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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid crystal lenses design'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Bailey, J., S. Kaur, P. B. Morgan, H. F. Gleeson, J. H. Clamp, and J. C. Jones. "Design considerations for liquid crystal contact lenses." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 50, no. 48 (November 6, 2017): 485401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aa9358.

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2

Algorri, José Francisco, Dimitrios C. Zografopoulos, Luis Rodríguez-Cobo, José Manuel Sánchez-Pena, and José Miguel López-Higuera. "Engineering Aspheric Liquid Crystal Lenses by Using the Transmission Electrode Technique." Crystals 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10090835.

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The transmission electrode technique has been recently proposed as a versatile method to obtain various types of liquid-crystal (LC) lenses. In this work, an equivalent electric circuit and new analytical expressions based on this technique are developed. In addition, novel electrode shapes are proposed in order to generate different phase profiles. The analytical expressions depend on manufacturing parameters that have been optimized by using the least squares method. Thanks to the proposed design equations and the associated optimization, the feasibility of engineering any kind of aspheric LC lenses is demonstrated, which is key to obtain aberration-free lenses. The results are compared to numerical simulations validating the proposed equations. This novel technique, in combination with the proposed design equations, opens a new path for the design and fabrication of LC lenses and even other types of adaptive-focus lenses based on voltage control.

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3

Chigrinov, Vladimir, Qi Guo, and Aleksey Kudreyko. "Photo-Aligned Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Devices with Novel Electro-Optic Characteristics." Crystals 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10070563.

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This paper examines different applications of ferroelectric liquid crystal devices based on photo-alignment. Successful application of the photo-alignment technique is considered to be a critical breakthrough. A variety of display and photonic devices with azo dye aligned ferroelectric liquid crystals is presented: smart glasses, liquid crystal Pancharatnam–Berry phase optical elements, 2D/3D switchable lenses, and laser therapy devices. Comparison of electro-optical behavior of ferroelectric liquid crystals is described considering the performance of devices. This paper facilitates the optimization of device design, and broadens the possible applications in the display and photonic area.

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4

Lee, Seung-Chul, Taehyeon Kim, and Woo-Sang Park. "Liquid Crystal Displays with Variable Viewing Angles Using Electric-Field-Driven Liquid Crystal Lenses as Diffusers." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 17, 2020): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020667.

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We propose a novel method for appropriately controlling the luminance distribution of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) for different usage environments by using electric-field-driven liquid crystal (ELC) lenses. The LCD systems are composed of quasi-collimated backlights (QCBLs), LC panels, and ELC lenses that are used as diffusers. To achieve a wide viewing angle, light is diffused with the ELC lenses by controlling its retardation with the voltage applied to the electrodes. For private use, a narrow viewing angle is achieved by turning the ELC lenses off so that the collimated light from the QCBLs passes directly through the liquid-crystal layer of the ELC lens and travels without diffusion. To validate the proposed method, we simulated the luminance distributions of the wide-view and narrow-view modes by using a finite difference method (FDM) and Taguchi’s design of experiments method. The simulation results show that the light distribution of the wide-view mode was 84.3% similar to the ideal Lambertian distribution and was wider than that of IPS-LCDs with wide viewing angle characteristics. In addition, the light distribution of the narrow-view mode had a full width at half maximum of 7°. The luminance of the exiting light at viewing angles of 20° and above was calculated to be close to 0.

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5

Zheng, Ji Hong, Ken Wen, Ling Juan Gu, and Song Lin Zhuang. "Design and Study of Optical Devices Based on Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Technology." Key Engineering Materials 428-429 (January 2010): 356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.428-429.356.

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Micro/nanoscale liquid crystal (LC) droplets are dispersed within polymer matrix, known as polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs). LC molecules can be reoriented under an applied voltage, which makes PDLC-based devices have wide applications in optical communications, integrated optics, and panel displays, etc. In this paper, we summarized our work on holographic PDLC (H-PDLC) devices including variable attenuators, dynamic gain equalizers and focus-switchable lenses. More importantly, a specially designed H-PDLC chopper array was demonstrated, which will be applied in the new-born frequency division multiplexed high-speed fluorescence confocal microscope system.

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6

Zhang, Shiyuan, Wan Chen, Yang Yu, Qidong Wang, Quanquan Mu, Shixiao Li, and Jin Chen. "Twisting Structures in Liquid Crystal Polarization Gratings and Lenses." Crystals 11, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11030243.

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Recently, diverse twisting structures have been discovered to be a potential approach to design liquid crystal polarization gratings and lenses (LCPGs and LCPLs) with a high diffraction efficiency, broad bandwidth, wide view, and large diffraction angle. In this review, we divide these twisting structures into two main types, namely, multi-layer twisting structures with phase compensation and twisting structures forming Bragg diffraction. We found that multi-layer twisting structure LCPGs and LCPLs presented a broader bandwidth and a wider view angle by phase compensation. While for transmissive or reflective Bragg LCPGs, a large diffraction angle with high diffraction efficiency could be achieved. Based on the theoretical analysis in the review, potential research directions on novel twisting structures were prospected.

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7

Cuypers, Dieter, Herbert Smet, and Rik Verplancke. "70‐1: Invited Paper: Design of Active Liquid Crystal Based Contact Lenses." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 50, no. 1 (May 29, 2019): 985–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.13091.

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8

Zhan, Tao, En-Lin Hsiang, Kun Li, and Shin-Tson Wu. "Enhancing the Optical Efficiency of Near-Eye Displays with Liquid Crystal Optics." Crystals 11, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020107.

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We demonstrate a light efficient virtual reality (VR) near-eye display (NED) design based on a directional display panel and a diffractive deflection film (DDF). The DDF was essentially a high-efficiency Pancharatnam-Berry phase optical element made of liquid crystal polymer. The essence of this design is directing most of the display light into the eyebox. The proposed method is applicable for both catadioptric and dioptric VR lenses. A proof-of-concept experiment was conducted with off-the-shelf optical parts, where the light efficiency was enhanced by more than 2 times.

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9

Gleeson, Helen F., and S. Kaur. "Liquid crystal contact lenses with graphene electrodes and switchable focus." MRS Advances 1, no. 52 (2016): 3509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.467.

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ABSTRACTPresbyopia is a ubiquitous age-related disability of the eye, affecting an estimated 1.04 billion people worldwide, reducing their ability to focus on nearby objects. The various solutions to this inevitable vision deterioration are not compromise-free, with a growing need for approaches beyond conventional spectacles. The research motivation for this work is the unique solution offered by liquid crystal (LC) contact lenses to create compromise-free vision across the whole field of view. The distinctive property of LC lenses is that they are switchable, with the application of a voltage activating the lens. The change in focal power is facilitated via a voltage-dependent change in refractive index of the LC. We have successfully demonstrated several versions of electrically switchable LC contact lenses with variable additional optical power of up to +3.00 D, ideal for the correction of presbyopia.This paper offers a review of the optical and electro-optical performance recently demonstrated for the different modes of operation realized in nematic systems, including planar (homogeneous) and vertically aligned (homeotropic) aligned devices. The change in optical power obtained depends on the choice of geometry and LC material. A material with higher birefringence allows a thinner LC-lens layer to achieve a particular focal power. In the homeotropic geometry, the refractive index of the LC layer is a minimum in the ‘off’ state (ordinary refractive index, no) and the mode is polarization-independent, offering a significant advantage over planar lens designs. The construction is also simplified as only one alignment layer needs to be rubbed. Depending on the geometry used, continuously variable changes in focal power of up to +3.00D have been achieved. The response time of the lenses can be better than half a second, achieved with small applied voltages of ~7Vrms.A further important stage in the optimization of the contact lenses is the inclusion of graphene as the electrodes. Conventional ITO electrodes are too brittle for these flexible optical systems. The paper also reviews the successful incorporation of graphene into the lenses, with excellent optical and electro-optical results. The device demonstrates the huge potential of graphene in an unconventional liquid crystal device geometry that includes curvature over a relatively large area.

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10

Fang, Yi-Chin, Cheng Tsai, and Da-Long Cheng. "Application of Dimming Compensation Technology Via Liquid Crystal Lens for Non-Imaging Projection Laser Systems." Crystals 9, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9030122.

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The main purpose of this paper is to explore a newly developed optical design, then to further improve the overhead lighting contrast in the laser projector module. In terms of the structural design of the projector, a liquid crystal lens array was used as the local dimming system for the light source, in order to achieve the objective, which was to significantly improve the contrast facility of the projection system. Second, in terms of the design of the light source, the output method for the light source was a laser light source employing arrays of micro-scanning. The main purpose was to compensate for the dim spots in the hole between the lenses in each unit of the liquid crystal when the liquid crystal lens array was locally dimmed, and thus significantly improving the contrast facility of the projection system. In terms of the software simulation, a liquid crystal lens array was used to simulate a pore size of 2.0 mm and focal lengths of 9 cm and 23 cm. The end effect gave good control and adjustment of the bright and dark areas during local dimming of the projector’s imaging chip components. For a single laser source, the maximum contrast for local dimming was about 128:1, 438:1, and 244:1, for the Red (R), Green (G), and Blue (B) optical paths, respectively. The light efficiency scores were approximately 20.91%, 20.05%, and 24.45%, for the R, G, and B optical paths, respectively. After compensation using a micro-scanning light source, the defect of having dim spots between the pores was remedied, and the light adjustment area became more uniform while the contrasts became smaller. The maximum contrasts were approximately 52:1, 122:1, and 110:1, for the R, G, and B optical paths, respectively. For the projector, when the liquid crystal lenses were not transmissive, the maximum uniformity scores were 82.25%, 87.15%, and 88.43%, for the R, G, and B optical paths, respectively.

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11

Jenkins, Charles, Richard Bingham, Kenneth Moore, and Gordon D. Love. "Ray equation for a spatially variable uniaxial crystal and its use in the optical design of liquid-crystal lenses." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 24, no. 7 (June 13, 2007): 2089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.24.002089.

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12

Emberger, Simon, Laurent Alacoque, Antoine Dupret, Nicolas Fraval, and Jean-Louis de Bougrenet de la Tocnaye. "Evaluation of the key design parameters of liquid crystal tunable lenses for depth-from-focus algorithm." Applied Optics 57, no. 1 (December 21, 2017): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.57.000085.

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13

Shen, Yanchun, Zhixiong Shen, Yuye Wang, Degang Xu, and Wei Hu. "Electrically Tunable Terahertz Focusing Modulator Enabled by Liquid Crystal Integrated Dielectric Metasurface." Crystals 11, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11050514.

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Active lenses with focal tunable properties are highly desired in the modern imaging systems from the visible to the microwaves. In this paper, we demonstrate a terahertz (THz) lens with electrically switchable focal length. It is composed of a large-birefringence liquid crystal (LC) layer infiltrating a dielectric metasurface. When the birefringence of LC is tuned with an external bias, the phase shift of a single meta-unit will change. With parameter sweep using the finite-different time-domain (FDTD) simulation method, meta-units with varying geometries are optimized to achieve a focal length switchable metalens. The numerical results show that the focal length can be switched between 8.3 mm and 10.5 mm at bias OFF and ON states, respectively, which is consistent with the design. A feasible fabrication procedure of the lens is further discussed. Such a device can be designed beyond the THz band to the visible or the microwaves, and may be widely applied in integrated imaging systems.

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14

Clark, Natalie. "Intelligent Optical Systems Using Adaptive Optics." Advances in Science and Technology 82 (September 2012): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.82.64.

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Until recently, the phrase adaptive optics generally conjured images of large deformable mirrors being integrated into telescopes to compensate for atmospheric turbulence. However, the development of smaller, cheaper devices has sparked interest for other aerospace and commercial applications. Variable focal length lenses, liquid crystal spatial light modulators, tunable filters, phase compensators, polarization compensation, and deformable mirrors are becoming increasingly useful for other imaging applications included guidance navigation and control (GNC), coronagraphs, foveated imaging, situational awareness, autonomous rendezvous and docking, non-mechanical zoom, phase diversity, and enhanced multi-spectral imaging. Active components presented allow flexibility in the optical design, increasing performance. In addition, the intelligent optical systems presented offer advantages in size and weight and radiation tolerance.

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15

Lee, Tae-Hyun, Kyung-Il Joo, and Hak-Rin Kim. "Switchable Lens Design for Multi-View 2D/3D Switching Display with Wide-Viewing Window." Crystals 10, no. 5 (May 24, 2020): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10050418.

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We improved the three-dimensional (3D) crosstalk level of multi-view 3D displays using a lens array with small f-number, thereby facilitating a wide 3D viewing window. In particular, we designed a polarization-dependent-switching liquid crystal (LC)-based gradient refractive index (GRIN) lens array that could be switched between 2D and 3D viewing modes. For the GRIN lens with a small f-number (1.08), we studied the effect of the interfacial curvature between the plano-concave isotropic polymer layer and the plano-convex birefringent LC layer on the aberration properties. We examined the conventional spherical, quadratic polynomial aspherical, and a high-order (fourth-order) polynomial aspherical curvature. For the high-order polynomial aspherical curvature, the achievable transverse spherical aberration (TSA = 10.2 µm) was considerably lower than that with the spherical (TSA = 100.3 µm) and quadratic polynomial aspherical (TSA = 30.4 µm) curvatures. Consequently, the angular luminance distributions for each view were sharper for the high-order polynomial interfacial curvature. We designed multi-view (43-view) 3D displays using the arrays of switchable LC lenses with different curvatures, and the average adjacent crosstalk levels within the entire viewing window (50°) were 68.5%, 73.3%, and 60.0% for the spherical, quadratic polynomial aspherical, and high-order polynomial aspherical curvatures, respectively.

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16

Li, Liwei, and Philip Bos. "Detailed Modeling of the Effect of Gap Between Ring Electrodes on the MTF of Liquid Crystal Lenses and Comparison with a “Floating” Electrode Design." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 594, no. 1 (May 3, 2014): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2014.917476.

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17

James, Christopher, and Robert N. Dean. "Improved RF Metamaterial Band-Pass Filter Design Using CSRR Structures on LCP Substrate." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, DPC (January 1, 2015): 001016–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2015dpc-tp61.

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In the past decade, the emergence of man-made structures with unusual electromagnetic properties not seen in nature—commonly known as “metamaterials”—has generated much interest in designing filters, antennas, lenses, and other devices based on negative values of permittivity (ε) and permeability (μ). Manipulating negative values of these electromagnetic parameters has found applications in communication technology and cloaking research by taking advantage of interesting phenomena such as a negative index of refraction and the reverse Doppler Effect. RF and microwave filters with different frequency responses (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop) can be realized by varying microstrip signal line shapes at a frequency of interest due to the fact that the metamaterial frequency response is dependent on the physical dimensions of the structures. For example, the center frequency of a filter can be determined by adjusting the physical dimensions of metamaterial building blocks called split-ring resonators (SRR) or their duals, complementary split-ring resonators (CSRR). To further metamaterial applications, however, non-planar surfaces and effects of curvature on frequency response must also be considered. In this work, an RF metamaterial filter is presented to demonstrate an improvement in the band-pass frequency response from a previous design at Auburn University by enhancing the upper band behavior of the filter. This is achieved by modifying the metamaterial design on the microstrip device to incorporate new additions to the signal line to combine both high-pass and low-pass metamaterial design concepts, resulting in a band-pass response. The filter is designed using a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) slab as a substrate due in part to its dielectric properties, but also to investigate the filter's performance on a flexible structure. An exploration into the roles of different signal line and CSRR dimensions in filter design is given, and a microstrip filter designed using ANSYS HFSS is shown along with simulation results to verify band-pass filter response. LCP was selected due to its excellent RF properties, its resistance to moisture absorption, and its ability to be micromachined.

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18

Love, Gordon D., and Alexander F. Naumov. "Modal liquid crystal lenses." Liquid Crystals Today 10, no. 1 (March 2000): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135831401750061465.

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19

Lin, Yi-Hsin, Hongwen Ren, Kuan-Hsu Fan-Chiang, Wing-Kit Choi, Sebastian Gauza, Xinyu Zhu, and Shin-Tson Wu. "Tunable-Focus Cylindrical Liquid Crystal Lenses." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 44, no. 1A (January 11, 2005): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.44.243.

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20

Kraan, T. C., T. van Bommel, and R. A. M. Hikmet. "Modeling liquid-crystal gradient-index lenses." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 24, no. 11 (October 12, 2007): 3467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.24.003467.

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21

Hare, Sean M., Beatrice Lunsford-Poe, MinSu Kim, and Francesca Serra. "Chiral Liquid Crystal Lenses Confined in Microchannels." Materials 13, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 3761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173761.

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It is known that the liquid crystalline smectic-A phase has geometric defects, called focal conic domains, which can be used as gradient-index microlenses. Cholesteric (chiral nematic) phases also have topological defects with a central symmetry and a singularity at their center. We explore a weakly chiral system in which both types of defects can be present in the same material at different temperatures, and with this strategy we create lenses whose focal length is tunable with temperature. We measure the focal length of the tunable lenses, and we investigate the behavior of the defects near the phase transition. We identify the experimental conditions that make the simultaneous presence of the smectic focal conic domains and the circular cholesteric domains possible, such as the concentration of chiral dopant and the rate of heating and cooling. The transformation of focal conic domains into circular cholesteric domains is a new example of memory at the phase transition between smectic-A and nematic liquid crystals.

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22

Kawamura, Marenori. "Tunable Liquid Crystal Lenses and Their Applications." Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 32, no. 4 (June 24, 2019): 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.32.559.

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23

Algorri, José Francisco, Dimitrios C. Zografopoulos, Virginia Urruchi, and José Manuel Sánchez-Pena. "Recent Advances in Adaptive Liquid Crystal Lenses." Crystals 9, no. 5 (May 25, 2019): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9050272.

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An adaptive-focus lens is a device that is capable of tuning its focal length by means of an external stimulus. Numerous techniques for the demonstration of such devices have been reported thus far. Moving beyond traditional solutions, several new approaches have been proposed in recent years based on the use of liquid crystals, which can have a great impact in emerging applications. This work focuses on the recent advances in liquid crystal lenses with diameters larger than 1 mm. Recent demonstrations and their performance characteristics are reviewed, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of the reported technologies and identifying the challenges and future prospects in the active research field of adaptive-focus liquid crystal (LC) lenses.

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24

Lin, Yi-Hsin, Yu-Jen Wang, and Victor Reshetnyak. "Liquid crystal lenses with tunable focal length." Liquid Crystals Reviews 5, no. 2 (July 3, 2017): 111–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21680396.2018.1440256.

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25

Charman, W. N. "Can diffractive liquid crystal lenses aid presbyopes?" Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 13, no. 4 (October 1993): 427–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.1993.tb00504.x.

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26

Naumov, A. F., M. Yu Loktev, I. R. Guralnik, and G. Vdovin. "Liquid-crystal adaptive lenses with modal control." Optics Letters 23, no. 13 (July 1, 1998): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.23.000992.

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27

Ye, Mao, Mika Noguchi, Bin Wang, and Susumu Sato. "Zoom System Realized Using Liquid Crystal Lenses." Journal of The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers 63, no. 10 (2009): 1441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej.63.1441.

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28

Lin, Yi-Hsin, Hung-Shan Chen, and Ming-Syuan Chen. "Electrically Tunable Liquid Crystal Lenses and Applications." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 596, no. 1 (June 13, 2014): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2014.918243.

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29

Jones, J. Cliff, Markus Wahle, James Bailey, Tom Moorhouse, Benjamin Snow, and Joe Sargent. "Polarisation independent liquid crystal lenses and contact lenses using embossed reactive mesogens." Journal of the Society for Information Display 28, no. 3 (January 24, 2020): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsid.874.

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30

Kaur, S., Y. J. Kim, H. Milton, D. Mistry, I. M. Syed, J. Bailey, K. S. Novoselov, et al. "Graphene electrodes for adaptive liquid crystal contact lenses." Optics Express 24, no. 8 (April 13, 2016): 8782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.24.008782.

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31

Naumov, A. F., G. D. Love, M. Yu Loktev, and F. L. Vladimirov. "Control optimization of spherical modal liquid crystal lenses." Optics Express 4, no. 9 (April 26, 1999): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.4.000344.

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32

Urruchi, V., J. F. Algorri, J. M. Sánchez-Pena, N. Bennis, M. A. Geday, and J. M. Otón. "Electrooptic Characterization of Tunable Cylindrical Liquid Crystal Lenses." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 553, no. 1 (February 2, 2012): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2011.609473.

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33

Davis, Jeffrey A., Garrett H. Evans, Karlton Crabtree, and Ignacio Moreno. "Programmable birefringent lenses with a liquid-crystal display." Applied Optics 43, no. 34 (December 1, 2004): 6235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.43.006235.

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34

Lin, Hung-Chun, Ming-Syuan Chen, and Yi-Hsin Lin. "A Review of Electrically Tunable Focusing Liquid Crystal Lenses." Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials 12, no. 6 (December 25, 2011): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4313/teem.2011.12.6.234.

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35

Milton, Harry E., Philip B. Morgan, Helen F. Gleeson, and John H. Clamp. "Electronic liquid crystal lenses for the correction of presbyopia." Contact Lens and Anterior Eye 34 (December 2011): S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1367-0484(11)60018-0.

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36

Jamali, Afsoon, Douglas Bryant, Amit K. Bhowmick, and Philip J. Bos. "Large area liquid crystal lenses for correction of presbyopia." Optics Express 28, no. 23 (October 26, 2020): 33982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.408770.

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37

Fuh, Y. G., and R. F. Code. "Relaxation of thermal lenses in a liquid crystal film." Canadian Journal of Physics 63, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p85-045.

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The transient thermal-lens effect produced by a pulsed laser in a 6CB nematic liquid crystal film containing a small amount of an absorbing dye is considered. A suitable time-dependent model for the thermal-lens effect is presented. The analysis leads to a simple way of determining the principal thermal-diffusion constants in nematic liquid crystal materials.

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38

Galstian, T., K. Asatryan, V. Presniakov, and A. Zohrabyan. "Electrically variable liquid crystal lenses for ophthalmic distance accommodation." Optics Express 27, no. 13 (June 20, 2019): 18803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.018803.

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39

Hamdi, R., G. Petriashvili, G. Lombardo, M. P. De Santo, and R. Barberi. "Liquid crystal bubbles forming a tunable micro-lenses array." Journal of Applied Physics 110, no. 7 (October 2011): 074902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3642972.

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40

Milton, Harry E., Philip B. Morgan, John H. Clamp, and Helen F. Gleeson. "Liquid crystal contact lenses and the correction of presbyopia." Contact Lens and Anterior Eye 35 (December 2012): e14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2012.08.043.

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41

Dietz, Henry. "Programmable Liquid Crystal Apertures and Filters for Photographic Lenses." Electronic Imaging 2021, no. 7 (January 18, 2021): 120–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.7.iss-120.

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LCDs (Liquid Crystal Displays) have become the ubiquitous low-cost display technology, with full color displays offering good resolution costing less than $10. Although LCD modules generally include either a backlight or a reflective backing, the LC panel itself merely modulates light by altering polarization. Thus, it is possible to use a transmissive LC panel as a programmable optical filter, or LCLV (Liquid Crystal Light Valve). This paper explores a variety of potential uses of commodity LC panels, including color panels, to implement programmable apertures and filters for camera lenses.

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42

Jaroszewicz, Zbigniew, Eugeniusz Czech, and Tomasz Osuch. "Diffractive gratings with varying period’s shape." Photonics Letters of Poland 11, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i2.904.

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The aim of this short review is to recall various designs of diffraction gratings when the condition of the period’s identity is relaxed and to mention resulting thus some of their applications. Among others the apodization function can be implemented as a variable diffraction efficiency due to the gradual change of the period’s shape. Another possible application is the passive achromatization of the diffraction efficiency of the blazed gratings by randomizing their blaze angle. Full Text: PDF ReferencesP. Jacquinot and B. Roizen-Dossier, "II Apodisation", Prog. Opt. 3, 29 (1964). CrossRef H. Bartelt, "Computer-generated holographic component with optimum light efficiency", Appl. Opt. 23, 1499 (1984). CrossRef H. Bartelt, "Applications of the tandem component: an element with optimum light efficiency", Appl. Opt. 24, 3811 (1985). CrossRef N. Château, D. Phalippou, and P. Chavel, "A method for splitting a gaussian laser beam into two coherent uniform beams", Opt. 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Bailey, James, Philip Morgan, Helen Gleeson, and J. Jones. "Switchable Liquid Crystal Contact Lenses for the Correction of Presbyopia." Crystals 8, no. 1 (January 12, 2018): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst8010029.

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CHEN Ming-syuan, 陈明璿, 陈柏儒 CHEN Po-ju, and 林怡欣 LIN Yi-sxin. "Electrically tunable optical zoom system based on liquid crystal lenses." Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays 30, no. 3 (2015): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/yjyxs20153003.0375.

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Vdovin, G. V., I. R. Guralnik, S. P. Kotova, M. Yu Loktev, and A. F. Naumov. "Liquid-crystal lenses with a controlled focal length. I. Theory." Quantum Electronics 29, no. 3 (March 31, 1999): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe1999v029n03abeh001463.

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Beeckman, Jeroen, Tzu-Hsuan Yang, Inge Nys, John Puthenparampil George, Tsung-Hsien Lin, and Kristiaan Neyts. "Multi-electrode tunable liquid crystal lenses with one lithography step." Optics Letters 43, no. 2 (January 9, 2018): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.43.000271.

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Li, Yiyu, Arthur Bradley, Renfeng Xu, and Pete S. Kollbaum. "Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulators for Simulating Zonal Multifocal Lenses." Optometry and Vision Science 94, no. 9 (September 2017): 867–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000001108.

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Milton, Harry E., Philip B. Morgan, John H. Clamp, and Helen F. Gleeson. "Electronic liquid crystal contact lenses for the correction of presbyopia." Optics Express 22, no. 7 (March 28, 2014): 8035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.22.008035.

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Loktev, M. Yu, V. N. Belopukhov, F. L. Vladimirov, G. V. Vdovin, G. D. Love, and A. F. Naumov. "Wave front control systems based on modal liquid crystal lenses." Review of Scientific Instruments 71, no. 9 (September 2000): 3290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1288256.

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Lin, Yi-Hsin, and Yu-Jen Wang. "18-2: Invited Paper : Liquid Crystal Lenses in Augmented Reality." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 48, no. 1 (May 2017): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.11677.

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