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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid crystal cell'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Wan Omar, Wan Ibtisam, and Chin Fhong Soon. "Critical Surface Tension of Cholesteryl Ester Liquid Crystal." Advanced Materials Research 925 (April 2014): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.43.

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Cholesteryl ester liquid crystal was found to be non-toxic and it was recently applied as a cell traction force sensor. The reason for the affinity of the cells to this liquid crystal is unclear and required further investigation. This paper focused on determining the surface energy of the liquid crystals. A custom built contact angle measurement system and Fox-Zisman theory was applied to determine the critical surface tension of the cholesteryl ester liquid crystal. Eight different polar probe liquids were selected to determine the contact angle of the glass slides coated with cholesteryl ester liquid crystals. We found that the critical surface tension of the liquid crystal at 37.5 mN/m characterized the surface of the liquid crystal to be moderately hydrophobic. However, as reported in our previous work that the interaction of the liquid crystal and the cell culture media could re-orientate the amphiphilic molecules of the liquid crystals leading to the formation of lyotropic layers on the bulk cholesteric phase, therefore, making the surface to be hydrophilic. This then supported the formation of the hydrophilic layers that favors cell adhesion.

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2

Marek Sutkowski, Marek Sutkowski, and Wiktor Piecek Wiktor Piecek. "Charge distribution into illuminated dye-doped surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal cell." Chinese Optics Letters 14, no. 10 (2016): 102302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201614.102302.

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3

Denisova, Olga. "Measuring system for liquid level determination based on linear electro-optical effect of liquid crystal." MATEC Web of Conferences 226 (2018): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822602005.

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This article describes an updated system for measuring and controlling the level of liquid media. Well-known capacitance method for determining the liquid level is modernised. The new scheme proposes the use of electro-optical cell with a nematic liquid crystal. Homeotropically oriented liquid crystal is sandwiched between two plates, one of which is glass, and the other – crystal – cadmium sulfide CdS photoconductor. liquid crystal cell serves as an indicator. Its light transmittance depends on the applied voltage. Cell is designed so that the dependence of the phase delay of the voltage is linear. The article describes a mathematical model showing linear dependence, confirmed experimentally. Application of linear electrooptic effect observed in liquid crystals, allows to improve the accuracy and speed of measurement of liquid media, as the liquid crystal is an anisotropic medium more sensitive than solid crystals. The relaxation time of the orientation effects in liquid crystals is ~10-6 s. From the point of view of practical significance, this method will be of interest for application in the fuel and energy complex, in particular, oil and gas industry for the commercial accounting of petroleum products.

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4

Orzechowski, Kamil, Marek Wojciech Sierakowski, Marzena Sala-Tefelska, Tomasz Ryszard Woliński, Olga Strzeżysz, and Przemysław Kula. "Investigation of Kerr effect in a blue phase liquid crystal using wedge-cell technique." Photonics Letters of Poland 9, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v9i2.738.

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In this work an alternative method for refractive index measurement of blue phase liquid crystal in the Kerr effect has been described. The proposed wedge method uses simple goniometric setup, allowing for direct index measurements for any wavelengths and index values. This is significant advantage comparing to other methods, usually having limitations of the measurement range as well as necessity complicated calculation to obtain refractive indices values. The results are reliable and agree well with the subject literature. Full Text: PDF ReferencesW. Cao et al., "Lasing in a three-dimensional photonic crystal of the liquid crystal blue phase II", Nat. Mater. 1, 111-113 (2002). CrossRef S. Meiboom, M. Sammon, W.F. Brinkman, "Lattice of disclinations: The structure of the blue phases of cholesteric liquid crystals", Phys. Rev. A. 27, 438 (1983). CrossRef S. Tanaka et al., "Double-twist cylinders in liquid crystalline cholesteric blue phases observed by transmission electron microscopy", Sci. Rep. 5, 16180 (2015). CrossRef Y. Li and S.-T. Wu, "Polarization independent adaptive microlens with a blue-phase liquid crystal", Opt. Express 19(9), 8045-8050 (2011). CrossRef N. Rong et al., "Polymer-Stabilized Blue-Phase Liquid Crystal Fresnel Lens Cured With Patterned Light Using a Spatial Light Modulator", J. of Disp. Technol. 12(10), 1008-1012 (2016). CrossRef J.-D. Lin et al., "Spatially tunable photonic bandgap of wide spectral range and lasing emission based on a blue phase wedge cell", Opt. Express 22(24), 29479-29492 (2014). CrossRef P. Joshi et al., "Tunable light beam steering device using polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystals", Photon. Lett. Poland 9(1), 11-13 (2017). CrossRef Ch.-W. Chen et al., "Temperature dependence of refractive index in blue phase liquid crystals", Opt. Mater. Express 3(5), 527-532 (2013). CrossRef Y.-H. Lin et al., "Measuring electric-field-induced birefringence in polymer stabilized blue-phase liquid crystals based on phase shift measurements", J. Appl. Phys. 109, 104503 (2011). CrossRef J. Yan et al., "Direct measurement of electric-field-induced birefringence in a polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystal composite", Opt. Express 18(11), 11450-11455 (2010). CrossRef K.A. Rutkowska, K. Orzechowski, M. Sierakowski, "Wedge-cell technique as a simple and effective method for chromatic dispersion determination of liquid crystals", Photon. Lett. Poland 8(2), 51-53 (2016). CrossRef O. Chojnowska et al., "Electro-optical properties of photochemically stable polymer-stabilized blue-phase material", J. Appl. Phys. 116, 213505 (2014). CrossRef J. Yan et al., "Extended Kerr effect of polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystals", Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 071105 (2010). CrossRef M. Chen et al., "Electrically assisting crystal growth of blue phase liquid crystals", Opt. Mater. Express 4(5), 953-959 (2014). CrossRef J. Kerr, Philos. Mag. 50, 337 (1875).

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5

Soon, Chin Fhong, Mohamad A. Genedy, Mansour Youseffi, and Morgan C. T. Denyer. "Cell Traction Force Mapping in MG63 and HaCaTs." Advanced Materials Research 832 (November 2013): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.832.39.

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The ability of a cell to adhere and transmit traction forces to a surface reveals the cytoskeleton integrity of a cell. Shear sensitive liquid crystals were discovered with new function in sensing cell traction force recently. This liquid crystal has been previously shown to be non-toxic, linear viscoelastic and sensitive to localized exerted forces. This paper reports the possibility of extending the application of the proposed liquid crystal based cell force sensor in sensing traction forces of osteoblast-like (MG-63) and human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell lines exerted to the liquid crystal sensor. Incorporated with cell force measurement software, force distributions of both cell types were represented in force maps. For these lowly contractile cells, chondrocytes expressed regular forces (10 – 90 nN, N = 200) around the circular cell body whereas HaCaT projected forces (0 – 200 nN, N = 200) around the perimeter of poly-hedral shaped body. These forces are associated with the organisation of the focal adhesion expressions and stiffness of the LC substrate. From the results, liquid crystal based cell force sensor system is shown to be feasible in detecting forces of both MG63 and HaCaT.

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6

Liu, Y. J., and X. W. Sun. "Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals: Materials, Formation, and Applications." Advances in OptoElectronics 2008 (April 27, 2008): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/684349.

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By combining polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) and holography, holographic PDLC (H-PDLC) has emerged as a new composite material for switchable or tunable optical devices. Generally, H-PDLC structures are created in a liquid crystal cell filled with polymer-dispersed liquid crystal materials by recording the interference pattern generated by two or more coherent laser beams which is a fast and single-step fabrication. With a relatively ideal phase separation between liquid crystals and polymers, periodic refractive index profile is formed in the cell and thus light can be diffracted. Under a suitable electric field, the light diffraction behavior disappears due to the index matching between liquid crystals and polymers. H-PDLCs show a fast switching time due to the small size of the liquid crystal droplets. So far, H-PDLCs have been applied in many promising applications in photonics, such as flat panel displays, switchable gratings, switchable lasers, switchable microlenses, and switchable photonic crystals. In this paper, we review the current state-of-the-art of H-PDLCs including the materials used to date, the grating formation dynamics and simulations, the optimization of electro-optical properties, the photonic applications, and the issues existed in H-PDLCs.

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7

Marinova, V., Z. F. Tong, S. Petrov, S. H. Lin, M. S. Chen, Y. H. Lin, Y. C. Lai, P. Yu, and K. Y. Hsu. "Liquid crystal cell with graphene electrodes." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 794 (January 2017): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/794/1/012009.

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8

Endresen, Kirsten D., Francesca Serra, and Michael A. Lepori. "Cell Response to Liquid Crystal Order." Biophysical Journal 116, no. 3 (February 2019): 546a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.2939.

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9

Soon, Chin Fhong, Zai Peng Goh, Lee Chin Ku, Ten Ten Lee, and Kian Sek Tee. "A Squeegee Coating Apparatus for Producing a Liquid Crystal Based Bio-Transducer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (December 2013): 759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.759.

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Cholesteryl ester liquid crystals were discovered with a new application in sensing traction forces of single cells. The liquid crystal bio-transducer is produced by manual scraping of liquid crystals onto the petri dish, in which the technique is highly subjective to the skill of the user to produce homogeneously spread liquid crystal substrates. This paper describes the development of an apparatus used to produce a liquid crystal substrate using squeegee coating technique. It consists of a biaxial mechatronic system which is synchronously controlled in vertical and horizontal directions scraping the liquid crystal substrates evenly on the surface of a petri dish. The thickness of the liquid crystal was profiled using laser diffraction technique and the homogeneity of the liquid crystal films produced was examined in a crossed-polarizing microscope. At an angular speed of 1500 rpm and under a shear stress of 1.46 ± 0.72 kPa, the squeegee coating was found producing liquid crystal films at a thickness of 132 ± 23 μm on the surface of petri dishes. With the application of this apparatus, evenly spread liquid crystal coatings with control thickness in petri dishes were consistently produced. This has overcome the major problem of manually coating the liquid crystal substrates using a cell scraper.

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10

Nersesyan, Varsenik. "Optically-driven switching of a planar nematic liquid crystal cell with parallel rubbing." Photonics Letters of Poland 9, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v9i2.715.

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This letter reports on the switching of a planar nematic liquid crystal cell with parallel rubbing of the alignment layers, under the application of a voltage, when there is initially an optical field. The voltage application over the liquid crystal in such a cell leads normally to the formation of multiple domains because there is the two switching directions are equivalent. However, an incident optical field under an angle will locally reorient the director and break the symmetry between the equivalent switching directions. The subsequent application of a voltage pulse amplifies the tilt angle and leads to the formation of a dominant domain, with an order of magnitude larger size than the optical beam profile. Several switching conditions are demonstrated for different incident angles of the beam. It is shown that the final switching direction of the entire cell is determined by the tilt angle of the optical field. The lensing effects due to the modified director distribution in the domain walls is analyzed qualitatively. Full Text: PDF ReferencesI. C. Khoo, Liquid crystals (2nd ed. Hoboken (NJ), Wiley, 2007) CrossRef A. Zolotko, V. Kitaeva, N. Kroo et al. OCBP. JETP Lett. 32, 158?162 (1980). DirectLink J. Beeckman, K. Neyts, X. Hutsebaut X, et al. "Simulations and experiments on self-focusing conditions in nematic liquid-crystal planar cells", Opt Express, 12, 1011? 1018 (2004). CrossRef M. Peccianti, C. Conti, G. Assanto, et al. "Electrically assisted self-confinement and waveguiding in planar nematic liquid crystal cells", Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 7 ? 9 (2000). CrossRef N. Kravets, A. Piccardi, A. Alberucci et al, "Bistability with Optical Beams Propagating in a Reorientational Medium", Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 023901 (2014) CrossRef A. Piccardi, N. Kravets, A. Alberucci et al, "Voltage-driven beam bistability in a reorientational uniaxial dielectric", APL Photonics 1, 011302 (2016). CrossRef V. Nersesyan, T. Brans, F. Beunis, R. Drampyan , J. Beeckman, K. Neyts, "Light-controlled reorientation of nematic liquid crystal driven by an electric field", Liquid crystals, 43, 1422-1430 (2016). CrossRef J. Beeckman, K. Neyts, W. Cort, et al. "Non-linear light propagation and bistability in nematic liquid crystals", Proc SPIE 7414, 74140K (2009). CrossRef

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11

Melnyk, Olha, Yuriy Garbovskiy, Dario Bueno-Baques, and Anatoliy Glushchenko. "Electro-Optical Switching of Dual-Frequency Nematic Liquid Crystals: Regimes of Thin and Thick Cells." Crystals 9, no. 6 (June 18, 2019): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9060314.

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Conventional display applications of liquid crystals utilize thin layers of mesogenic materials, typically less than 10 µm. However, emerging non-display applications will require thicker, i.e., greater than 100 µm, layers of liquid crystals. Although electro-optical performance of relatively thin liquid crystal cells is well-documented, little is known about the properties of thicker liquid crystal layers. In this paper, the electro-optical response of dual-frequency nematic liquid crystals is studied using a broad range (2–200 µm) of the cell thickness. Two regimes of electro-optical switching of dual-frequency nematics are observed and analyzed.

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12

Garbovskiy, Yuriy, and Anatoliy Glushchenko. "Frequency-dependent electro-optics of liquid crystal devices utilizing nematics and weakly conducting polymers." Advanced Optical Technologies 7, no. 4 (August 28, 2018): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aot-2018-0026.

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Abstract Conducting polymer films acting as both electrodes and alignment layers are very promising for the development of flexible and wearable tunable liquid crystal devices. The majority of existing publications report on the electro-optical properties of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals and twisted nematic liquid crystals sandwiched between highly conducting polymers. In contrary, in this paper, electro-optics of nematic liquid crystals placed between rubbed weakly conducting polymers is studied. The combination of weakly conducting polymers and nematics enables a frequency-dependent tuning of the effective threshold voltage of the studied liquid crystal cells. This unusual electro-optics of liquid crystal cells utilizing nematics and weakly conducting polymers can be understood by considering equivalent electric circuits and material parameters of the cell. An elementary model of the observed electro-optical phenomenon is also presented.

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13

Kundu, Sudarshan, Taponita Ray, Subir K. Roy, and Susanta S. Roy. "Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Cell Versus Dye Doped Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Cells: A Comparison of Dielectric Properties." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 43, no. 1 (January 13, 2004): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.43.249.

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14

Hale, Penny S., Joe G. Shapter, Nico H. Voelcker, Michael J. Ford, and Eric R. Waclawik. "Liquid-Crystal Displays: Fabrication and Measurement of a Twisted Nematic Liquid-Crystal Cell." Journal of Chemical Education 81, no. 6 (June 2004): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed081p854.

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15

Lee, Jong-Hyun, Tahseen Kamal, Stephan V. Roth, Peng Zhang, and Soo-Young Park. "Structures and alignment of anisotropic liquid crystal particles in a liquid crystal cell." RSC Adv. 4, no. 76 (2014): 40617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra06221c.

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Anisotropic porous liquid crystal (LC) particles with ∼60 μm diameters were prepared using microfluidics and directional UV photopolymerization of 1,4-bis[4-(6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy)benzoyloxy]-2-methylbenzene/4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl (RM257/5CB) mixtures at room temperature in the presence of a magnetic field.

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16

Bugaychuk, Svetlana, and Andrey Iljin. "Squeezing of laser pulses in nonlinear-optical LC cell." Photonics Letters of Poland 10, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v10i4.864.

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Controllable compression of the temporal duration of light pulses takes place in a liquid crystal medium via self-action processes of beam mixing, namely, a dynamic Bragg grating formation by incoming light waves with their consequent self-diffraction on the same recorded grating. Wherein, the laser pulse duration should be comparable with the time relaxation constant of the medium while the extent of the temporal compression is controlled by the variation of the input pulse durations and the value of nonlocal response. Full Text: PDF ReferencesU. Bortolozzo, S. Residori and J. P. Huignard, "Beam coupling in photorefractive liquid crystal light valves", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41, 224007 (2008). CrossRef P. Guner and J.P. Huignard, Photorefractive Matrials and their Applications, 1, 2, and 3 (New York Springer) and references therein (2006). CrossRef S. Bugaychuk and E. Tobisch, "Single evolution equation in a light-matter pairing system", J. Phys. A: Math. Theor., 51 (12), 125201 (2018). CrossRef S. Bugaychuk and R. Conte, "Nonlinear amplification of coherent waves in media with soliton-type refractive index pattern", Phys. Rev. E 86, 026603 (2012). CrossRef A. Iljin, "Light-induced order modification – The way to speed up", Journal of Molecular Liquids 267, 38 (2018). CrossRef A. Iljin, "Transient Modulation of Order Parameter and Optical Non-Linearity in a Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 543, 143 (2011). CrossRef D. Wei, A. Iljin, Z. Cai, S. Residori, and U. Bortolozzo, "Two-wave mixing in chiral dye-doped nematic liquid crystals", Opt. Lett. 37, 734 (2012). CrossRef S. Bugayhuk, A. Iljin, O. Lytvynenko, L. Tarakhan and L. Karachevtseva, Nanoscale Res. Lett., 12, 449 (2017). CrossRef

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17

Joshi, Pankaj, Oliver Willekens, Xiaobing Shang, Jelle De Smet, Dieter Cuypers, Geert Van Steenberge, Jeroen Beeckman, Kristiaan Neyts, and Herbert De Smet. "Tunable light beam steering device using polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystals." Photonics Letters of Poland 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v9i1.704.

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A polarization independent and fast electrically switchable beam steering device is presented, based on a surface relief grating combined with polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystals. Switching on and off times are both less than 2 milliseconds. The prospects of further improvements are discussed. Full Text: PDF ReferencesD.C. Wright, et al., "Crystalline liquids: the blue phases", Rev. Mod. Phys. 61, 385 (1989). CrossRef H. Kikuchi, et al., "Polymer-stabilized liquid crystal blue phases", Nat. Mater. 1, 64 (2002). CrossRef Samsung, Korea, SID exhibition, (2008).J. Yan, et al., "Direct measurement of electric-field-induced birefringence in a polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystal composite", Opt. Express 18, 11450 (2010). CrossRef L. Rao, et al., "A large Kerr constant polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal", Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 081109 (2011). CrossRef Y. Hisakado, et al., "Large Electro-optic Kerr Effect in Polymer-Stabilized Liquid-Crystalline Blue Phases", Adv. Mater. 17, 96 (2005). CrossRef K. M. et al., "Submillisecond Gray-Level Response Time of a Polymer-Stabilized Blue-Phase Liquid Crystal", J. Disp. Technol. 6, 49 (2010). CrossRef Y. Chen, et al., "Level set based topology optimization for optical cloaks", Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 251106 (2013). CrossRef H. Choi, et al., "Fast electro-optic switching in liquid crystal blue phase II", Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 131905 (2011). CrossRef Y.H. Chen, et al., "Polarization independent Fabry-Pérot filter based on polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystals with fast response time", Opt. Express 19, 25441 (2011). CrossRef Y. Li, et al., "Polarization independent adaptive microlens with a blue-phase liquid crystal", Opt. Express 19, 8045 (2011). CrossRef C.T. Lee, et al., "Design of polarization-insensitive multi-electrode GRIN lens with a blue-phase liquid crystal", Opt. Express 19, 17402 (2011). CrossRef Y.T. Lin, et al., "Mid-infrared absorptance of silicon hyperdoped with chalcogen via fs-laser irradiation", J. Appl. Phys. 113, (2013). CrossRef J.D. Lin, et al., "Spatially tunable photonic bandgap of wide spectral range and lasing emission based on a blue phase wedge cell", Optics Express 22, 29479 (2014). CrossRef W. Cao, et al., "Lasing in a three-dimensional photonic crystal of the liquid crystal blue phase II", Nat. Mat. 1, 111 (2002). CrossRef S.T. Hur, et al., "Liquid-Crystalline Blue Phase Laser with Widely Tunable Wavelength", Adv. Mater. 25, 3002 (2013). CrossRef A. Mazzulla, et al., "Thermal and electrical laser tuning in liquid crystal blue phase I", Soft. Mater. 8, 4882 (2012). CrossRef C.W. Chen, et al., "Random lasing in blue phase liquid crystals", Opt. Express 20, 23978 (2012). CrossRef O. Willekens, et al., "Ferroelectric thin films with liquid crystal for gradient index applications", Opt. Exp. 24, 8088 (2016). CrossRef O. Willekens, et al., "Reflective liquid crystal hybrid beam-steerer", Opt. Exp. 24, 1541 (2016). CrossRef M. Jazbinšek, et al., "Characterization of holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal transmission gratings", J. Appl. Phys. 90, 3831 (2001). CrossRef C.C. Bowley, et al., "Variable-wavelength switchable Bragg gratings formed in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals", Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 9 (2001). CrossRef Y.Q. Lu, et al., "Polarization switch using thick holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal grating", Appl. Phys. 95, 810 (2004). CrossRef J.J. Butler et al., "Diffraction properties of highly birefringent liquid-crystal composite gratings", Opt. Lett. 25, 420 (2000). CrossRef R.L. Sutherland et al., "Electrically switchable volume gratings in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals", Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 1074 (1994). CrossRef X. Shang, et al., "Electrically Controllable Liquid Crystal Component for Efficient Light Steering", IEEE Photo. J. 7, 1 (2015). CrossRef J. Yan, et al., "Extended Kerr effect of polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystals", Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 071105 (2010). CrossRef H.S. Chen, et al., "Hysteresis-free polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystals using thermal recycles", Opt. Mat. Exp. 2, 1149 (2012). CrossRef J. Yan. et al., "Dual-period tunable phase grating using polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystal", Opt. Lett. 40, 4520 (2015). CrossRef H.S. Chen, et al., "Hysteresis-free polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystals using thermal recycles", Opt. Mat. Exp. 2, 1149 (2012). CrossRef H.C. Cheng, et al., "Blue-Phase Liquid Crystal Displays With Vertical Field Switching", J. Disp. Technol. 8, 98 (2012). CrossRef

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Likhomanova, S. V., A. A. Kamanin, and N. V. Kamanina. "Red blood cells aligning inside innovative liquid crystal cell." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 917 (November 2017): 042011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/917/4/042011.

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19

Hussain, Mariam, Ethan I. L. Jull, Richard J. Mandle, Thomas Raistrick, Peter J. Hine, and Helen F. Gleeson. "Liquid Crystal Elastomers for Biological Applications." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030813.

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The term liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) describes a class of materials that combine the elastic entropy behaviour associated with conventional elastomers with the stimuli responsive properties of anisotropic liquid crystals. LCEs consequently exhibit attributes of both elastomers and liquid crystals, but additionally have unique properties not found in either. Recent developments in LCE synthesis, as well as the understanding of the behaviour of liquid crystal elastomers—namely their mechanical, optical and responsive properties—is of significant relevance to biology and biomedicine. LCEs are abundant in nature, highlighting the potential use of LCEs in biomimetics. Their exceptional tensile properties and biocompatibility have led to research exploring their applications in artificial tissue, biological sensors and cell scaffolds by exploiting their actuation and shock absorption properties. There has also been significant recent interest in using LCEs as a model for morphogenesis. This review provides an overview of some aspects of LCEs which are of relevance in different branches of biology and biomedicine, as well as discussing how recent LCE advances could impact future applications.

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20

Korec, Joanna, Karol Antoni Stasiewicz, and Leszek Roman Jaroszewicz. "Temperature effect on the light propagation in a tapered optical fiber with a twisted nematic liquid crystal cladding." Photonics Letters of Poland 11, no. 1 (April 3, 2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i1.881.

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This paper presents the influence of temperature on optical power spectrum propagated in a tapered optical fiber with twisted nematic liquid crystal cladding (TOF-TNLCC) modulated by an electric field. The measurements were performed for a liquid crystal cell with the twisted orientation of ITO layers, filled with E7 mixture. The induced reorientation of liquid crystal (LC) n-director was measured for visible and near-infrared wavelength range [550-1100 nm] at the electric field range of 0–160 V and temperature range of 20-60 °C. The relation between temperature and the optical power spectrum of the investigated device has been established. Full Text: PDF ReferencesV.J. Tekippe, "Passive fiber optic components made by the fused biconical taper process", Proc. SPIE 1085 (1990). CrossRef T. A. Birks, Y. W. Li, The shape of fiber tapers, Journal of Lightwave Technology 10, 4 (1992). CrossRef J. Korec, K. A. Stasiewicz, O. Strzeżysz, P. Kula, L. R. Jaroszewicz, Electro-Steering Tapered Fiber-Optic Device with Liquid Crystal Cladding, Journal of Sensors 2019: 1-11 (2019) CrossRef Ch. Veilleux, J. Lapierre, J. Bures, Liquid-crystal-clad tapered fibers, Opt. Lett. 11, 733-735 (1986) CrossRef J. F Henninot, D. Louvergneaux, N. Tabiryan, M. Warenghem, Controlled leakage of a tapered optical fiber with liquid crystal cladding, Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, 282, 297-308. (1996). CrossRef Y. Wang, et.al., Tapered optical fiber waveguide coupling to whispering gallery modes of liquid crystal microdroplet for thermal sensing application, Opt. Express 25, 918-926 (2017) CrossRef J. Korec, K. A. Stasiewicz, O. Strzeżysz, P. Kula, L. R. Jaroszewicz, . E. Moś, Tapered fibre liquid crystal optical device, Proc. SPIE 10681 (2018) CrossRef G. Assanto, A. Picardi, R. Barboza, A. Alberucci, Electro-optic steering of Nematicons, Phot. Lett. Poland 4, 1 (2012). CrossRef A.Ghanadzadeh Gilani, M.S. Beevers, The Electro-optical kerr effect in eutectic nematic mixtures of E7 and E8,J ournal of Molecular Liquids, 92, 3 (2001). CrossRef E. C. Mägi, P. Steinvurzel, and B.J. Eggleton, Tapered photonic crystal fibers, Opt. Express 784, 12, 5 (2004). CrossRef Y. Li and J. Lit, Transmission properties of a multimode optical-fiber taper, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2, (1985). CrossRef J. Korec, K. A. Stasiewicz, and L. R. Jaroszewicz, Temperature influence on optical power spectrum of the tapered fiber device with a liquid crystal cladding, Proc. SPIE 11045, 110450I (2019) CrossRef L.M. Blinov, Liquid crystals: physical properties and their possibilities in application, Advances in Liquid Crystal Research and Applications, (1981). CrossRef

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Lee, S. H., S. J. Kim, and J. C. Kim. "Vertical alignment liquid crystal cell with optically compensated splay configuration of the liquid crystal." Applied Physics Letters 84, no. 9 (March 2004): 1465–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652230.

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Furue, Hirokazu, Hirokuni Sakai, and Daich Tanaka. "Molecular Alignment of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal in Wide-Gap Cell for Liquid Crystal Lens." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 49, no. 9 (September 21, 2010): 09MC10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.49.09mc10.

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Park, Young-Jun, Hyun-Joong Kim, Dae-Soon Park, and Ick-Kyung Sung. "Reliability of liquid crystal cell and immiscibility between dual-curable adhesives and liquid crystal." European Polymer Journal 46, no. 7 (July 2010): 1642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.05.034.

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Rahman, Md Asiqur, Itaru Yamana, Yeap Guan Yeow, Suhana Binti Mohd Said, and Munehiro Kimura. "Electro-Optic Potential of Room and High Temperature Polymer Stabilised Blue Phase Liquid Crystal." Advanced Materials Research 895 (February 2014): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.895.186.

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In the field of liquid crystals, blue phases (BPs) are one of the most unique and interesting sub-phases. Blue-phase liquid crystal holds the potential to become next-generation display and photonics device because of its sub-millisecond gray-to-gray response time, alignment-layer-free process, optically isotropic dark state, and cell gap insensitivity. The BPLC is a highly chiral liquid crystal system possessing crystal like unit cell structure and exist over a small temperature range (0.5-2 °C) between isotropic and chiral nematic (N*) thermotropic phase. The narrow phase range has been an intrinsic problem for blue phase, and a useful strategy of widening the phase is by adding polymer to form a polymer stabilised blue phase liquid crystal. In this paper, we demonstrate polymer stabilization using two different cases: a room temperature mixture containing E8, PE-5CNF and CPP-3FF, and a high temperature mixture using a single molecule blue phase liquid crystal material, TCB5. Comparison of the polymer stabilization effects on these two cases will be discussed, in the perspective of their potential in electro-optic applications.

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Kim, Dowon, Kitae Kim, Hogyeong Kim, Moonyoung Choi, and Jun-Hee Na. "Design Optimization of Reconfigurable Liquid Crystal Patch Antenna." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040932.

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In various fields such as the 5G antenna system and satellite communication system, there is a growing demand to develop a smart antenna with a frequency selective or beamforming function within a limited space. While antennas utilizing mechanical, electronic, and material characteristics are being studied, a method of having tunable frequency characteristics by applying a liquid crystal material with dielectric anisotropy to a planar patch antenna is proposed. In resonance mode, the design method for using only the minimum amount of expensive liquid crystals is systematically arranged while maximizing the amount of change in the operating frequency of the antenna by considering the electric field distribution on the surface of the patch antenna. Furthermore, to increase the dielectric anisotropy of the liquid crystal, the liquid crystal must be aligned. Simultaneously, in cases where the cell gap of the liquid crystal exceeds 100 μm, the alignment force is weakened. While compensating for this shortcoming, securing the radiation characteristics of the antenna is proposed, and simulations are performed.

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Mieda, Yoshitaka, and Katsushi Furutani. "Liquid Crystal Actuator Using Nematic π-Cell." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 19, no. 5 (October 20, 2007): 524–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2007.p0524.

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We propose a liquid crystal actuator using the backflow effect in the nematic π-cell in which a unidirectional flow is generated after the electric field is removed. Applying rectangular AC voltage continuously drives dispersed objects in the π-cell in the direction of rubbing. Using this actuator, we drive microspheres and a film. The drive velocity of dispersed objects depends on the amplitude and frequency of applied voltage.

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Kompanets, I. N. "Speckle Suppression Using Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Cell." Journal of Holography and Speckle 5, no. 3 (December 1, 2009): 235–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jhs.2009.1023.

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Huang, Dan Ding, Vladimir Kozenkov, Vladimir Chigrinov, Hoi Sing Kwok, Hirokazu Takada, and Haruyoshi Takatsu. "Novel Photoaligned Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cell." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 44, no. 7A (July 8, 2005): 5117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.44.5117.

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Andreev, A. L., I. N. Kompanets, M. V. Minchenko, E. P. Pozhidaev, and T. B. Andreeva. "Speckle suppression using a liquid-crystal cell." Quantum Electronics 38, no. 12 (December 31, 2008): 1166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe2008v038n12abeh013894.

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Raszewski, Z., W. Piecek, L. Jaroszewicz, L. Soms, J. Marczak, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, P. Perkowski, et al. "Laser damage resistant nematic liquid crystal cell." Journal of Applied Physics 114, no. 5 (August 7, 2013): 053104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4816682.

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Sood, Nitin, Samriti Khosla, Darshan Singh, and S. S. Bawa. "Cell thickness dependence of liquid crystal parameters." Journal of Information Display 13, no. 1 (March 2012): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15980316.2012.652253.

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Jhun, Chul Gyu, Min Soo Park, Phil Kook Son, Jin Hyuk Kwon, Jonghoon Yi, and J. S. Gwag. "Transflective Liquid Crystal Display with Pi-Cell." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 544, no. 1 (June 30, 2011): 88/[1076]—94/[1082]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2011.569279.

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Zeng, Xiaowei, and Shaofan Li. "Biomechanical Cell Model by Liquid-Crystal Elastomers." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 140, no. 4 (April 2014): 04013003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)em.1943-7889.0000735.

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Lee, Y. J., T. S. Liu, Mao-Hsing Lin, and Kun-Feng Huang. "Investigation of Liquid Crystal Ripple Using Ericksen-Leslie Theory for Displays Subject to Tactile Force." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/932492.

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Liquid crystal display panels subjected to tactile force will show ripple propagation on screens. Tactile forces change tilt angles of liquid crystal molecules and alter optical transmission so as to generate ripple on screens. Based on the Ericksen-Leslie theory, this study investigates ripple propagation by dealing with tilt angles of liquid crystal molecules. Tactile force effects are taken into account to derive the molecule equation of motion for liquid crystals. Analytical results show that viscosity, tactile force, the thickness of cell gap, and Leslie viscosity coefficient lead to tilt angle variation. Tilt angle variations of PAA liquid crystal molecules are sensitive to tactile force magnitudes, while those of 5CB and MBBA with larger viscosity are not. Analytical derivation is validated by numerical results.

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Nakanishi, Atsushi, Shohei Hayashi, Hiroshi Satozono, and Kazuue Fujita. "Polarization Imaging of Liquid Crystal Polymer Using Terahertz Difference-Frequency Generation Source." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (November 1, 2021): 10260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110260.

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We performed the polarization imaging of a liquid crystal polymer with a terahertz difference-frequency generation (THz DFG) source. The DFG source is an easy-to-operate and practical THz source. Liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) are suitable for applications such as fuel cell components, aircraft parts, and next-generation wireless communication materials. Accordingly, the demand for evaluating the orientation of liquid crystals, which affects the properties of the polymers, is set to increase. Since LCPs exhibit birefringence in the THz range due to the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, we can determine the alignment of the molecules from the direction of the optical axis.

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XIAO Qi, 肖. 奇., 于. 涛. YU Tao, 章. 波. ZHANG Bo, 王伟郅 WANG Wei-zhi, 巩伟兴 GONG Wei-xing, and 张嘉伦 ZHANG Jia-lun. "Fast response modal electrode pi-cell liquid crystal lens." Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays 34, no. 8 (2019): 739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/yjyxs20193408.0739.

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Marzal, Vicente, Juan Carlos Torres, Braulio García, Isabel Pérez, José Manuel Sánchez, and Wiktor Piecek. "Study of electrical behavior of liquid crystal devices doped with titanium dioxide nanoparticles." Photonics Letters of Poland 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v9i1.712.

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In the last years, nanostructures are widely used as dopants in liquid crystals to manipulate either their electrical or optical properties. In this work, we have analyzed the electrical response of a planar cell filled with a mixture of E7 liquid crystal doped with TiO2 nanoparticles. The effect of these dopants on the effective permittivity and conductivity of the cell has been studied in a wide frequency range at different temperatures. Full Text: PDF ReferencesP.J. Pinzón, I. Pérez, C. Vázquez and J.M.S. Pena, "Reconfigurable ????×????1×2 wavelength selective switch using high birefringence nematic liquid crystals", App.Opt. 51, pp.5960-5965 (2012) CrossRef C. Carrasco-Vela, X. Quintana, E.Otón, M.A. Geday, J.M. Otón, "Security devices based on liquid crystals doped with a colour dye", Opto?Electron. 19, pp.496-500 (2011). CrossRef J. Torrecilla, E. Ávila-Navarro, C. Marcos, V. Urruchi, J.M.S. Pena, J. Arias, M.M Sánchez-López, "Microwave Tunable Notch Filter Based on Liquid Crystal Using Spiral Spurline Technology", Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 55, 2420-2423 (2013). CrossRef G.B. Hadjichristov, Y. G. Marinov, A. G. Petrov, E. Bruno, L.Marino, N. Scaramuzzab, "Electro-Optics of Nematic/Gold Nanoparticles Composites: The Effect from Dopants", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 610, 135?148 (2015). CrossRef T. Miyama, J. Thisayukta, H. Shiraki, Y. Sakai, Y. Shiraishi, N. Toshima, S. Kobayashi, "Fast Switching of Frequency Modulation Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Display Fabricated by Doping Nanoparticles and Its Mechanism", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43, 2580 -2584 (2004). CrossRef W. T. Chen, P. S. Chen, C. Y. Chao, "Effect of Doped Insulating Nanoparticles on the Electro-Optical Characteristics of Nematic Liquid Crystals", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 48, 015006 (2009) CrossRef A. Siarkowska, M. Chychłowski, T.R. Woliński and A.Dybko. "Titanium nanoparticles doping of 5CB infiltrated microstructured optical fibers", Phot. Lett. Poland 8, 29-31 (2016). CrossRef O. Buchnev, A. Dyadyusha,M. Kaczmarek, V.Reshetnyak, Y. Reznikov, "Enhanced two-beam coupling in colloids of ferroelectric nanoparticles in liquid crystals", J. Opt. Soc. Am. 24, 1512-1516 (2004). CrossRef A. García-García, R. Vergaz, J.A. Algorri, X. Quintana, J.M. Otón, Beilstein J. "Electrical response of liquid crystal cells doped with multi-walled carbon nanotubes", Nanotechnol. 6, 396?403 (2015). CrossRef R. Pratibha, K. Park, I.I. Smalyukh and W. Park, "Tunable optical metamaterial based on liquid crystal-gold nanosphere composite", Opt. Express 17,19459-19469 (2009). CrossRef J.C. Torres, B. Garcia-Camara, I. Perez, V. Urruchi, J.M. Sanchez-Pena, "Temperature-Phase Converter Based on a LC Cell as a Variable Capacitance", Sensors 15, 5594 ? 5608 (2015). CrossRef P. Kumar, A. Kishore and A, Sinha, "Effect of different concentrations of dopant titanium dioxide nanoparticles on electro-optic and dielectric properties of ferroelectric liquid crystal mixture ", Adv. Mater. Lett. 7, 104-110 (2016). CrossRef R.K. Shukla, C.M. Liebig, D.R. Evans, and W. Haase, "Electro-optical behaviour and dielectric dynamics of harvested ferroelectric LiNbO3 nanoparticle-doped ferroelectric liquid crystal nanocolloids", RSC Adv. 4, 18529-18536 (2014). CrossRef

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Chen, Po-An, and Kei-Hsiung Yang. "Intra-cell ionic properties of twisted nematic liquid crystal cells." Liquid Crystals 46, no. 2 (June 14, 2018): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678292.2018.1484193.

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Liu, Cheng-Kai, Wei-Hsuan Chen, Chung-Yu Li, and Ko-Ting Cheng. "High-Contrast and Scattering-Type Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays Based on Polymer-Network Liquid Crystals." Polymers 12, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040739.

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The methods to enhance contrast ratios (CRs) in scattering-type transflective liquid crystal displays (ST-TRLCDs) based on polymer-network liquid crystal (PNLC) cells are investigated. Two configurations of ST-TRLCDs are studied and are compared with the common ST-TRLCDs. According to the comparisons, CRs are effectively enhanced by assembling a linear polarizer at the suitable position to achieve better dark states in the transmissive and reflective modes of the reported ST-TRLCDs with the optimized configuration, and its main trade-off is the loss of brightness in the reflective modes. The PNLC cell, which works as an electrically switchable polarizer herein, can be a PN-90° twisted nematic LC (PN-90° TNLC) cell or a homogeneous PNLC (H-PNLC) cell. The optoelectric properties of PN-90° TNLC and those of H-PNLC cells are compared in detail, and the results determine that the ST-TRLCD with the optimized configuration using an H-PNLC cell can achieve the highest CR. Moreover, no quarter-wave plate is used in the ST-TRLCD with the optimized configuration, so a parallax problem caused by QWPs can be solved. Other methods for enhancing the CRs of the ST-TRLCDs are also discussed.

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Kalashnikov, S. V., N. A. Romanov, and A. V. Nomoev. "Installation for measuring the dielectric anisotropy of liquid crystals at low frequencies by the bridge method with constant displacement." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1198, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1198/1/012006.

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Abstract Installation designed to measure the dielectric anisotropy in laboratory studies of liquid crystal polymer films is described. The installation operates on the principle of a balanced alternating current (AC) bridge, allowing the application of a direct external current (bias) to the liquid crystal cell. The internal resistance of the direct current (DC) source, which affects the equilibrium condition of the bridge, is compensated. The frequency of the AC current feeding the bridge and the offset voltage of the cell is regulated within a wide range, which makes it possible to study various functional dependences of the dielectric parameters of liquid crystals and their modifiers.Introduction

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Yamaguchi, Rumiko, Kota Inoue, and Ryo Kurosawa. "Effect of Liquid Crystal Material on Polymer Network Structure in Polymer Stabilized Liquid Crystal Cell." Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 29, no. 2 (2016): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.29.289.

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42

Inoue, Masaru, Katsumi Yoshino, Hiroshi Moritake, and Kohji Toda. "Viscosity Measurement of Nematic Liquid Crystal Using Shear Horizontal Wave Propagation in Liquid Crystal Cell." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 40, Part 1, No. 5B (May 30, 2001): 3528–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.40.3528.

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43

Song, Dong Han, Seong Ryong Lee, Tae-Hoon Yoon, and Jae Chang Kim. "Multi-Dimensional Liquid Crystal Alignment Effect of Polymer Wall on Vertically Aligned Liquid Crystal Cell." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 49, no. 1 (January 20, 2010): 011702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.49.011702.

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Gwag, Jin Seog, Seo Hern Lee, Kwan-Young Han, Jae Chang Kim, and Tae-Hoon Yoon. "Novel Cell Gap Measurement Method for a Liquid Crystal Cell." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 41, Part 2, No. 1A/B (January 15, 2002): L79—L82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.41.l79.

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45

Woliński, Tomasz, Sławomir Ertman, Katarzyna Rutkowska, Daniel Budaszewski, Marzena Sala-Tefelska, Miłosz Chychłowski, Kamil Orzechowski, Karolina Bednarska, and Piotr Lesiak. "Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers – 15 years of research activities at Warsaw University of Technology." Photonics Letters of Poland 11, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i2.907.

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Research activities in the area of photonic liquid crystal fibers carried out over the last 15 years at Warsaw University of Technology (WUT) have been reviewed and current research directions that include metallic nanoparticles doping to enhance electro-optical properties of the photonic liquid crystal fibers are presented. Full Text: PDF ReferencesT.R. Woliński et al., "Propagation effects in a photonic crystal fiber filled with a low-birefringence liquid crystal", Proc. SPIE, 5518, 232-237 (2004). CrossRef F. Du, Y-Q. Lu, S.-T. Wu, "Electrically tunable liquid-crystal photonic crystal fiber", Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2181-2183 (2004). CrossRef T.T. Larsen, A. Bjraklev, D.S. Hermann, J. Broeng, "Optical devices based on liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibres", Opt. Express, 11, 20, 2589-2596 (2003). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Tunable properties of light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Opto-Electron. Rev. 13, 2, 59-64 (2005). CrossRef M. Chychłowski, S. Ertman, T.R. Woliński, "Splay orientation in a capillary", Phot. Lett. Pol. 2, 1, 31-33 (2010). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Photonic liquid crystal fibers — a new challenge for fiber optics and liquid crystals photonics", Opto-Electron. Rev. 14, 4, 329-334 (2006). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Influence of temperature and electrical fields on propagation properties of photonic liquid-crystal fibres", Meas. Sci. Technol. 17, 985-991 (2006). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers for Sensing Applications", IEEE Trans. Inst. Meas. 57, 8, 1796-1802 (2008). CrossRef T.R. Woliński, et al., "Multi-Parameter Sensing Based on Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 502: 220-234., (2009). CrossRef T.R. Woliński, Xiao G and Bock WJ Photonics sensing: principle and applications for safety and security monitoring, (New Jersey, Wiley, 147-181, 2012). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Propagation effects in a polymer-based photonic liquid crystal fiber", Appl. Phys. A 115, 2, 569-574 (2014). CrossRef S. Ertman et al., "Optofluidic Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Sensors", J. Lightwave Technol., 35, 16, 3399-3405 (2017). CrossRef S. Ertman et al., "Recent Progress in Liquid-Crystal Optical Fibers and Their Applications in Photonics", J. Lightwave Technol., 37, 11, 2516-2526 (2019). CrossRef M.M. Tefelska et al., "Electric Field Sensing With Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers Based on Micro-Electrodes Systems", J. Lightwave Technol., 33, 2, 2405-2411, (2015). CrossRef S. Ertman et al., "Index Guiding Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers for Practical Applications", J. Lightwave Technol., 30, 8, 1208-1214 (2012). CrossRef K. Mileńko, S. Ertman, T. R. Woliński, "Numerical analysis of birefringence tuning in high index microstructured fiber selectively filled with liquid crystal", Proc. SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 8794 (2013). CrossRef O. Jaworska and S. Ertman, "Photonic bandgaps in selectively filled photonic crystal fibers", Phot. Lett. Pol., 9, 3, 79-81 (2017). CrossRef I.C. Khoo, S.T.Wu, "Optics and Nonlinear Optics of Liquid Crystals", World Scientific (1993). CrossRef P. Lesiak et al., "Thermal optical nonlinearity in photonic crystal fibers filled with nematic liquid crystals doped with gold nanoparticles", Proc. SPIE 10228, 102280N (2017). CrossRef K. Rutkowska, T. Woliński, "Modeling of light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Photon. Lett. Poland 2, 3, 107 (2010). CrossRef K. Rutkowska, L-W. Wei, "Assessment on the applicability of finite difference methods to model light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Photon. Lett. Poland 4, 4, 161 (2012). CrossRef K. Rutkowska, U. Laudyn, P. Jung, "Nonlinear discrete light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Photon. Lett. Poland 5, 1, 17 (2013). CrossRef M. Murek, K. Rutkowska, "Two laser beams interaction in photonic crystal fibers infiltrated with highly nonlinear materials", Photon. Lett. Poland 6, 2, 74 (2014). CrossRef M.M. Tefelska et al., "Photonic Band Gap Fibers with Novel Chiral Nematic and Low-Birefringence Nematic Liquid Crystals", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 558, 184-193, (2012). CrossRef M.M. Tefelska et al., "Propagation Effects in Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers with a Complex Structure", Acta Phys. Pol. A, 118, 1259-1261 (2010). CrossRef K. Orzechowski et al., "Polarization properties of cubic blue phases of a cholesteric liquid crystal", Opt. Mater. 69, 259-264 (2017). CrossRef H. Yoshida et al., "Heavy meson spectroscopy under strong magnetic field", Phys. Rev. E 94, 042703 (2016). CrossRef J. Yan et al., "Extended Kerr effect of polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystals", Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 071105 (2010). CrossRef C.-W. Chen et al., "Random lasing in blue phase liquid crystals", Opt. Express 20, 23978-23984 (2012). CrossRef C.-H. Lee et al., "Polarization-independent bistable light valve in blue phase liquid crystal filled photonic crystal fiber", Appl. Opt. 52, 4849-4853 (2013). CrossRef D. Poudereux et al., "Infiltration of a photonic crystal fiber with cholesteric liquid crystal and blue phase", Proc. SPIE 9290 (2014). CrossRef K. Orzechowski et al., "Optical properties of cubic blue phase liquid crystal in photonic microstructures", Opt. Express 27, 10, 14270-14282 (2019). CrossRef M. Wahle, J. Ebel, D. Wilkes, H.S. Kitzerow, "Asymmetric band gap shift in electrically addressed blue phase photonic crystal fibers", Opt. Express 24, 20, 22718-22729 (2016). CrossRef K. Orzechowski et al., "Investigation of the Kerr effect in a blue phase liquid crystal using a wedge-cell technique", Phot. Lett. Pol. 9, 2, 54-56 (2017). CrossRef M.M. Sala-Tefelska et al., "Influence of cylindrical geometry and alignment layers on the growth process and selective reflection of blue phase domains", Opt. Mater. 75, 211-215 (2018). CrossRef M.M. Sala-Tefelska et al., "The influence of orienting layers on blue phase liquid crystals in rectangular geometries", Phot. Lett. Pol. 10, 4, 100-102 (2018). CrossRef P. G. de Gennes JP. The Physics of Liquid Crystals. (Oxford University Press 1995). CrossRef L.M. Blinov and V.G. Chigrinov, Electrooptic Effects in Liquid Crystal Materials (New York, NY: Springer New York 1994). CrossRef D. Budaszewski, A.J. Srivastava, V.G. Chigrinov, T.R. Woliński, "Electro-optical properties of photo-aligned photonic ferroelectric liquid crystal fibres", Liq. Cryst., 46 2, 272-280 (2019). CrossRef V. G. Chigrinov, V. M. Kozenkov, H-S. Kwok. Photoalignment of Liquid Crystalline Materials (Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 2008). CrossRef M. Schadt et al., "Surface-Induced Parallel Alignment of Liquid Crystals by Linearly Polymerized Photopolymers", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.31, 2155-2164 (1992). CrossRef D. Budaszewski et al., "Photo-aligned ferroelectric liquid crystals in microchannels", Opt. Lett. 39, 4679 (2014). CrossRef D. Budaszewski, et al., "Photo‐aligned photonic ferroelectric liquid crystal fibers", J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 23, 196-201 (2015). CrossRef O. Stamatoiu, J. Mirzaei, X. Feng, T. Hegmann, "Nanoparticles in Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles", Top Curr Chem 318, 331-392 (2012). CrossRef A. Siarkowska et al., "Titanium nanoparticles doping of 5CB infiltrated microstructured optical fibers", Photonics Lett. Pol. 8 1, 29-31 (2016). CrossRef A. Siarkowska et al., "Thermo- and electro-optical properties of photonic liquid crystal fibers doped with gold nanoparticles", Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 8, 2790-2801 (2017). CrossRef D. Budaszewski et al., "Nanoparticles-enhanced photonic liquid crystal fibers", J. Mol. Liq. 267, 271-278 (2018). CrossRef D. Budaszewski et al., "Enhanced efficiency of electric field tunability in photonic liquid crystal fibers doped with gold nanoparticles", Opt. Exp. 27, 10, 14260-14269 (2019). CrossRef

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46

Huang, Chi-Yen, Chang-Feng You, Cheng-En Cheng, Bi-Cheng Lei, Jia-Cih Jhang, Fang-Cheng Yu, Chen-Shiung Chang, and Forest Shih Sen Chien. "Liquid crystal-doped liquid electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cell applications." Optical Materials Express 6, no. 4 (March 4, 2016): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.6.001024.

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47

Jin, Hyeong Min, Xiao Li, James A. Dolan, R. Joseph Kline, José A. Martínez-González, Jiaxing Ren, Chun Zhou, Juan J. de Pablo, and Paul F. Nealey. "Soft crystal martensites: An in situ resonant soft x-ray scattering study of a liquid crystal martensitic transformation." Science Advances 6, no. 13 (March 2020): eaay5986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay5986.

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Liquid crystal blue phases (BPs) are three-dimensional soft crystals with unit cell sizes orders of magnitude larger than those of classic, atomic crystals. The directed self-assembly of BPs on chemically patterned surfaces uniquely enables detailed in situ resonant soft x-ray scattering measurements of martensitic phase transformations in these systems. The formation of twin lamellae is explicitly identified during the BPII-to-BPI transformation, further corroborating the martensitic nature of this transformation and broadening the analogy between soft and atomic crystal diffusionless phase transformations to include their strain-release mechanisms.

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48

YANG Lei, 杨磊, 刘洋 LIU Yang, 郑永磊 ZHENG Yong-lei, 高攀 GAO Pan, and 范志新 FAN Zhi-xin. "Bernard Effect Experiment of Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Cell." Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays 27, no. 3 (2012): 288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/yjyxs20122703.0288.

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Lehureau, J. C., J. Y. Beguin, and J. Colineau. "Polarizing Grating Beamsplitter Using a Liquid Crystal Cell." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 28, S3 (January 1, 1989): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjaps.28s3.201.

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50

CUI, LI, PING XIE, RONGBEN ZHANG, and TONGHUA YANG. "Photo-driven liquid crystal cell with high sensitivity." Liquid Crystals 26, no. 10 (October 1999): 1541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026782999203878.

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