraffin. Also, with rise of volume of liquid paraffin, the temperature gradient (∇T) reduces which provides lower value of thermal irreversibility. The first configuration has greater frictional entropy term while its thermal irreversibility is lower than second approach. With reduce of solid paraffin, temperature decreases and reaches to uniform value about 368 K. The first configuration has greater temperature and maximum difference occurs at t = 45 min.
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Piptyuk, V. P., A. S. Vergun, S. V. Grekov, S. E. Samohvalov, and K. S. Krasnikov. "Development of technological regulation for carbon ironing of iron in 30t ladle. Part 1." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, no. 33 (2019): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2019-33-123-142.
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The results of numerical simulation of the carbonization of low-carbon iron as a by-product of the production of titanium slag for the designed unit ladle-furnace (LF) installation as applied to the conditions of PJSC Zaporizhzhya Titanium-Magnesium Combine are presented. The technological regulations have been developed and a numerical study has been carried out on the carburization of metal in a 30-ton ladle at the LF. For the production of commercial pig iron, associated iron-containing waste is used. The purpose of the work is to identify factors of the influence of out-of-furnace processing on technology optimization. A numerical simulation was performed of the carburization technology of liquid low-carbon (up to 2% carbon) cast iron with lump (fraction up to 50 mm) graphite and coke introduced onto the surface of a ladle bath (excluding slag cover). The material and energy balances of the process were carried out, the properties of carburizing materials were studied, and the diffusion coefficient of carbon in a liquid metal was estimated. The results of studies of the hydrodynamic and thermal conditions in the bucket bath of the LF are estimated from the contour diagrams of the flow rates and temperature fields for different flow rates of argon supplied through the bottom and submerged tuyeres. The optimal fractions of carbon-containing materials were determined. It has been shown that treatment on LF with lump graphite requires a shorter duration (≈ 45%) compared with lump coke. To accelerate the process of diffusion dissolution of carbon, it is necessary to periodically (every 3 portions of 70 kg of graphite and coke) heat the melt to a temperature of 1520-1530 ° C. Injection of powdered graphite and coke contributes to a more efficient absorption of carbon and a decrease in the duration of the process (≈ by 1/3). Research continues in the direction of using flux-cored wire for carburizing cast iron at LF.
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Kazimierowicz, Joanna, Marcin Dębowski, and Marcin Zieliński. "Taxonomic Structure Evolution, Chemical Composition and Anaerobic Digestibility of Microalgae-Bacterial Granular Sludge (M-BGS) Grown during Treatment of Digestate." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13021098.
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The liquid fraction from the dewatering of digested sewage sludge (LF-DSS) represents a major processing complication for wastewater treatment facilities, thus necessitating new and effective methods of LF-DSS neutralization. This pilot-scale study examined the evolution of a Chlorella sp. monoculture into microalgal-bacterial granular sludge (M-BGS) during treatment of LF-DSS in a hybrid photo-bioreactor (H-PBR). The M-BGS reached a stable taxonomic and morphological structure after 60 days of H-PBR operation. The biomass was primarily composed of Chlorella sp., Microthrix parvicella, and type 1851 and 1701 filamentous bacteria. A greater abundance of bacteria led to a faster-growing M-BGS biomass (to a level of 4800 ± 503 mgTS/dm3), as well as improved TOC and COD removal from the LF-DSS (88.2 ± 7.2% and 84.1 ± 5.1%). The efficiency of N/P removal was comparable, since regardless of the composition and concentration of biomass, it ranged from 68.9 ± 3.1% to 71.3 ± 3.1% for N and from 54.2 ± 4.1% to 56, 2 ± 4.6% for P. As the M-BGS taxonomic structure evolved and the C/N ratio improved, so did the anaerobic digestion (AD) performance. Biogas yield from the M-BGS peaked at 531 ± 38 cm3/gVS (methane fraction = 66.2 ± 2.7%). It was found that final effects of AD were also strongly correlated with the N and TOC content in the substrate and pH value. A mature M-BGS significantly improved settleability and separability through filtration.
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Srinivas, S. S. J., B. Tulasi Koteswari Bai, K. Babu Rao, K. Narendra, and M. Sarath Babu. "Studies of Densities, Viscosities and Ultrasonic Speeds of Binary Mixtures Containing Isopropyl Alcohol and Ketones at Different Temperatures." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 15 (September 2013): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.15.151.
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The densities, viscosities and ultrasonic velocities of binary liquid mixtures of Isopropyl alcohol with acetophenone and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) have been measured at temperatures 298.15 and 308.15 K over the entire range of mole fraction. From these data, acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (β), free volume (Vf) and free length (Lf) have been estimated using the standard relations. The results are interpreted in terms of molecular interactions present in the mixtures.
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Srinivas, S. S. J., B. Tulasi Koteswari Bai, K. Babu Rao, K. Narendra, and M. Sarath Babu. "Studies of Densities, Viscosities and Ultrasonic Speeds of Binary Mixtures Containing Isopropyl Alcohol and Ketones at Different Temperatures." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 15 (June 29, 2013): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-l9y27o.
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The densities, viscosities and ultrasonic velocities of binary liquid mixtures of Isopropyl alcohol with acetophenone and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) have been measured at temperatures 298.15 and 308.15 K over the entire range of mole fraction. From these data, acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (β), free volume (Vf) and free length (Lf) have been estimated using the standard relations. The results are interpreted in terms of molecular interactions present in the mixtures.
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Reuland, Gregory, Ivona Sigurnjak, Harmen Dekker, Evi Michels, and Erik Meers. "The Potential of Digestate and the Liquid Fraction of Digestate as Chemical Fertiliser Substitutes under the RENURE Criteria." Agronomy 11, no. 7 (July 7, 2021): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071374.
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This study assessed how digestate and the liquid fraction (LF) of digestate would perform as candidate RENURE fertilisers (recovered nitrogen from manure) in nitrate vulnerable zones under the proposed criteria of the Joint Research Centre, namely, (i) a mineral nitrogen to total nitrogen ratio ≥ 90% (Nmin:TN ≥ 90%) or a total organic carbon to TN ratio ≤ 3 (TOC:TN ≤ 3); (ii) limits of ≤300 copper (Cu) mg kg−1 and ≤800 Zinc (Zn) mg kg−1. These criteria were applied to unpublished data (n = 2622) on digestate compositional properties, further amended with data from the literature (n = 180); digestate analysis from seven full-scale biogas facilities (n = 14); and biogas industry stakeholders (n = 23). The results showed that Cu and Zn mostly met the criteria, with compliance rates of 94.7% (of 1035 entries) and 95.0% (of 1038 entries), respectively. Just above 5% (of 1856 entries) met the Nmin/TN ≥ 90% criterion, while 36% (of 1583 entries) met the TOC/TN ≤ 3 criterion, while total compliance was 32% (of 1893 entries). When targeting the LF, total compliance increased noticeably, between 43 and 58% depending on DM range, indicating that LFs are better suited RENURE candidate fertilisers than unseparated digestate.
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Manukonda, Srilatha, G. Pavan Kumar, and Ch Praveen Babu. "Molecular Interactions in Binary Organic Liquid Mixtures Containing Ethyl Oleate and Ethanol at 2MHz Frequency." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 40 (October 2014): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.40.17.
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Molecular interactions of binary mixtures of Ethanol with a new organic compound Ethyl Oleate are investigated at a constant ultrasonic frequency of 2MHz under the temperature range of 303.15K-318.15K. The effect of mole fraction of Ethyl Oleate on velocity of sound wave and the density and viscosity of binary mixtures at various temperatures were studied. The effects on density (ρ), viscosity (η), adiabatic compressibility (βad), inter molecular free length (Lf) and internal pressure (Пi) also was studied.
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Manukonda, Srilatha, G. Pavan Kumar, and Ch Praveen Babu. "Molecular Interactions in Binary Organic Liquid Mixtures Containing Ethyl Oleate and Ethanol at 2MHz Frequency." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 40 (October 23, 2014): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-o814iq.
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Molecular interactions of binary mixtures of Ethanol with a new organic compound Ethyl Oleate are investigated at a constant ultrasonic frequency of 2MHz under the temperature range of 303.15K-318.15K. The effect of mole fraction of Ethyl Oleate on velocity of sound wave and the density and viscosity of binary mixtures at various temperatures were studied. The effects on density (ρ), viscosity (η), adiabatic compressibility (βad), inter molecular free length (Lf) and internal pressure (Пi) also was studied.
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Santschi, D. E., J. Chiquette, R. Berthiaume, R. Martineau, J. J. Matte, A. F. Mustafa, and C. L. Girard. "Effects of the forage to concentrate ratio on B-vitamin concentrations in different ruminal fractions of dairy cows." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 85, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a05-012.
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Two studies were undertaken to verify the effect of the forage to concentrate ratio of the diet on B-vitamin concentrations in ruminal contents. In Study 1, eight primiparous and eight multiparous cows were used in a cross-over design, and concentrations of biotin, folates and vitamin B12 were determined in ruminal fluid and plasma of cows fed a high-forage (HF; 58:42 forage to concentrate ratio; DM basis) or a low-forage (LF; 37:63 forage to concentrate ratio; DM basis) diet. In Study 2, six ruminally cannulated lactating cows were used in a cross-over design to evaluate the effects of forage to concentrate ratio (HF = 60:40; LF = 40:60; DM basis) on concentrations of seven B-vitamins in the particle-free fluid and in both liquid- and solid-associated bacteria. Results showed that B-vitamins were present mainly in the bacterial fractions of the ruminal content, while only limited amounts were found in the surrounding fluid. A change in the forage to concentrate ratio had a greater effect on vitamin concentration in the bacteria associated with the solid fraction than in those present in the liquid portion of the rumen. The most noticeable effects of a low forage diet were an increase in riboflavin, but a decrease in true vitamin B12 concentrations in solid-associated bacteria as well as a decrease in biotin concentration in particle-free fluid. In conclusion, it appears that ruminal B-vitamin concentration is altered by changes in the forage to concentrate ratio, which suggests that the supply of vitamins to dairy cows is influenced by diet composition. Key words: B-vitamins, dairy cow, ruminal fractions, forage to concentrate ratio
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Pereira, José, João Coutinho, David Fangueiro, and Henrique Trindade. "Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide emissions from cattle-slurry and mineral fertiliser treated with nitrification inhibitor to an agricultural soil: A laboratory approach." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 13, no. 4 (December 2, 2015): e0305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2015134-7622.
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<p>The application of organic and mineral fertilisers to soil can result in increased gaseous emissions to the atmosphere such as nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) gases. The aim of this study was to evaluate under laboratory conditions the effects on mineral N dynamics and NO and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions of application to soil of cattle slurry derived liquid fraction (LF) obtained by screw press and mineral fertiliser (MF), both treated with or without the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP). An aerobic laboratory incubation was performed over 93 days with a Dystric Cambisol amended with mechanically separated LF or mineral fertiliser ammonium sulphate only or combined with DMPP. Two additional treatments were included: soil only and soil amended with DMPP. Nitrogen immobilisation was the dominant process with MF amendment, whereas N mineralisation has been observed with LF. The application of LF reduced significantly NO emissions by 80% relative to mineral but no differences were observed with N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. The addition of DMPP to MF induced a decrease of 18 and 29% in NO and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions whereas DMPP combined with LF reduced (numerically but not statistically) these emissions in 20 and 10%, respectively. Results obtained in our study suggest that N (NO + N<sub>2</sub>O) losses can be mitigated by adding DMPP to mineral fertilisers or replacing mineral fertiliser by LF.</p>
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Craig, Paulette B., and Janet C. Cole. "Recycled Paper as a Growth Substrate for Container Spirea Production." HortScience 35, no. 7 (December 2000): 1253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.7.1253.
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Spiraea japonica L. f. `Froebelii' were grown in 3.8-L containers filled with substrates consisting of recycled paper (RP) and pine bark at rates of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% (by volume) RP. Fertilizer treatments included 100% of the recommended rate of N as controlled release (CRF) or liquid fertilizer (LF) or both. The same amounts of N (as NO3--N and NH4+-N), P and K were supplied with each fertilizer treatment. Plants were irrigated in Fall 1996 based on substrate water-holding capacity and to achieve a 25% to 50% leaching fraction. In Spring 1997 regardless of substrate water holding capacity, plants were irrigated weekly initially, then twice weekly later in the study when plants were larger. Fertilizer treatment did not affect plant size, but plant diameter and shoot and root dry weight decreased as substrate RP concentration increased in Fall 1996. All plant size parameters measured decreased as substrate RP concentration increased regardless of fertilizer treatment in Spring 1997. In Fall 1996, shoot and root N concentration increased as CRF decreased (and LF increased), but substrate RP concentration did not affect shoot or root N concentration. In Spring 1997, shoot and root N concentration generally decreased as substrate RP concentration increased with 50% CRF, 50% LF, or 100% LF. Leachate NO3--N, NH4+-N and total N generally increased as CRF decreased but decreased as substrate RP concentration increased in both years. Substrate volume and percentage of air space decreased, but bulk density increased, as RP concentration increased. Although N leaching decreased as substrate RP concentration increased in both years, reasonable plant growth occurred only in those substrates containing ≤50% RP.
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Cichocki, Wojciech, Dominik Kmiecik, Hanna Maria Baranowska, Hanna Staroszczyk, Agata Sommer, and Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski. "Chemical Characteristics and Thermal Oxidative Stability of Novel Cold-Pressed Oil Blends: GC, LF NMR, and DSC Studies." Foods 12, no. 14 (July 10, 2023): 2660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12142660.
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Plant oils contain a high content of unsaturated fatty acids. Studies of food products have revealed a considerable disproportion in the ratio of ω6 to ω3. This article presents information on the healthful qualities of eight new oil blends that contain a beneficial proportion of ω6 to ω3 fatty acids (5:1), as well as their degradation during heating at 170 and 200 °C. The fatty acid profile was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC), content of polar compounds and polymers of triacylglycerols by liquid chromatography (LC), water content was measured by the Karl Fischer method, and oxidative stability was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF NMR) methods. The results showed that during heating, the polar fraction content increased in samples heated at both analyzed temperatures compared to unheated oils. This was mainly due to the polymerization of triacylglycerols forming dimers. In some samples that were heated, particularly those heated to 200 °C, trimers were detected, however, even with the changes that were observed, the polar fraction content of the blends did not go beyond the limit. Despite the high content of unsaturated fatty acids, the analyzed blends of oils are characterized by high oxidative stability, confirmed by thermoanalytical and nuclear magnetic resonance methods. The high nutritional value as well as the oxidative stability of the developed oil blends allow them to be used in the production of food, in particular products that ensure an adequate supply of ω3 fatty acids.
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Nagarjun, B., A. V. Sarma, G. V. Rama Rao, and C. Rambabu. "Thermodynamic and Acoustic Study on Molecular Interactions in Certain Binary Liquid Systems Involving Ethyl Benzoate." Journal of Thermodynamics 2013 (March 25, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/285796.
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Speeds of sound and density for binary mixtures of ethyl benzoate (EB) with N,N-dimethylformamide (NNDMF), N,N-dimethyl acetamide (NNDMAc), and N,N-dimethylaniline (NNDMA) were measured as a function of mole fraction at temperatures 303.15, 308.15 K, 313.15 K, and 318.15 K and atmospheric pressure. From the experimental data, adiabatic compressibility (βad), intermolecular free length (Lf), and molar volume (V) have been computed. The excess values of the above parameters were also evaluated and discussed in light of molecular interactions. Deviation in adiabatic compressibilities and excess intermolecular free length (LfE) are found to be negative over the molefraction of ethyl benzoate indicating the presence of strong interactions between the molecules. The negative excess molar volume VE values are attributed to strong dipole-dipole interactions between unlike molecules in the mixtures. The binary data of Δβad, VE, and LfE were correlated as a function of molefraction by using the Redlich-Kister equation.
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Elangovan, Sampandam. "Thermophysical Studies of Chlorpheniramine with 1-Propanol at 303 K, 308 K, and 313 K in the Atmospheric Pressure." Journal of Chemistry 2022 (May 28, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5333930.
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A binary liquid system that consists of chlorpheniramine and 1-propanol is prepared at various concentrations by the mole fraction method. The density (ρ), viscosity (η), and ultrasonic velocity (U) of the system are observed at 303 K, 308 K, and 313 K. From the experimental observations, various thermophysical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (β), free length (Lf), free volume ( V f ), viscous relaxation time (τ), and Gibbs free energy ( Δ G ) are determined. The deviations of the excess parameters (βE, L f E , V f E , τE, and Δ G E ) from their ideal values are calculated. The excess values are fitted with the Redlich–Kister polynomial function, and the corresponding coefficients are derived. Moreover, the standard deviations of the excess parameters are evaluated. The experimental and theoretical data confirmed the existence of hydrogen bonding interactions among the functional groups of the liquid mixture. The strength of intermolecular interactions decreased with increasing the temperature of the mixture. The strength of intermolecular interaction is noticed as 303 K > 308 K > 313 K.
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Lu, Xinliang, Zhaohui Zhang, Ming Lv, Xintao Li, Baomin Song, and Ming Fang. "Evolution of Non-Metallic Inclusions in 27SiMn Steel." Metals 12, no. 5 (April 23, 2022): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12050718.
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To study the evolution of non-metallic inclusions in 27SiMn steel, the 27SiMn steel produced using the LD-LF-CCM process was sampled in various stages in a steel factory. The evolutionary behavior of inclusion in various processes was systematically analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), and the total oxygen content and nitrogen content in 27SiMn steel were measured at various production steps. On the basis of the calcium treatment for 27SiMn steel, the equilibrium reactions for Ca-Al were calculated according to the thermodynamic equilibrium model. The results showed that the types of inclusions at the start of LF stations are mainly Al2O3-FeO and MnS-Al2O3. Before calcium treatment, the inclusions are mostly calcium aluminate and CaO-MgO-Al2O3. Compared with the process after soft blowing, the number density of inclusions in tundish increased by 77.88%, possibly due to secondary oxidation. From the soft blowing process to the continuous casting round billet, the inclusions translate into spherical CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2, and a large number of CaS were observed. One part of the CaS precipitated separately, the other part was semi-wrapped with the composite inclusions. At the same time, calcium treatment increases the number density, mean diameter, and the area fraction of inclusions. The mass fraction of T.O. (total oxygen content) increased significantly after soft blowing, and the N content increased greatly from station to tundish. The change trend of N content in steel was basically consistent with that of T.O. content. It was necessary to prevent the secondary oxidation of molten steel during calcium treatment and the casting process. When the liquidus temperature of liquid steel is 1873 K, w[Al] = 0.022%, and w[Ca] in steel is controlled between 1.085 × 10−6 and 4.986 × 10−6, the Al2O3 inclusion degeneration effect is good.
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Huett, D. O. "Fertiliser use effciency by containerised nursery plants 1. Plant growth and nutrient uptake." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 2 (1997): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96029.
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The effectiveness of controlled-release fertilisers (CRFs) and an organic-based fertiliser derived from dehydrated poultry manure in supporting the growth of groundcover species when applied at planting was investigated under a range of irrigation conditions on the northern coast of New South Wales. The CRFs were Osmocote NPK (3–4 month) (Osm) and Nutricote NPK (90-day) (Nut), and the organic-based fertiliser was Dynamic Lifter (DL). They were applied pre-planting at a standard rate equivalent to 800 g N/m3 to pots containing sand, composted pinebark, and hardwood sawdust medium that had received nutrient amendment during formulation. Two experiments conducted over spring-early autumn at a commercial nursery, with high irrigation rates (25 mm/day), produced leaching fractions (volume leached as percentage of volume applied to the surface area of pots) of 104–110%. Five groundcover species from each of 2 groups based on differences in growth rates, a 4-week (transplanting to sale) and 10-week group, were used. As well as the standard rate, fertilisers were applied at twice this rate. A Nut treatment containing a 40-day formulation was included at the high rate for the 4-week species in both experiments and for the 10-week species in the autumn experiment. Plants in these treatments were compared with plants receiving a constant nutrient supply from 6-hourly applications of a commercial liquid carnation formulation (LF). Shoot growth for the 4- and 10-week species of LF plants (100%) exceeded (P < 0·05) the standard treatments of Osm (43–57% 4-week, 65–70% 10-week) = Nut (44–56%, 65–71%), which exceeded (P < 0·05) DL (21–43%, 24–29%). Nitrogen, P, and K concentrations in shoots showed similar effects. Doubling the standard fertiliser rates increased (P < 0·05) N, P, and K concentrations in shoots of the 4-week species but had no effect (P > 0·05) on the 10-week species and on shoot growth of both species. The N, P, and/or K concentrations in shoots of both species at both rates of fertiliser application were lower (P < 0·05) than for species grown with constant LF, indicating the inability of single pre-plant fertiliser applications to maintain adequate nutrient supply. Blending a 40-day Nut formulation with the 90-day formulation apparently improved nutrient release characteristics, because shoot P and K concentrations and growth increased (P < 0·05). Compared with LF, shoot dry weights were 87% in spring (similar P > 0·05), 70% in autumn (P < 0·05) for the 4-week species, and 85% (P < 0·05) for the 10-week species. In a subsequent experiment using an electronic leachate detector with the 4-week species, a reduction in leachate volume from the commercial rate (in Expts 1 and 2) to one-third this rate had no effect on plant growth. This indicates that salt accumulation is unlikely to be a problem when irrigation is scheduled to minimise container leaching. This was further evaluated in a final experiment using the 4-week species, conducted under cover, with a range of leachate volumes from nil to the minimum achieved by the leachate detector (54% leaching fraction). Nil leaching reduced (P < 0·05) plant growth, and a leaching fraction of 25–39% reduced electrical conductivity of the potting medium from 2·1 dS/m (nil leaching) to 1·1–1·5 dS/m (in 1 : 1·5 v/v extract), which prevented growth depression due to salt accumulation.
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Martins, Júlia, Joana Coelho, Maraine Catarina Tadini, Rebeca Oliveira de Souza, Sonia Aparecida Figueiredo, Maria José Vieira Fonseca, Nayara Cristina Perez de Albuquerque, et al. "Yangambin and Epi-yangambin Isomers: New Purification Method from Ocotea fasciculata and First Cytotoxic Aspects Focusing on In Vivo Safety." Planta Medica 86, no. 06 (March 3, 2020): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1118-3828.
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Abstract Ocotea fasciculata presents yangambin (YAN) and its isomer epi-yangambin (EPI-YAN) as major lignans, which are employed as the plant markers for quality control purposes and as potential pharmacological compounds. However, a gap between the pure isomers and safety and efficacy protocols is faced by the scientific community. In this context, this work aimed to report (i) a new and advantageous purifying process in a semi-preparative scale for YAN and EPI-YAN isolation from Ocotea fasciculata, and (ii) an in vitro cytotoxicity study to estimate, for the first time, the LD50 values of the isolated epimers, as well as the influence of albumin concentration in cell culture medium. The best condition for epimers isolation was achieved in normal-phase liquid chromatography. The lignan fraction (LF), previously obtained from the plant ethanolic extract, was purified yielding 17% and 29% of YAN and EPI-YAN, respectively. The in vitro study demonstrated that YAN and EPI-YAN were safe, and only at the highest concentration studied, a decrease on cell viability was observed. The estimated LD50 value was higher than 1612 mg/kg for both epimers. The LF, on the other hand, demonstrated an estimated LD50 of 422 mg/kg. Lignan cytotoxicity studies also evidenced that the higher cell viability was related to the higher concentration of fetal bovine serum as a source of albumin in medium. This is the first time the LD50 and safety of the isolated epimers were estimated, opening up great perspectives of success in in vivo studies.
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Devi, Sujata, R. K. Singh, Niladri Sen, and N. Pradhan. "Study of Calcium Treatment in Steel Ladles for the Modification of Alumina Inclusions to Avoid Nozzle Clogging during Casting." Materials Science Forum 978 (February 2020): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.978.12.
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Presence of non-metallic inclusion deteriorates quality of steel and causes nozzle clogging during casting. Nozzle clogging eventually leads to a disruption of normal casting operations. This happens when solid alumina inclusions get accumulate in the nozzle of submerged entry nozzle (SEN). Therefore, it is required to understand the inclusion characteristics (shape, size and chemistry), which forms during the steelmaking process. Calcium is added in the steel ladle furnace (LF) in the form of CaSi wire to modify inclusions and to desulphurize steel. The range in which all the oxides become liquid and no solid sulphides begin to form is regarded as the "optimum window" or “liquid inclusion window” for calcium treatment. It is a target to obtain this calcium addition window, during calcium addition in the ladle furnace. This window mainly depends on the sulfur and total oxygen contents of the liquid steel bath. In the present study, inclusions characteristics such as volume fraction of inclusions, inclusion rating and EDS analysis of inclusions has been carried out using SEM-EDS. Thermodynamic study is carried out using thermodynamic software FACTSAGE and databases to find out formation of various calcium aluminates and the precipitation of CaS. Results show that liquid inclusion window mainly depends mainly on the sulphur level, total oxygen and aluminum content in the steel. These windows will help in calculation of calcium addition range for optimizing the addition of calcium in the ladle. These nomograms have been validated with actual plant condition to reduce the nozzle clogging during continuous casting.
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Umasivakami, Krishnamoorthy, Sundararajan Vaideeswaran, and Venis Rose. "Density, viscosity, ultrasonic velocity and excess thermodynamic parameters of ternary liquid mixtures of morpholine + 1,4-dioxane + toluene or nitrobenzene at 308.15 K." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 83, no. 10 (2018): 1131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc170829056u.
Full textAbstract:
Densities, viscosities and ultrasonic velocities were measured for the two ternary liquid mixtures containing morpholine (1) + 1,4-dioxane (2) + nitrobenzene (3) or + toluene (3) at 308.15 K over the entire range of mole fractions. Thermodynamic parameters, such as excess volume (VE), deviations in adiabatic compressibility (?KS), free length (?LF), isothermal compressibility (??T), free volume (?VF) and viscosity (??) were calculated and applied to the Redlich? Kister polynomial equation to determine the appropriate coefficients. The deviations of the ternary liquid mixtures from their ideal behaviour were determined from the measured and calculated thermodynamic properties. In addition, an insight into the molecular structure and possible interactions for the investigated mixtures was attempted.
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Vega, Esther, Lidia Paredes, Evan A. N. Marks, Berta Singla, Omar Castaño-Sánchez, Carme Casas, Rosa Vilaplana, Mabel Mora, Sergio Ponsá, and Laia Llenas. "Application of Vibrating Reverse Osmosis Technology for Nutrient Recovery from Pig Slurry in a Circular Economy Model." Membranes 12, no. 9 (August 30, 2022): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12090848.
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The rapid growth of the livestock sector in some areas of Europe has caused an imbalance between the generation of livestock manure and the availability of agricultural soil for its direct application as a fertilizer. Since the transport of pig slurry to other areas with nutrient-deficient soils is costly from an economic point of view due to its high water content, the application of new technologies for the concentration of this waste is considered key for reducing management costs. Consequently, the main objective of this study was to demonstrate the potential of vibratory shear enhanced processing (VSEP) operated with reverse osmosis membranes to recover nutrients from the liquid fractions of pig slurry (LF-pig slurry) and digestate (LF-digestate) and obtain concentrated fertilizing products. Use of the VSEP unit permitted reductions in the water contents of the LF-pig slurry and LF-digestate, around 77% and 67%, respectively. Both VSEP concentrates were characterized by their significant nutrient contents and showed a nitrogen fertilizer replacement value similar to that of mineral fertilizer as demonstrated in a barley crop pot-test, although the salinity of the digestate concentrate was identified as a key limitation, negatively impacting the agronomic yield of the test crop.
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Uthirapathi, Revathi, Uma Sivakami Krishnamoorthy, and Rose Venis Ambrose. "Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Liquid Mixtures of Furfural with Toluene and Nitro Benzene at Varying Temperatures." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 38, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 1003–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/380423.
Full textAbstract:
Binary liquid mixtures of furfural with toluene and nitrobenzene were examined for ultrasonic velocity, viscosity and density at a temperature of 308.15 and 318.15 K in various mole fractions. The calculated thermodynamic properties from density, viscosity, ultrasonic velocity and some excess parameters like Excess Volume(VE), Deviation in Isentropic Compressibility(∆KS), Deviation in Viscosity(∆η), Deviation in Intermolecular Free Length(∆LF), Deviation in Intermolecular Free Volume(∆VF) and Deviation in Acoustic Impedance(∆Z) were determined and found the proper coefficients for a polynomial equation of the Redlich - Kister type, from which the theoretical values were calculated. The interaction ability of the binary liquid mixtures was investigated, as well as the deviations of the binary liquid mixtures from their ideal behavior were studied based on the experiment and theoretical values.
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Pereira, José L. S., Adelaide Perdigão, Ana Tavares, Maria E. F. Silva, Isabel Brás, and Dulcineia F. Wessel. "Effects of the Addition of Different Additives before Mechanical Separation of Pig Slurry on Composition and Gaseous Emissions." Agronomy 12, no. 7 (July 5, 2022): 1618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071618.
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The treatment of animal slurry is used to improve management on a farm scale. The aim of this laboratory study was to assess the effects of the addition of the additives biochar, alum and clinoptilolite before the mechanical separation of whole pig slurry (WS) on the characteristics and emission of NH3, N2O, CO2 and CH4 from solid (SF) and liquid fractions (LF). The additives were mixed with WS (5% w/w), followed by separation, in a total of 12 treatments with 3 replicates, including the controls and WS with additives. Gaseous emissions were measured for 30 d by a photoacoustic multigas monitor, and initial characteristics of the slurries were assessed. The results indicated that the separation of the WS modified the initial physicochemical characteristics and increased the GWP emissions of the SF and LF, but not the NH3 losses. However, the addition of additives before separation increased the nutrient value and reduced the GWP emissions from the SF and LF. Additionally, just the additive alum was effective in the reduction of E. coli. The additives led to significant reductions in NH3 and N2O emissions, with higher reductions in NH3 losses for alum (51% for NH3) and similar N2O losses for all additives (70% for N2O) observed, whereas the CO2 and CH4 emissions were reduced by biochar (25% for CO2 and 50% for CH4) and alum (33% for CO2 and 30% for CH4) but not by clinoptilolite. Although the additives had a positive effect on slurry management, it can be concluded that the addition of alum before mechanical separation has the potential to be the best mitigation measure because it improves the nutrient content and sanitation and decreases gaseous losses from slurry management.
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Szymańska, Magdalena, Hella Ellen Ahrends, Amit Kumar Srivastava, and Tomasz Sosulski. "Anaerobic Digestate from Biogas Plants—Nuisance Waste or Valuable Product?" Applied Sciences 12, no. 8 (April 17, 2022): 4052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12084052.
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Biogas production in waste-to-energy plants will support the decarbonization of the energy sector and enhance the EU’s energy transformation efforts. Digestates (DG) formed during the anaerobic digestion of organic wastes contain large amounts of nutrients. Their use for plant fertilization allows for diversifying and increasing the economic efficiency of farming activities. However, to avoid regional production surpluses, processing technologies allowing the acquisition of products that can be transported over long distances are required. This study therefore aimed at determining the effect of applied methods of DG treatment on the chemical composition of the resulting products and their effect on the yields and chemical composition of plants. The following digestate-based products (DGBPs) were tested: two different digestates (DGs), their liquid (LF) and solid fractions (SF) and pellets from DGs (PDG), and pellets form SFs (PSF). Results from the experiment show that during SF/LF separation of DGs, >80% of nitrogen and 87% of potassium flows to LFs, whereas >60% of phosphorus and 70% of magnesium flows to SFs. The highest yields were obtained using untreated DGs and LFs. The application of DGs and LFs was not associated with a leaching of nutrients to the environment (apparent nutrients recovery from these products exceeded 100%). Pelletized DG and SF forms can be used as slow-release fertilizer, although their production leads to significant nitrogen losses (>95%) by ammonia volatilization.
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Pérez, J. F., J. Balcells, J. A. Guada, and C. Castrillo. "Contribution of dietary nitrogen and purine bases to the duodenal digesta: comparison of duodenal and polyester-bag measurements." Animal Science 65, no. 2 (October 1997): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800016544.
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AbstractFour ewes fitted with ruminal and duodenalT-piece cannulas were given fourdietsin a 4 × 4 factorial design. Diets consisted of 700 (HF) or 400 (LF) g/day of ammonia-treated barley straw supplemented respectively with 150 or 600 g/day of concentrate made up with barley plus either soya-bean meal (SBM) or fishmeal (FM) as the protein source, offered at 2-h intervals. Duodenal flowsof digestawere estimated by the dual-phasetechniqueusing CoEDTAand Yb-acetate as markers and (15NH4)2SO4 was infusedinto the rumento label microbial N. Bacteria were isolated from the liquid (LAB) or solid (SAB) rumendigesta. Purinebases (PB) were isolated by precipitationin an acid solution of AgN03, and microbial contribution either to the duodenalnitrogen(N) or PB were determinedby 15N measurements induodenaldigesta and bacteria.Simultaneously, therumen degradation of Nand PB contained in SBM and FM was studiedby incubating supplements in polyesterbags in the rumen.PBcontent (mmol/g dry matter)and guanine: adenine(G/A) ratio of barley strawwas 2·89 and 5·23; barley grain,7·91 and 111;SBM, 18·8 and 1·26; and FM, 58·9 and 6·96, respectively. Duodenal flow ofPB(mmol/day)was significantly higher than PB intake on all diets and G/A ratio showed a meanvalue of 0·97, similarto the ratios determined in SAB(0·80) and LAB (1·04) and muchlower than diets(1·31 to 4·32). Microbial contribution to duodenal Nflow ranged from43·3% to 61·0%, beinghigherin SBM(59·0%)thanin FM(46·7%)diets. However, microbial contribution to duodenal PB was not affected by the experimentaltreatment, accounting for proportionately 0·77 of total PB at the duodenum. Rumen degradability of PB was much higher than that of total N and in both cases degradability was higher in SBM than FM. Direct measurements of non-microbialN were significantly higher than values determined by the polyester-bagmeasurements. However, once corrected forthe endogenousN (52 mgN per kg live weight)contribution, results show edan acceptable agreement. Duodenal flow of PB non-attributable to microbes (unlabelled PB) showed a mean value of 3·25 mmol/daywithouta significanteffect of dietary treatment. However, undegradablePBsupply determinedfor0·02, 0·05 and 0·08 per h fractional out flow rates were proportionately lower than 0·025 with SBM and 0·100 with FM diets of the estimated duodenalPB flow. Despite the magnitudeof the unlabelledduodenalPB, the close agreement between G/A ratios in duodenaldigesta and bacteria suggests thatthe contribution of dietary PB to the duodenalflow was low and seemsto confirm the reliability of values obtained from polyester-bag measurements.
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Yagüe, María Rosa, and María del Carmen Lobo. "Liquid digestate features as fertilizer: carbon fractions, phytotoxicity and microbiological analysis." Spanish Journal of Soil Science 10 (November 9, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3232/sjss.2020.v10.n3.08.
Full textAbstract:
The circular economy promotes the use of renewable fuels as an alternative to natural gas. Anaerobic digestion for waste management produces methane, carbon dioxide and a residue-the digestate- which must be recovered. This residue can be separated into two parts, namely the liquid and solid fractions, the former characterized by its large volume, presence of nutrients in mineral forms, and highly variable composition. Here we studied the fertilizing capacity of the liquid fractions obtained from the waste derived from artichoke canning (LF-Ar), orange juice manufacturing (LF-Or) and pig slurry (LF-Sl). To this end, we examined the physical-chemical parameters, carbon fractions, phytotoxicity and presence of pathogens in these fractions. The liquid fraction derived from fruit and vegetables had a low nutrient content compared to that of slurry ( ̴1.0 kg total-N m<sup>-3 </sup><em>vs.</em> 5.6 kg total-N m<sup>-3</sup> respectively). The NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N content of the fractions ranged between 70-93% of total N. Given the permissible dose in non-vulnerable areas, LF-Sl, LF-Ar and LF-Or would provide 0.9-1.0 t of organic matter ha<sup>-1</sup> and 134, 128 and 98 kg of C ha<sup>-1</sup> from the total humic extract, respectively. The proportion of humic acids in the total humic extract was 59%, 51% and 34% respectively. The slurry digestate showed phytotoxicity probably due to high salinity, so it should be diluted based on the needs of the crop. On the basis of our findings, the characterized liquid fractions could be recovered in agricultural soils in line to circular economy principles.</p>
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Dwita, L. P., M. I. Iwo, R. Mauludin, and Elfahmi. "Neuroprotective potential of lignan-rich fraction of Piper cubeba L. by improving antioxidant capacity in the rat's brain." Brazilian Journal of Biology 82 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.266573.
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Abstract Piper cubeba contains various types of lignans. These compounds have been found to have potential pharmacological activities, one being a neuroprotector through an antioxidant mechanism, especially in the brain. This study examined the antioxidant activity of the lignan-rich fraction of P. cubeba (LF) in rat brains. The rats were given LF (200 and 400 mg/kg), Vitamin C (200 mg/kg), and a carrier as the control group for one-week p.o. The following day, rat brains were collected for antioxidant tests, including examining lipid peroxide inhibition, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, and determination of nitric oxide (NO) concentration. The phytochemical compounds were analyzed with thin-layer chromatography (TLC), ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Test results show that the LF of both doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg could significantly increase antioxidant activity in the brain by inhibiting lipid peroxidation. LF could also increase catalase, despite the decrease in superoxide dismutase activity. Reduction in NO only occurred in the LF-200 group, while LF-400 showed insignificant results compared to the control group. In conclusion, LF showed potential as an antioxidant in the brain and could be beneficial for treating neurological diseases.
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Kont, Riin, Ville Pihlajaniemi, Anna S. Borisova, Nina Aro, Kaisa Marjamaa, Judith Loogen, Jochen Büchs, Vincent G. H. Eijsink, Kristiina Kruus, and Priit Väljamäe. "The liquid fraction from hydrothermal pretreatment of wheat straw provides lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases with both electrons and H2O2 co-substrate." Biotechnology for Biofuels 12, no. 1 (October 8, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13068-019-1578-5.
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Abstract Background Enzyme-aided valorization of lignocellulose represents a green and sustainable alternative to the traditional chemical industry. The recently discovered lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are important components of the state-of-the art enzyme cocktails for cellulose conversion. Yet, these monocopper enzymes are poorly characterized in terms of their kinetics, as exemplified by the growing evidence for that H2O2 may be a more efficient co-substrate for LPMOs than O2. LPMOs need external electron donors and one key question of relevance for bioprocess development is whether the required reducing power may be provided by the lignocellulosic substrate. Results Here, we show that the liquid fraction (LF) resulting from hydrothermal pretreatment of wheat straw supports LPMO activity on both chitin and cellulose. The initial, transient activity burst of the LPMO reaction was caused by the H2O2 present in the LF before addition of LPMO, while the steady-state rate of LPMO reaction was limited by the LPMO-independent production of H2O2 in the LF. H2O2 is an intermediate of LF oxidation as evidenced by a slow H2O2 accumulation in LF, despite high H2O2 production rates. This H2O2 scavenging ability of LF is important since high concentrations of H2O2 may lead to irreversible inactivation of LPMOs. Conclusions Our results support the growing understanding that fine-tuned control over the rates of H2O2 production and consumption in different, enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions is essential for harnessing the full catalytic potential of LPMOs in lignocellulose valorization.
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Patel, Bhavi, Bhavya Salvi, Vivekanand Mishra, and Ritesh Yadav. "Theoretical Values, Percentage Deviations and Calculated Values by Polynomials Equation’s of The liquid Mixture with Equimolar mixture of Ethanol and Formamide." Current Physical Chemistry 10 (July 13, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1877946810999200713194628.
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Background: The Binary mixtures of the isopropanol/isobutanol/isoamylalcohol with equimolar mixture of ethanol and formamide consists of different ultrasonic properties have been studied at room temperature at a fixed frequency of 2 MHz. The ultrasonic related physical parameters like velocity (U), density (ρ), adiabatic compressibility (βad), intermolecular free length (Lf) ,acoustic impedance (Z) etc. have been studied. The theoretical evaluation of ultrasonic velocity in liquid mixtures offers a transparent method for the study of the nature of molecular interactions in the mixtures besides verifying the applicability of different theories such as Nomoto’s, Van Dael and Vangeel’s, Impedance Dependence relation, Junjie’s relation, Rao’s specific sound velocity relation and Jacobson’s relations, Percentage deviations of theoretical ultrasonic velocities from experimental values in the mixtures of all liquid mixture and also calculated values of ultrasonic velocity from polynomials of for all the schemes with mole fraction (x) of isopropanol/isobutanol/isoamyl alcohol. Objective: The main focus of the present work was to prepare the structural changes associated with the liquid mixtures having weakly interacting components as well as strongly interacting components. The study of molecular is association in mixtures having exact information of thermodynamic mixing properties such as adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, free volume, internal pressure and molar volume and has a great importance in theoretical and applied areas of research. The ultrasonic study has been a subject of active interest during the past many years. This branch of physical sciences has played a great role in deciding the interactions between the molecules of compounds under study not only that, but also it exists a potential tool in evaluating energy exchange between various degrees of freedom and nonlinear properties in binary liquid mixtures. Methods: The binary liquid mixtures were prepared by mixing the two components, by weight, using an electronic analytical balance (Reptech RA2012) accurate to within ±0.0001 g. The average uncertainty in mole fraction of binary mixtures was estimated to be ±0.0001. To avoid losses of solvent due to evaporation, mixtures were stored in specially designed ground-glass airtight ampoules and placed in a dark place to avoid photolytic effects. Results: These empirical fittings of data are described qualitatively and quantitatively using experimental speed data even in the specific interaction predominant region where non-ideal behavior of the mixture is observed. The values of sound velocities and percentage deviation, (after determining the co-efficient in the polynomial equations by applying least squares method) have been compiled in the tables respectively. Conclusion: The ultrasonic velocities and densities for all the three mixtures are measured and the values of are calculated from these values.The observed trends of and indicate the presence of weak interactions and the strength of these interactions follow the order EMM+IPA>EMM+IBA>EMM+IAA. Besides, the ultrasonic velocities gauge from different velocity theories are correlated with the experimentally measured ultrasonic velocities. Among these theories the Jacobson’s velocity equation gives good result between the experimental and theoretical ultrasonic velocity values for all the binary mixtures occupied.
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UTHİRAPATHİ, Revathi, U. s. KİSHNAMOORTHY, and R. V. AMBROSE. "Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Liquid Mixtures Containing Furfural with Chlorobenzene, Nitromethane, Diethylmalonate and 1-Butanol at 308.15K and 318.15K Supported by FTIR Spectral Studies." International Journal of Thermodynamics, November 24, 2022, 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5541/ijot.1121062.
Full textAbstract:
A study on thermodynamic properties of the liquid mixture is used in the industrial process, which often extends to solution chemistry. Density(ρ), Viscosity(η), and Ultrasonic velocity(U) were determined for binary liquid mixtures of furfural with chlorobenzene, nitromethane, diethyl malonate and 1- butanol at temperature of 308.15K and 318.15K at atmospheric pressure over the whole range of mole fractions. The calculated thermodynamic properties and some excess parameters such as Excess Volume(VE), Deviation in Isentropic Compressibility(∆KS), Deviation in Viscosity(∆η), Deviation in Intermolecular Free Length(∆LF), Deviation in Intermolecular Free Volume(∆VF), Deviation in Internal Pressure(∆π) and Deviation in Acoustic Impedance(∆Z) were calculated and applied to the Redlich-Kister type polynomial equation to determine the appropriate coefficients. The effects of composition and temperature on thermodynamic parameters have been studied in terms of molecule interaction in these liquid mixtures. Further, IR spectra of these liquid mixtures were recorded and the data were utilized to examine the mixing behavior of the components.