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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid bridges'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Cooray, Himantha, Herbert E. Huppert, and Jerome A. Neufeld. "Maximal liquid bridges between horizontal cylinders." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 472, no. 2192 (August 2016): 20160233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0233.

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We investigate two-dimensional liquid bridges trapped between pairs of identical horizontal cylinders. The cylinders support forces owing to surface tension and hydrostatic pressure that balance the weight of the liquid. The shape of the liquid bridge is determined by analytically solving the nonlinear Laplace–Young equation. Parameters that maximize the trapping capacity (defined as the cross-sectional area of the liquid bridge) are then determined. The results show that these parameters can be approximated with simple relationships when the radius of the cylinders is small compared with the capillary length. For such small cylinders, liquid bridges with the largest cross-sectional area occur when the centre-to-centre distance between the cylinders is approximately twice the capillary length. The maximum trapping capacity for a pair of cylinders at a given separation is linearly related to the separation when it is small compared with the capillary length. The meniscus slope angle of the largest liquid bridge produced in this regime is also a linear function of the separation. We additionally derive approximate solutions for the profile of a liquid bridge, using the linearized Laplace–Young equation. These solutions analytically verify the above-mentioned relationships obtained for the maximization of the trapping capacity.

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2

Chan, San To, Frank P. A. van Berlo, Hammad A. Faizi, Atsushi Matsumoto, Simon J. Haward, Patrick D. Anderson, and Amy Q. Shen. "Torsional fracture of viscoelastic liquid bridges." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 24 (June 11, 2021): e2104790118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2104790118.

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Short liquid bridges are stable under the action of surface tension. In applications like electronic packaging, food engineering, and additive manufacturing, this poses challenges to the clean and fast dispensing of viscoelastic fluids. Here, we investigate how viscoelastic liquid bridges can be destabilized by torsion. By combining high-speed imaging and numerical simulation, we show that concave surfaces of liquid bridges can localize shear, in turn localizing normal stresses and making the surface more concave. Such positive feedback creates an indent, which propagates toward the center and leads to breakup of the liquid bridge. The indent formation mechanism closely resembles edge fracture, an often undesired viscoelastic flow instability characterized by the sudden indentation of the fluid’s free surface when the fluid is subjected to shear. By applying torsion, even short, capillary stable liquid bridges can be broken in the order of 1 s. This may lead to the development of dispensing protocols that reduce substrate contamination by the satellite droplets and long capillary tails formed by capillary retraction, which is the current mainstream industrial method for destabilizing viscoelastic liquid bridges.

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3

MAHAJAN, MILIND P. "Liquid crystal bridges." Liquid Crystals 26, no. 3 (March 1999): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026782999205227.

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4

Colter, Lamont, and Ray Treinen. "Cylindrical liquid bridges." Involve, a Journal of Mathematics 8, no. 4 (June 23, 2015): 695–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/involve.2015.8.695.

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5

Bowen, James, and David Cheneler. "Closed-Form Expressions for Contact Angle Hysteresis: Capillary Bridges between Parallel Platens." Colloids and Interfaces 4, no. 1 (March 5, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids4010013.

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A closed form expression capable of predicting the evolution of the shape of liquid capillary bridges and the resultant force between parallel platens is derived. Such a scenario occurs within many micro-mechanical structures and devices, for example, in micro-squeeze flow rheometers used to ascertain the rheological properties of pico- to nano-litre volumes of complex fluids, which is an important task for the analysis of biological liquids and during the combinatorial polymer synthesis of healthcare and personal products. These liquid bridges exhibit capillary forces that can perturb the desired rheological forces, and perhaps more significantly, determine the geometry of the experiment. The liquid bridge has a curved profile characterised by a contact angle at the three-phase interface, as compared to the simple cylindrical geometry assumed during the rheological analysis. During rheometry, the geometry of the bridge will change in a complex nonlinear fashion, an issue compounded by the contact angle undergoing hysteresis. Owing to the small volumes involved, ascertaining the bridge geometry visually during experiment is very difficult. Similarly, the governing equations for the bridge geometry are highly nonlinear, precluding an exact analytical solution, hence requiring a substantial numerical solution. Here, an expression for the bridge geometry and capillary forces based on the toroidal approximation has been developed that allows the solution to be determined several orders of magnitude faster using simpler techniques than numerical or experimental methods. This expression has been applied to squeeze-flow rheometry to show how the theory proposed here is consistent with the assumptions used within rheometry. The validity of the theory has been shown through comparison with the exact numerical solution of the governing equations. The numerical solution for the shape of liquid bridges between parallel platens is provided here for the first time and is based on existing work of liquid bridges between spheres.

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6

THIESSEN, DAVID B., MARK J. MARR-LYON, and PHILIP L. MARSTON. "Active electrostatic stabilization of liquid bridges in low gravity." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 457 (April 9, 2002): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112002007760.

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In experiments performed aboard NASA's low-gravity KC-135 aircraft, it was found that rapid active control of radial electrostatic stresses can be used to suppress the growth of the (2,0) mode on capillary bridges in air. This mode naturally becomes unstable on a cylindrical bridge when the length exceeds the Rayleigh–Plateau (RP) limit. Capillary bridges having a small amount of electrical conductivity were deployed with a ring electrode concentric with each end of the bridge. A signal produced by optically sensing the shape of the bridge was used to control the electrode potentials so as to counteract the growth of the (2,0) mode. Occasionally the uncontrolled growth of the (3,0) mode was observed when the length far exceeded the RP limit. Rapid breakup from the growth of the (2,0) mode on long bridges was confirmed following deactivation of the control.

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7

BURCHAM, C. L., and D. A. SAVILLE. "The electrohydrodynamic stability of a liquid bridge: microgravity experiments on a bridge suspended in a dielectric gas." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 405 (February 25, 2000): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112099007193.

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The electrohydrodynamic stability of a liquid bridge was studied in steady and oscillatory axial electric fields with a novel apparatus aboard a space shuttle. To avoid interphase transport, which complicates matters in terrestrial, matched-density systems, the experiments focused on a liquid column surrounded by a dielectric gas. The micro-gravity acceleration level aboard the spacecraft kept the Bond number small; so interface deformation by buoyancy was negligible. To provide microgravity results for comparison with terrestrial data, the behaviour of a castor oil bridge in a silicone oil matrix liquid was studied first. The results from these experiments are in excellent agreement with earlier work with isopycnic systems as regards transitions from a perfect cylinder to the amphora shape and the separation of an amphora into drops. In addition, the location of the amphora bulge was found to be correlated with the field direction, contrary to the leaky dielectric model but consistent with earlier results from terrestrial experiments. Next, the behaviour of a bridge surrounded by a dielectric gas, sulphur hexa fluoride (SF6), was investigated. In liquid–gas experiments, electrohydrodynamic ejection of liquids from ‘Taylor cones’ was used to deploy fluid and form bridges by remote control. Experiments with castor oil bridges in SF6 identified the conditions for two transitions: cylinder–amphora, and pinch-off. In addition, new behaviour was uncovered with liquid–gas interfaces. Contrary to expectations based on perfect dielectric behaviour, castor oil bridges in SF6 could not be stabilized in AC fields. On the other hand, a low-conductivity silicone oil bridge, which could not be stabilized by a DC field, was stable in an AC field.

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8

Casner, A., and J. P. Delville. "Laser-sustained liquid bridges." Europhysics Letters (EPL) 65, no. 3 (February 2004): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/epl/i2003-10097-y.

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9

PADDAY, J. F., G. PÉTRÉ, C. G. RUSU, J. GAMERO, and G. WOZNIAK. "The shape, stability and breakage of pendant liquid bridges." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 352 (December 10, 1997): 177–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112097007234.

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Pendant liquid bridges are defined as pendant drops supporting a solid axisymmetric endplate at their lower end. The stability and shape properties of such bridges are defined in terms of the capillary properties of the system and of the mass and radius of the lower free-floating endplate. The forces acting in the pendant liquid bridge are defined exactly and expressed in dimensionless form. Numerical analysis has been used to derive the properties of a given bridge and it is shown that as the bridge grows by adding more liquid to the system a maximum volume is reached. At this maximum volume, the pendant bridge becomes unstable with the length of the bridge increasing spontaneously and irreversibly at constant volume. Finally the bridge breaks with the formation of a satellite drop or an extended thread. The bifurcation and breakage processes have been recorded using a high-speed video camera with a digital recording rate of up to 6000 frames per second. The details of the shape of the bridge bifurcation and breakage for many pendant bridge systems have been recorded and it is shown that satellite drop formation after rupture is not always viscosity dependent. Bifurcation and breakage in simulated low gravity demonstrated that breakage was very nearly symmetrical about a plane through the middle of the pendant bridge.

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10

Johnson, Duane T. "Viscous effects in liquid encapsulated liquid bridges." International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 23, no. 6 (December 2002): 844–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-727x(02)00186-8.

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11

Yang, Song, Jun Hua Wu, and Xin Wang. "Effect of Contact Angle Hysteresis on Liquid Bridge while Sphere Particles are in Relative Movement." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 2945–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.2945.

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Hysteresis effect of contact angle has an important impact on liquid bridges between sphere particles. This effect is not limited to increasing liquid volume of fixed particles. The hysteresis effect of contact angle is expressed by fixed liquid volume while the two sphere particles are in relative movement. The hysteresis effect of contact angle on the liquid bridge is also significant. In this paper, the hysteresis effect of contact angle on capillary forces of liquid bridges is analyzed when the two sphere particles are in relative movement. Results indicate that contact angle hysteresis effects on capillary force are significant.

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12

Ibrahim-Rassoul, N., E. K. Si-Ahmed, A. Serir, A. Kessi, J. Legrand, and N. Djilali. "Investigation of Two-Phase Flow in a Hydrophobic Fuel-Cell Micro-Channel." Energies 12, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 2061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112061.

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This paper presents a quantitative visualization study and a theoretical analysis of two-phase flow relevant to polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) in which liquid water management is critical to performance. Experiments were conducted in an air-flow microchannel with a hydrophobic surface and a side pore through which water was injected to mimic the cathode of a PEMFC. Four distinct flow patterns were identified: liquid bridge (plug), slug/plug, film flow, and water droplet flow under small Weber number conditions. Liquid bridges first evolve with quasi-static properties while remaining pinned; after reaching a critical volume, bridges depart from axisymmetry, block the flow channel, and exhibit lateral oscillations. A model that accounts for capillarity at low Bond number is proposed and shown to successfully predict the morphology, critical liquid volume and evolution of the liquid bridge, including deformation and complete blockage under specific conditions. The generality of the model is also illustrated for flow conditions encountered in the manipulation of polymeric materials and formation of liquid bridges between patterned surfaces. The experiments provide a database for validation of theoretical and computational methods.

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13

Liang, Ru Quan, Jun Hong Ji, Fu Sheng Yan, and Kawaji Masahiro. "An Experiment on the Surface Stability of a Liquid Bridge." Advanced Materials Research 502 (April 2012): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.502.249.

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A liquid bridge formed between two coaxial, circular, solid disks was vibrated to study the effects of small vibrations on the stability of a free surface of the liquid bridge. The liquid bridge was vibrated by tapping its upper disk and by using a motor placed nearby. Experiments were conducted for isothermal liquid bridges of silicone oil (5 cSt) with a disk diameter of 7.0 mm. By subjecting the liquid bridge to small vibrations, the characteristics of vibration-induced surface oscillation have been clearly determined.

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14

HEIL, MATTHIAS. "Minimal liquid bridges in non-axisymmetrically buckled elastic tubes." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 380 (February 10, 1999): 309–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112098003760.

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This study investigates the existence and stability of static liquid bridges in non-axisymmetrically buckled elastic tubes. The liquid bridge which occludes the tube is formed by two menisci which meet the tube wall at a given contact angle along a contact line whose position is initially unknown. Geometrically nonlinear shell theory is used to describe the deformation of the linearly elastic tube wall in response to an external pressure and to the loads due to the surface tension of the liquid bridge. This highly nonlinear problem is solved numerically by finite element methods.It is found that for a large range of parameters (surface tension, contact angle and external pressure), the compressive forces generated by the liquid bridge are strong enough to hold the tube in a buckled configuration. Typical meniscus shapes in strongly collapsed tubes are shown and the stability of these configurations to quasi-steady perturbations is examined. The minimum volume of fluid required to form an occluding liquid bridge in an elastic tube is found to be substantially smaller than predicted by estimates based on previous axisymmetric models. Finally, the implications of the results for the physiological problem of airway closure are discussed.

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15

Peregrine, D. H., G. Shoker, and A. Symon. "The bifurcation of liquid bridges." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 212, no. -1 (March 1990): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112090001835.

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16

Witkowski, L. Martin, and J. S. Walker. "Solutocapillary instabilities in liquid bridges." Physics of Fluids 14, no. 8 (August 2002): 2647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1488598.

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17

Mahajan, Milind P., Mesfin Tsige, P. L. Taylor, and Charles Rosenblatt. "Stability of liquid crystalline bridges." Physics of Fluids 11, no. 2 (February 1999): 491–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.869871.

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18

Fel, Leonid G., and Boris Y. Rubinstein. "Stability of axisymmetric liquid bridges." Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 66, no. 6 (July 15, 2015): 3447–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00033-015-0555-5.

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19

Vogel, Thomas I. "Liquid Bridges Between Contacting Balls." Journal of Mathematical Fluid Mechanics 16, no. 4 (July 16, 2014): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00021-014-0179-0.

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20

LOWRY, BRIAN J., and PAUL H. STEEN. "Stability of slender liquid bridges subjected to axial flows." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 330 (January 10, 1997): 189–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112096003709.

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Experiments document the influence of flow on the Plateau–Rayleigh (PR) instability of a near-cylindrical liquid bridge. The slightly heavy bridge is subjected to a surrounding pipe flow from bottom to top. Linear and nonlinear regimes of response are reported. Islands of stability in flow rate are observed; that is, there are bridges that are stable with flow but otherwise not. Density imbalance and flow each, on its own, is destabilizing but together they are stabilizing as recorded by a variety of measures. This nonlinear stabilization is explained in terms of the codimension-2 nature of the pitchfork bifurcation of the ‘perfect’ Plateau–Rayleigh instability.

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21

Singler, T. J., Xu Zhang, and K. A. Brakke. "Computer Simulation of Solder Bridging Phenomena." Journal of Electronic Packaging 118, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2792141.

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Solder bridging is investigated under the assumption that liquid solder bridges are equilibrium capillary surfaces and that the principal factor that determines whether a bridge will freeze to form a permanent short is its configurational stability. A computational parametric bridge stability study is conducted to determine the response of bridging to the system volume, the distance between pads, the contact angle between the liquid metal and resist surface and the relevant physicochemical properties of the liquid metal.

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22

Dodds, Shawn, Marcio S. Carvalho, and Satish Kumar. "The dynamics of three-dimensional liquid bridges with pinned and moving contact lines." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 707 (August 2, 2012): 521–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.296.

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AbstractLiquid bridges with moving contact lines are relevant in a variety of natural and industrial settings, ranging from printing processes to the feeding of birds. While it is often assumed that the liquid bridge is two-dimensional in nature, there are many applications where either the stretching motion or the presence of a feature on a bounding surface lead to three-dimensional effects. To investigate this we solve Stokes equations using the finite-element method for the stretching of a three-dimensional liquid bridge between two flat surfaces, one stationary and one moving. We first consider an initially cylindrical liquid bridge that is stretched using either a combination of extension and shear or extension and rotation, while keeping the contact lines pinned in place. We find that whereas a shearing motion does not alter the distribution of liquid between the two plates, rotation leads to an increase in the amount of liquid resting on the stationary plate as breakup is approached. This suggests that a relative rotation of one surface can be used to improve liquid transfer to the other surface. We then consider the extension of non-cylindrical bridges with moving contact lines. We find that dynamic wetting, characterized through a contact line friction parameter, plays a key role in preventing the contact line from deviating significantly from its original shape as breakup is approached. By adjusting the friction on both plates it is possible to drastically improve the amount of liquid transferred to one surface while maintaining the fidelity of the liquid pattern.

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23

Zhang, X., R. S. Padgett, and O. A. Basaran. "Nonlinear deformation and breakup of stretching liquid bridges." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 329 (December 25, 1996): 207–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112096008907.

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In this paper, the nonlinear dynamics of an axisymmetric liquid bridge held captive between two coaxial, circular, solid disks that are separated at a constant velocity are considered. As the disks are continuously pulled apart, the bridge deforms and ultimately breaks when its length attains a limiting value, producing two drops that are supported on the two disks. The evolution in time of the bridge shape and the rupture of the interface are investigated theoretically and experimentally to quantitatively probe the influence of physical and geometrical parameters on the dynamics. In the computations, a one-dimensional model that is based on the slender jet approximation is used to simulate the dynamic response of the bridge to the continuous uniaxial stretching. The governing system of nonlinear, time-dependent equations is solved numerically by a method of lines that uses the Galerkin/finite element method for discretization in space and an adaptive, implicit finite difference technique for discretization in time. In order to verify the model and computational results, extensive experiments are performed by using an ultra-high-speed video system to monitor the dynamics of liquid bridges with a time resolution of 1/12 th of a millisecond. The computational and experimental results show that as the importance of the inertial force – most easily changed in experiments by changing the stretching velocity – relative to the surface tension force increases but does not become too large and the importance of the viscous force – most easily changed by changing liquid viscosity – relative to the surface tension force increases, the limiting length that a liquid bridge is able to attain before breaking increases. By contrast, increasing the gravitational force – most readily controlled by varying disk radius or liquid density – relative to the surface tension force reduces the limiting bridge length at breakup. Moreover, the manner in which the bridge volume is partitioned between the pendant and sessile drops that result upon breakup is strongly influenced by the magnitudes of viscous, inertial, and gravitational forces relative to surface tension ones. Attention is also paid here to the dynamics of the liquid thread that connects the two portions of the bridge liquid that are pendant from the top moving rod and sessile on the lower stationary rod because the manner in which the thread evolves in time and breaks has important implications for the closely related problem of drop formation from a capillary. Reassuringly, the computations and the experimental measurements are shown to agree well with one another.

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24

Cowen, R. "Liquid Crystal Bridges Silk-Spinning Gap." Science News 139, no. 8 (February 23, 1991): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3975380.

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25

BÄNSCH, EBERHARD, CHRISTIAN P. BERG, and ANTJE OHLHOFF. "Uniaxial extensional flows in liquid bridges." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 521 (December 25, 2004): 353–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112004001193.

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26

Morawetz, Klaus. "Reversed Currents in Charged Liquid Bridges." Water 9, no. 5 (May 17, 2017): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w9050353.

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27

Sanz, A., and J. Lopez Diez. "Non-axisymmetric oscillations of liquid bridges." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 205, no. -1 (August 1989): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112089002120.

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28

Montanero, J. M. "Linear dynamics of axisymmetric liquid bridges." European Journal of Mechanics - B/Fluids 22, no. 2 (March 2003): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0997-7546(03)00022-0.

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29

Ryzhkov, Ilya I. "Thermocapillary instabilities in liquid bridges revisited." Physics of Fluids 23, no. 8 (August 2011): 082103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3627150.

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30

Gaudet, S., G. H. McKinley, and H. A. Stone. "Extensional deformation of Newtonian liquid bridges." Physics of Fluids 8, no. 10 (October 1996): 2568–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.869044.

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31

Le Cunff, Cédric, and Abdelfattah Zebib. "Thermocapillary-Coriolis instabilities in liquid bridges." Physics of Fluids 11, no. 9 (September 1999): 2539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.870116.

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32

Valsamis, J. B., M. Mastrangeli, and P. Lambert. "Vertical excitation of axisymmetric liquid bridges." European Journal of Mechanics - B/Fluids 38 (March 2013): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2012.09.008.

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33

Li, Yi, Zhong Guo, and Bao Chun Chen. "Application of Optoelectronic Liquid Lever Sensor in Urban Bridges Deflection Monitoring." Applied Mechanics and Materials 198-199 (September 2012): 1184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.198-199.1184.

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The deflection which reflects the bridge linear variety is an important parameter for the evaluation of bridge safety. According to the structural characteristics of urban bridges, the connected pipe optoelectronic liquid level sensor system is a novel kind of sensor for detecting the connected pipe liquid level, which can be applied for multipoint, long-period, online, remote, automatic measurement of bridge deflection, it is not affected by the dust, humidity and fog in the urban bridge health monitoring and maintenance. At present, the system has been integrated and applied in the project of main roads bridge Online Safety Monitoring Management System in Hangzhou (Phase II), a web-based urban bridge cluster monitoring system have been established since 2007. According to a tied arch bridge case studies, the measuring data show that the system not only can accurately collect the bridge normal deflection information and variety, but also successfully monitored the structural responses due to the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008. About two-minute abrupt changes in displacement amplitude were observed in the measured signals starting at 14:37, about 9 minutes later than the earthquake’s occurring. The results shows, it is an effective method for the real-time monitoring of urban bridge deflection.

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34

Vollmeyer, Joscha, Ute Baumeister, and Sigurd Höger. "The influence of intraannular templates on the liquid crystallinity of shape-persistent macrocycles." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 10 (April 23, 2014): 910–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.10.89.

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A series of shape-persistent phenylene–ethynylene–naphthylene–butadiynylene macrocycles with different extraannular alkyl groups and intraannular bridges is synthesized by oxidative Glaser-coupling of the appropriate precursors. The intraannular bridges serve in this case as templates that reduce the oligomerization even when the reaction is not performed under pseudo high-dilution conditions. The extraannular as well as the intraannular substituents have a strong influence on the thermal behavior of the compounds. With branched alkyl chains at the periphery, the macrocycles exhibit liquid crystalline (lc) phases when the interior is empty or when the length of the alkyl bridge is just right to cross the ring. With a longer alkyl or an oligoethylene oxide bridge no lc phase is observed, most probably because the mesogene is no longer planar.

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35

Meurisse, Marie-Hélène, and Michel Querry. "Squeeze Effects in a Flat Liquid Bridge Between Parallel Solid Surfaces." Journal of Tribology 128, no. 3 (March 14, 2006): 575–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2197525.

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When a liquid lubricant film fractionates into disjointed liquid bridges, or a unique liquid bridge forms between solid surfaces, capillary forces strongly influence the action of the fluid on the solid surfaces. This paper presents a theoretical analytical model to calculate the normal forces on the solid surfaces when squeezing a flat liquid bridge. The model takes into account hydrodynamic and capillary effects and the evolution of the geometry of the liquid bridge with time. It is shown that the global normal force reverses during the squeezing motion except in the case of perfect nonwetting; it is attractive at the beginning of the squeezing motion, and becomes repulsive at small gaps. When the external load is constant, capillary suction tends to accelerate the decrease in gap dramatically.

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36

Hoornahad, Hooman, Eduardus A. B. Koenders, and Klaas van Breugel. "Wettability of particles and its effect on liquid bridges in wet granular materials." Epitoanyag - Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials 67, no. 4 (2015): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2015.23.

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37

Lai, Li. "Feasibility simulation of aseismic structure design for long-span bridges." Open Physics 16, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 1107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2018-0131.

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Abstract In the traditional finite element analysis method, when simulating the feasibility of aseismic structure design of long-span bridges, only finite element analysis is carried out on the bridge structure without considering the aseismic situation of the aseismic structure of the bridge under different schemes, which leads to one-sidedness of the simulation results. Therefore, a new simulation method for the feasibility study of seismic design of long-span bridges is proposed in this paper. 5 seismic isolation schemes for long-span bridge structures are designed. The lock-up devices and liquid viscous dampers are deployed in bridge structure. Numerical simulation of bridge structure is carried out by establishing calculation model and improved hierarchical Kerr spring model. The responses of long-span bridges under seismic loading for 5 seismic isolation schemes are analyzed. On this basis, the seismic performance of long-span bridges is tested by using the multi-point excitation motion equation, the response power spectrum and the structural dynamic reliability analysis based on the first transcendental failure criterion. Experimental results show that all the five seismic isolation schemes are feasible, and the seismic effect of the schemes 4 and 5 is the strongest. The maximum horizontal thrust of pier top is 6.27E+062, 0.50E+07 and 6.00E+06, 2.78E+07, respectively. The proposed method can be used to simulate the seismic response of long-span bridges.

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38

Chen, H., T. Tang, and A. Amirfazli. "Fast Liquid Transfer between Surfaces: Breakup of Stretched Liquid Bridges." Langmuir 31, no. 42 (October 16, 2015): 11470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03292.

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39

Pepin, Xavier, Damiano Rossetti, and Stefaan J. R. Simons. "Modeling Pendular Liquid Bridges with a Reducing Solid–Liquid Interface." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 232, no. 2 (December 2000): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2000.7183.

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40

Kostoglou, M., and T. D. Karapantsios. "On the identification of liquid surface properties using liquid bridges." Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 222 (August 2015): 436–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2014.04.007.

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41

Wei, Xiaofeng, and Jun Zou. "Mechanism of Liquid Bridges Stretched out of a Liquid Bath." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1888, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1888/1/012014.

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42

NIENHÜSER, CH, and H. C. KUHLMANN. "Stability of thermocapillary flows in non-cylindrical liquid bridges." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 458 (May 10, 2002): 35–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112001007650.

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Abstract:

The thermocapillary flow in liquid bridges is investigated numerically. In the limit of large mean surface tension the free-surface shape is independent of the flow and temperature fields and depends only on the volume of liquid and the hydrostatic pressure difference. When gravity acts parallel to the axis of the liquid bridge the shape is axisymmetric. A differential heating of the bounding circular disks then causes a steady two-dimensional thermocapillary flow which is calculated by a finite-difference method on body-fitted coordinates. The linear-stability problem for the basic flow is solved using azimuthal normal modes computed with the same discretization method. The dependence of the critical Reynolds number on the volume fraction, gravity level, Prandtl number, and aspect ratio is explained by analysing the energy budgets of the neutral modes. For small Prandtl numbers (Pr = 0.02) the critical Reynolds number exhibits a smooth minimum near volume fractions which approximately correspond to the volume of a cylindrical bridge. When the Prandtl number is large (Pr = 4) the intersection of two neutral curves results in a sharp peak of the critical Reynolds number. Since the instabilities for low and high Prandtl numbers are markedly different, the influence of gravity leads to a distinctly different behaviour. While the hydrostatic shape of the bridge is the most important effect of gravity on the critical point for low-Prandtl-number flows, buoyancy is the dominating factor for the stability of the flow in a gravity field when the Prandtl number is high.

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43

Huang, Alvin Y., and John C. Berg. "Gelation of liquid bridges in spherical agglomeration." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 215, no. 1-3 (March 2003): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-7757(02)00488-0.

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44

Viviani, A., and C. Golia. "Thermocapillary flows in two-fluids liquid bridges." Acta Astronautica 53, no. 11 (December 2003): 879–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-5765(02)00240-0.

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45

Kuhlmann, H. C., and H. J. Rath. "Hydrodynamic instabilities in cylindrical thermocapillary liquid bridges." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 247 (February 1993): 247–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112093000461.

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The hydrodynamic stability of steady axisymmetric thermocapillary flow in a cylindrical liquid bridge is investigated by linear stability theory. The basic state and the three-dimensional disturbance equations are solved by various spectral methods for aspect ratios close to unity. The critical modes have azimuthal wavenumber one and the most dangerous disturbance is either a pure hydrodynamic steady mode or an oscillatory hydrothermal wave, depending on the Prandtl number. The influence of heat transfer through the free surface, additional buoyancy forces, and variations of the aspect ratio on the stability boundaries and the neutral mode are discussed.

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46

Naik, Jay P., David Cheneler, James Bowen, and Philip D. Prewett. "Liquid-like behaviour of gold nanowire bridges." Applied Physics Letters 111, no. 7 (August 14, 2017): 073104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4989612.

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47

Perales, José M., and José M. Vega. "Dynamics of nearly unstable axisymmetric liquid bridges." Physics of Fluids 23, no. 1 (January 2011): 012107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3541814.

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48

Chen, J. C., J. C. Sheu, and Y. T. Lee. "Maximum stable length of nonisothermal liquid bridges." Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics 2, no. 7 (July 1990): 1118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.857611.

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Teixeira, Paulo I. C., and Miguel A. C. Teixeira. "The shape of two-dimensional liquid bridges." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 32, no. 3 (October 23, 2019): 034002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ab48b7.

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50

Zhou, L. "On the Volume Infimum for Liquid Bridges." Zeitschrift für Analysis und ihre Anwendungen 12, no. 4 (1993): 629–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4171/zaa/542.

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