Journal articles: 'Liquid crystal displays (LCD)'

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Moundoungou, Idriss, Zohra Bouberka, Guy-Joël Fossi Tabieguia, Ana Barrera, Yazid Derouiche, Frédéric Dubois, Philippe Supiot, Corinne Foissac, and Ulrich Maschke. "End-of-Life Liquid Crystal Displays Recycling: Physico-Chemical Properties of Recovered Liquid Crystals." Crystals 12, no. 11 (November 19, 2022): 1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111672.

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This report focuses particularly on liquid crystals display (LCD) panels because they represent a significant amount of all WEEE collected. Technologies involving liquid crystals (LCs) have enjoyed considerable success since the 1970s in all fields of LC displays (LCDs). This currently provokes the problem of waste generated by such equipment. Based on current statistical data, the LC amount represents approximately 1.3 g for a 35-inch diameter LCD panel unit possessing a total weight of 15 kg. In France, a recent study revealed LCD waste to represent an average of 5.6 panels per household. This represents an important quantity of LCs, which are generally destroyed by incineration or washed out with detergents during the recycling processes of end-of-life (EOL) LCDs. Hence, the aim of this study is to show that it is possible to remove LC molecules from EOL-LCD panels with the goal of valorizing them in new sectors. EOL-LCD panels have undergone various stages of dismantling, chemical treatments and characterization. The first stage of manual dismantling enables the elimination of the remaining physical components of the panels to process LC molecules only, sandwiched between the two glass plates. Mechanical treatment by scraping allows us to obtain a concentrate of LCs. The results obtained from chemical and physical techniques show that these molecules retain the characteristics essential for their operation in the field of optical and electro-optical devices. As the use of LCD surfaces continues to rise significantly, the amounts and economic stakes are huge, fully justifying the development of an LC recovery process for used panels. Many potential uses have been identified for these LC molecules: in new flat LCD panels after purification of the LCs concentrate, in PDLC systems, as lubricants or in thermal applications.

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Song, Jia. "Organic light emitting diode and liquid crystal display: structure, mechanism, preparation, and comparison." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 21 (December 4, 2022): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v21i.3132.

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As technology is constantly evolving, and with the rapid development of mobile phones in recent years, OLED and LCD are widely used in the display of electronic devices such as mobile phone displays and TV displays. Both technologies have the characteristics of luminescence, but there are also great differences on their structure and mechanism behind. This review will introduce OLED and LCD in details, including the structure, mechanism, preparation, and comparison of those two technologies. This paper can give some ideas to consumers who are confused by OLED and LCD displays and help them better choose on mobile phone screens or TV screen that are suitable for them after understanding the differences.

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Maltisovs, M., and D. Pikulins. "Study of Electrical Properties of Bistable Smectic-A Liquid Crystal Displays." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 56, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2019-0026.

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Abstract Bistable smectic-A (SmA) liquid crystal display (LCD) is one of the most promising devices for smart glass applications due to long-term bistability, low haze at clear state, low transmittance at scatter state and low power consumption. The need of a good simulation model for an LCD becomes apparent during the design of driving system. Liquid crystal (LC) capacitance is critical in the simulation of LCD pixels and is voltage dependent due to the crystal characteristics. Bistable smectic-A LC capacitance model is introduced in the paper. The study describes the most relevant conclusions obtained from the measurements of electric properties of bistable SmA LCD samples and electric equivalent circuit characterization.

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Hanna, Jun-ichi, and Isamu Shimizu. "Materials in Active-Matrix Liquid-Crystal Displays." MRS Bulletin 21, no. 3 (March 1996): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400036113.

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In today's world of increasing office automation and computer-aided personal-communications systems, display devices play a very important role as person-machine interfaces. Above all, high-definition, full-color flat-panel displays will be key devices in the near future when processing huge amounts of information—including pictorial images via computer networks and telecommunication systems that transcend the present limitations of time and place—will be possible.Passive-matrix liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) represent the most widely used choice for portable display devices. Figure 1 illustrates the essential components and operating principle of a typical LCD. Each pixel is addressed by the top- and bottom-line electrodes of the cell based on information signals, producing a light image. By installing a color filter of red, green, or blue for each pixel, full-color images can be displayed. However, the essential problems of crosstalk among pixels and low response speed become serious with an increase in the number of pixels, resulting in a low contrast ratio and failure of the display to keep up with the signals.

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Ruelberg, Klaus D., and Stefan Zander. "Colour triple arrangement of liquid crystal displays (LCD)." Displays 14, no. 3 (July 1993): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-9382(93)90038-7.

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Dietz, Henry. "Programmable Liquid Crystal Apertures and Filters for Photographic Lenses." Electronic Imaging 2021, no. 7 (January 18, 2021): 120–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.7.iss-120.

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LCDs (Liquid Crystal Displays) have become the ubiquitous low-cost display technology, with full color displays offering good resolution costing less than $10. Although LCD modules generally include either a backlight or a reflective backing, the LC panel itself merely modulates light by altering polarization. Thus, it is possible to use a transmissive LC panel as a programmable optical filter, or LCLV (Liquid Crystal Light Valve). This paper explores a variety of potential uses of commodity LC panels, including color panels, to implement programmable apertures and filters for camera lenses.

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Chen, Fuhao, Chengfeng Qiu, and Zhaojun Liu. "Investigation of Autostereoscopic Displays Based on Various Display Technologies." Nanomaterials 12, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12030429.

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The autostereoscopic display is a promising way towards three-dimensional-display technology since it allows humans to perceive stereoscopic images with naked eyes. However, it faces great challenges from low resolution, narrow viewing angle, ghost images, eye strain, and fatigue. Nowadays, the prevalent liquid crystal display (LCD), the organic light-emitting diode (OLED), and the emerging micro light-emitting diode (Micro-LED) offer more powerful tools to tackle these challenges. First, we comprehensively review various implementations of autostereoscopic displays. Second, based on LCD, OLED, and Micro-LED, their pros and cons for the implementation of autostereoscopic displays are compared. Lastly, several novel implementations of autostereoscopic displays with Micro-LED are proposed: a Micro-LED light-stripe backlight with an LCD, a high-resolution Micro-LED display with a micro-lens array or a high-speed scanning barrier/deflector, and a transparent floating display. This work could be a guidance for Micro-LED applications on autostereoscopic displays.

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Gao, Zhiwen, Honglong Ning, Rihui Yao, Wei Xu, Wenxin Zou, Chenxiao Guo, Dongxiang Luo, Hengrong Xu, and Junlin Xiao. "Mini-LED Backlight Technology Progress for Liquid Crystal Display." Crystals 12, no. 3 (February 23, 2022): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12030313.

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As consumers pursue higher display quality, Mini-LED backlight technology has become the focus of research in the current display field. With its size advantage (100–200 μm), it can achieve one-thousand-level divisional dimming, and it can also be combined with quantum dot technology to greatly improve the contrast, color gamut, dark state and other element of the display performance of LCD displays. Mini-LED backlight technology is undoubtedly the most ideal solution to realize a highly dynamic range display of LCD displays, and has been widely commercialized in many fields such as TVs, tablet computers, notebook computers, and car monitors. This review mainly introduces the efforts made by researchers to eliminate the halo effect, thinning of the backlight module and reducing the backlight power consumption. The application of quantum dot technology in backlight is also presented. We predict that the number of Mini-LED backlight partitions is expected to reach a level of more than 3000 in the future, further utilizing the advantages of the small size in local dimming, but it will also inevitably be challenged by some issues such as power consumption and heat dissipation.

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Maltisovs, M., K. Krumins, A. Ozols, and D. Pikulins. "Study of the Operational Properties of Bistable Smectic-A Liquid Crystal Displays." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 55, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2018-0021.

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Abstract Nowadays liquid crystal display (LCD) is an integral part of humans’ everyday life. High demand for new and innovative LCD products force LCD industry to develop and implement new types of LCDs. Bistable smectic-A (SmA) LCD is one of the most promising devices for smart glass applications due to long-term bistability, low haze at clear state, low transmittance at scatter state and low power consumption. The study describes the most relevant conclusions obtained from frequency response testing and electric current measurements of bistable SmA LCD samples. Bistable LCDs have two states: opaque (light scattering state) and focal conic (transparent state). Switching between clear and scatter states and vice versa is a frequency dependant process. The conducted research on bistable SmA LC frequency response provides important knowledge about operation principles of the smart glass devices.

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Avram, Sebastian, Cătălin Daniel Căleanu, Radu Vasiu, Andreea-Mirela Safta, and Horatiu George Belei. "Hardware and Software Integration of an Electrophoretic display on a smart meter." ITM Web of Conferences 29 (2019): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20192903003.

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Electronic and smart electricity meters traditionally use as user interface liquid crystal displays due to low cost and proven technology. This paper presents the integration of a flexible electrophoretic display on a smart meter and the possible use cases of such a display. The two main benefit of EPD displays are image retention which can be used as read without power feature and lower power consumption compared to LCD for smart meters. The smart meters available on the market use batteriesor super capacitors for the read without power feature and require each 20ms tenths of mA to displayinformation on the LCD.

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Gupta, Swadesh K., Maksym F. Prodanov, Wanlong Zhang, Valerii V. Vashchenko, Tetiana Dudka, Andrey L. Rogach, and Abhishek K. Srivastava. "Inkjet-printed aligned quantum rod enhancement films for their application in liquid crystal displays." Nanoscale 11, no. 43 (2019): 20837–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr06881c.

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Inkjet printing of quantum rods on to the photoaligned substrate opens up the possibility of both brightness and color enhancement for liquid crystal displays (LCD) in the form of quantum rod enhancement films (QREF) for LCD backlights.

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Liu, Qifan, and Jonathan P. D. Abbatt. "Liquid crystal display screens as a source for indoor volatile organic compounds." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 23 (June 1, 2021): e2105067118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2105067118.

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Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have profoundly shaped the lifestyle of humans. However, despite extensive use, their impacts on indoor air quality are unknown. Here, we perform flow cell experiments on three different LCDs, including a new computer monitor, a used laptop, and a new television, to investigate whether their screens can emit air constituents. We found that more than 30 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were emitted from LCD screens, with a total screen area–normalized emission rate of up to (8.25 ± 0.90) × 109 molecules ⋅ s–1 ⋅ cm–2. In addition to VOCs, 10 liquid crystal monomers (LCMs), a commercial chemical widely used in LCDs, were also observed to be released from those LCD screens. The structural identification of VOCs is based on a “building block” hypothesis (i.e., the screen-emitted VOCs originate from the “building block chemicals” used in the manufacturing of liquid crystals), which are the key components of LCD screens. The identification of LCMs is based upon the detailed information of 362 currently produced LCMs. The emission rates of VOCs and LCMs increased by up to a factor of 9, with an increase of indoor air humidity from 23 to 58% due to water–organic interactions likely facilitating the diffusion rates of organics. These findings indicate that LCD screens are a potentially important source for indoor VOCs that has not been considered previously.

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Ming, Wuyi, Shengfei Zhang, Xuewen Liu, Kun Liu, Jie Yuan, Zhuobin Xie, Peiyan Sun, and Xudong Guo. "Survey of Mura Defect Detection in Liquid Crystal Displays Based on Machine Vision." Crystals 11, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 1444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11121444.

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Liquid crystal display (LCD) is a display device based on liquid crystal electro-optic effect, and LCDs have gradually appeared and have become an indispensable part of people’s lives. In the development of LCD technology, the detection of Mura defects is a key concern in the manufacturing process. The Mura defect is a kind of display defect with low contrast and an irregular shape. This study first explains the mechanism of Mura defects in the LCD manufacturing process and classifies typical Mura defects. Then, three main purposes for the defect detection of LCDs are compared, and the advantages and disadvantages are conducted. Following that, this research examines reviews the linked literature on image preprocessing, feature extraction, dimension reduction, and classifiers of Mura defects. Finally, the future development trend and research direction of Mura defect detection based on machine vision can be drawn by this study.

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Yabuuchi, Hidetake, Satoshi Kawanami, Takeshi Kamitani, Tomomi Matsumura, Yuzo Yamasaki, Junji Morishita, and Hiroshi Honda. "Detectability of BI-RADS category 3 or higher breast lesions and reading time on mammography: comparison between 5-MP and 8-MP LCD monitors." Acta Radiologica 58, no. 4 (July 20, 2016): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0284185116653279.

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Background Five-megapixel (MP) displays are recommended as soft copy devices for digital mammogram. An 8-MP liquid crystal display (LCD) (two 4-MP displays within one display) might offer the advantage of being able to view biplane mammography more easily than the dual planes of 5-MP LCDs. Purpose To compare detectability of Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category 3 or higher lesions and reading time on mammography between 5- MP and 8-MP LCDs. Material and Methods The mammograms of 240 breasts of 120 patients including 60 breasts with BI-RADS category 3 or higher lesions and 180 breasts with normal or category 2 lesions were enrolled. All bilateral mammograms were displayed on bifacial 5-MP LCDs or an 8-MP LCD (two 4-MP displays within one display). Six radiologists assessed 240 breasts on each display. The observations were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. A jack-knife method was used for statistical analysis. We employed a paired t-test to determine whether any significant differences existed in the reading time between two different displays. A P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results The mean areas under the ROC curve obtained using 5-MP and 8-MP LCDs were 0.925 and 0.915, respectively, and there was no significant difference ( P = 0.46). There was also no significant difference in the reading time between two types of displays (57.8 min. vs. 51.5 min, P = 0.39). Conclusion The detectability of BI-RADS category 3 or higher lesions and reading time using an 8-MP LCD were comparable to those using a 5-MP LCD.

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Atadjanov, Ibragim R., and Seungkyu Lee. "Perceptually Maximized Light Ray Synthesis with Only Two-Layered Light Field Display." Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 63, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 50501–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/j.imagingsci.technol.2019.63.5.050501.

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Abstract Multilayer light field three-dimensional displays are becoming popular due to their full resolution reconstruction and easy fabrication by utilizing existing display technologies such as liquid crystal display (LCD) panels. However, these displays still suffer from limited performance, achieving low angular resolution, narrow field of view, and small depth of field. One of the recent research ideas focusing on overcoming these limitations is perceptual quality improvement. But, currently introduced methods consider only specific issues/applications such as moiré fringe effect, and near-eye display technology. In this work, the authors propose a novel method of approximating light field data for dual-layered light field display considering the Human Visual and Perceptual System. The authors’ display configuration includes two liquid crystal panels with uniform backlight with no time multiplexing. It is not necessary for LCD panels to be parallel. For a wide field of view configuration, the authors introduce a quadratic penalization term to reduce ghost effects caused by neighboring views. This leads to an improved perceptual approximation of a given light field and increases the possibility of usage in design with a wider field of view configuration.

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Franken, Gregor, Maruša Pangerc, and Klementina Možina. "Impact of Typeface and Colour Combinations on LCD Display Legibility." Emerging Science Journal 4, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/esj-2020-01243.

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The evolution of high resolution displays, especially liquid crystal displays (LCD), which are among the most commonly used ones, has contributed to a larger number of display readers. Regardless of high resolutions, problems in the legibility of typefaces still occur. Many typefaces may well be readable in print, but cause more difficulties when being read on displays. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of colour contrast on the legibility on LCDs to establish which type style is appropriate for a coloured text to be legible. Two different typefaces specially designed for display use were tested in a satisfactory light-dark contrast of five different colour combinations. The reading speed and fixations were analysed with an eye-tracking device Tobii 120X. Different texts were displayed on an LCD display. The results showed that the selection of a particular colour combination and contrast greatly affects the reading speed and legibility. Less visible colour combinations of text and background were read more slowly than the more contrasting or visible ones in both typefaces. At both typefaces, it was seen that at a slower reading speed, more fixations were needed and vice-versa. A transitional typeface gave a faster reading speed than a sans-serif typeface. An appropriate contrast, colour combination and used typography can facilitate legibility on displays. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2020-01243 Full Text: PDF

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Utsumi, Yuka, Shinichi Komura, Ikuo Hiyama, Makoto Tsumura, and Katsumi Kondo. "Improving Color Tracking in In-Plane Switching Mode Liquid-Crystal Displays." MRS Bulletin 27, no. 11 (November 2002): 870–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2002.275.

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AbstractColor tracking describes the ability of a display to faithfully reproduce the color quality of the source image. In liquid-crystal displays (LCDs), color tracking is dependent on brightness. In order to achieve high-performance color reproduction in LCDs, the accuracy of color tracking needs to be improved. By analyzing the characteristics of twisted-nematic (TN) and in-plane switching (IPS) modes of display, the cause of poor color tracking in each mode and the differences in their causes can be clarified. In TN mode displays, both chromaticity and brightness relate to the director configuration, that is, the directional alignment of the rod-like molecules of the liquid crystals, which varies with applied voltage. The ideal IPS LCD, by virtue of its operating principle, theoretically achieves perfect color tracking; however, in actual use, the color tracking is less than optimal due to twist deformation caused by the fixed directors on the alignment layer. Based on our analysis of these phenomena, we propose strategies for improving color tracking in IPS LCDs.

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Ding, Kai, Vitaliy Avrutin, Natalia Izyumskaya, Ümit Özgür, and Hadis Morkoç. "Micro-LEDs, a Manufacturability Perspective." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 22, 2019): 1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061206.

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Compared with conventional display technologies, liquid crystal display (LCD), and organic light emitting diode (OLED), micro-LED displays possess potential advantages such as high contrast, fast response, and relatively wide color gamut, low power consumption, and long lifetime. Therefore, micro-LED displays are deemed as a promising technology that could replace LCD and OLED at least in some applications. While the prospects are bright, there are still some technological challenges that have not yet been fully resolved in order to realize the high volume commercialization, which include efficient and reliable assembly of individual LED dies into addressable arrays, full-color schemes, defect and yield management, repair technology and cost control. In this article, we review the recent technological developments of micro-LEDs from various aspects.

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Priambodo, Ricky, Yu-Jen Shih, and Yao-Hui Huang. "Phosphorus recovery as ferrous phosphate (vivianite) from wastewater produced in manufacture of thin film transistor-liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCD) by a fluidized bed crystallizer (FBC)." RSC Advances 7, no. 65 (2017): 40819–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra06308c.

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Hoogboom, Johan, Johannes A. A. W. Elemans, Alan E. Rowan, Theo H. M. Rasing, and Roeland J. M. Nolte. "The development of self-assembled liquid crystal display alignment layers." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 365, no. 1855 (April 11, 2007): 1553–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2031.

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From simple pocket calculators to mobile telephones and liquid crystal display (LCD)-TV, over the past few decades, devices based on LCD technology have proliferated and can now be found in all conceivable aspects of everyday life. Although used in cutting-edge technology, it is surprising that a vital part in the construction of such displays, namely the alignment layer, relies essentially on a mechanical rubbing process, invented almost 100 years ago. In this paper efforts to develop alignment layers (also called command layers) by processes other than rubbing, namely self-assembly of molecular and macromolecular components will be discussed. Two topics will be presented: (i) tuneable command layers formed by stepwise assembling of siloxane oligomers and phthalocyanine dyes on indium tin oxide surfaces and (ii) command layers formed by self-assembly of porphyrin trimers. The potential use of these layers in sensor devices will also be mentioned.

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Hallum, Luke E., and Shaun L. Cloherty. "Liquid-Crystal Display (LCD) of achromatic, mean-modulated flicker in clinical assessment and experimental studies of visual systems." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 24, 2021): e0248180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248180.

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Achromatic, mean-modulated flicker—wherein luminance increments and decrements of equal magnitude are applied, over time, to a test field—is commonly used in both clinical assessment of vision and experimental studies of visual systems. However, presenting flicker on computer-controlled displays is problematic; displays typically introduce luminance artifacts at high flicker frequency or contrast, potentially interfering with the validity of findings. Here, we present a battery of tests used to weigh the relative merits of two displays for presenting achromatic, mean-modulated flicker. These tests revealed marked differences between a new high-performance liquid-crystal display (LCD; EIZO ColorEdge CG247X) and a new consumer-grade LCD (Dell U2415b), despite displays’ vendor-supplied specifications being almost identical. We measured displayed luminance using a spot meter and a linearized photodiode. We derived several measures, including spatial uniformity, the effect of viewing angle, response times, Fourier amplitude spectra, and cycle-averaged luminance. We presented paired luminance pulses to quantify the displays’ nonlinear dynamics. The CG247X showed relatively good spatial uniformity (e.g., at moderate luminance, standard deviation 2.8% versus U2415b’s 5.3%). Fourier transformation of nominally static test patches revealed spectra free of artifacts, with the exception of a frame response. The CG247X’s rise and fall times depended on both the luminance from which, and to which, it responded, as is to be generally expected from LCDs. Despite this nonlinear behaviour, we were able to define a contrast and frequency range wherein the CG247X appeared largely artifact-free; the relationship between nominal luminance and displayed luminance was accurately modelled using a causal, linear time-invariant system. This range included contrasts up to 80%, and flicker frequencies up to 30 Hz. This battery of tests should prove useful to others conducting clinical assessment of vision and experimental studies of visual systems.

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Tsai, Jung-Fa, Chin-Po Wang, Ming-Hua Lin, and Shih-Wei Huang. "Analysis of Key Factors for Supplier Selection in Taiwan’s Thin-Film Transistor Liquid-Crystal Displays Industry." Mathematics 9, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9040396.

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With the advent of science and technology, smart devices have become ubiquitous; since the display unit is a vital component in many smart devices, the Thin-Film Transistor Liquid-Crystal Displays (TFT-LCD) industry has been one of the most rapidly growing industries. Taiwanese manufacturers play a critical role in this industry. This study investigates key factors for supplier selection in Taiwan’s TFT-LCD industry. TFT-LCD is a technology-intensive industry. However, few studies in the past considered the technological abilities dimension in supplier selection. Therefore, this study discusses the factors related to the technological abilities dimension in supplier selection. Most research considered supplier selection based on the traditional criteria such as cost and quality. This study discusses the importance of the resilience criteria such as agility and flexibility. A method combining DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) and ANP (Analytic Network Process) is applied to analyze key factors for supplier selection in Taiwan’s TFT-LCD industry. The analytical results indicate that the technological abilities dimension and resilience criteria are at the forefront of the ranking in prominence. The influential weights of criteria and the causal diagram among all criteria derived from this study can offer guidance for suppliers on improving various factors to become desirable partners in the TFT-LCD industry supply chain.

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Wang, Li, and Zhou Yun. "Progress on Color Electrophoretic Displays." Advances in Economics and Management Research 1, no. 1 (May 18, 2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aemr.1.1.48.

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Electrophoretic display (EPD), also known as E-paper, is a reflective display whose mechanism is different from active emission display such as organic light emission display (OLED) and liquid crystal display (LCD). The commercially available EPDs are mainly black-and-white ones which are used as price tags and e-readers. Herein, some strategies for realizing a full-color EPD are reviewed. A full-color EPD would be a promising candidate in wearable electronics for information display due to its light-weight, flexible, and ultra-low power consumption.

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Zhang, Yin, and Mao Hai Lin. "A LCD Color Calibration Model Based on Gamut-Division Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 731 (January 2015): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.731.49.

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The accuracy of color appearance of displayed image on a liquid crystal display (LCD) is the fundamental to guarantee good results in the soft proofing and cross-media color reproduction. Since the color rendering mechanism of LCDs is different from cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays, the traditional color calibration method cannot turn a very good result. In this paper, a LCD color calibration model based on gamut-division algorithm is proposed using spline method through the analysis of its color rendering mechanism. The monitor 3D gamut is firstly divided along the axis of L* in CIELAB color space according to the hue angle, and then an optimal color calibration matrix of the sub-gamut is computed with mathematical method. The experimental results show that the average color difference, the maximum color difference and hue shift are reduced compared with the traditional method.

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Zhang, Cheng Shan. "The Interface Design of a Dot Matrix Liquid Crystal Display." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 3822–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.3822.

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A new LCD interface design is put forward in this paper. The design solves the problems of taking too much time to deal with data and different interfaces which exists in common LCD. With this method, it is not necessary to proceed time-consuming LCD control and dot matrix operation, which is in favor of real-time processing of mass data by controller.

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Yang, Zhiyong, Yizhou Qian, Junyu Zou, Chia-Lun Lee, Chih-Lung Lin, and Shin-Tson Wu. "Reducing the Power Consumption of VR Displays with a Field Sequential Color LCD." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (February 18, 2023): 2635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042635.

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To achieve 60 pixels per degree (PPD) and 100° field of view (FoV) while keeping a reasonably high aperture ratio for active-matrix liquid crystal displays (LCDs), field sequential color (FSC) is a promising approach. We evaluate the physical properties of a high birefringence nematic LC mixture and then use these data to simulate the performance of a fringe-field switching (FFS) LCD. Such an FFS LCD exhibits a fast average gray-to-gray response time (~1.5 ms) to enable FSC operation. By removing the spatial color filters, FSC operation triples the resolution density and optical efficiency, which are critical to high-resolution density and low power consumption virtual reality applications. Wide color gamut (96.2% of the DCI-P3 standard) and superior color uniformity are also demonstrated using such an FSC LCD.

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Park, Hun-Su, Yong Kim, and Hyun Seon Hong. "Analysis for Valuable Materials Disassembled from 40- and 42-inched Waste LCDs (Liquid Crystal Displays)." Journal of the Korean Institute of Resources Recycling 25, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2016.25.2.42.

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Dolipas, Bretel B., Freda Kate D. Samuel, and Kenneth B. Pakipac. "Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) based Instruction and Physics Performance." Athens Journal of Sciences 9, no. 3 (August 26, 2022): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajs.9-3-4.

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The study determined the effectiveness of LCD based instruction to academic performance of students in physics concept, physics problem solving and overall physics performance. Respondents were third year students enrolled in the Physics subject under the course Bachelor of Science in Agribusiness. Result showed that both students with and without LCD instruction based instruction have above average performance level on physics concept and overall performance and an average performance in physics problem solving aspect. Male and female respondents also have same physics performance level on concept aspect, problem solving aspect and overall physics performance for both with and without computer-aided instruction. Conduct of similar research is recommended to confirm results of the study. Keywords: LCD, physics performance, sex, PowerPoint presentation, physics concept, problem solving

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Takatsu, H., K. Takeuchi, and Y. Umezu. "A Novel Liquid Crystal Display: A Randomly-Oriented Nematic Liquid Crystal Display (RON-LCD)." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 225, no. 1 (February 1993): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587259308036219.

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Son, Seung-Rak, Jongil An, Jin-Wook Choi, and Jun Hyup Lee. "Fabrication of TiO2-Embedded Polyimide Layer with High Transmittance and Improved Reliability for Liquid Crystal Displays." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030376.

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Construction of liquid crystal (LC) alignment by introducing polyimide (PI) to indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes is one of the main methods to realize high-resolution images in liquid crystal displays (LCD). However, the loss of transmittance caused by the difference in refractive index between ITO and PI leads to direct degradation of LCD performance. Thus, we herein fabricated a functional hybrid PI alignment layer that reduces the difference in refractive index and greatly increases the transmittance of the device by introducing inorganic titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NP) to the organic PI. The highly refractive TiO2 NPs were surface-treated with stearic acid comprising long alkyl chains to improve their dispersibility and uniformly dispersed in the PI matrix by simply stirring the mixture. The hybrid PI mixture was spin-coated on the ITO substrate, and the resulting LC cell exhibited excellent electro-optical properties. In addition, the reliability of the LC cells was enhanced by the inclusion of the TiO2 NPs, which was confirmed through the evaluation of voltage holding ratio, residual direct current, and LC cell reliability. Overall, functional hybrid PI can be used in advanced display technology for next-generation LC devices that require high transmittance and reliability.

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Wakabayashi, Tsuneo. "Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Display." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 82, Appendix (1998): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij1980.82.appendix_314.

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Rau, Pei-Luen Patrick, Jian Zheng, and Zhi Guo. "Immersive reading in virtual and augmented reality environment." Information and Learning Sciences 122, no. 7/8 (July 6, 2021): 464–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ils-11-2020-0236.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate “immersive reading,” which occurs when individuals read text while in a virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) environment. Design/methodology/approach In Experiment 1, 64 participants read text passages and answered multiple-choice questions in VR and AR head-mounted displays (HMDs) compared with doing the same task on liquid crystal display (LCD). In Experiment 2, 31 participants performed the same reading tasks but with two VR HMDs of different display quality. Findings Compared with reading on LCD as the baseline, participants reading in VR and AR HMDs got 82% (VR) and 88% (AR) of the information accurately. Participants tended to respond more accurately and faster, though not statistically significant, with the VR HMD of higher pixel density in the speed-reading task. Originality/value The authors observed the speed and accuracy of reading in VR and AR environments, compared with the reading speed and accuracy on an LCD monitor. The authors also compared the reading performance on two VR HMDs that differed in display quality but were otherwise similar in every way.

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Atkin, R. J., and T. J. Sluckin. "Frank Matthews Leslie. 8 March 1935 – 15 June 2000." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 49 (January 2003): 315–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2003.0018.

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Frank Leslie was a distinguished applied mathematician, who was above all foremost in creating the modern continuum theory of nematic liquid crystals in the late 1960s. This theory is now known as the Ericksen-Leslie theory, and the crucial elements in it as Leslie coefficients. After developing the hydrodynamic theory of nematic liquid crystals, he went on to perform a similar task in the 1990s for smectic liquid crystals. He also actively collaborated with experimentalists and engineers involved in liquid crystal applications, and his work has been extremely influential in the development of liquid crystal display (LCD) device technology.

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Amato, Alessia, Laura Rocchetti, and Francesca Beolchini. "EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR END-OF-LIFE LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS (LCD) MANAGEMENT." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 16, no. 8 (2017): 1651–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2017.180.

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Lee, Seung-Chul, Taehyeon Kim, and Woo-Sang Park. "Liquid Crystal Displays with Variable Viewing Angles Using Electric-Field-Driven Liquid Crystal Lenses as Diffusers." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 17, 2020): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020667.

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We propose a novel method for appropriately controlling the luminance distribution of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) for different usage environments by using electric-field-driven liquid crystal (ELC) lenses. The LCD systems are composed of quasi-collimated backlights (QCBLs), LC panels, and ELC lenses that are used as diffusers. To achieve a wide viewing angle, light is diffused with the ELC lenses by controlling its retardation with the voltage applied to the electrodes. For private use, a narrow viewing angle is achieved by turning the ELC lenses off so that the collimated light from the QCBLs passes directly through the liquid-crystal layer of the ELC lens and travels without diffusion. To validate the proposed method, we simulated the luminance distributions of the wide-view and narrow-view modes by using a finite difference method (FDM) and Taguchi’s design of experiments method. The simulation results show that the light distribution of the wide-view mode was 84.3% similar to the ideal Lambertian distribution and was wider than that of IPS-LCDs with wide viewing angle characteristics. In addition, the light distribution of the narrow-view mode had a full width at half maximum of 7°. The luminance of the exiting light at viewing angles of 20° and above was calculated to be close to 0.

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Zhou, Qing Fang, and Jun Yang. "Design and Implementation of LCD Based on FPGA." Applied Mechanics and Materials 738-739 (March 2015): 184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.738-739.184.

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Liquid crystal display (LCD) is one of the most dynamic electronic products in this century. It has been recognized as a key component of media era, since it has many characteristics, such as a low operating voltage, light volume, and excellent performance of full color display, and suitable for LSI drive and the like. In order to break the limitations of LCD, improve its animation display performance as multimedia television monitor, and strongly simplify the manufacturing to ensure the competitiveness on price, we designed a LCD module with the liquid crystal cell of TD-EDA experimental system based on FPGA, and achieved the control of LCD with hardware description language VHDL in this paper. The validation results of compiled program downloaded on programmable logic devices after compiling and simulating show that the LCD we designed can run correctly and relatively perfectly.

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Mozolevskis, G., A. Ozols, E. Nitiss, E. Linina, A. Tokmakov, and M. Rutkis. "Reduction of Electric Breakdown Voltage in LC Switching Shutters / Elektriskās Caursites Sprieguma Samazināšana Šķidro Kristālu Šūnās." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 52, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpts-2015-0028.

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Abstract Liquid crystal display (LCD) industry is among the most rapidly growing and innovating industries in the world. Here continuously much effort is devoted towards developing and implementing new types of LCDs for various applications. Some types of LCDs require relatively high voltages for their operation. For example, bistable displays, in which an altering field at different frequencies is used for switching from clear to scattering states and vice versa, require electric fields at around 10 V/μm for operation. When operated at such high voltages an electrical breakdown is very likely to occur in the liquid crystal (LC) cell. This has been one of the limiting factors for such displays to reach market. In the present paper, we will report on the results of electrical breakdown investigations in high-voltage LC cells. An electrical breakdown in the cell is observed when current in the liquid crystal layer is above a specific threshold value. The threshold current is determined by conductivity of the liquid crystal as well as point defects, such as dust particles in LC layer, pinholes in coatings and electrode hillocks. In order to reduce the currents flowing through the liquid crystal layer several approaches, such as electrode patterning and adding of various buffer layers in the series with LC layer, have been tested. We demonstrate that the breakdown voltages can be significantly improved by means of adding insulating thin films.

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Woods, Andrew J. "Sourcing and Qualifying Passive Polarised 3D TVs." Electronic Imaging 2021, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 100–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.2.sda-100.

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Millions of Stereoscopic 3D capable TVs were sold into the consumer market from 2007 through to 2016. A wide range of display technologies were supported including rear-projection DLP, Plasma, LCD and OLED. Some displays supported the Active 3D method using liquid-crystal shutter glasses, and some displays supported the Passive 3D method using circularly polarised 3D glasses. Displays supporting Full-HD and Ultra-HD (4K) resolution were available in sizes ranging from 32" to 86" diagonal. Unfortunately display manufacturers eventually changed their focus to promoting other display technologies and 2016 was the last year that new 3D TVs were made for the consumer market. Fortunately, there are still millions of 3D displays available through the secondhand- market, however it can be difficult to know which displays have 3D display support. This paper will provide a listing of specifically Passive 3D TVs manufactured by LG, however it has been our experience that the 3D quality varied considerably from one display to another hence it is necessary to qualify the quality of the 3D available on these displays using a testing technique that will be described in the paper.

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He, Juan, and Lian Gui Chen. "Design of Digital Advertising Screen Display." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 581–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.581.

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Design of LCD(liquid crystal display) screen system based on DSP has been put forward. There are two parts of the hardware interface circuit and the software design about whole system. Chinese characters, characters and graphics can be displayed in the LCD system. The result of simulation shows that the system can effectively solve the drive and display of LCD based on DSP and can save resources for I /O port. This design will offers a certain reference value for a variety of display terminal design of the portable system. The simulation shows that the system can realize the basic expected goal.

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He, Ziqian, Caicai Zhang, Yajie Dong, and Shin-Tson Wu. "Emerging Perovskite Nanocrystals-Enhanced Solid-State Lighting and Liquid-Crystal Displays." Crystals 9, no. 2 (January 22, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9020059.

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Recent advances in perovskite nanocrystals-enhanced solid-state lighting (SSL) and liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) are reviewed. We first discuss the development, optical properties, and stability issue of materials, and then we evaluate the performance of SSL and LCDs with perovskite downconverters adopted. In SSL performance evaluation, we investigate the fitting-curve effect in calculations and optimizations where simple Gaussian fitting and precise fitting are compared in detail, and we further optimize for highly efficient, good color-rendering, and human-healthy SSL sources. For LCD performance evaluation, we study the intrinsic tradeoffs between total light efficiency and color gamut coverage. Through optimizations using real line shapes, Rec. 2020 standard coverage as large as 92.8% can be achieved through hybrid integration. Finally, we briefly discuss two future challenges: materials development and device integration. We believe the emerging perovskite nanocrystals are highly promising for next-generation SSL and LCDs.

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Chen, Chao Ping, Te Chen Chung, Tean Sen Jen, Xiao Jun Guo, and Yi Kai Su. "A Single-Cell-Gap Transflective Dual-Mode Liquid Crystal Display." Solid State Phenomena 181-182 (November 2011): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.181-182.203.

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A transflective dual-mode liquid crystal display (LCD) featuring single-cell-gap structure has been proposed in this paper. Unlike transflective single-mode LCDs, dual-mode LCD can work as either monostable transmissive or bistable reflective LCDs in a sense that two different modes of display are unified in one device. We have confirmed that it has not only desirable electro-optical performance but also longtime memory ability.

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Góra, Jacek, Małgorzata Franus, Danuta Barnat-Hunek, and Wojciech Franus. "Utilization of Recycled Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Panel Waste in Concrete." Materials 12, no. 18 (September 11, 2019): 2941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12182941.

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The paper presents the possibility of using the liquid crystal display (LCD) waste as a partial substitute of fine aggregate. Concretes with two types of cement, CEM I 42.5 R and CEM II/B-S 42.5 N, with and without LCD addition, were investigated. The properties that influence the structures exposed to severe environments were examined. The results and analyses pertaining to their micro-structure, including interfacial transition zone (ITZ), were presented as well. All concretes exhibited good freeze–thaw (F–T) resistance after 150 F–T cycles. The water-tightness was established as 0.8 MPa. All concretes both with and without LCD achieved the same class C50/60.

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Idami, Zahratul. "STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION ON THE USED OF LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) PROJECTOR IN ENGLISH FOREIGN LANGUAGE (EFL) CLASSROOM." JL3T ( Journal of Linguistics Literature and Language Teaching) 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/jl3t.v4i2.756.

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In line with information and communication technology development, foreign-language teachers should prepare more exciting ways to enhance students’ motivation in learning foreign language. One of the innovative media is Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) projector. Thus this article aims to find out and to describe students’ perception on Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) projector in learning English Foreign Language (EFL). This research conducted for the second year students of SMA Negeri 1 Bireuen in academic year 2018/2019 with total population 331 students and 90 of them were the sample. This was a qualitative descriptive research, and questionnaire was used as the instrument to obtain the data. Moreover, the simple calculation of descriptive statistics was used in analyzing the data, such as mean and percentage. The result revealed that the availability of Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) projector in EFL classroom built a more conducive and vivid learning atmosphere, so the students’ motivation was also improved.

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Lin, Chao-Wen, Chung-May Yang, and Chang-Hao Yang. "Effects of the Emitted Light Spectrum of Liquid Crystal Displays on Light-Induced Retinal Photoreceptor Cell Damage." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 9 (May 10, 2019): 2318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092318.

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Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are used as screens in consumer electronics and are indispensable in the modern era of computing. LCDs utilize light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as backlight modules and emit high levels of blue light, which may cause retinal photoreceptor cell damage. However, traditional blue light filters may decrease the luminance of light and reduce visual quality. We adjusted the emitted light spectrum of LED backlight modules in LCDs and reduced the energy emission but maintained the luminance. The 661W photoreceptor cell line was used as the model system. We established a formula of the ocular energy exposure index (OEEI), which could be used as the indicator of LCD energy emission. Cell viability decreased and apoptosis increased significantly after exposure to LCDs with higher emitted energy. Cell damage occurred through the induction of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. The molecular mechanisms included activation of the NF-κB pathway and upregulation of the expression of proteins associated with inflammation and apoptosis. The effect was correlated with OEEI intensity. We demonstrated that LCD exposure-induced photoreceptor damage was correlated with LCD energy emission. LCDs with lower energy emission may, therefore, serve as suitable screens to prevent light-induced retinal damage and protect consumers’ eye health.

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Tien, Chuen-Lin, Rong-Ji Lin, and Shang-Min Yeh. "Light Leakage of Multidomain Vertical Alignment LCDs Using a Colorimetric Model in the Dark State." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2018 (June 3, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6386428.

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Light leakage from liquid crystal displays in the dark state is relatively larger and leads to a degraded contrast ratio and color shift. This work describes a novel colorimetric model based on the Muller matrix that includes depolarization of light propagating through liquid crystal molecules, polarizers, and color filters. In this proposed model, the chromaticity can be estimated in the bump and no-bump regions of an LCD. We indicate that the difference between simulation and measurement of chromaticity is about 0.01. Light leakage in the bump region is three times that in no-bump region in the dark state.

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Amato, Alessia, Alessandro Becci, Paolo Mariani, Federica Carducci, Maria Letizia Ruello, Saveria Monosi, Chiara Giosuè, and Francesca Beolchini. "End-of-Life Liquid Crystal Display Recovery: Toward a Zero-Waste Approach." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (July 25, 2019): 2985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9152985.

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End-of-life liquid crystal displays (LCD) represent a possible source of secondary raw materials, mainly glass and an optoelectronic film composed of indium (90%) and tin (10%) oxides. A strong interest for indium, classified as critical raw material, pushed research towards the development of high-efficiency recycling processes. Nevertheless, a deepened study of the technological innovation highlighted that only a small number of treatments included use of whole waste. Furthermore, these processes often need high temperatures, long times, and raw materials that have a significant environmental impact. In this context, this article shows an approach developed in accordance with the “zero waste” principles for whole, end-of-life LCD panel recycling. This process includes preliminary grinding, followed by cross-current acid leaching and indium recovery by zinc cementation, with efficiencies greater than 90%. A recirculation system further increases sustainability of the process. To enhance all waste fractions, glass cullets from leaching are used for concrete production, avoiding their disposal in landfill sites. Considering the achieved efficiencies, combined the simple design suitable for real-scale application (as confirmed by the related patent pending), this process represents an excellent example of implementing circular economy pillars.

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Liu, Xin, Zhen Feng, Yao Yuan Zhang, and Si Qi Liu. "GPS Positioning System Design Based on Micro Control Unit." Advanced Materials Research 915-916 (April 2014): 1171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.915-916.1171.

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This device uses GPS module to sample the data, and transmits data with the wireless module. The handheld terminals can display information such as longitude, latitude, time independently. The transmitting section collects data which is parsed and processed by the MCU, and displays it on the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). The receiver receives and analyses wireless data, then displays the data including the current geographic information through the upper machine at the same time. Experiments show that the device could realize the function of positioning and transferring information within 200 meters and we could also use Google Map, the PC software, to get map information. This device, compared with the traditional system, is small in size, light in weight, easy carrying and can accurately position an object. It can be widely used in the sphere of investigation, exploration, navigation and positioning.

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Cheng, Dennis, Dixon Fung, and Karl Guttag. "Digital High Resolution Small Pixel LCOS Technology." Solid State Phenomena 181-182 (November 2011): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.181-182.233.

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The progress in digital high resolution, small pixel liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) microdisplays will be discussed and how it will lead to HD displays in very small form factors. The first generation of this technology is enabling very small yet high resolution projection engines devices that can be embedded in cell phones, cameras, head-mount displays, and set-top boxes and the next generation will bring HD resolution. As lasers become more affordable we see this LCOS display technology fundamentally changing the power consumption, cost, and size of pico-projectors and other display devices. One of the most interesting conclusions is that by using LCOS technology in combination with lasers, it should soon be possible to build an “ultra-green” television that would consume less than 1/8th the power of equivalent size LCD flat panel TV.

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Yoshitani, Mitsuaki. "Cleaning System of LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Glass Substrate." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 103, no. 979 (2000): 360–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.103.979_360.

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Fu, Xian Cheng, Rui Song, and Guo Jun Wen. "Design of Industrial LCD Terminal System for Intelligent Image Display." Advanced Materials Research 424-425 (January 2012): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.424-425.35.

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This article discusses that the design technique of LCD terminal system for intelligent image display based on an 89C51 microcontroller. The system includes both hardware and software parts. Hardware part consists of liquid crystal display module, flash memory module and serial communication module; software part includes liquid crystal display programming, reading/writing programming of memory chip, serial communication programming, and host computer software

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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid crystal displays (LCD)'

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