Relevant bibliographies by topics / Liquefaction

Academic literature on the topic 'Liquefaction'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Liquefaction"

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Xie, Hong Lu, Yan Ling Wu, Jian Hua Huang, and Lin Lu Zheng. "Study on Processing of Plantation Fir Scrap Liquefaction by Ionic Liquids." Advanced Materials Research 581-582 (October 2012): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.581-582.160.

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Liquefactions have been carried out on plantation fir scrap, with allylimidazolium ionic liquids as liquefaction agent. The primary component of plantation fir was analyzed, fir scrap properties were tested in contrast to peeled fir. Single-factor experiments were employed to discuss the influential factors liquefying plantation fir scrap by ionic liquids. The results showed that the appropriate conditions of liquefaction were 80°C, 30min, and the ratio of wood to liquor was 7:1, in these conditions, the liquefaction is nearly complete.
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Moss, Robb Eric S., Laurie G. Baise, Jing Zhu, and Diwakar Kadkha. "Examining the Discrepancy between Forecast and Observed Liquefaction from the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquakes." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 1_suppl (December 2017): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/120316eqs220m.

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Many ground failures resulted from the 2015 Nepal earthquake sequence, including landslides, rockfalls, liquefactions, and cyclic failures. And whereas the amount and extent of landsliding were relatively consistent with predictions for a Mw 7.8 main shock, the amount and extent of liquefaction were not. We present a summary of liquefaction field observations that we made as part of the Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) investigations. The liquefaction that did occur in the Kathmandu Valley was limited in its spatial extent, and the postliquefaction deformations were small. Prior earthquakes in this region have been reported to have caused greater liquefaction-related failures, and liquefaction hazard–mapping studies predicted widespread liquefaction hazard from an event of this size. We explore two possible reasons at the regional scale for the limited liquefaction from this earthquake sequence: drawdown of the groundwater table and high near-surface shear wave velocity. Our study finds that pumping has depressed the groundwater table across the Kathmandu Valley by 13–40 m since 1980, thereby decreasing the amount of near-surface liquefiable material and increasing the nonliquefiable “crust” layer. The regional slope-based V S30 for the valley is on average higher than that for liquefaction sites in a global database of observed liquefaction. A global geospatial model for liquefaction occurrence shows low liquefaction potential in the Kathmandu Valley consistent with the observed patterns.
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Nategh, Mehrdad, Abdullah Ekinci, Anoosheh Iravanian, and Siavash Salamatpoor. "Determination of Initial-Shear-Stress Impact on Ramsar-Sand Liquefaction Susceptibility through Monotonic Triaxial Testing." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (November 3, 2020): 7772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217772.

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Liquefaction risk assessment is critical for the safety and economics of structures. As the soil strata of Ramsar area in north Iran is mostly composed of poorly graded clean sand and the ground water table is found at shallow depths, it is highly susceptible to liquefaction. In this study, a series of isotropic and anisotropic consolidated undrained triaxial tests were performed on reconstituted specimens of Ramsar sand to identify the liquefaction potential of the area. The specimens are consolidated isotropically to simulate the level ground condition, and anisotropically to simulate the soil condition on a slope and/or under a structure. The various states of soil behavior are studied by preparing specimens at different initial relative densities and applying different levels of effective stress. The critical state soil mechanics approach for identifying the liquefaction susceptibility is adopted and the observed phenomena are further explained in relation to the micro-mechanical behavior. As only four among the 27 conducted tests did not exhibit liquefactive behavior, Ramsar sand can be qualified as strongly susceptible to liquefaction. Furthermore, it is observed that the pore pressure ratio is a good indication of the liquefaction susceptibility.
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Zu, Haicheng, Kunya Zhang, Haixia Zhang, and Xiuqing Qian. "An Inverse Method to Determine Mechanical Parameters of Porcine Vitreous Bodies Based on the Indentation Test." Bioengineering 10, no. 6 (May 26, 2023): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10060646.

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The vitreous body keeps the lens and retina in place and protects these tissues from physical insults. Existing studies have reported that the mechanical properties of vitreous body varied after liquefaction, suggesting mechanical properties could be effective parameters to identify vitreous liquefaction process. Thus, in this work, we aimed to propose a method to determine the mechanical properties of vitreous bodies. Fresh porcine eyes were divided into three groups, including the untreated group, the 24 h liquefaction group and the 48 h liquefaction group, which was injected collagenase and then kept for 24 h or 48 h. The indentation tests were carried out on the vitreous body in its natural location while the posterior segment of the eye was fixed in the container. A finite element model of a specimen undertaking indentation was constructed to simulate the indentation test with surface tension of vitreous body considered. Using the inverse method, the mechanical parameters of the vitreous body and the surface tension coefficient were determined. For the same parameter, values were highest in the untreated group, followed by the 24 h liquefaction group and the lowest in the 48 h liquefaction group. For C10 in the neo-Hookean model, the significant differences were found between the untreated group and liquefaction groups. This work quantified vitreous body mechanical properties successfully using inverse method, which provides a new method for identifying vitreous liquefactions related studies.
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Amaliah, R., T. Harianto, and A. B. Muhiddin. "Evaluation of potential liquefaction based on Cone Penetration Test (CPT) data." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 921, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/921/1/012061.

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Abstract An earthquake can inflict a liquefaction hazards which can damage buildings and infrastructure. Furthermore, earthquakes are difficult to predict when and where earthquakes will occur and happen suddenly without being preceded by signs. Therefore, we must do a geological investigation before building a construction to evaluate the potential liquefaction in that area. Evaluation of the potential liquefaction using Cone Penetration Test (CPT) is one method can be used because repeatable, provided a continuous profile, and economic. This method needs peak ground acceleration (amax) value at an interval of 0.1 g to 0.6 g and earthquake magnitude of 6.2 scale richter. Based on the results of the research was obtained in this research area, there were potential liquefactions when the peak ground acceleration (amax) value was above 0.3 g.
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Chung. "Preparation of Probabilistic Liquefaction Hazard Map Using Liquefaction Potential Index." Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers 34, no. 6 (2014): 1831. http://dx.doi.org/10.12652/ksce.2014.34.6.1831.

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Touijrate, Soukaina, Khadija Baba, Mohamed Ahatri, and Lahcen Bahi. "Validation and Verification of Semi-Empirical Methods for Evaluating Liquefaction Using Finite Element Method." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 02028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814902028.

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Liquefaction is a hazardous and temporary phenomenon by which a soil saturated with water loses some or all of its resistance. The undrained conditions and a cyclic load increase the pores water pressure inside the soil and therefore a reduction of the effective stress. Nowadays many semi-empirical methods are used to introduce a proposition to evaluate the liquefaction's potential using the in-situ test results. The objective of this paper is to study their ability to correctly predict the liquefaction potential by modelling our case using finite element methods. The study is based on the data of Cone Penetration Tests experimental results of the Casablanca-Tangier High-Speed Line exactly between PK 116 + 450 and PK 116 + 950 and near of Moulay-Bousselham city. It belongs to the Drader-Soueir basin region which is located in the North-West of Morocco. This region had a specific soil’s formation, the first 50 meters are characterised by the existence of sand layers alternating with layers of clay. These formations are very loose and saturated which suggests the possibility of soil liquefaction. We present and discuss the results of applying the Olsen method [1], the Juang method [2] and the Robertson method [3], in the evaluation of liquefaction susceptibility. Apart from the previous empirical analysis to evaluate the liquefaction potential, numerical modelling is performed in this study.
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Turtle, Martitia P., James V. Hengesh, Kathy B. Tucker, William R. Lettis, Scott L. Deaton, and J. David Frost. "Liquefaction." Earthquake Spectra 18, no. 1_suppl (July 2002): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2803908.

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Whitman, Robert V. "Liquefaction." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 20, no. 3 (September 30, 1987): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.20.3.145-158.

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Although liquefaction of soils during earthquakes has been researched intensively for more than 20 years, it has remained a confusing problem - owing to seemingly divergent viewpoints as to the fundamental nature of the problem. During the past several years there has been a clarifying and coming together of these viewpoints, and hence a much clearer framework of understanding has been established. This new perspective is presented and related to previously developed methods of investigation and analysis, and remaining problems are identified and discussed. Several recent advances re parts of the problems - prediction of limited permanent deformations and delayed failure - are also summarized.
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Berrill, J. B., R. Beetham, and H. Tanaka. "Liquefaction." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 26, no. 4 (December 31, 1993): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.26.4.411-414.

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In studies of liquefaction case histories, particle size distributions of ejected sand have been useful in identifying layers which have liquefied. The aim of this note is to describe samples of ejecta that were retrieved by the New Zealand reconnaissance team to the M7.8 Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki, Japan earthquake in the hope that these might be useful in subsequent investigations. Three samples of ejected sand were brought back to New Zealand for analysis: two from Hakodate, where many port facilities were damaged by liquefaction, and one from the Nakanosawa Primary School at Oshamanbe, where piles failed in shear due to liquefaction and lateral spreading of the surrounding soil. The Hakodate samples were both retrieved from the Hokodate Port area, sample HAKDl from near the 2500 tonne Nittetsu Cement Company silo which had tilted by about 3° and whose base had displaced about 200 mm horizontally, and sample HAKD2 from the clearly reclaimed land of the wharf area some 300 m to the south. Hakodate is 172 km from the epicentre and Oshamanbe 107 km. The two sites are shown on a magnitude-distance plot in Figure 1, and it is seen that the Hakodate sites lie just inside the criterion of Kuribayashi and Tatsuoka (1974) for distance to furthest site of liquefaction.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Liquefaction"

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Butterfield, Katherine J. "Seismic Liquefaction Trigger Mechanisms." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1179.

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Three possible mechanisms for the onset of excess pore water pressure generation due to seismic excitation of saturated soil are investigated using downhole array data from sixteen real earthquakes. The downhole data are used to synthesize both stress and strain at various depths within the ground. Stresses, strains and dissipated energy are then investigated as potential liquefaction trigger mechanisms. The hypothesis that the shear strain threshold is a liquefaction trigger mechanism is strongly supported by the results presented here. In all but one case the shear strain threshold accurately predicts the time of pore pressure rise for real earthquakes in the field. Additionally, the onset of energy dissipation is found to signal the initial rise in measured excess pore pressure remarkably accurately. The results suggest a fundamental link between Nemat-Nasser and Shokooh's pore pressure - dissipated energy.density relationship (1979) and Mindlin and Deresiewicz's (1953) theoretical strain threshold. Mindlin and Deresiewicz's work (1953) defined a theoretical strain threshold as the mechanism for the onset of gross sliding, and 'its associated energy dissipation'. Therefore the onset of energy dissipation constitutes a second, independent verification of the strain threshold hypothesis. The relationship between stress invariants and pore pressure increase is less clear. To date there does not appear to be an acceptable theory that describes a trigger mechanism in terms of stress alone.
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Baloyi, Hope. "Algae liquefaction / Hope Baloyi." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8153.

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The liquefaction of algae for the recovery of bio–oil was studied. Algae oil is a non–edible feedstock and has minimal impact on food security and food prices; furthermore, it has been identified as a favourable feedstock for the production of biodiesel and this is attributed to its high oil yield per hectare. Algae oil can be potentially used for fuel blending for conventional diesel. The recovery step for algae oil for the production of biodiesel is costly and demands a lot of energy due to the high water content and size of the algae organism. In this study hydrothermal liquefaction was used for the recovery of oil from algae biomass. Hydrothermal liquefaction uses high water activity in sub–critical water conditions to convert wet biomass to liquid fuel which makes the process more cost effective than pyrolysis and gasification in terms of energy savings on biomass drying costs. The main objective of this study was to determine suitable liquefaction reaction conditions (reaction temperature, biomass loading and reaction atmosphere) for producing bio–oil from algae and identifying the effects of these conditions on bio–oil yield and properties. Bio–oil properties are a good indication of the quality of the oil product and the significance of the liquefaction reaction conditions. The experiments were carried out in a SS316 stainless steel high pressure autoclave. An environmental scanning electron microscope with integrated energy dispersive spectroscopy was used for the characterisation of the raw algae biomass. The algae biomass was liquefied in water at various temperatures ranging from 280 to 360°C, at different biomass loadings (3 to 9 wt %) and a 5 wt% potassium hydroxide (KOH) for all experiments. The reaction time was held constant at 30 minutes in all experiments performed under CO2 and N2 atmospheres. Chloroform was used to recover the bio–oil oil from the reaction mixture following liquefaction, and the bio–oil was purified by removing chloroform using a vacuum distillation process. The bio–oil sample was methylated to the fatty methyl esters using trimethyl sulfonium hydroxide solution to determine its composition using gas chromatography. The elemental composition of the bio–oil was analysed using a Flash 2000 organic analyser. The main organic components of the bio–oil were determined using Fourier–transform infrared (FT–IR) spectroscopy. The oil yield was found to be dependent on reaction temperature and biomass loading when liquefaction was done in an inert environment, showing a significant increase at high temperatures and biomass ii loadings. Biomass loading had no significant influence on bio–oil yields at high temperatures in a reducing atmosphere and an average oil yield of 25.28 wt% and 20.91 wt% was obtained under a CO2 atmosphere and a N2 atmosphere at 360°C, respectively. Higher yields of C16 fatty acid were obtained at 320°C at a 3 wt% biomass loading in a CO2 atmosphere. The FTIR analyses showed the presence of oxygenated compounds such as phenols, ketones, aldehydes and ethers. The bio–oil had a reduced O/C ratio as compared to that in the original feedstock, with improved heating values. The reduction in the O/C ratio in the bio–oil indicated that deoxygenation occurred during liquefaction and that the bio–oil produced has good properties for combustion. This study indicates that the bio–oil is well suited for further processing to biodiesel because of the high C16 fatty acid content. Hydrothermal liquefaction could thus be a feasible method for producing bio–oil from Scenedesmus acutus.
Thesis (MSc Engineering Sciences (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Arndt, Alex Michael. "Performance-Based Liquefaction Triggering Analyses with Two Liquefaction Models Using the Cone Penetration Test." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6945.

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This study examines the use of performance-based engineering in earthquake liquefaction hazard analysis with Cone Penetration Test data (CPT). This work builds upon previous research involving performance-based liquefaction analysis with the Standard Penetration Test (SPT). Two new performance-based liquefaction triggering models are presented herein. The two models used in this liquefaction analysis are modified from the case-history based probabilistic models proposed by Ku et al. (2012) and Boulanger and Idriss (2014). Using these models, a comparison is made between the performance-based method and the conventional pseudo-probabilistic method. This comparison uses the 2014 USGS probabilistic seismic hazard models for both methods. The comparison reveals that, although in most cases both methods predict similar liquefaction hazard using a factor of safety against liquefaction, by comparing the probability of liquefaction, the performance-based method on average will predict a smaller liquefaction hazard.
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Kabbani, Dania. "Ultrasound-assisted liquefaction of honey." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/144664.

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Crystallization of honey is a common process of the honey industry. Liquid honey is preferred by most of the consumers and by food companies for ease of handling. Honey is commonly heated during pasteurization in order to liquefy it and inhibit any microbial growth. However, heating can degrade the main quality parameters of honey. A better method compared to expensive and time-consuming heating is desirable to pasteurize, accelerate the liquefaction and retard the crystallization process in honey. The present thesis documents the work done at investigating the effect of the ultrasounds (US) in honey liquefaction, quality alteration and honey decontamination. Firstly, in Chapter 1, the effect of different combinations of US treatment (power, temperature and duration) on honey liquefaction were evaluated by studying the rheological properties of honey; viscosity behaviour, crystal content, tendency to re-crystallization and thermal properties. Secondly, in Chapter 2, the effects of US on the hydroxymethylfurfural concentration and diastase activities in honey were determined by chemical analysis and compared with that for standard heat-treated honey samples. Thirdly, in Chapter 3, US treatment was investigated for honey decontamination. In addition, the in vitro antimicrobial and antifungal activities of ultrasonicated honey against several types of microorganisms were evaluated. The results obtained in this research point to a successful application of the ultrasound technology for the liquefaction of honey, as it speeds up its liquefaction, do not degrade the quality and the intrinsic biological activity of honey was neither affected.
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Broomfield, Derek Chad. "Liquefaction potential of paste backfill." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0019/MQ52879.pdf.

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Ng, Dixon C. "Wood liquefaction with hydriodic acid." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65993.

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Bhattacharya, S. "Pile instability during earthquake liquefaction." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.596628.

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A theory of pile failure, based on buckling instability is proposed in this thesis. The main postulate of this theory is that if piles are too slender they require lateral support from the surrounding soil if they are to avoid buckling instability. During earthquake-induced liquefaction, the soil surrounding the pile loses effective confining stress and can no longer offer sufficient support to the pile. A slender pile may then buckle sideways in the direction of least elastic bending stiffness pushing aside the initially liquefied soil, and eventually rupturing under the increased bending moment and shear force. Lateral loading due to slope movement, inertia or out-of-straightness increases lateral deflections, which in turn induces plasticity in the pile and reduces the buckling load, promoting more rapid collapse. These lateral loads are, however, secondary to the basic requirements that piles in liquefiable soil must be checked against Euler's buckling. This theory has been formulated based on a study of fifteen case histories of pile foundation performance and verified using dynamic centrifuge tests. Analytical studies also support this theory of pile failure. A hypothesis of post-buckling pile-soil interaction is also developed to fit the centrifuge test data. Centrifuge tests were designed in level ground to avoid the effects of lateral spreading and the main aim was to study the effect of axial load as soil liquefies. The failure mode observed in the tests was very similar to those observed in the field in laterally spreading soil. It is concluded in this thesis that it is not necessary to invoke lateral spreading of the soil to cause a pile to collapse. The pile may even collapse before lateral spreading starts. The key parameter identified to distinguish whether the pile pushes the soil (buckling) or the soil pushes the pile (lateral spreading) is the slenderness ratio of the pile in the liquefiable region. The critical value of this parameter is approximately 50. In summary, it has been shown that the current codes of practice for pile design omit considerations necessary to avoid buckling in event of soil liquefaction. These codes are inadequate and buckling needs to be addressed. It has been identified that many of the structures designed based on the current codes of practice may be unsafe and may need retrofitting. Therefore, a design method is proposed taking into consideration the buckling effect.
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Barraza, Burgos Juan M. "Liquefaction of beneficiated coal fractions." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294702.

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Tanaka, Kōtarō. "Safety of foundations against liquefaction." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36526.

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Ju, Lei. "Assessment of ship cargo liquefaction." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2017. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27907.

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Liquefaction of fine particle cargoes such as unprocessed nickel ore and iron ore, resulting in cargo shift and loss of stability of ships, has caused the loss of many lives in marine casualties over the recent few years. Since the dangers of cargo liquefaction have long been known to the shipping industry, the question of why the phenomenon is resurfacing now would be a legitimate one. Under the requirements of International Maritime Bulk Solid Cargoes (IMSBC) Code adopted by the Maritime Safety Committee of the Organization, the moisture content of the cargo that may liquefy shall be kept less than its Transportable Moisture Limit (TML) in advance of loading, as determined from one of three laboratory test methods specified in IMSBC code. However, the accuracy of these methods is still not understood and the TML result varies particularly when conducted in different laboratories or in different methods for a given sample (Rose, 2014). Considering the ambiguity of testing (unavailability or non-compliance) and the variability in cargo properties and state as well as conditions that can lead to liquefaction (pertaining to ship design and operation and to environmental conditions), it is necessary to investigate the root causes that trigger the phenomenon and address the problem in a comprehensive manner. On the other hand, despite the positive steps that have been taken towards prevention of such shipping accidents, IMSBC code appears to have certain limitations and leaves the shipper responsible to involve the competent authority and the operator for the characterization of the cargo and the hazards it entails for the ship and its crew, if in doubt. This thesis, therefore, gives consideration to the development of the numerical simulation method to the ship cargo liquefaction, which could be feasibly used as a reference and possibly support a suitable regulatory framework for the liquefaction analysis of cargoes.
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Books on the topic "Liquefaction"

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Hynes, Mary Ellen. Probabilistic liquefaction analysis. Washington, DC: Division of Engineering Technology, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1999.

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Hynes, M. E. Probabilistic liquefaction analysis. Washington, D.C: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1990.

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Choobbasti, A. Janalizadeh. Numerical simulation of liquefaction. Manchester: UMIST, 1997.

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S, Cakmak A., ed. Soil dynamics and liquefaction. Amsterdam: Elsevier, co-published with Computational Mechanics, 1987.

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W, Boulanger R., ed. Soil liquefaction during earthquakes. Berkeley: Earthquake engineering research institute, 2008.

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S, Cakmak A., and International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (3rd : 1987 : Princeton, N.J.), eds. Soil dynamics and liquefaction. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987.

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Tsukamoto, Yoshimichi, and Kenji Ishihara. Advances in Soil Liquefaction Engineering. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5479-7.

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Wride, C. E. CANLEX, the Canadian liquefaction experiment. Richmond, B.C: Bi Tech Publishers, 1997.

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A, Burton, and Commission of the European Communities. Directorate-General for Science, Research and Development., eds. Liquefaction catalytique de biomasses lignocellusosiques. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities, 1986.

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Klerk, Arno de. Synthetic liquids production and refining. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Liquefaction"

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Kramer, Steven L. "Liquefaction." In Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards, 629–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_219.

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Oommen, Thomas. "Liquefaction." In Selective Neck Dissection for Oral Cancer, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12127-7_190-1.

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Jia, Junbo. "Liquefaction." In Soil Dynamics and Foundation Modeling, 227–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40358-8_7.

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Sitharam, T. G., Naveen James, and Sreevalsa Kolathayar. "Liquefaction." In Comprehensive Seismic Zonation Schemes for Regions at Different Scales, 109–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89659-5_6.

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Wang, Chi-Yuen, and Michael Manga. "Liquefaction." In Earthquakes and Water, 7–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00810-8_2.

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Oommen, Thomas. "Liquefaction." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 591–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_190.

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Wang, Chi-Yuen, and Michael Manga. "Liquefaction." In Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences, 301–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64308-9_11.

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AbstractLiquefaction of the ground during earthquakes has long been documented and has drawn much attention from earthquake engineers because of its devastation to engineered structures. In this chapter we review a few of the best studied field cases and summarize insights from extensive experimental data critical for understanding the interaction between earthquakes and liquefaction. Despite the progress made in the last few decades, several outstanding problems remain unanswered. One is the mechanism for liquefaction beyond the near field, which has been abundantly documented in the field. This is not well understood because, according to laboratory data, liquefaction should occur only in the near field where the seismic energy density is great enough to cause undrained consolidation leading up to liquefaction. Another outstanding question is the dependence of liquefaction on the frequency of the seismic waves, where the current results from the field and laboratory studies are in conflict. Finally, while in most cases the liquefied sediments are sand or silty sand, well-graded gravel has increasingly been witnessed to liquefy during earthquakes and is not simply the result of entrainment by liquified sand. It is challenging to explain how pore pressure could build up in gravely soils and be maintained at a level high enough to cause liquefaction.
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Green, Russell A., and Katerina Ziotopoulou. "Liquefaction." In Earthquake Engineering for Dams and Reservoirs, 221–36. Leeds: Emerald Publishing Limited, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/eedr.66151.221.

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Peschka, Walter. "Hydrogen Liquefaction." In Liquid Hydrogen, 17–70. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9126-2_3.

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Alekseev, Alexander. "Hydrogen Liquefaction." In Hydrogen Science and Engineering : Materials, Processes, Systems and Technology, 733–62. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527674268.ch30.

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Conference papers on the topic "Liquefaction"

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Wang, Rui, Qianqian Hu, Xing Liu, and Jian-Min Zhang. "Influence of Liquefaction History on Liquefaction Susceptibility." In Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics V. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481455.030.

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Li, David Kun, C. Hsein Juang, and Ronald D. Andrus. "Estimation of Liquefaction Effect by Means of Liquefaction Potential Index." In GeoShanghai International Conference 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40864(196)48.

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Stewart, Jonathan P., Daniel B. Chu, Shannon Lee, J. S. Tsai, P. S. Lin, B. L. Chu, Robb E. S. Moss, et al. "Liquefaction and Non-Liquefaction from 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake." In Sixth U.S. Conference and Workshop on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering (TCLEE) 2003. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40687(2003)103.

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Miyajima, Masakatsu, Hendra Setiawan, Yuko Serikawa, and Masaho Yoshida. "Liquefaction-Induced Damage in Recent Earthquakes and New Countermeasures against Liquefaction." In International Conference on Geotechnical and Earthquake Engineering 2018. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482049.054.

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Muhunthan, B., and A. N. Schofield. "Liquefaction and Dam Failures." In Geo-Denver 2000. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40512(289)20.

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Perlea, Vlad G. "Liquefaction of Cohesive Soils." In Geo-Denver 2000. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40520(295)5.

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Finn, W. D. Liam. "Post-Liquefaction Flow Deformations." In Geo-Denver 2000. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40520(295)8.

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Eliadorani, A., and Y. P. Vaid. "Liquefaction of Dilating Sand." In Geo-Frontiers Congress 2005. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40779(158)29.

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Sumer, B. Mutlu. "LIQUEFACTION AROUND MARINE STRUCTURES." In Proceedings of the 5th Coastal Structures International Conference, CSt07. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814282024_0164.

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Holzer, Thomas L. "Probabilistic Liquefaction Hazard Mapping." In Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics Congress IV. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40975(318)30.

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Reports on the topic "Liquefaction"

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Clague, J. J., E. Naesgaard, and A. Sy. Liquefaction. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/213915.

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Litzelfelner. L51592 Development of Pipeline Stability Design Guidelines for Liquefaction and Scour. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010541.

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Documents and evaluates the current state of the art for assessing offshore pipeline stability for both liquefaction and scour conditions. Includes a PC-based computer program to assess pipeline stability conditions. The PC program includes a soil liquefaction program, a scour program, and a data base of referenced reports. 3 diskettes
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Skone, Timothy J. LNG Liquefaction, Operation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509078.

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Skone, Timothy J. LNG Liquefaction, Construction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509282.

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Songhurst, Brian. Floating Liquefaction (FLNG). Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.26889/9781784670566.

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Steudlein, Armin, Besrat Alemu, T. Matthew Evans, Steven Kramer, Jonathan Stewart, Kristin Ulmer, and Katerina Ziotopoulou. PEER Workshop on Liquefaction Susceptibility. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/bpsk6314.

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Seismic ground failure potential from liquefaction is generally undertaken in three steps. First, a susceptibility evaluation determines if the soil in a particular layer is in a condition where liquefaction triggering could potentially occur. This is followed by a triggering evaluation to estimate the likelihood of triggering given anticipated seismic demands, environmental conditions pertaining to the soil layer (e.g., its depth relative to the ground water table), and the soil state. For soils where triggering can be anticipated, the final step involves assessments of the potential for ground failure and its impact on infrastructure systems. This workshop was dedicated to the first of these steps, which often plays a critical role in delineating risk for soil deposits with high fines contents and clay-silt-sand mixtures of negligible to moderate plasticity. The workshop was hosted at Oregon State University on September 8-9, 2022 and was attended by 49 participants from the research, practice, and regulatory communities. Through pre-workshop polls, extended abstracts, workshop presentations, and workshop breakout discussions, it was demonstrated that leaders in the liquefaction community do not share a common understanding of the term “susceptibility” as applied to liquefaction problems. The primary distinction between alternate views concerns whether environmental conditions and soil state provide relevant information for a susceptibility evaluation, or if susceptibility is a material characteristic. For example, a clean, dry, dense sand in a region of low seismicity is very unlikely to experience triggering of liquefaction and would be considered not susceptible by adherents of a definition that considers environmental conditions and state. The alternative, and recommended, definition focusing on material susceptibility would consider the material as susceptible and would defer consideration of saturation, state, and loading effects to a separate triggering analysis. This material susceptibility definition has the advantage of maintaining a high degree of independence between the parameters considered in the susceptibility and triggering phases of the ground failure analysis. There exist differences between current methods for assessing material susceptibility – the databases include varying amount of test data, the materials considered are distinct (from different regions) and have been tested using different procedures, and the models can be interpreted as providingdifferent outcomes in some cases. The workshop reached a clear consensus that new procedures are needed that are developed using a new research approach. The recommended approach involves assembling a database of information from sites for which in situ test data are available (borings with samples, CPTs), cyclic test data are available from high-quality specimens, and a range of index tests are available for important layers. It is not necessary that the sites have experienced earthquake shaking for which field performance is known, although such information is of interest where available. A considerable amount of data of this type are available from prior research studies and detailed geotechnical investigations for project sites by leading geotechnical consultants. Once assembled and made available, this data would allow for the development of models to predict the probability of material susceptibility given various independent variables (e.g., in-situ tests indices, laboratory index parameters) and the epistemic uncertainty of the predictions. Such studies should be conducted in an open, transparent manner utilizing a shared database, which is a hallmark of the Next Generation Liquefaction (NGL) project.
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Nafis, D. A., M. J. Humbach, and J. G. Gatsis. Coal liquefaction co-processing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5114955.

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Skone, Timothy J. LNG Liquefaction, Installation/Deinstallation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509283.

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Author, Not Given. Small-Scale Liquefaction Technology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/941015.

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Datta, R., M. K. Jain, R. M. Worden, A. J. Grethlein, B. Soni, J. G. Zeikus, and H. Grethlein. Bioechnology of indirect liquefaction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6518379.

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