Journal articles on the topic 'Liquefaction'
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Xie, Hong Lu, Yan Ling Wu, Jian Hua Huang, and Lin Lu Zheng. "Study on Processing of Plantation Fir Scrap Liquefaction by Ionic Liquids." Advanced Materials Research 581-582 (October 2012): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.581-582.160.
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Liquefactions have been carried out on plantation fir scrap, with allylimidazolium ionic liquids as liquefaction agent. The primary component of plantation fir was analyzed, fir scrap properties were tested in contrast to peeled fir. Single-factor experiments were employed to discuss the influential factors liquefying plantation fir scrap by ionic liquids. The results showed that the appropriate conditions of liquefaction were 80°C, 30min, and the ratio of wood to liquor was 7:1, in these conditions, the liquefaction is nearly complete.
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Moss, Robb Eric S., Laurie G. Baise, Jing Zhu, and Diwakar Kadkha. "Examining the Discrepancy between Forecast and Observed Liquefaction from the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquakes." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 1_suppl (December 2017): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/120316eqs220m.
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Many ground failures resulted from the 2015 Nepal earthquake sequence, including landslides, rockfalls, liquefactions, and cyclic failures. And whereas the amount and extent of landsliding were relatively consistent with predictions for a Mw 7.8 main shock, the amount and extent of liquefaction were not. We present a summary of liquefaction field observations that we made as part of the Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) investigations. The liquefaction that did occur in the Kathmandu Valley was limited in its spatial extent, and the postliquefaction deformations were small. Prior earthquakes in this region have been reported to have caused greater liquefaction-related failures, and liquefaction hazard–mapping studies predicted widespread liquefaction hazard from an event of this size. We explore two possible reasons at the regional scale for the limited liquefaction from this earthquake sequence: drawdown of the groundwater table and high near-surface shear wave velocity. Our study finds that pumping has depressed the groundwater table across the Kathmandu Valley by 13–40 m since 1980, thereby decreasing the amount of near-surface liquefiable material and increasing the nonliquefiable “crust” layer. The regional slope-based V S30 for the valley is on average higher than that for liquefaction sites in a global database of observed liquefaction. A global geospatial model for liquefaction occurrence shows low liquefaction potential in the Kathmandu Valley consistent with the observed patterns.
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Nategh, Mehrdad, Abdullah Ekinci, Anoosheh Iravanian, and Siavash Salamatpoor. "Determination of Initial-Shear-Stress Impact on Ramsar-Sand Liquefaction Susceptibility through Monotonic Triaxial Testing." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (November 3, 2020): 7772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217772.
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Liquefaction risk assessment is critical for the safety and economics of structures. As the soil strata of Ramsar area in north Iran is mostly composed of poorly graded clean sand and the ground water table is found at shallow depths, it is highly susceptible to liquefaction. In this study, a series of isotropic and anisotropic consolidated undrained triaxial tests were performed on reconstituted specimens of Ramsar sand to identify the liquefaction potential of the area. The specimens are consolidated isotropically to simulate the level ground condition, and anisotropically to simulate the soil condition on a slope and/or under a structure. The various states of soil behavior are studied by preparing specimens at different initial relative densities and applying different levels of effective stress. The critical state soil mechanics approach for identifying the liquefaction susceptibility is adopted and the observed phenomena are further explained in relation to the micro-mechanical behavior. As only four among the 27 conducted tests did not exhibit liquefactive behavior, Ramsar sand can be qualified as strongly susceptible to liquefaction. Furthermore, it is observed that the pore pressure ratio is a good indication of the liquefaction susceptibility.
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Zu, Haicheng, Kunya Zhang, Haixia Zhang, and Xiuqing Qian. "An Inverse Method to Determine Mechanical Parameters of Porcine Vitreous Bodies Based on the Indentation Test." Bioengineering 10, no. 6 (May 26, 2023): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10060646.
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The vitreous body keeps the lens and retina in place and protects these tissues from physical insults. Existing studies have reported that the mechanical properties of vitreous body varied after liquefaction, suggesting mechanical properties could be effective parameters to identify vitreous liquefaction process. Thus, in this work, we aimed to propose a method to determine the mechanical properties of vitreous bodies. Fresh porcine eyes were divided into three groups, including the untreated group, the 24 h liquefaction group and the 48 h liquefaction group, which was injected collagenase and then kept for 24 h or 48 h. The indentation tests were carried out on the vitreous body in its natural location while the posterior segment of the eye was fixed in the container. A finite element model of a specimen undertaking indentation was constructed to simulate the indentation test with surface tension of vitreous body considered. Using the inverse method, the mechanical parameters of the vitreous body and the surface tension coefficient were determined. For the same parameter, values were highest in the untreated group, followed by the 24 h liquefaction group and the lowest in the 48 h liquefaction group. For C10 in the neo-Hookean model, the significant differences were found between the untreated group and liquefaction groups. This work quantified vitreous body mechanical properties successfully using inverse method, which provides a new method for identifying vitreous liquefactions related studies.
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Amaliah, R., T. Harianto, and A. B. Muhiddin. "Evaluation of potential liquefaction based on Cone Penetration Test (CPT) data." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 921, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/921/1/012061.
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Abstract An earthquake can inflict a liquefaction hazards which can damage buildings and infrastructure. Furthermore, earthquakes are difficult to predict when and where earthquakes will occur and happen suddenly without being preceded by signs. Therefore, we must do a geological investigation before building a construction to evaluate the potential liquefaction in that area. Evaluation of the potential liquefaction using Cone Penetration Test (CPT) is one method can be used because repeatable, provided a continuous profile, and economic. This method needs peak ground acceleration (amax) value at an interval of 0.1 g to 0.6 g and earthquake magnitude of 6.2 scale richter. Based on the results of the research was obtained in this research area, there were potential liquefactions when the peak ground acceleration (amax) value was above 0.3 g.
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Chung. "Preparation of Probabilistic Liquefaction Hazard Map Using Liquefaction Potential Index." Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers 34, no. 6 (2014): 1831. http://dx.doi.org/10.12652/ksce.2014.34.6.1831.
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Touijrate, Soukaina, Khadija Baba, Mohamed Ahatri, and Lahcen Bahi. "Validation and Verification of Semi-Empirical Methods for Evaluating Liquefaction Using Finite Element Method." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 02028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814902028.
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Liquefaction is a hazardous and temporary phenomenon by which a soil saturated with water loses some or all of its resistance. The undrained conditions and a cyclic load increase the pores water pressure inside the soil and therefore a reduction of the effective stress. Nowadays many semi-empirical methods are used to introduce a proposition to evaluate the liquefaction's potential using the in-situ test results. The objective of this paper is to study their ability to correctly predict the liquefaction potential by modelling our case using finite element methods. The study is based on the data of Cone Penetration Tests experimental results of the Casablanca-Tangier High-Speed Line exactly between PK 116 + 450 and PK 116 + 950 and near of Moulay-Bousselham city. It belongs to the Drader-Soueir basin region which is located in the North-West of Morocco. This region had a specific soil’s formation, the first 50 meters are characterised by the existence of sand layers alternating with layers of clay. These formations are very loose and saturated which suggests the possibility of soil liquefaction. We present and discuss the results of applying the Olsen method [1], the Juang method [2] and the Robertson method [3], in the evaluation of liquefaction susceptibility. Apart from the previous empirical analysis to evaluate the liquefaction potential, numerical modelling is performed in this study.
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Turtle, Martitia P., James V. Hengesh, Kathy B. Tucker, William R. Lettis, Scott L. Deaton, and J. David Frost. "Liquefaction." Earthquake Spectra 18, no. 1_suppl (July 2002): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2803908.
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Whitman, Robert V. "Liquefaction." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 20, no. 3 (September 30, 1987): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.20.3.145-158.
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Although liquefaction of soils during earthquakes has been researched intensively for more than 20 years, it has remained a confusing problem - owing to seemingly divergent viewpoints as to the fundamental nature of the problem. During the past several years there has been a clarifying and coming together of these viewpoints, and hence a much clearer framework of understanding has been established. This new perspective is presented and related to previously developed methods of investigation and analysis, and remaining problems are identified and discussed. Several recent advances re parts of the problems - prediction of limited permanent deformations and delayed failure - are also summarized.
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Berrill, J. B., R. Beetham, and H. Tanaka. "Liquefaction." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 26, no. 4 (December 31, 1993): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.26.4.411-414.
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In studies of liquefaction case histories, particle size distributions of ejected sand have been useful in identifying layers which have liquefied. The aim of this note is to describe samples of ejecta that were retrieved by the New Zealand reconnaissance team to the M7.8 Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki, Japan earthquake in the hope that these might be useful in subsequent investigations.
Three samples of ejected sand were brought back to New Zealand for analysis: two from Hakodate, where many port facilities were damaged by liquefaction, and one from the Nakanosawa Primary School at Oshamanbe, where piles failed in shear due to liquefaction and lateral spreading of the surrounding soil. The Hakodate samples were both retrieved from the Hokodate Port area, sample HAKDl from near the 2500 tonne Nittetsu Cement Company silo which had tilted by about 3° and whose base had displaced about 200 mm horizontally, and sample HAKD2 from the clearly reclaimed land of the wharf area some 300 m to the south.
Hakodate is 172 km from the epicentre and Oshamanbe 107 km. The two sites are shown on a magnitude-distance plot in Figure 1, and it is seen that the Hakodate sites lie just inside the criterion of Kuribayashi and Tatsuoka (1974) for distance to furthest site of liquefaction.
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Mase, Lindung Zalbuin, Teuku Faisal Fathani, and Agus Darmawan Adi. "A SIMPLE SHAKING TABLE TEST TO MEASURE LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL OF PRAMBANAN AREA, YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA." ASEAN Engineering Journal 11, no. 3 (April 21, 2021): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v11.16874.
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This paper presents the experimental study of liquefaction potential for sandy soil in Prambanan Area, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, which underwent liquefaction due to the Mw 6.3 Jogja Earthquake on May 27, 2006. Shaking table tests considering the variation of acceleration and shaking duration were performed to investigate the liquefaction potential of sand. The liquefaction time stages including time to start liquefaction, time to start pore pressure dissipation, and liquefaction duration were observed. The percentage of liquefaction duration increase, the excess pore water pressure ratio and the required time to generate liquefaction, and the effect of applied acceleration to cyclic stress ratio, were also presented. The results showed that the sand could undergo liquefaction under the variation of dynamic load. The variation of dynamic load significantly influenced the time stages of liquefaction, the increase of liquefaction duration percentage and cyclic stress ratio. The results also exhibited that the larger applied acceleration and the longer shaking duration means the longer liquefaction duration and the larger liquefaction potential. In general, the result could bring the recommendation to the liquefaction countermeasure for Prambanan Area.
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Guo, Yali, Yueren Xu, Haofeng Li, Lingyu Lu, Wentao Xu, and Peng Liang. "Using Keyhole Images to Map Soil Liquefaction Induced by the 1966 Xingtai Ms 6.8 and 7.2 Earthquakes, North China." Remote Sensing 15, no. 24 (December 18, 2023): 5777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15245777.
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In March 1966, Ms 6.8 and 7.2 earthquakes occurred in Xingtai, North China, resulting in widespread soil liquefaction that caused severe infrastructure damage and economic losses. Using Keyhole satellite imagery combined with aerial images and fieldwork records, we interpreted and identified 66,442 liquefaction points and analyzed the coseismic liquefaction distribution characteristics and possible factors that influenced the Xingtai earthquakes. The interpreted coseismic liquefaction was mainly concentrated above the IX-degree zone, accounting for 80% of all liquefaction points. High-density liquefaction zones (point density > 75 pieces/km2) accounted for 22% of the total liquefaction points. Most of the interpreted liquefaction points were located at the region with a peak ground acceleration (PGA) of >0.46 g. The liquefaction area on 22 March was significantly larger than that on 8 March. The region of liquefaction was mainly limited by sandy soil conditions, water system conditions, and seismic geological conditions and distributed in areas with loose fine sand and silt deposits, a high water table (groundwater level increases before both mainshocks corresponding to the liquefaction intensive regions), rivers, and ancient river channels. Liquefaction exhibited a repeating characteristic in the same region. Further understanding of the liquefaction characteristics of Xingtai can provide a reference for the prevention of liquefaction in northern China.
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Jin, Yan Qiao, Yi Zhuan Zhang, and Xian Su Cheng. "Preparation and Characterization of Liquefaction Polyol of Wheat-Straw Lignocellulose." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 2828–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.2828.
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In this study, wheat-straw lignocelluloses were liquefied in liquefaction solvents. Polyethyleneglycol 400 (PEG 400) and ethylene glycol (EG) were used as main liquefaction solvents. The effect of liquefaction time and liquefaction solvents on the properties of liquefied products was investigated. As the reaction time increased, the hydroxyl value, residue content and viscosity decreased, and the acid value decreased gradually in the previous period of time then increased. The optimum liquefaction conditions were as follows: wheat-straw lignocelluloses with steam-explosion pretreatment, the main liquefaction reagent of PEG 400, auxiliary liquefaction solvents of glycerin, catalyst of sulfuric acid, liquefaction temperature of 150°C, liquefaction time of 4 h. The hydroxyl value of liquefaction product was 206 mgKOH/g, the residue content was 0.19% and the viscosity was 88 mPa•s.
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Zhang, Shiqiu, Xue Yang, Haiqing Zhang, Chunli Chu, Kui Zheng, Meiting Ju, and Le Liu. "Liquefaction of Biomass and Upgrading of Bio-Oil: A Review." Molecules 24, no. 12 (June 17, 2019): 2250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24122250.
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The liquefaction of biomass is an important technology to converse the biomass into valuable biofuel. The common technologies for liquefaction of biomass are indirect liquefaction and direct liquefaction. The indirect liquefaction refers to the Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) process using the syngas of biomass as the raw material to produce the liquid fuel, including methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and dimethyl ether. The direct liquefaction of biomass refers to the conversion biomass into bio-oil, and the main technologies are hydrolysis fermentation and thermodynamic liquefaction. For thermodynamic liquefaction, it could be divided into fast pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction. In addition, this review provides an overview of the physicochemical properties and common upgrading methods of bio-oil.
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Li, Zhao Yan, Wei Ming Wang, Yu Run Li, and Long Wei Chen. "Study on In Situ Test Based on Survey of Bachu Earthquake." Applied Mechanics and Materials 238 (November 2012): 852–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.238.852.
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Based on survey of the Bachu-Jiashi earthquake liquefaction sites, much new basic liquefaction information were obtained and China’s liquefaction database was enriched. A detailed investigation of the Bachu earthquake liquefaction site was conducted, in which three kinds of in situ test measures were used to obtain the site information, and given China mainland SPT data of liquefaction site increase by 40%. By site investigation, international standard liquefaction site CPT data were obtained, and also, the first measurement of liquefaction site data by SPT and CPT index was conducted. With the new data, the feasibility of liquefaction discrimination methods of China was inspected.
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Juang, C. Hsein, Caroline J. Chen, Tao Jiang, and Ronald D. Andrus. "Risk-based liquefaction potential evaluation using standard penetration tests." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 1195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t00-064.
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In this paper, a new approach is presented for developing a liquefaction limit state function, which defines a boundary that separates liquefaction from no-liquefaction occurrence. The new approach is developed using a database consisting of 243 field liquefaction performance cases at sites where standard penetration tests (SPT) had been conducted. This database is first used to train and test an artificial neural network for predicting the occurrence of liquefaction or no liquefaction. The successfully trained neural network is then used to establish a liquefaction limit state function. Based on the developed limit state function, mapping functions that relate calculated factors of safety to probability of liquefaction are established. The established mapping functions form a basis for the development of a risk-based chart for liquefaction potential evaluation.Key words: probability, risk-based design, liquefaction potential, SPT, artificial neural network.
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Chou, Jui-Ching, Hsueh-Tusng Yang, and Der-Guey Lin. "Calibration of Finn Model and UBCSAND Model for Simplified Liquefaction Analysis Procedures." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (June 7, 2021): 5283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11115283.
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Soil-liquefaction-related hazards can damage structures or lead to an extensive loss of life and property. Therefore, the stability and safety of structures against soil liquefaction are essential for evaluation in earthquake design. In practice, the simplified liquefaction analysis procedure associated with numerical simulation analysis is the most used approach for evaluating the behavior of structures or the effectiveness of mitigation plans. First, the occurrence of soil liquefaction is evaluated using the simplified procedure. If soil liquefaction occurs, the resulting structural damage or the following mitigation plan is evaluated using the numerical simulation analysis. Rational and comparable evaluation results between the simplified liquefaction analysis procedure and the numerical simulation analysis are achieved by ensuring that the liquefaction constitutive model used in the numerical simulation has a consistent liquefaction resistance with the simplified liquefaction analysis procedure. In this study, two frequently used liquefaction constitutive models (Finn model and UBCSAND model) were calibrated by fitting the liquefaction triggering curves of most used simplified liquefaction analysis procedures (NCEER, HBF, JRA96, and T-Y procedures) in Taiwan via FLAC program. In addition, the responses of two calibrated models were compared and discussed to provide guidelines for selecting an appropriate liquefaction constitutive model in future projects.
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Hasiholan, F., S. Ismanti, and A. Rifa’i. "Comparison Between Liquefaction Potential Index And Liquefaction Risk Index In Solo – Yogyakarta – YIA Kulon Progo Toll Road (STA. 07+500 – STA. 16+700)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1244, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1244/1/012029.
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Abstract The construction of Solo – Yogyakarta – YIA Kulon Progo Toll Road aims to facilitate community economic connectivity from various sectors and increase the accessibility of tourism around southern Java. This research area has geological conditions consisting of tuff (volcanic ash sand) and shallow groundwater, which can trigger liquefaction. Historical earthquake data from The IRIS Earthquake Browser showed that an earthquake with Mw 5.2 occurred in Klaten Regency. This study investigated the index of potential liquefaction and the risk of ground failure potential due to liquefaction. The potential liquefaction analysis uses 10 SPT points at STA. 07+500 – STA. 16+700. The calculation safety factor of liquefaction analysis uses the method of Idriss-Boulanger. The index of liquefaction potential uses the LPI method, and the risk of ground failure potential due to liquefaction uses the LRI method. The result of this study shows the index of potential liquefaction and risk of ground failure potential due to liquefaction from low to very high. The correlation between the index of liquefaction potential and the risk of ground failure due to liquefaction is linear. Based on this study, further research is needed regarding liquefaction mitigation to be carried out in this study area.
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Liu, Bing Cheng, Cong Li, A. Ni Sun, and Jian Zhang. "Energy Saving and Optimization for Compression and Liquefaction System in Power Plants CO2 Trapping Project." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 1282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.1282.
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Based on the data of 30000t/a CO2 capture & purification pilot scale test in Shengli power plant, the principle and method of CO2 compression and liquefaction were introduced, the calculation model of energy consumption for CO2 liquefaction process was built, the effection factors of CO2 purification power were analyzed, the ways to optimize energy saving were discussed. The results show that: (1) improving liquefaction pressure can effectively reduce the total power of CO2 compression and liquefaction, as the compression pressure increases, the compression power increases while the liquefaction power and total power reduce; (2) While the liquefaction pressure is less than 3.3MPa, compression power is less than liquefaction power, While the liquefaction pressure is greater than 3.3MPa, compression power is greater than liquefaction power; (3) While the liquefaction pressure of CO2 at the critical pressure 7.4 MPa, the theoretical total power is minimum.
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Naik, Sambit Prasanajit, Ohsang Gwon, Kiwoong Park, and Young-Seog Kim. "Land Damage Mapping and Liquefaction Potential Analysis of Soils from the Epicentral Region of 2017 Pohang Mw 5.4 Earthquake, South Korea." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 8, 2020): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031234.
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Studies on earthquake-induced liquefaction and identification of source unit for causing liquefaction have been a major concern in sustainable land use development especially in low to moderate seismic areas. During the 2017 Mw 5.4 Pohang earthquake, widespread liquefaction was reported around the Heunghae basin, which was the first ever reported case of liquefaction in the modern seismic history of Korea. The epicentral area is one of the major industrial hubs along the SE Korean Peninsula with no detailed liquefaction hazard map. The purpose of this study was to determine the land damage classification on the basis of surface manifestation of liquefaction features and carry out detailed liquefaction potential analysis to delineate the depth of liquefiable soil. This will eventually support developing a liquefaction hazard zonation map and sustainable development of infrastructure to minimize earthquake damages. In this present study, the southern part of the Heunghae basin, which has more field evidences of liquefaction than the northern part, was taken for detailed liquefaction analysis. From the detailed analysis, it was observed that the soils from 1.5 to 15 m depth with the probability of liquefaction varying from 2 to 20 are prone to liquefaction. On the basis of land damage pattern, the epicentral area falls in orange to red zone, which means the necessity of further detailed liquefaction analysis. This study urges more detailed liquefaction zonation should be carried out for the epicentral area and liquefaction hazard should be included in the multi-hazard map in the future for the sustainable land use planning.
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Kashani, A., D. Hauser, and P. Desai. "Propellant liquefaction modelling compared against liquefaction testing." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 755 (June 30, 2020): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/755/1/012006.
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Yan, Xiao Lin, and Ke Bing Wang. "Studies on the Processing Conditions for Preparation of Polyol Using Beet Pulp." Applied Mechanics and Materials 189 (July 2012): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.189.7.
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The catalyzed liquefaction degradation of beet pulp (BP) had been studied in the system of solid silicotungstic acid and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400)/glycerol (GLY), in which the solid silicotungstic acid served as the catalyst, and the latter was the complex liquefacient. This paper investigated the influence of processing conditions of BP liquefaction on the liquefaction reaction and the properties of liquefaction product. The results showed that BP had a good liquefaction effect, and the optimum liquefaction processing conditions were founded as follows: the weight ratio of PEG 400/glycerol was 4:1, the liquefaction temperature was 175oC, the catalyst amount was 8%wt, the solid-liquid weight ratio was 1:12, and the liquefaction time was 135 min. In these conditions, it was found that the best liquefaction rate would reach 99.5%, the hydroxyl and acid values of liquefaction mixtures were 52-82mg/g and 0.61-0.75mg/g respectively, the final products were lower hydroxyl value plant-based polyol.
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Kim, Youngseok, Bumsik Hwang, and Wanjei Cho. "Development of Ground Freezing System for Undisturbed Sampling of Granular Soils." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (August 27, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1541747.
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The ground freezing technique was first invented for the undisturbed sampling of the granular soils. With increasing necessity of liquefaction evaluation under earthquake loading, there has been more research with high-quality granular samples, with ground freezing techniques in the world. However, there has been little research on the ground freezing techniques since Korea had no records of liquefactions until the Pohang earthquake in 2017. Since more than 10 places were reported with liquefaction phenomena, it is required to assess the liquefaction potential with high-quality samples of granular soils. Therefore, in order to obtain undisturbed samples of granular soils, a new local ground freezing equipment and an operating system were developed in this study. The applied coolant was liquid nitrogen and circulated through a double tube inserted in the ground. To evaluate the performance of the system, laboratory scale tests were performed with water only and saturated fine sands. In the laboratory evaluation, a frozen soil column of 60 cm diameter was made after 20 hours and the average freezing rate was approximately 12 mm/hr in radial direction. After laboratory evaluation, the freezing system was applied in the field and the performance was evaluated with the 2D electrical resistivity tomography. In the field evaluation, the frozen region was 4 m diameter with 6.5 m depth in a cylindrical shape.
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Silahtar, Ali, Hasan Karaaslan, and Kadir Kocaman. "Site Characterization and Liquefaction Hazard Assessment for the Erenler Settlement Area (Sakarya Province, Turkey) Based on Integrated SPT-Vs Data." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021534.
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The focus of this study is to examine the soil properties and liquefaction potential of the Erenler center district in a critical tectonic zone that can produce large earthquakes, such as the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). In this sense, 40 surface wave measurements and 52 geotechnical drillings were employed. Accordingly, the liquefaction potential index (LPI), liquefaction severity index (LSI), Ishihara boundary (IB) curve, and Ishihara-inspired index (LPIISH) liquefaction approaches from geotechnical and geophysical methods were used as integrated. All liquefaction analyses were examined for two scenarios, Mw: 7.4 1999 Izmit (amax: 0.41 g) and Mw: 7.0 1967 (amax: 0.28 g) Mudurnu. According to the analyses, almost all of the study area showed liquefaction risk in the Izmit scenario. In the Mudurnu scenario, liquefaction risk distribution decreased parallel to acceleration. The LPI, LPIISH, and IB liquefaction risk results for both scenarios support each other. On the other hand, it was determined that the probability of liquefaction was lower in the LSI evaluation. The spatial distribution of the liquefaction potential of the Vs-based and SPT-based LPI assessments had a similar pattern. These results show that the LPI approach, originally SPT-based, can also be calculated based on Vs. In addition, according to Vs30-based (average shear wave velocity at 30 m depth) soil classification criteria, low-velocity character E and D soil groups dominate the Quaternary alluvial basin. This indicates that deformation-induced failures may occur even in areas with a low probability of liquefaction in similar strong ground motions. In addition, the evaluation of liquefaction with many approaches in two different bases within the scope of the study constitutes a novelty for the study area and liquefaction analyses. While performing diversified liquefaction analyses and approaches will contribute to obtaining more reliable soil liquefaction results, more case studies are needed to elucidate these comparisons.
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Tarana Aghayeva, Natig Khamedov, Tarana Aghayeva, Natig Khamedov. "THE IMPORTANCE OF BIOETHANOL AS AN ENVIRONMENTALLY CLEAN FUEL." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 41, no. 06 (May 14, 2024): 474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei41062024-52.
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This article is a review based on literature sources. The production technology and areas of application of bioethanol, as well as ways to intensify the production of alcohol obtained from these natural sources, are analyzed. One such method is biomass liquefaction. Modern technologies for converting biomass into valuable biofuels were studied. Common biomass liquefaction technologies are indirect liquefaction and direct liquefaction. Direct biomass liquefaction involves converting biomass into bio-oil, and the main technologies are hydrolytic fermentation and thermodynamic liquefaction. Based on thermodynamic liquefaction, it can be divided into fast pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction. In addition, this review provides an overview of the physicochemical properties of biodiesel and common methods for its processing. Keywords: bioethanol, yeast, natural food waste, purchasing biofuel.
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Xu, Binhua, Ning He, and Denghua Li. "Study on the treatments and countermeasures for liquefiable foundation." MATEC Web of Conferences 272 (2019): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927201012.
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This paper summarizes the current treatments and countermeasures for liquefiable foundations, and divides the existing anti-liquefaction countermeasures into two categories. One of the ideas is proceeding from the properties of liquefiable foundation soils, by the means of improvement for the soil’s qualities to enhance the capacity of soil’s anti-liquefaction in the early stage. The other idea is considering from the stress conditions of liquefiable foundation soils, and to reduce the liquefaction-induced disasters by changing the stress conditions of the soil. The advantages and disadvantages of various anti-liquefaction measures were analysed by verifying the effectiveness of field applications of anti-liquefaction measures against ground liquefaction hazards, and the applicable conditions of various anti-liquefaction measures were classified. This paper provides experience for resisting soil liquefaction disasters.
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Maulana, Arif, Rifa’i Ahmad, and Faris Fikri. "Liquefaction potential analysis on runway construction based on soil engineering properties." E3S Web of Conferences 156 (2020): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015602003.
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The term of liquefaction refers to a liquefied soil phenomenon during an earthquake causing the loss of soil bearing capacity. In general, liquefaction occurs in loose sandy soil with saturated condition triggered by an earthquake with Peak Ground Acceleration greater than 0.25 g. This research aim to analyze the liquefaction potential of runway construction which located on loose sandy soil area. The analysis of liquefaction potential is based on borelog data, grain size distribution, soil physical properties, and earthquake risk map. The liquefaction potential was obtained by calculating the liquefaction probability in one dimension analysis determined as safety factor. Settle 3D is also applied in this research. The results show that the liquefaction potentially occurs in sand soil layer at 0-6 meters depth with safety factor 0.11-1.06 from manual calculation and 0.19-1.1 from Settle 3D. This result represents high probability of liquefaction at runway construction area, so that the liquefaction prevention method is needed.
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Chien, Lien-Kwei, Yan-Nam Oh, and Chih-Hsin Chang. "Effects of fines content on liquefaction strength and dynamic settlement of reclaimed soil." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 254–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t01-083.
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In this study, the reclaimed soils in the Yunlin area of west Taiwan are adopted as test samples. The specimens were prepared by moist tamping at different relative densities and fines contents. Triaxial liquefaction tests were performed to evaluate the liquefaction strength and liquefaction-induced settlement. The test results show that the liquefaction strength of reclaimed soil increases as the relative density increases. In addition, under constant relative density, the liquefaction strength decreases as the fines content increases. Based on the test results and one-dimensional consolidation theory, the volumetric strain and settlement can be evaluated by dry density and fines content of the reclaimed soil. The results show that the settlement ratio decreases as the relative density increases. The figures and results can be references for the evaluation of liquefaction strength and liquefaction-induced settlement. The results are useful for liquefaction strength and settlement analysis for planning, design, and related research on land reclamation engineering.Key words: reclaimed soil, liquefaction resistance, fines content, settlement.
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Byrne, Peter M., Sung-Sik Park, Michael Beaty, Michael Sharp, Lenart Gonzalez, and Tarek Abdoun. "Numerical modeling of liquefaction and comparison with centrifuge tests." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 41, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t03-088.
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The prediction of liquefaction and resulting displacements is a major concern for earth structures located in regions of moderate to high seismicity. Conventional procedures used to assess liquefaction commonly predict the triggering of liquefaction to depths of 50 m or more. Remediation to prevent or curtail liquefaction at these depths can be very expensive. Field experience during past earthquakes indicates that liquefaction has mainly occurred at depths less than about 15 m, and some recent dynamic centrifuge model testing initially appeared to confirm a depth or confining-stress limitation on the occurrence of liquefaction. Such a limitation on liquefaction could greatly reduce remediation costs. In this paper an effective stress numerical modeling procedure is used to assess these centrifuge tests. The results indicate that a lack of complete saturation and densification at depth arising from the application of the high-acceleration field are largely responsible for the apparent limitation on liquefaction at depth observed in some centrifuge tests.Key words: liquefaction, dynamic centrifuge modeling, numerical modeling, depth limitation.
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Zhong, Y., X. Ni, and S. Zhang. "Influence of clay content on repeated liquefaction resistance of sand using element test." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1334, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1334/1/012048.
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Abstract Soil liquefaction is a major concern because of its potential to cause building collapse, roadbed settlement, and sand eruptions. Field investigations have shown that clayey sand, when liquefied during mainshock, may undergo multiple liquefaction events during the subsequent aftershocks. Although previous research has primarily focused on the initial liquefaction event in clayey sand, research on the mechanism responsible for repeated liquefaction is limited. Consequently, a series of cyclic triaxial experiments are conducted on sand with varying clay contents, and these samples are subjected to various earthquake sequences. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the cyclic behavior of sandy soil with clay content and analyze its repeated liquefaction resistance under different load sequences. A comprehensive assessment is conducted to understand the evolution of the repeated liquefaction resistance. The test results indicate that clayey sand exhibits the lowest liquefaction resistance during the second liquefaction event. Repeated liquefaction is dominated by stress-induced anisotropy at earlier events and relative density at the final events.
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Tohari, Adrin, and Dadan Dani Wardhana. "Evaluation of liquefaction potential in flow liquefaction area in Palu City after the 28th September 2018 Donggala-Palu Earthquake." E3S Web of Conferences 464 (2023): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346402011.
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The occurrence of flow liquefaction phenomena, locally termed Nalodo, during the Donggala-Palu earthquake on 28 September 2018 destroyed some residential areas and infrastructures in Palu City and Sigi Regency. Evaluation of liquefaction potential in the flow liquefaction areas is required to assess the liquefaction susceptibility of the area to future earthquakes. This paper presents the results of liquefaction potential analysis in the Balaroa, and Petobo areas based on the SPT method. A calculated peak ground acceleration was used for each location. Based on the analysis, all the liquefied soil layers are still liquefiable, especially in the Balaroa area, causing a significant ground settlement. These results imply that flow liquefaction areas are still susceptible to liquefaction during a big earthquake event. Thus, restriction of re-inhabitants in the liquefaction areas is necessary, and the infrastructure development in the areas requires a proper engineering design to mitigate earthquake-induced liquefaction hazards in the future.
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Ming, Hui, Xin Yang, Pu Zheng, Yifan Zhang, Haoxin Jiang, and Libo Zhang. "Recent Advances of Solvent Effects in Biomass Liquefaction Conversion." Energies 17, no. 12 (June 7, 2024): 2814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17122814.
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Liquefaction conversion technology has become one of the hottest biomass conversion methods due to its flexible material selection and extensive product applications. Exploring biomass liquefaction conversion focuses on catalysts, biomass/water ratio, and reaction temperature. However, it is found that solvents are crucial in the biomass liquefaction process and significantly impact the type of liquefied products and bio-oil yield. Given the current rapid development trend, timely sorting and summary of the solvent effect in the biomass liquefaction process can promote the subsequent development and industrialization of more efficient and cleaner biomass liquefaction technology. Therefore, this review first introduces the characteristics of water as the liquefaction solvent, then summarizes the effects of organic solvents on liquefaction, and finally elaborates on the synergistic effect of co-solvents, which provides a more systematic overview of solvent effects in the liquefaction process. Meanwhile, prospects are put forward for the future development of biomass liquefaction conversion.
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Anar, Halimatussaadiyah, Ahmad Rifa’i, and Fikri Faris. "Groundwater level influence on liquefaction potential at Pombewe housing site, Sigi regency, Central Sulawesi." E3S Web of Conferences 476 (2024): 01048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202447601048.
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The September 28, 2018, earthquake in Palu, Central Sulawesi, caused liquefaction and destroyed at least 3,720 houses. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the potential of liquefaction in choosing a residential location, especially in liquefaction-prone zones. The parameters of soil type, seismicity, and the groundwater table as a determinant of the saturation level determine liquefaction potential. The research aims to see the influence of groundwater level parameters in increasing the liquefaction potential when other parameters are met. The study was conducted at the Pombewe permanent housing site, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi. This shelter is an official relocation area for victims of the 2018 earthquake. Preliminary data stated that the location is safe from liquefaction potential because it has a deep groundwater table. The study used the CPT-based liquefaction triggering procedure method by Boulanger and Idriss and assumed that the groundwater table at the site was shallow. The Liquefaction Potential Index determines the potential liquefaction level. The results show that the area under review will only experience liquefaction if the groundwater table is above 1.0-11.6 meters (LPI>0). If the water table rises above that depth, the LPI value increases to 1.6x10-9 – 0.44. Thus, the water table is a determining parameter in analyzing the liquefaction potential of an area.
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Ahmad, Mahmood, Xiao-Wei Tang, Jiang-Nan Qiu, and Feezan Ahmad. "Interpretive Structural Modeling and MICMAC Analysis for Identifying and Benchmarking Significant Factors of Seismic Soil Liquefaction." Applied Sciences 9, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9020233.
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Seismic soil liquefaction is considered as one of the most complex geotechnical earthquake engineering problems owing to the uncertainty and complexity involved in soil parameters, seismic parameters, and site condition factors. Each one of these parameters contains a variety of factors that trigger liquefaction and have varying degrees of importance. However, estimating accurate and reliable liquefaction-induced hazards requires identification and benchmarking of the most influential factors that control soil liquefaction. Seismic soil liquefaction factors were identified by Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach and analyzed through Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and the Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) methodologies. The ISM model presented the relationships between fifteen seismic soil liquefaction factors and their benchmarking position from higher to lower-level significant factors in hierarchy. MICMAC is used to examine the strength of the relationship between seismic soil liquefaction significant factors based on their driving and dependence power. This research characterizes the identification and benchmarking of the seismic soil liquefaction factors and their relationships. The results show that the factors—duration of earthquake, peak ground acceleration, drainage condition, and standard penetration test (SPT) blow counts—influence seismic soil liquefaction directly and soil type is the governing factor that forms the base of the ISM hierarchy and consequently triggers seismic soil liquefaction. The results provide a more accurate way of selecting significant factors for establishment of seismic soil liquefaction potential and liquefaction-induced hazards risk assessment models.
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Nakano, Takayuki. "Semi-automated landform classification for hazard mapping of soil liquefaction by earthquake." Proceedings of the ICA 1 (May 16, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-1-80-2018.
Full textAbstract:
Soil liquefaction damages were caused by huge earthquake in Japan, and the similar damages are concerned in near future huge earthquake. On the other hand, a preparation of soil liquefaction risk map (soil liquefaction hazard map) is impeded by the difficulty of evaluation of soil liquefaction risk. Generally, relative soil liquefaction risk should be able to be evaluated from landform classification data by using experimental rule based on the relationship between extent of soil liquefaction damage and landform classification items associated with past earthquake. Therefore, I rearranged the relationship between landform classification items and soil liquefaction risk intelligibly in order to enable the evaluation of soil liquefaction risk based on landform classification data appropriately and efficiently. And I developed a new method of generating landform classification data of 50-m grid size from existing landform classification data of 250-m grid size by using digital elevation model (DEM) data and multi-band satellite image data in order to evaluate soil liquefaction risk in detail spatially. It is expected that the products of this study contribute to efficient producing of soil liquefaction hazard map by local government.
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Rakhman, Heryawan Kurnia, Sito Ismanti, and Trias Aditya. "Liquefaction potential analysis based on standard penetration test in coastal area (Case study: Loh Buaya, Rinca Island, Indonesia)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1314, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 012123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012123.
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Abstract An area has liquefaction potential when it has a shallow groundwater level, loose sandy soil, and is prone to earthquakes. There are several areas with such criteria that have not been analysed for liquefaction potential. This study aims to analyse and plot the liquefaction potential in the coastal area of Loh Buaya, Rinca Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province. Soil investigation data, such as SPT, sieve analysis, and groundwater level, as well as earthquake history that occurred from 1922-2022, served as the main data for liquefaction potential analyses. The methods used were Ground Motion Equation Prediction (GMPE) to calculate Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA), Simplified Procedure, and Liquefaction Severity Index (LSI) to make a liquefaction hazard assessment. LSI scores were used to provide micro-zonation of liquefaction potential with Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation in QGIS. The result obtained is very dense gravel has no liquefaction potential whereas loose sandy soil has very high in LSI classification because loose sandy soil has liquefaction potential up to 20 meters of depth. The applying of micro-zonation LSI by IDW interpolation method can estimate the potential level of liquefaction hazard on Loh Buaya, Rinca Island with limited soil investigation data.
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Zhang, Jin Ping, Meng Hao Du, and Li Song Hu. "Bamboo Liquefaction with Polyhydric Alcohols and its Application in Flexible Polyurethane Foam." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 2113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.2113.
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Using PEG400 and glycerol as liquefacient, the residue from bamboo processing was liquefied at the presence of a catalyst. Liquefaction technology of residue from bamboo processing in polyhydric alcohols was studied by orthogonally-designed experiment, and the liquefaction products were applied in the preparation of flexible polyurethane foam. The result showed that liquefaction rate could reach as high as 99.32% when liquefaction temperature was 160°C, mass ratio of liquid to solid was 4:1 and liquefaction time was 90min. Hydroxyl value of liquefaction products obtained was 56.63mgKOH/g and viscosity was 300mPa•s. Flexible polyurethane foam prepared from liquefaction products was analyzed with infrared spectrum and scanning electron microscope, and was compared with conventional flexible polyurethane foam.
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Li, Zhao Yan, and Yun Long Wang. "The Applicability of Code for Characteristic Depth in Liquefied Evaluation." Advanced Materials Research 842 (November 2013): 805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.842.805.
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In the Initial impression of seismic code liquefaction conditions, when sand overburden depth is deeper than the characteristic sentenced, it will not consider the liquefied impact, in this paper use recent liquefied sites survey data to examine the liquefaction evaluations applicability. Using 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan and 1999 Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake liquefaction survey data, can find the characteristic depth will produce misjudgment and dangerous result; using 2011 New Zealand Ms6.3 earthquake liquefaction survey data, preliminary estimates by liquefaction characteristics depth will be make 65% of the liquefied sites misjudgment liquefaction and serious danger. Therefore, the depth of liquefaction characteristics of initial conditions for code value is not applicable, need to study to improve.
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Zhang, Yubin. "Risk analysis of soil liquefaction in earthquake disasters." E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019): 03037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911803037.
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China is an earthquake-prone country. With the development of urbanization in China, the effect of population aggregation becomes more and more obvious, and the Casualty Risk of earthquake disasters also increases. Combining with the characteristics of earthquake liquefaction, this paper analyses the disaster situation of soil liquefaction caused by earthquake in Indonesia. The internal influencing factors of soil liquefaction and the external dynamic factors caused by earthquake are summarized, and then the evaluation factors of seismic liquefaction are summarized. The earthquake liquefaction risk is indexed to facilitate trend analysis. The index of earthquake liquefaction risk is more conducive to the disaster trend analysis of soil liquefaction risk areas, which is of great significance for earthquake disaster rescue.
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Zhang, G., P. K. Robertson, and R. W. I. Brachman. "Estimating liquefaction-induced ground settlements from CPT for level ground." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 5 (October 1, 2002): 1168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-047.
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An integrated approach to estimate liquefaction-induced ground settlements using CPT data for sites with level ground is presented. The approach combines an existing CPT-based method to estimate liquefaction resistance with laboratory test results on clean sand to evaluate the liquefaction-induced volumetric strains for sandy and silty soils. The proposed method was used to estimate the settlements at both the Marina District and Treasure Island sites damaged by liquefaction during the Loma Prieta, California, earthquake on 17 October 1989. Good agreement between the calculated and measured liquefaction-induced ground settlements was found. The major factors that affect the estimation of liquefaction-induced ground settlements are also discussed in detail. The recommendations for taking the effects of these factors into account in estimating liquefaction-induced ground settlements using the proposed CPT-based approach are presented. It is suggested that the proposed method may be used to estimate liquefaction-induced settlements for low- to medium-risk projects and also to provide preliminary estimates for higher risk projects.Key words: liquefaction, settlements, earthquake, sand, in situ testing.
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Olson, Scott M. "Liquefaction analysis of Duncan Dam using strength ratios." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 43, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 484–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-025.
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B.C. Hydro performed extensive seismic safety studies for Duncan Dam in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The results of these studies indicated that Duncan Dam was reasonably safe from liquefaction-induced failure. A recently proposed liquefaction analysis procedure that uses strength ratios to assess liquefaction triggering and post-triggering stability was used to revisit the liquefaction analysis of Duncan Dam. When compared to the detailed field and analytical studies performed by B.C. Hydro, the proposed liquefaction analysis procedure predicts: (i) similar zones of liquefaction within a contractive unit of foundation sand; (ii) similar shear strengths at the triggering of liquefaction (yield shear strength) and at large strain (liquefied shear strength); and (iii) similar post-triggering factors of safety for slope stability. The good agreement suggests that the strength ratio based liquefaction analysis approach is relatively robust and is suitable for screening level studies for large projects or may serve as the primary analysis procedure for less complex projects.Key words: liquefaction, liquefied shear strength, yield shear strength, laboratory tests, penetration tests, Duncan Dam.
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Wang, Wei Ming, Long Wei Chen, and Xiao Ming Yuan. "Liquefaction Macro-Characteristics in Chengdu Region in Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 1893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.1893.
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In Wenchuan earthquake, liquefaction phenomena and relevant damage in Chengdu region was extensive. Through field investigation, macro-liquefaction characteristics in Chengdu region are outlined, i.e., (1) Liquefaction zones (belts) mainly were located in Dujiangyan city; (2) Liquefaction has been observed in seismic intensities VI, VII, VIII, IX and X, but mainly concentrated in intensities VII and VIII; (3) Heights of liquefaction water-jet mostly ranged in 1m to 3m, and the highest was more than 10m; (4) The ejected materials in liquefied sites covered many soil categories, nearly 67% of fine sand and 11% of gravel; (5) Liquefaction generally caused ground fissures, but obvious ground subsidence were not detected. Although the ejected materials mainly were fine-grained soil, the actual liquefaction was prevalent gravel soil
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Hu, Jiang Chun, Hong Fang Wang, and Chen Li. "Analysis on the Discrimination Method of Seismic Liquefaction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 1441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.1441.
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Seismic liquefaction is a major geological hazard of earthquakes. In the paper, the earthquake liquefaction of subway engineering in GUANGZHOU is calculated based on the standard penetration test method according to the rules of code for seismic design of buildings, specifications of earthquake resistant design for highway engineering, code for water resources and hydropower engineering geological investigation as well as the railway engineering anti-earthquake design specification. It is concluded that different code have very different result on sand liquefaction discrimination. And the data selection is a key factor when we discriminate sand liquefaction. The shortage of codes is evaluating the site liquefaction according to the data of points. The conclusions have positive role for engineering seismic liquefaction discrimination and the seismic liquefaction mechanism research.
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Farni, Indra. "AN EVALUATION OF LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL IN THE REGION OF PADANG CITY." JURNAL REKAYASA 11, no. 1 (August 19, 2022): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37037/jrftsp.v11i1.81.
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Padang City is a city located on the Coastline of West Sumatra Coast that is vulnerable to earthquakes and tsunamis. This vulnerability allows the liquefaction phenomenon when an earthquake occurs. Factors affecting liquefaction are soil type, grain grading, ground water level, relative density and vibration. This study aims to analyze the liquefaction potential based on the value of safety factors obtained by using the Seed et al (1985) method and the Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) method which aims to map the liquefaction based on the level of liquefaction potential at the location being reviewed. Earthquake data is using the Indonesia meterological, climatology, and geophysics agency (BMKG) (2009-2019) and maximum ground surface acceleration (PGA) using the attenuation equation from Young et al. The liquefaction calculation parameters are judged by a safety factor (FS), if FS> 1 it means there is no potential for liquefaction and if FS <1 means there is potentially liquefaction possibility. Based on calculations from these methods, the results obtained from the ten location points reviewed were almost all sites potentially liquefaction based on variations in earthquake magnitude with sand and silt soil types and other types of soil with an average groundwater level below 1.5m.
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Mele, L., S. Lirer, and A. Flora. "Liquefaction triggering of non-saturated sandy soils." Géotechnique Letters 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgele.22.00076.
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In saturated sandy soils liquefaction triggering is generally well-identified according to stress or strain criteria. On the contrary, the attainment of liquefaction in non-saturated sandy soils is still cause of discussion in scientific community. Even if the liquefaction resistance of non-saturated soils is higher than that of saturated ones, these soils may liquefy, as well. The increasing interest for cyclically mechanical behaviour of non-saturated sandy soils is due to the fact that desaturation or induced partial saturation (IPS) can be used as useful mitigation techniques against soil liquefaction. Therefore, it is important to define, as accurately as possible, the attainment of liquefaction, on which depends the estimation of liquefaction resistance. It has been already demonstrated the relevance of the apparent viscosity as a physically based parameter for the correct identification of the liquefaction triggering for fully saturated soils. In this paper the viscous triggering approach has been used for non-saturated soils too, processing some cyclic triaxial tests carried out on different sandy soils. The results confirm the reliability of the apparent viscosity as a liquefaction triggering parameter, showing a tight correlation with the strain liquefaction triggering criterion. Therefore, it confirms the correct choice of strain criterion for identifying the attainment of liquefaction in non-saturated sandy soils.
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Oka, Fusao, Sayuri Kimoto, Hirokazu Yui, Hiroshi Matsuoka, and Peter Song Yeu Tsai. "Liquefaction Analyses of Reclaimed Ground and Levee Considering the Damage by the 2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake and Lessons." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 830–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p0830.
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We have reviewed liquefaction-induced damage to reclaimed ground, levees and industrial complexes, caused by the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake. Then, we reconsidered the method of the prediction of liquefaction and estimated liquefaction at Urayasu housing area using a new liquefaction prediction method based on dynamic numerical liquefaction analysis of the ground. We also clarified the feature of the damage of levee due to the 2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake based on the dynamic liquefaction analysis and listed the lessons taught by the analyses and the damages due to the 2011 Tohoku Great Earthquake are shown.
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Xu, Qing, Fei Kang, and Jun Jie Li. "A Neural Network Model for Evaluating Gravel Liquefaction Using Dynamic Penetration Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 2620–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.2620.
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Evaluation of liquefaction potential of soils is important in geotechnical earthquake engineering. Significant phenomena of gravelly soil liquefaction were reported in 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Thus, further studies on the liquefaction potential of gravelly soil are needed. This paper investigates the potential of artificial neural networks-based approach to assess the liquefaction potential of gravelly soils form field data of dynamic penetration test. The success rates for occurrence and non-occurrence of liquefaction cases both are 100%. The study suggests that neural networks can successfully model the complex relationship between seismic parameters, soil parameters, and the liquefaction potential of gravelly soils.
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Tang, Xiao-Wei, Xu Bai, Ji-Lei Hu, and Jiang-Nan Qiu. "Assessment of liquefaction-induced hazards using Bayesian networks based on standard penetration test data." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 5 (May 29, 2018): 1451–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-1451-2018.
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Abstract. Liquefaction-induced hazards such as sand boils, ground cracks, settlement, and lateral spreading are responsible for considerable damage to engineering structures during major earthquakes. Presently, there is no effective empirical approach that can assess different liquefaction-induced hazards in one model. This is because of the uncertainties and complexity of the factors related to seismic liquefaction and liquefaction-induced hazards. In this study, Bayesian networks (BNs) are used to integrate multiple factors related to seismic liquefaction, sand boils, ground cracks, settlement, and lateral spreading into a model based on standard penetration test data. The constructed BN model can assess four different liquefaction-induced hazards together. In a case study, the BN method outperforms an artificial neural network and Ishihara and Yoshimine's simplified method in terms of accuracy, Brier score, recall, precision, and area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC). This demonstrates that the BN method is a good alternative tool for the risk assessment of liquefaction-induced hazards. Furthermore, the performance of the BN model in estimating liquefaction-induced hazards in Japan's 2011 Tōhoku earthquake confirms its correctness and reliability compared with the liquefaction potential index approach. The proposed BN model can also predict whether the soil becomes liquefied after an earthquake and can deduce the chain reaction process of liquefaction-induced hazards and perform backward reasoning. The assessment results from the proposed model provide informative guidelines for decision-makers to detect the damage state of a field following liquefaction.
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Lv, Shihao, Xiaoli Lin, Zhenzhong Gao, Xianfeng Hou, Haiyang Zhou, and Jin Sun. "Phenol Liquefaction of Waste Sawdust Pretreated by Sodium Hydroxide: Optimization of Parameters Using Response Surface Methodology." Molecules 27, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 7880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227880.
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In this study, a two-step method was used to realize the liquefaction of waste sawdust under atmospheric pressure, and to achieve a high liquefaction rate. Specifically, waste sawdust was pretreated with NaOH, followed by liquefaction using phenol. The relative optimum condition for alkali–heat pretreatment was a 1:1 mass ratio of NaOH to sawdust at 140 °C. The reaction parameters including the mass ratio of phenol to pretreated sawdust, liquefaction temperature, and liquefaction time were optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for phenol liquefaction of pretreated sawdust were a 4.21 mass ratio of phenol to sawdust, a liquefaction temperature of 173.58 °C, and a liquefaction time of 2.24 h, resulting in corresponding liquefied residues of 6.35%. The liquefaction rate reached 93.65%. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze untreated waste sawdust, pretreated sawdust, liquefied residues, and liquefied liquid. SEM results showed that the alkali–heat pretreatment and liquefaction reactions destroyed the intact, dense, and homogeneous sample structures. FT-IR results showed that liquefied residues contain aromatic compounds with different substituents, including mainly lignin and its derivatives, while the liquefied liquid contains a large number of aromatic phenolic compounds. XRD showed that alkali–heat pretreatment and phenol liquefaction destroyed most of the crystalline regions, greatly reduced the crystallinity and changed the crystal type of cellulose in the sawdust.
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Peng, Xiaodong. "Discriminant Method of Sand Liquefaction." E3S Web of Conferences 248 (2021): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124801013.
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With the proposal of 1.8 billion mus of cultivated land red line and the rise of land reclamation in China, more and more national defense and civil projects are built on poor geological soil, such as reclamation reefs in the South China Sea. The liquefaction damage caused by earthquake, such as water spraying, grouting and surface cracks, has a great impact on such buildings, and poses a threat to people's lives and property. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the liquefaction of sand in foundation soil. Since Academician Huang Wen-xi first proposed to use indoor dynamic triaxial test to study liquefaction, a series of achievements have been made in the liquefaction of foundation soil. The research methods of sand liquefaction have developed from simple single sample of numerical simulation, numerical simulation and test. Referring to the literature at home and abroad, this paper sorted out the discriminant method of sand liquefaction, experimental study of sand liquefaction and post-liquefaction analysis.