Academic literature on the topic 'Liquid bridge dynamics'
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Journal articles on the topic "Liquid bridge dynamics"
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Teschke, Omar, David Mendez Soares, Whyllerson Evaristo Gomes, and Juracyr Ferraz Valente Filho. "Floating liquid bridge charge dynamics." Physics of Fluids 28, no. 1 (2016): 012105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4938402.
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AKITOMO, Dai, Ichiro UENO, and Hiroshi KAWAMURA. "Dynamics of nano-scale liquid bridge." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2004 (2004): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2004.155.
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Coelho, Rodrigo C. V., Luís A. R. G. Cordeiro, Rodrigo B. Gazola, and Paulo I. C. Teixeira. "Dynamics of two-dimensional liquid bridges." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 34, no. 20 (2022): 205001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ac594b.
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Abstract We have simulated the motion of a single vertical, two-dimensional liquid bridge spanning the gap between two flat, horizontal solid substrates of given wettabilities, using a multicomponent pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann method. For this simple geometry, the Young–Laplace equation can be solved (quasi-)analytically to yield the equilibrium bridge shape under gravity, which provides a check on the validity of the numerical method. In steady-state conditions, we calculate the drag force exerted by the moving bridge on the confining substrates as a function of its velocity, for different contact angles and Bond numbers. We also study how the bridge deforms as it moves, as parametrized by the changes in the advancing and receding contact angles at the substrates relative to their equilibrium values. Finally, starting from a bridge within the range of contact angles and Bond numbers in which it can exist at equilibrium, we investigate how fast it must move in order to break up.
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Vincent, L., L. Duchemin, and S. Le Dizès. "Forced dynamics of a short viscous liquid bridge." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 761 (November 18, 2014): 220–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.622.
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AbstractThe dynamics of an axisymmetric liquid bridge of a fluid of density ${\it\rho}$, viscosity ${\it\mu}$ and surface tension ${\it\sigma}$ held between two co-axial disks of equal radius $e$ is studied when one disk is slowly moved with a velocity $U(t)$. The analysis is performed using a one-dimensional model for thin bridges. We consider attached boundary conditions (the contact line is fixed to the boundary of the disk), neglect gravity and limit our analysis to short bridges such that there exists a stable equilibrium shape. This equilibrium is a Delaunay curve characterized by the two geometric parameters $\ell _{0}=V_{0}/({\rm\pi}e^{3})$ and $S=\ell ({\rm\pi}e^{2})/V_{0}$, where $V_{0}$ is the volume of fluid and $\ell$ the length of the bridge. Our objective is to analyse the departure of the dynamical solution from the static Delaunay shape as a function of $\ell _{0}$, $S$, the Ohnesorge number $Oh={\it\mu}/\sqrt{{\it\rho}{\it\sigma}e}$, and the instantaneous velocity $U(t)$ and acceleration $\partial _{t}U$ (non-dimensionalized using $e$ and ${\it\sigma}/{\it\rho}$) of the disk. Using a perturbation theory for small velocity and acceleration, we show that (i) a non-homogeneous velocity field proportional to $U(t)$ and independent of $Oh$ is present within the bridge; (ii) the area correction to the equilibrium shape can be written as $U^{2}A_{i}+U\,Oh\,A_{v}+\partial _{t}UA_{a}$ where $A_{i}$, $A_{v}$ and $A_{a}$ are functions of $\ell _{0}$ and $S$ only. The characteristics of the velocity field and the shape corrections are analysed in detail. For the case of a cylinder ($S=1$), explicit expressions are derived and used to provide some insight into the break-up that the deformation would induce. The asymptotic results are validated and tested by direct numerical simulations when the velocity is constant and when it oscillates. For the constant velocity case, we demonstrate that the theory provides a very good estimate of the dynamics for a large range of parameters. However, a systematic departure is observed for very small $Oh$ due to the persistence of free eigenmodes excited during the transient. These same eigenmodes also limit the applicability of the theory to oscillating bridges with large oscillating periods. Finally, the perturbation theory is applied to the cylindrical solution of Frankel & Weihs (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 155 (1985), pp. 289–307) obtained for constant velocity $U$ when the contact lines are allowed to move. We show that it can be used to compute the correction associated with acceleration. Finally, the effect of gravity is discussed and shown to modify the equilibrium shape but not the main results obtained from the perturbation theory.
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Zhang, X., R. S. Padgett, and O. A. Basaran. "Nonlinear deformation and breakup of stretching liquid bridges." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 329 (December 25, 1996): 207–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112096008907.
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In this paper, the nonlinear dynamics of an axisymmetric liquid bridge held captive between two coaxial, circular, solid disks that are separated at a constant velocity are considered. As the disks are continuously pulled apart, the bridge deforms and ultimately breaks when its length attains a limiting value, producing two drops that are supported on the two disks. The evolution in time of the bridge shape and the rupture of the interface are investigated theoretically and experimentally to quantitatively probe the influence of physical and geometrical parameters on the dynamics. In the computations, a one-dimensional model that is based on the slender jet approximation is used to simulate the dynamic response of the bridge to the continuous uniaxial stretching. The governing system of nonlinear, time-dependent equations is solved numerically by a method of lines that uses the Galerkin/finite element method for discretization in space and an adaptive, implicit finite difference technique for discretization in time. In order to verify the model and computational results, extensive experiments are performed by using an ultra-high-speed video system to monitor the dynamics of liquid bridges with a time resolution of 1/12 th of a millisecond. The computational and experimental results show that as the importance of the inertial force – most easily changed in experiments by changing the stretching velocity – relative to the surface tension force increases but does not become too large and the importance of the viscous force – most easily changed by changing liquid viscosity – relative to the surface tension force increases, the limiting length that a liquid bridge is able to attain before breaking increases. By contrast, increasing the gravitational force – most readily controlled by varying disk radius or liquid density – relative to the surface tension force reduces the limiting bridge length at breakup. Moreover, the manner in which the bridge volume is partitioned between the pendant and sessile drops that result upon breakup is strongly influenced by the magnitudes of viscous, inertial, and gravitational forces relative to surface tension ones. Attention is also paid here to the dynamics of the liquid thread that connects the two portions of the bridge liquid that are pendant from the top moving rod and sessile on the lower stationary rod because the manner in which the thread evolves in time and breaks has important implications for the closely related problem of drop formation from a capillary. Reassuringly, the computations and the experimental measurements are shown to agree well with one another.
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Connell, Joseph, Murray Rudman, and Ranganathan Prabhakar. "Influence of volume and aspect ratio of liquid bridges on capillary breakup rheometry." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 3 (2022): 033105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0084878.
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Capillary thinning of liquid bridges is routinely used for extensional rheology of Newtonian and complex fluids. Although it is expected that the volume and aspect ratio of a liquid bridge significantly influence its dynamics, the role played by these parameters in rheological characterization has not been previously studied. We perform numerical simulations of Newtonian as well as viscoelastic liquid bridges with the one-dimensional slender-filament approximation of Eggers and Dupont [“Drop formation in a one-dimensional approximation of the Navier–Stokes equation,” J. Fluid Mech. 262, 205–221 (1994)] and Ardekani et al. [“Dynamics of bead formation, filament thinning and breakup in weakly viscoelastic jets,” J. Fluid Mech. 665, 46–56 (2010)]. Sample volume and bridge aspect ratio control two phenomena that can adversely impact rheological characterization: the tendency to form satellite drops at the necking plane and the slowing down of capillary thinning due to the proximity (in parameter space) of the liquid-bridge stability boundary. The optimal range of these parameter values to avoid drop formation and slowdown is discussed.
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Dodds, Shawn, Marcio S. Carvalho, and Satish Kumar. "The dynamics of three-dimensional liquid bridges with pinned and moving contact lines." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 707 (August 2, 2012): 521–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.296.
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AbstractLiquid bridges with moving contact lines are relevant in a variety of natural and industrial settings, ranging from printing processes to the feeding of birds. While it is often assumed that the liquid bridge is two-dimensional in nature, there are many applications where either the stretching motion or the presence of a feature on a bounding surface lead to three-dimensional effects. To investigate this we solve Stokes equations using the finite-element method for the stretching of a three-dimensional liquid bridge between two flat surfaces, one stationary and one moving. We first consider an initially cylindrical liquid bridge that is stretched using either a combination of extension and shear or extension and rotation, while keeping the contact lines pinned in place. We find that whereas a shearing motion does not alter the distribution of liquid between the two plates, rotation leads to an increase in the amount of liquid resting on the stationary plate as breakup is approached. This suggests that a relative rotation of one surface can be used to improve liquid transfer to the other surface. We then consider the extension of non-cylindrical bridges with moving contact lines. We find that dynamic wetting, characterized through a contact line friction parameter, plays a key role in preventing the contact line from deviating significantly from its original shape as breakup is approached. By adjusting the friction on both plates it is possible to drastically improve the amount of liquid transferred to one surface while maintaining the fidelity of the liquid pattern.
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Shaikhitdinov R. Z. and Sharipov T. I. "Dynamics of liquid mass transfer in a water bridge." Technical Physics Letters 48, no. 6 (2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tpl.2022.06.53461.19161.
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The paper presents experimental results of the dynamics of mass transfer through a water bridge arising between two dielectric cups with distilled water under the action of a constant high voltage between cylindrical electrodes. It is established that, depending on the ratio of the electrode diameters, the total fluid flow in the water bridge can be directed both to the cathode and to the anode. It is shown that the inversion of the direction of mass transfer of liquid through the bridge is due to the redistribution of volume charges. Keywords: water bridge, EHD flow, anode, cathode.
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Busic, Borislav, Joel Koplik, and Jayanth R. Banavar. "Molecular dynamics simulation of liquid bridge extensional flows." Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 109, no. 1 (2003): 51–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0257(02)00163-5.
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THIESSEN, DAVID B., WEI WEI, and PHILIP L. MARSTON. "Active Electrostatic Control of Liquid Bridge Dynamics and Stability." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1027, no. 1 (2004): 495–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1324.039.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Liquid bridge dynamics"
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Valsamis, Jean-Baptiste. "A study of liquid bridge dynamics: an application to micro-assembly." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210117.
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Micro-assembly processes suffer from some breaches due to the continuing trend towards an increase in the production capabilities as well as in the size reduction of the components manipulated. Usual manipulating schemes have reached their limit and capillary forces constitute a valuable alternative strategy.<p><p>The goal of this work is to describe the dynamics of liquid bridges in the application of micro-assembly processes. The description is obtained using the Kelvin-Voigt model, with a spring, a damper, and a mass connected in parallel, supported by numerical simulations, analytical approximations and experiments.<p><p>The works is divided into three parts. First we present important aspects of microfluidics, as well as the constitutive equations and an overview of numerical approaches used to describe fluid flow problems with moving interfaces.<p><p>The second part is devoted to the capillary rise case, intended to validate and to compare the numerical approaches to analytical laws and experimental results. The implementation of the slipping and the dynamic contact angles is discussed.<p><p>The last part focuses on the dynamics of the liquid bridge. The liquid bridge is confined between two circular and parallel plates and presents an axial symmetry. The description reveals that the stiffness depends on the surface tension and on the shape of the air/liquid interface, the damping coefficient depends on the viscosity and the volume of liquid and the equivalent mass depends on the density and the volume.<p><br>Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Almeida, Alexandre Barros de. "Análise e modelagem termodinâmica de um modelo de gás de rede para pontes líquidas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-14032013-153056/.
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Nesta dissertação, estudou-se um modelo tipo gás de rede em três dimensões para simular sistemas líquidos macroscópicos. Aplicou-se o modelo para o estudo das energias e forças envolvidas durante o processo de formação e ruptura de pontes líquidas entre duas placas planas. Esse estudo foi motivado por processos fisiológicos que acontecem no interior dos pulmões dos mamíferos. Além disso, foi feito um estudo das propriedades termodinâmicas do modelo. Com relação a aplicação fisiológica, observou-se que, no processo da formação da ponte líquida, a energia livre da ponte líquida é menor que a energia livre da gota, para diferentes sistemas líquidos. Com este resultado, fez a hipótese de que parte dessa energia é dissipada na forma de energia acústica. A emissão do som também deve ocorrer na ruptura da ponte líquida. Comparando a energia livre no processo de formação e ruptura da ponte líquida observou-se uma curva de histerese. Também foi verificado que para sistemas pequenos, a ponte líquida no modelo computacional se forma antes da previsão analítica. Para a análise termodinâmica, o modelo foi simplificado removendo as placas planas. Foi estudado o caso mais simples desse modelo que continha apenas duas partículas de líquido. Neste caso, calculou-se o calor específico e a energia interna numericamente, e esses resultados foram comparados com cálculos analíticos, validando o modelo numérico. Posteriormente, realizou-se um estudo da transição de fase desse sistema. Em seguida, a energia livre e a força da ponte líquida sobre as placas foram estudadas para diferentes temperaturas utilizando duas metodologias. Na primeira metodologia a entropia foi desprezada, na segunda metodologia, foi utilizando o método ``Overlapping Distribution\'\' que considera a entropia do sistema. Foi concluído que a entropia tem um efeito muito pequeno nas condições estudadas. O modelo é viável para a modelagem de fluidos a nível macroscópico e que portanto pode ser utilizado para quantificar não só as forças internas de estruturas pulmonares como também avaliar as energias liberadas após o processo de ruptura ou formação dessas pontes.<br>This work studied a three dimension lattice gas model to simulate macroscopic liquid systems. We used the model to study the energy and the forces involved during the process of liquid bridge formation and rupture between two parallel planes. The motivarion of this study was a physiological processes which occur inside the mammals lungs. Furthermore, a study was made to elucidate thermodynamic properties of the model. Concerning to physiological application, it was observed that the free energy of liquid bridge is smaller than the free energy of the droplet, for different liquid systems. With this observation, was proposed that this energy is dissipated as an acoustic energy. This sound should also exist in the rupture of liquid bridge. Comparing the free energy of liquid bridge in the formation and rupture process was observed a hysteresis curve. It was also found an effect of finite size in the formation of small size of the liquid bridge. In the numerical model, the liquid bridge is always formed earlier than expected from the analytical model. In the thermodynamic study, the model was simplified removing both parallel planes. First, the simplest case of this model was studied, only two liquid particles in a large gas lattice. In this case, the specific heat and internal energy was numerically studied and the results was compared with analytical calculation. Subsequently, we carried out a study of the phase transition of this system. Then, the free energy and the force generated between two parallel planes due the presence of the liquid bridge. This studied was performed using two different temperatures and two distinct methods. In the first method the entropy was neglected, and in the second method not. The second method was the ``Overlapping Distribution\'\'. It was concluded that the entropy has a very small effect in the studied conditions. The model is viable for modeling fluids at macroscopic level and therefore can be used to quantify not only the internal forces of the lung structures, but evaluate the energies released after the rupture process of the formation of these bridges.
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Yasnou, Viktar. "Development and improvement of the experimental techniques for fluid examination." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209175.
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The aim of the thesis is the development and improvement of the experimental techniques for fluid examination. The thesis consists of two parts and both examine heat and mass transfer in liquids using the optical methods and thermal analysis. The first part deals with the measurement techniques for studying flow patterns and their stability in systems with gas/liquid interface, in particular, in a liquid bridge system. The second part is aimed at the improvement of the existing experimental techniques to study the heat/mass transfer in the mixtures with Soret effect, enclosed in a container.<p><p>Part A is motivated by preparation of the experiment JEREMI (The Japanese-European Research Experiment on Marangoni Instability) to be performed on the International Space Station (ISS). One of the objectives of the experiment is the control of the threshold of an oscillatory flow in the liquid zone by the temperature and velocity of the ambient gas. The developed set-up for a liquid bridge allows to blow gas parallel to the interface at different temperatures and investigate the effects of viscous and thermal stresses on the stability of the flow. The present study reports on isothermal experiments with moving gas and non-isothermal experiments with motionless gas when the cooling of the interface occurs due to evaporation. The discussion concerning the experimental observations is based on two sources: an interface shape measured optically and the records on thermocouples giving an indication of how temperature and frequency evolve over time.<p><p>Part B is related to ground-based studies in course of preparation and realization of the microgravity experiment DCMIX (Diffusion Coefficient in MIXtures). DCMIX project is a series of experiments aimed at measuring of the Soret coefficients in liquid mixtures on the ISS which involves a wide international group of scientists. Two experiments have been recently completed and the third one is under preparation In the course of this thesis all the aspects of the previously existing set-up for measurements of the Soret (thermal diffusion) and diffusion coefficients in binary mixtures were studied, uncertainties were identified and improvements were done to obtain reliable results. The final design has been validated by measuring coefficients in three binary benchmark mixtures and water-isopropanol. The obtained results agree well with literature data.<br>Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Zhang, Yi. "Static and Dynamic Behaviour of Inter-granular Liquid Bridges: Hysteresis of Contact Angle and Capillary Forces." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16151.
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The wet granular material, a mixture of solid grains, liquid and air, has been studied in many industrial applications. Understanding the mechanical properties of wet granular materials is extremely important in geotechnical engineering. The cohesion in these materials arising from a liquid bridge between a pair of grains is produced by the capillary force and the viscous force. Thus, investigating the behaviour of liquid bridges between grains helps people obtain a better understanding of the factors influencing the cohesion, including the geometry and topological distribution of liquid bridges, the size of grains, or the liquid flow rate. This thesis focuses on the static and dynamic behaviour of liquid bridges connecting two solid substrates. The aims of our study are to (1) explore the quasi-static and dynamic force arising from liquid bridges when two substrates move at various speeds and (2) established an analytical model to describe and predict the behaviour of liquid bridge when it moves at different speeds. Our work can be divided into three parts: parallel plates experiments, analytical modelling and extended experiments. The working content and the main results are presented in the below. 1. A series of parallel plates experiments are conducted to systematically investigate the capillary force and the contact angle hysteresis of a liquid bridge which forms between two moveable parallel plates under the quasi-static and dynamic conditions. The experimental results show that the contact angle hysteresis can be divided into pinning and slipping stages in both of the extension and compression processes. With the increase of plate moving speeds, it is observed that in the slipping stage, the receding angle becomes smaller and the advancing angle becomes larger. The capillary force hysteresis also changes correspondently. The liquid bridge hysteresis can be used to predict the cohesion behaviour of wet granular material during the wetting and drying processes. Moreover, in some geotechnical events such as the seepage in soil or the shear movement of the grains, the rate effect on the contact angle and the force between grains can provide a potential direction to investigate the failure criterion of soils and their dynamic behaviour. 2. In the quasi-static regime, an analytical model has been first established based on the geometrical shape of liquid bridges. According to the pinning and slipping stages of liquid bridge hysteresis, the proposed model describes the geometrical characteristics of a liquid bridge being extended and compressed under the quasi-static condition. The models have been compared to the experimental results and the analytical model can particularly predict the quasi-static contact angle and contact radius hysteresis. In the dynamic regime, an empirical rate-dependent contact angle fitting function has been established to capture the change of dynamic contact angle with respect to the loading rate. Furthermore, the dynamic analytical model has been established to predict the variation of viscous force and dynamic contact angle hysteresis with the increase of plate moving speeds. The model predictions are in a good agreement with the experiments. 3. Moreover, to consider the effects of surface curvature and roughness, we extended the experiments forming liquid bridges between various substrates: (1) two plates with different surface roughness; (2) two spheres; (3) a sphere and a plate. The influence of surface properties and curvatures on the behaviour of liquid bridges has been discussed and possible future research directions are provided. As the cohesion between gains is influence by many factors such as the volume, size, contact angle of a liquid bridge, as well as the flow speeds and the grain movement, this study provides a good start to investigate the capillary force and the contact angle hysteresis under the quasi-static and dynamic conditions. In this work, the experimental observation of liquid bridge hysteresis is presented and the analytical models are established to predict the force and contact angle hysteresis at a given moving speed. This study demonstrates potential to use this microscopic information towards the macro scale properties of wet granular materials, such as the soil-water retention hysteresis under different wetting and drainage rates.
Books on the topic "Liquid bridge dynamics"
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Hyder, Md Nasim. Statics and dynamics of liquid bridges. National Library of Canada, 2003.
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David, Alexander James Iwan, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Dynamics and statics of nonaxisymmetric liquid bridges: Second annual report ... Center for Microgravity and Materials Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville, 1994.
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Andy, Resnik, Kaukler William F, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Stability limits and dynamics of nonaxisymmetric liquid bridges: First annual report ... Center for Microgravity and Materials Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville, 1993.
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L, Zhang, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Nonlinear effects on the natural modes of oscillation of a finite length inviscid fluid column: Supplement II. Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Dept., West Virginia University, 1994.
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. Stability Limits and Dynamics of Nonaxisymmetric Liquid Bridges. Independently Published, 2018.
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Stability limits and dynamics of nonaxisymmetric liquid bridges: Final report. Center for Microgravity and Materials Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville, 1996.
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Nonlinear effects on the natural modes of oscillation of a finite length inviscid fluid column: Supplement II. Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Dept., West Virginia University, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Liquid bridge dynamics"
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Shevtsova, Valentina M., Mohamed Mojahed, Denis E. Melnikov, and Jean Claude Legros. "The Choice of the Critical Mode of Hydrothermal Instability in Liquid Bridge." In Interfacial Fluid Dynamics and Transport Processes. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45095-5_12.
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Andrés, Angel Sanz. "Static and Dynamic Response of Liquid Bridges." In Microgravity Fluid Mechanics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50091-6_1.
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Meseguer, J., and J. M. Perales. "Viscosity Effects on the Dynamics of Long Axisymmetric Liquid Bridges." In Microgravity Fluid Mechanics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50091-6_4.
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Kuhlmann, Hendrik C., and Christian Nienhüser. "The Influence of Static and Dynamic Free-Surface Deformations on the Three-Dimensional Thermocapillary Flow in Liquid Bridges." In Interfacial Fluid Dynamics and Transport Processes. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45095-5_11.
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Baer, Tomas, and William L. Hase. "The Dissociation of Small and Large Clusters." In Unimolecular Reaction Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195074949.003.0012.
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Clusters are aggregates of loosely bonded molecules, in which each of the units retains the structure that it has as a free molecule. Because of the weak interactions among the molecules, clusters are stable only in cold environments such as are found in molecular beams. The weak intermolecular bonds provide an interesting testing ground for theories of intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) and thus for theories of unimolecular dissociation. In addition, clusters constitute the bridge between the gas and liquid phases. Such phenomena as solvation, heat capacity, and phase transitions, which are ill defined for small clusters, become progressively more precise as the cluster size increases. Typical binding energies for neutral clusters are below 1000 cm-1. Ionic clusters, because of their ion-induced dipole forces, tend to be more strongly bonded with binding energies in excess of 5000 cm-1. Not infrequently, a neutral van der Waals dimer such as Ar2 with its binding energy of about 100 cm-1 (Tang and Toennies, 1986) changes its character upon ionization. The equilibrium bond distance is reduced from about 4 Å to 2.43 Å (Huber and Herzberg, 1979; Ma et al., 1993) and the binding energy increases to 10,000 cm-1 (Norwood et al., 1989; Furuya and Kimura, 1992). Clearly, the Ar2+ ion no longer meets our definition of a dimer. Rather, the neutral dimer is converted into a stable ion with a bond order of 1/2. A molecule that is frequently referred to as a cluster is C60. However, it is held together neither by weak bonds, nor is it composed of a collection of monomers. It is thus better classified as a large covalently bonded molecule. Table 10.1 summarizes some binding energies for various classes of dimers. When clusters comprise several loosely bound molecules, the atoms within each molecule are held together by strong bonds while the molecules themselves are attracted to neighboring molecules by weak bonds. This discrepancy in forces translates into disparities in the respective vibrational frequencies.
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Kruse, Hans-Peter, and Jürgen Scheurle. "The Hamiltonian structure of the dynamics of ideal liquid bridges." In Equadiff 99. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812792617_0223.
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Fomin, Vladislav V., and Marja Matinmikko. "The Role of Standards in the Development of New Informational Infrastructure." In Advances in Systems Analysis, Software Engineering, and High Performance Computing. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6098-4.ch006.
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In this chapter, the authors inch towards better understanding of the notion of informational infrastructure and the role of standards in the development of infrastructures in the new information age. Specifically, the authors consider the standardization process as pertaining to informational infrastructure development. They focus on two particular aspects of standardization: temporal dynamics and the social organization. Using Bauman's concept of liquid modernity, the authors argue that standards often become hybrids of solid and liquid modernities linking together different scales of time, space, and social organization. To better illustrate theoretical concepts, they draw on practical examples from the development of informational standards, infrastructures, and services, particularly from the domain of Cognitive Radio Systems (CRS), a new generation of “paradigm changing” communication technologies and services. The aim of this chapter is to offer the scholars of standards and innovation a fresh, non-mainstream perspective on the social and temporal dynamics of standardization and infrastructure development processes, to bring forth new understandings of the complexity of relationships between business, technology, and regulatory domains in the formation of informational infrastructure.
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Gaines, Susan M., Geoffrey Eglinton, and Jürgen Rullkötter. "Deep Sea Mud: Biomarker Clues to Ancient Climates." In Echoes of Life. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195176193.003.0011.
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Though the concept of the biomarker emerged from attempts to infer the provenance of petroleum and the incidence of life on the young earth—for all the successes and disappointments of the early studies on Precambrian rocks, lunar dust, and oil shales—it was in the sediments of the deep sea that biomarkers really came into their own. The Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) was initiated in the 1960s by a consortium of American oceanographic research institutions, but institutions in Russia, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany were quick to sign on. In what began as an effort to understand the makeup and dynamics of the earth’s crust and mantle, the DSDP’s special research ship traveled the world’s oceans, drilling thousands of meters into the seafloor to retrieve sediment cores that soon became coveted objects of study for geologists, oceanographers, biologists, paleontologists, and geochemists around the world. When Geoff’s group started analyzing the DSDP sediments in the early 1970s, most of the organic chemists involved with the program were from the oil industry and formed part of the drill ship’s safety program, monitoring the cores as they were brought on deck to ensure that dangerous accumulations of gas or liquid hydrocarbons weren’t being penetrated. But Geoff saw the DSDP as the perfect opportunity to wean his Bristol lab of its dependence on NASA’s Apollo program—a chance to bring his full attention back to Earth and its still largely unexplored realm of fossil molecules. The British Natural Environment Research Council had earmarked a large pot of funding for work on the cores, which would be unencumbered by the narrow commercial goals and secrecy that surrounded the limited offerings from oil-company bore holes. Geoff’s budding Organic Geochemistry Unit would be aligned with a multidisciplinary community of scientists who were all studying the same cores, working cooperatively, and publishing freely. And, unlike the lunar samples, ocean sediments were rife with interesting organic compounds, including many entirely unforeseen structures. Most of the cores consisted of sediments that had been laid down and buried sequentially without ever being subjected to the tectonic turmoil of stretching and subsidence, and the overlying kilometers of cold water had kept their temperatures relatively low.
Conference papers on the topic "Liquid bridge dynamics"
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Lutfurakhmanov, Artur, Yechun Wang, and Douglas L. Schulz. "Bridge Dynamics for Capillary-Based Liquid Deposition." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86144.
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A new capillary-based lithography technique of liquid droplet deposition is further developed. Main advantage of this method in comparison with others techniques is that it is non-invasive both to the substrate and to the writing tip. The method is studied both theoretically and experimentally. To adequately describe bridge dynamics between the capillary and the substrate, proper boundary conditions must be set in the model for the liquid-surface interface. Based on literature review, two laws of contact line motion are identified: Tanner’s law and Blake’s equation. These two approaches are tested in multiple experiments with different retraction speeds from 3 microns/s to 300 microns/s. Analysis of the experimental data show that both Tanner’s and Blake’s equation can describe the correlation between the contact line velocity and the dynamic contact angle. In addition, both laws are employed in the direct numerical simulation of the bridge dynamics using 3D spectral boundary element method. Modeling results are compared with experimental data and show good agreement.
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Wang, Yechun, Artur Lutfurakhmanov, and Iskander S. Akhatov. "Spectral Boundary Element Method for Liquid Bridge Dynamics Between Capillary and Substrate." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63787.
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Micro/Nanolithography is an emerging technique to create micro/nano features on substrate. New capillary based lithography method has been developed to overcome the limitations (e.g. directly contact of the substrate) of existing lithography techniques including dip-pen nanolithography nano-imprint lithography and electron-beam lithography. The understanding of the behavior of the liquid bridge formed between a capillary tube and a substrate is essential for the recently developed capillary based lithography method that is non-invasive to the substrate. A three-dimensional spectral boundary element method has been employed to describe the dynamics of liquid bridge. Starting with a steady-state liquid bridge shape, the transient bridge deformation is computed as the capillary tube is retracting away from the substrate. Several relations between the dynamic contact angle and contact line speed have been employed and discussed. The computational results are compared with experimental findings. The influences of liquid properties and retracting speed on the bridge dynamics are investigated.
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Gabbard, Chase, and Joshua Bostwick. "Video: Thin film flow between fibers: inertial sheets and liquid bridge patterns." In 75th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics. American Physical Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/aps.dfd.2022.gfm.v0085.
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Torabi, Mohsen, Ahmed A. Hemeda, Anupam Mishra, Ting Liu, and Yanbao Ma. "LIQUID BRIDGE ERUPTION FOR MESOSCALE GRAVURE PRINTING USING MULTI-BODY DISSIPATIVE PARTICLE DYNAMICS." In 4th Thermal and Fluids Engineering Conference. Begellhouse, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/tfec2019.nmf.028350.
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Joly, Fre´de´ric, Wei Shyy, and Ge´rard Labrosse. "The Effect of Thermo-Solutal Capillary Transport on the Dynamics of Liquid Bridge." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56583.
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The transport dynamics and stability limit of the axisymmetric steady flow driven by a surface tension variation in a liquid bridge configuration is studied numerically. The surface tension variation results from both thermal and solutal gradients, and varies linearly with both temperature and solute concentration. The pseudo-spectral method is employed to investigate the solutions under different combinations of Marangoni, Prandtl and Lewis numbers, and separation ratio. Steady bifurcations for low Prandtl numbers are observed. The Soret effect has important influence on the stability of the basic flow, as it can change the symmetry of the most destabilizing perturbations and affect the threshold for 3D convection. It is also shown that for large Prandtl number, the Hopf bifurcation observed for pure fluid is replaced by a steady one for negative separation ratio.
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Ji, C. Y., and Y. Y. Yan. "A Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Droplets Merging in Mist Flow of Flow Boiling Microchannel." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2008-62120.
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The present paper is concerned with a molecular dynamics simulation of the behaviour of droplets merging in mist flow of flow boiling in microchannel. Two identical droplets were assigned in one simulation system and the process of their merging is investigated. The droplets are assumed to be composed of Lennards-Jones type molecules. Periodic boundary conditions are applied in three coordinate directions of a three-dimensional system, where there exist two liquid droplets and their vapour. The two droplets merge when they come within the prescribed small distance. The evolution of the merging process is simulated and presented. The merging of two droplets apart from each other at different initial distances is tested and the possible larger (or critical) non-dimensional distance, in which droplet merging can occur, is discussed. The evolution of the merging process is simulated numerically by employing the molecular dynamics (MD) method. In the present modelling, the molecules near the boundary of one liquid droplet thermally fluctuate into the range of attraction of the other droplet, forming a bridge to connect the two droplets. A dumbbell shape is then formed and thereafter an elliptic merged droplet. Eventually a larger merged spherical droplet appears in the system and is in equilibrium with its vapour phase. More realistic simulation system will be established to further the present preliminary results for application in mist flow of flow boiling in microchannel.
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Watanabe, Takeo, and Yoshiaki Oka. "Numerical Analysis of Crust Behavior of Molten Core and Concrete Interaction by Using MPS Method." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30384.
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Moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method is the particle (girdles) method for incompressible medium. Particles are used for discretization of fluids, and governing equations are transformed to particle interaction models. Phase changes are treated as changing particle dynamics. The interface is treated accurately. In the present study, two-dimensional code is created for molten core concrete interaction (MCCI) by using MPS method. Each particle has enthalpy, and three types of heat transfer are treated. Conductive heat transfer is calculated with Laplacian model of MPS. Nucleate boiling and radiation heat transfer is calculated by removing enthalpy from surface particles. Liquid particles can be changed to solid particles depending on their enthalpy. These particles are fixed to space. Semi-implicit method is used in original MPS method, but in this study, explicit method is introduced in order to increase calculation speed. The SWISS-1 and SWISS-2 experiments are analyzed. Gas release from concrete is ignored, and melting of concrete is treated as disappearing of particles. This generate void between crust bridge and liquid debris in SWISS-2, and crust bridge is heated mainly by radiation heat transfer. Calculated ablation rate of concrete agrees well with experimental results of SWISS-1 and SWISS-2, but calculated heat flux from crust bridge to the water pool of SWISS-2 is lower. It is because the water penetration through the crust is ignored, and the amount of penetrated water is estimated by the difference between calculation and experimental result.
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Jih, C. Edward, K. Chen, T. Abraham, V. Siddapureddy, R. Poulson, and V. A. Sankaran. "Design of Liquid Cooled Coldplate for the Inverter of the Hybrid Electric Vehicle." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1540.
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Abstract As the performance of the advanced electric systems increases, the packaging densities and power requirements will also increase. The reliability of these components will depend on the ability of the packaging system to transport heat away from the device. In this paper, a liquid-cooled coldplate for the inverter of hybrid electric vehicle was designed by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique. The main features of inverter packaging include power module, capacitors, busbar, gate driver, gate power supply, coldplate, sensors, & controllers. How to effectively dissipate the heat from power module to the coldplate is the focus of this study. The 3-phase full bridge power module consists of 12 IGBTs and 12 diodes. The silicon dies of IGBT or diode were soldered to the direct-bonded ceramic (DBC) A1N substrate, and to the copper base plate. Then the whole module was mounted mechanically onto an aluminum coldplate using thermal grease at the interface. The maximum allowable die junction temperature is 125°C. The commercial CFD code, FLUENT, was used here to study the flow field and heat transfer of the coldplate. In order to have confidence in the CFD prediction, the temperature distribution of an inverter assembly was obtained from FLUENT and then verified with the measurement from an infrared camera. Several design options on the coldplate, i.e., diameter & height of fins and shape & pattern of fin arrays, were examined. The effects of coolant flow rate and coolant type on the performance of coldplate were also studied. The overall thermal resistance and pressure drop of the coldplate were used to compare the efficiency of a series of coldplate design. Based on the CFD results, the effect of coldplate pin fins design on the thermal resistance is small. However, the pressure drop of the coldplate is quite sensitive to the design of pin fins. It is also noted that the fin height of coldplate can be reduced by 10% without degrading the performance of coldplate.
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Vasudev, Abhay, Ashish Jagtiani, Li Du, Jun Hu, Yanan Gao, and Jiang Zhe. "Electrowetting of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs) for Capillary Force Manipulation." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10699.
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The feasibility of using room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as the electrowetting liquid for capillary force microgrippers was studied. The non-volatility and thermal stability of ionic liquids make them suitable for droplet based microgripping application in high temperature and vacuum environments. Electrowetting on co-planar electrodes was utilized to dynamically change the contact angle of a 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BmimPF6) liquid bridge to control the capillary lifting forces. The lifting force generated by the liquid bridge was experimentally characterized. The maximum capillary force was 146μN. The dynamic response of the BmimPF6 liquid bridge was also characterized.
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Grivel, Morgane, David Jeon, and Morteza Gharib. "Video: Manipulation of dynamic liquid bridges by patterned surface properties." In 68th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics. American Physical Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/aps.dfd.2015.gfm.v0039.
Full textReports on the topic "Liquid bridge dynamics"
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Shmulevich, Itzhak, Shrini Upadhyaya, Dror Rubinstein, Zvika Asaf, and Jeffrey P. Mitchell. Developing Simulation Tool for the Prediction of Cohesive Behavior Agricultural Materials Using Discrete Element Modeling. United States Department of Agriculture, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697108.bard.
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The underlying similarity between soils, grains, fertilizers, concentrated animal feed, pellets, and mixtures is that they are all granular materials used in agriculture. Modeling such materials is a complex process due to the spatial variability of such media, the origin of the material (natural or biological), the nonlinearity of these materials, the contact phenomenon and flow that occur at the interface zone and between these granular materials, as well as the dynamic effect of the interaction process. The lack of a tool for studying such materials has limited the understanding of the phenomena relevant to them, which in turn has led to energy loss and poor quality products. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable prediction simulation tool for cohesive agricultural particle materials using Discrete Element Modeling (DEM). The specific objectives of this study were (1) to develop and verify a 3D cohesionless agricultural soil-tillage tool interaction model that enables the prediction of displacement and flow in the soil media, as well as forces acting on various tillage tools, using the discrete element method; (2) to develop a micro model for the DEM formulation by creating a cohesive contact model based on liquid bridge forces for various agriculture materials; (3) to extend the model to include both plastic and cohesive behavior of various materials, such as grain and soil structures (e.g., compaction level), textures (e.g., clay, loam, several grains), and moisture contents; (4) to develop a method to obtain the parameters for the cohesion contact model to represent specific materials. A DEM model was developed that can represent both plastic and cohesive behavior of soil. Soil cohesive behavior was achieved by considering tensile force between elements. The developed DEM model well represented the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force. Laboratory test results showed that wedge penetration resistance in highly compacted soil was two times greater than that in low compacted soil, whereas DEM simulation with parameters obtained from the test of low compacted soil could not simply be extended to that of high compacted soil. The modified model took into account soil failure strength that could be changed with soil compaction. A three dimensional representation composed of normal displacement, shear failure strength and tensile failure strength was proposed to design mechanical properties between elements. The model based on the liquid bridge theory. An inter particle tension force measurement tool was developed and calibrated A comprehensive study of the parameters of the contact model for the DEM taking into account the cohesive/water-bridge was performed on various agricultural grains using this measurement tool. The modified DEM model was compared and validated against the test results. With the newly developed model and procedure for determination of DEM parameters, we could reproduce the high compacted soil behavior and reaction forces both qualitatively and quantitatively for the soil conditions and wedge shapes used in this study. Moreover, the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force was well represented with the same parameters. During the research we made use of the commercial PFC3D to analyze soil tillage implements. An investigation was made of three different head drillers. A comparison of three commonly used soil tillage systems was completed, such as moldboard plow, disc plow and chisel plow. It can be concluded that the soil condition after plowing by the specific implement can be predicted by the DEM model. The chisel plow is the most economic tool for increasing soil porosity. The moldboard is the best tool for soil manipulation. It can be concluded that the discrete element simulation can be used as a reliable engineering tool for soil-implement interaction quantitatively and qualitatively.