Relevant bibliographies by topics / Liposomes

Academic literature on the topic 'Liposomes'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Liposomes"

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Al Badri, Yaqeen Nadheer, Cheng Shu Chaw, and Amal Ali Elkordy. "Insights into Asymmetric Liposomes as a Potential Intervention for Drug Delivery Including Pulmonary Nanotherapeutics." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15010294.

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Liposome-based drug delivery systems are nanosized spherical lipid bilayer carriers that can encapsulate a broad range of small drug molecules (hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs) and large drug molecules (peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids). They have unique characteristics, such as a self-assembling bilayer vesicular structure. There are several FDA-approved liposomal-based medicines for treatment of cancer, bacterial, and viral infections. Most of the FDA-approved liposomal-based therapies are in the form of conventional “symmetric” liposomes and they are administered mainly by injection. Arikace® is the first and only FDA-approved liposomal-based inhalable therapy (amikacin liposome inhalation suspension) to treat only adults with difficult-to-treat Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) lung disease as a combinational antibacterial treatment. To date, no “asymmetric liposomes” are yet to be approved, although asymmetric liposomes have many advantages due to the asymmetric distribution of lipids through the liposome’s membrane (which is similar to the biological membranes). There are many challenges for the formulation and stability of asymmetric liposomes. This review will focus on asymmetric liposomes in contrast to conventional liposomes as a potential clinical intervention drug delivery system as well as the formulation techniques available for symmetric and asymmetric liposomes. The review aims to renew the research in liposomal nanovesicle delivery systems with particular emphasis on asymmetric liposomes as future potential carriers for enhancing drug delivery including pulmonary nanotherapeutics.
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Ishida, Tatsuhiro, Hideyoshi Harashima, and Hiroshi Kiwada. "Liposome Clearance." Bioscience Reports 22, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 197–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1020134521778.

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The clearance rate of liposomal drugs from the circulation is determined by the rate and extent of both drug release and uptake of liposomes by cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). Intravenously injected liposomes initially come into contact with serum proteins. The interaction of liposomes with serum proteins is thought to play a critical role in the liposome clearance. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the role of serum proteins, so-called opsonins, that enhance the clearance of liposomes, when bound to liposomes. In addition to opsonin-dependent liposome clearance, opsonin-independent liposome clearance is also reviewed. As opposed to the conventional (non-surface modification) liposomes, we briefly address the issue of the accelerated clearance of PEGylated-liposomes (sterically stabilized liposomes, long-circulating liposomes) on repeated injection, a process that has recently been observed.
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Cattel, Luigi, Maurizio Ceruti, and Franco Dosio. "From Conventional to Stealth Liposomes a new Frontier in Cancer Chemotherapy." Tumori Journal 89, no. 3 (May 2003): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089160308900302.

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Many attempts have been made to achieve good selectivity to targeted tumor cells by preparing specialized carrier agents that are therapeutically profitable for anticancer therapy. Among these, liposomes are the most studied colloidal particles thus far applied in medicine and in particular in antitumor therapy. Although they were first described in the 1960s, only at the beginning of 1990s did the first therapeutic liposomes appear on the market. The first-generation liposomes (conventional liposomes) comprised a liposome-containing amphotericin B, Ambisome (Nexstar, Boulder, CO, USA), used as an antifungal drug, and Myocet (Elan Pharma Int, Princeton, NJ, USA), a doxorubicin-containing liposome, used in clinical trials to treat metastatic breast cancer. The second-generation liposomes (“pure lipid approach”) were long-circulating liposomes, such as Daunoxome, a daunorubicin-containing liposome approved in the US and Europe to treat AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. The third-generation liposomes were surface-modified liposomes with gangliosides or sialic acid, which can evade the immune system responsible for removing liposomes from circulation. The fourth-generation liposomes, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, were called “stealth liposomes” because of their ability to evade interception by the immune system, in the same way as the stealth bomber was able to evade radar. Actually, the only stealth liposome on the market is Caelyx/Doxil (Schering-Plough, Madison NJ, USA), used to cure AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, resistant ovarian cancer and metastatic breast cancer. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin is characterized by a very long-circulation half-life, favorable pharmacokinetic behavior and specific accumulation in tumor tissues. These features account for the much lower toxicity shown by Caelyx in comparison to free doxorubicin, in terms of cardiotoxicity, vesicant effects, nausea, vomiting and alopecia. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin also appeared to be less myelotoxic than doxorubicin. Typical forms of toxicity associated to it are acute infusion reaction, mucositis and palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia, which occur especially at high doses or short dosing intervals. Active and cell targeted liposomes can be obtained by attaching some antigen-directed monoclonal antibodies (Moab or Moab fragments) or small proteins and molecules (folate, epidermal growth factor, transferrin) to the distal end of polyethylene glycol in pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. The most promising therapeutic application of liposomes is as non-viral vector agents in gene therapy, characterized by the use of cationic phospholipids complexed with the negatively charged DNA plasmid. The use of liposome formulations in local-regional anticancer therapy is also discussed. Finally, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin containing radionuclides are used in clinical trials as tumor-imaging agents or in positron emission tomography.
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Yanagihara, Shin, Yukiya Kitayama, Eiji Yuba, and Atsushi Harada. "Preparing Size-Controlled Liposomes Modified with Polysaccharide Derivatives for pH-Responsive Drug Delivery Applications." Life 13, no. 11 (November 3, 2023): 2158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13112158.

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The liposome particle size is an important parameter because it strongly affects content release from liposomes as a result of different bilayer curvatures and lipid packing. Earlier, we developed pH-responsive polysaccharide-derivative-modified liposomes that induced content release from the liposomes under weakly acidic conditions. However, the liposome used in previous studies size was adjusted to 100–200 nm. The liposome size effects on their pH-responsive properties were unclear. For this study, we controlled the polysaccharide-derivative-modified liposome size by extrusion through polycarbonate membranes having different pore sizes. The obtained liposomes exhibited different average diameters, in which the diameters mostly corresponded to the pore sizes of polycarbonate membranes used for extrusion. The amounts of polysaccharide derivatives per lipid were identical irrespective of the liposome size. Introduction of cholesterol within the liposomal lipid components suppressed the size increase in these liposomes for at least three weeks. These liposomes were stable at neutral pH, whereas the content release from liposomes was induced at weakly acidic pH. Smaller liposomes exhibited highly acidic pH-responsive content release compared with those from large liposomes. However, liposomes with 50 mol% cholesterol were not able to induce content release even under acidic conditions. These results suggest that control of the liposome size and cholesterol content is important for preparing stable liposomes at physiological conditions and for preparing highly pH-responsive liposomes for drug delivery applications.
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Kumar, Amit, Madhu Gupta, and Simran Braya. "Liposome Characterization, Applications and Regulatory landscape in US." International Journal of Drug Regulatory Affairs 9, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijdra.v9i2.474.

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Liposomes are lipid based drug carrier whose therapeutic performance depends on their structure. Liposomes offer several advantages over the conventional drug like target drug delivery, reduced toxicity, and extended pharmacokinetics. Characterization and Identification of critical attribute of liposomal formulation and suitable strategies for control during product development is important for quality of the liposomal drug product. This paper discusses the current status of the liposomal drug product and strategy used in regulating liposome product. Despite of lack of regulatory guidelines many liposome formulations get approved which shows the potential of liposome drug products.
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Goins, Beth A., and William T. Phillips. "The Use of Scintigraphic Imaging During Liposome Drug Development." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 14, no. 5 (October 2001): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1106/da2m-fyju-1xxq-ppkk.

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Liposomes, spherical lipid bilayers enclosing an aqueous space, have become an important class of drug carriers. This review describes the usefulness of scintigraphic imaging during the development of liposome-based drugs. This imaging modality is particularly helpful for tracking the distribution of liposomes in the body, monitoring the therapeutic responses following administration of liposome-based drugs, and investigating the physiological responses associated with liposome administration. Scintigraphy also can be used to monitor the therapeutic responses of patients given approved liposomal drugs. Several examples describing the potential of this imaging modality during both the preclinical formulation and clinical trial stages of liposomal drug development are included. Techniques for radiolabeling liposomes as well as methods for producing scintigraphic images are also described.
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Marqués-Gallego, Patricia, and Anton I. P. M. de Kroon. "Ligation Strategies for Targeting Liposomal Nanocarriers." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/129458.

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Liposomes have been exploited for pharmaceutical purposes, including diagnostic imaging and drug and gene delivery. The versatility of liposomes as drug carriers has been demonstrated by a variety of clinically approved formulations. Since liposomes were first reported, research of liposomal formulations has progressed to produce improved delivery systems. One example of this progress is stealth liposomes, so called because they are equipped with a PEGylated coating of the liposome bilayer, leading to prolonged blood circulation and improved biodistribution of the liposomal carrier. A growing research area focuses on the preparation of liposomes with the ability of targeting specific tissues. Several strategies to prepare liposomes with active targeting ligands have been developed over the last decades. Herein, several strategies for the functionalization of liposomes are concisely summarized, with emphasis on recently developed technologies for the covalent conjugation of targeting ligands to liposomes.
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Al Mutairi, Amal Abdullah, and Mohsen Mahmoud Mady. "Biophysical Characterization of (DOX-NPtm): FTIR and DSC Studies." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 20 (March 3, 2022): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v20i.9194.

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Doxorubicin loaded into liposomes grafted with polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been demonstrated to have a longer circulation time and lower cardiotoxicity than doxorubicin (DOX). This study aims to investigate the biophysical characterization of a marketed formulation DOX-encapsulated liposome (DOX-NPTM). The interactions between doxorubicin and liposomal lipids can help in liposomal development. The liposome and DOX-NPTM were characterized in terms of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The rheological properties of liposomal samples were also measured. Physical interactions may be occurred between the drug functional groups and liposomal lipids, probably by weak hydrogen bond formation or weak bond formation due to dipole-dipole interaction. There was no shift of existing peaks or appearance of new peaks was detected between the characteristic peaks of the liposomal lipids were present in the DOX-encapsulated liposome sample. This suggests that there were physical interactions that took place only between the drug and lipids and no chemical interaction between them. DSC information shows that the phase transition temperature shifts to lower temperature degrees after loading of DOX into the liposomes. The DSC curve has a small broadening. This may infer a little cooperativity decrease between acyl chains of liposomal membranes after DOX inclusion. The encapsulation of DOX into liposomes decreases the plastic viscosity of liposomes (from 1.64 to 1.48 cP), which shows that the membrane fluidity was increased.
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Abbase, Eman R., Medhat W. Shafaa, and Mohsen M. Mady. "Competition Between Heparin and Polyethylene Glycol as Biofunctionalization for Improving Stability of Liposomal Doxorubicin." Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asem.2020.2496.

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In order to improve liposomal doxorubicin stability, differentiation between Heparin and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) as biofunctionalization for liposomal doxorubicin has been investigated by measuring the entrapment efficiency, size distribution, zeta potential, evaluating the in vitro potential cytotoxicity against MCF-7 (Breast cancer cell) and stability in serum by measuring the drug release rate. We synthesized Four liposomal formulations: (A) Conventional liposomes; DPPC:DOX, (B) Positively charged PEGylated liposomes; DPPC:CHOL:SA:PEG:DOX (C) Negatively charged PEGylated liposomes: DPPC:CHOl:DCP:PEG:DOX (D) positively charged liposomes to conjugate heparin; DPPC:CHOL:SA:DOX. Entrapment efficiency of doxorubicin dramatically increased after PEGylation and conjugation with heparin. In addition, zeta potential was changed upon the encapsulation of doxorubicin into conventional and PEGylated liposomes which indicates that DOX encapsulated completely into liposomes. For heparin conjugated liposomes, zeta potential was slightly changed. Sulphorhodamine-B (SRB) assay showed a greater cytotoxic effect of the liposomal doxorubicin formulations at different concentrations with respect to free drug against MCF-7 cell lines. The anticancer activity order was observed between the various liposome formulations, especially those observed with conjugated heparin liposomes. Slower drug release rate showed an order of D > C > B > A that means stability showed an order of D > C > B > A. From above results, the most stable liposomal doxorubicin formulation was the liposomal formulation D. The results optimized using heparin than PEG as biofunctionalization. Further studies are suggested for better understanding why heparin improves the stability of liposomal doxorubicin.
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Heneweer, Carola, Tuula Peñate Medina, Robert Tower, Holger Kalthoff, Richard Kolesnick, Steven Larson, and Oula Peñate Medina. "Acid-Sphingomyelinase Triggered Fluorescently Labeled Sphingomyelin Containing Liposomes in Tumor Diagnosis after Radiation-Induced Stress." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 3864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22083864.

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In liposomal delivery, a big question is how to release the loaded material into the correct place. Here, we will test the targeting and release abilities of our sphingomyelin-consisting liposome. A change in release parameters can be observed when sphingomyelin-containing liposome is treated with sphingomyelinase enzyme. Sphingomyelinase is known to be endogenously released from the different cells in stress situations. We assume the effective enzyme treatment will weaken the liposome making it also leakier. To test the release abilities of the SM-liposome, we developed several fluorescence-based experiments. In in vitro studies, we used molecular quenching to study the sphingomyelinase enzyme-based release from the liposomes. We could show that the enzyme treatment releases loaded fluorescent markers from sphingomyelin-containing liposomes. Moreover, the release correlated with used enzymatic activities. We studied whether the stress-related enzyme expression is increased if the cells are treated with radiation as a stress inducer. It appeared that the radiation caused increased enzymatic activity. We studied our liposomes’ biodistribution in the animal tumor model when the tumor was under radiation stress. Increased targeting of the fluorescent marker loaded to our liposomes could be found on the site of cancer. The liposomal targeting in vivo could be improved by radiation. Based on our studies, we propose sphingomyelin-containing liposomes can be used as a controlled release system sensitive to cell stress.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Liposomes"

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Heeremans, Anneke. "Liposomes in thrombolytic therapy : t-PA targeting with plasminogen-liposomes, a novel concept = Liposomen voor thrombolytische therapie /." [S.l. : s.n.], 1995. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/186694245.pdf.

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Thibault, Benoit. "Les liposomes : méthodes de préparation." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P177.

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Loughrey, Helen. "Targeted liposomes." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29180.

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This thesis presents an optimized and general procedure for coupling proteins to liposomes and investigates certain aspects of the interaction of liposomes with components of the circulation. The object of these studies was to develop straightforward methods for the preparation of well characterized protein-liposome conjugates which exhibit extended circulation half-lives in the blood. These favorable properties should potentiate the use of protein coupled vesicles in in vivo applications such as targeting or diagnostic protocols. A general approach for the preparation of protein-liposome conjugates was developed which employs the high affinity binding of streptavidin for biotinated proteins. Streptavidin was initially attached in a non-covalent manner (via biotin phosphatidylethanolamine) or covalently (via maleimidophenyl-butyryl phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, MPB-PE or pyridyldithio-propionyl phosphatidylethanolamine, PDP-PE) to pre-formed liposomes containing the various lipid derivatives. It was shown that the procedure based on the maleimide derivative MPB-PE, was the most efficient coupling method. Standard procedures for the preparation of MPB-PE however, were found to result in an impure product. Recently a new method for the synthesis of a pure SMPB derivative of phosphatidylethanolamine was developed (Lewis Choi, unpublished). Efficient coupling of proteins to liposomes containing low amounts of pure MPB-DPPE was achieved. Subsequently it was shown that gentle incubation with biotinated proteins results in the rapid and efficient generation of protein coupled vesicles. These retain their ability to interact with defined target celte. Aggregation of liposomes during the coupling reaction is a common consequence of the efficient coupling of protein to liposomes. A method was therefore developed for the preparation of small homogeneously sized protein-liposome conjugates by an extrusion process which does not denature the attached protein. These extruded samples exhibited extended blood circulation times and were stable for significant periods in vivo. The second part of this thesis investigated the in vitro interaction of liposomes of various lipid compositions with platelets. It was demonstrated that large liposomes (> 200 nm in diameter) containing negatively charged lipids (such as EPG) or thiol reactive lipid derivatives (such as MPB-PE) can induce aggregation of platelets in vitro. This interaction was mediated by complement. It is suggested that the formation of platelet-liposome microaggregates in vivo on intravenous administration of negatively charged liposomes, resulted in the transient thrombocytopenia observed in rats. This adhesion event may have also contributed to the rapid removal of aggregated protein-liposome conjugates (containing MPB-PE) from the circulation.
Medicine, Faculty of
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of
Graduate
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Mougin-Degraef, Marie Faivre-Chauvet Alain. "Les liposomes." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://theses.univ-nantes.fr/thesemed/PHmougin.pdf.

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Gyanani, Vijay. "Turning stealth liposomes into cationic liposomes for anticancer drug delivery." Scholarly Commons, 2013. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/147.

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Targeting the anticancer agents selectively to cancer cells is desirable to improve the efficacy and to reduce the side effects of anticancer therapy. Previously reported passive tumor targeting by PEGylated liposomes (stealth liposomes) have resulted in their higher tumor accumulation. However their interaction with cancer cells has been minimal due to the steric hindrance of the PEG coating. This dissertation reports two approaches to enhance the interaction of stealth liposomes with cancer cells. First, we designed a lipid-hydrazone-PEG conjugate that removes the PEG coating at acidic pH as in the tumor interstitium. However, such a conjugate was highly unstable on shelf. Targeting the anticancer agents selectively to cancer cells is desirable to improve the efficacy and to reduce the side effects of anticancer therapy. Previously reported passive tumor targeting by PEGylated liposomes (stealth liposomes) have resulted in their higher tumor accumulation. However their interaction with cancer cells has been minimal due to the steric hindrance of the PEG coating. This dissertation reports two approaches to enhance the interaction of stealth liposomes with cancer cells. First, we designed a lipid-hydrazone-PEG conjugate that removes the PEG coating at acidic pH as in the tumor interstitium. However, such a conjugate was highly unstable on shelf. Second we developed lipids with imidazole headgroups. Such lipids can protonate to provide positive charges on liposome surface at lowered pH. Additionally, negatively charged PEGylated phospholipids can cluster with the protonated imidazole lipids to display excess positive charges on the surface of the liposomes, thus enhancing their interaction with negatively charged cancer cells. We prepared convertible liposome formulations I, II and III consisting of one of the three imidazole-based lipids DHI, DHMI and DHDMI with estimated pKa values of 5.53, 6.2 and 6.75, respectively. Zeta potential measurement confirmed the increase of positive surface charge of such liposomes at lowered pHs. DSC studies showed that at pH 6.0 formulation I formed two lipid phases, whereas the control liposome IV remained a one-phase system at pHs 7.4 and 6.0. The interaction of such convertible liposomes with negatively charged model liposomes mimicking biomembranes at lowered pH was substantiated by 3-4 times increase in average sizes of the mixture of the convertible liposomes and the model liposomes at pH 6.0 compared to pH 7.4. The doxorubicin-loaded convertible liposomes show increased cytotoxicity in B16F10 (murine melanoma) and Hela cells at pH 6.0 as compared to pH 7.4. Liposome III shows the highest cell kill at pH 6.0 for both the cells. The control formulation IV showed no difference in cytotoxicity at pH 7.4 and 6.0. Uptake of convertible liposome II by B16F10 cells increased by 57 % as the pH was lowered from 7.4 to 6.0.
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Chen, Xiaoyu. "Investigation of liposomes and liposomal gel for prolonging the therapeutic effects of pharmaceutical ingredients." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1524.

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Rodríguez, Fernández Silvia. "Phosphatidylserine-rich liposomes to tackle autoimmunity. En route to translationality." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667944.

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Les malalties autoimmunitàries estan causades per defectes en la tolerància immunològica, i afecten a gairebé un 10% de la població. Darrerament, diverses intervencions mèdiques han convertit aquestes malalties en cròniques, però el seu diagnòstic encara comporta morbiditat i mortalitat elevades. Així, un repte biomèdic urgent és el desenvolupament de teràpies que puguin restablir selectivament la tolerància, aturin l’atac autoimmunitari i permetin la regeneració del teixit danyat. En condicions fisiològiques, la fagocitosi de cèl·lules apoptòtiques per part de fagòcits com les cèl·lules dendrítiques (CDs) —procés que rep el nom d’eferocitosi— els indueix propietats tolerogèniques i l’habilitat de restaurar la tolerància. Una demostració d’això és que una immunoteràpia cel·lular consistent en CDs tolerogèniques (CDtols) degut a l’eferocitosi de cèl·lules β apoptòtiques va aturar l’atac autoimmunitari contra les cèl·lules β en un model experimental de diabetis tipus 1 (DT1). Donades les dificultats en obtenir i estandarditzar cèl·lules β apoptòtiques autòlogues humanes per la seva implementació clínica, es va dissenyar una nanoteràpia basada en liposomes que simulen cèl·lules apoptòtiques. Les principals característiques d’aquestes vesícules sintètiques són: elevat percentatge de fosfatidilserina (FS) —fosfolípid característic de la membrana de les cèl·lules apoptòtiques—, diàmetre major de 500 nm, càrrega negativa i eficient encapsulació de pèptids d’insulina. Aquesta estratègia és tant efectiva en generar CDtols i aturar l’autoimmunitat contra les cèl·lules β com la immunoteràpia basada en cèl·lules apoptòtiques. La hipòtesi d’aquest treball és que els FS-liposomes poden restablir la tolerància en diverses malalties autoimmunitàries antigen-específiques mitjançant la generació de CDtols i l’expansió de limfòcits T reguladors, i que tenen el potencial translacional per abordar patologies autoimmunitàries humanes. L’objectiu principal d’aquest estudi ha estat caracteritzar globalment el potencial tolerogènic dels FS-liposomes. Amb aquesta finalitat, diferents pèptids autoantigènics rellevants en malalties autoimmunitàries s’han encapsulat en FS-liposomes de manera eficient i sense dificultats en mantenir el diàmetre i la càrrega, demostrant la versatilitat de l’estratègia a diferents patologies autoimmunitàries. En el model experimental de DT1, l’administració de FS-liposomes ha expandit clons de cèl·lules T CD4+ reguladores i T CD8+ que contribueixen a l’efecte tolerogènic de la teràpia a llarg termini. En el mateix model, s’ha demostrat la biocompatibilitat i seguretat del producte final donada la seva òptima tolerabilitat. D’altra banda, els FS-liposomes s’han adaptat al model d’esclerosi múltiple experimental simplement reemplaçant el pèptid encapsulat. En aquest model, els FS-liposomes han induït CDtols i han reduït la incidència i severitat de la malaltia correlacionant amb un increment en la freqüència de cèl·lules T reguladores, fet que valida el potencial dels FS-liposomes a constituir una plataforma per a la recuperació de tolerància en diferents malalties autoimmunitàries. Finalment, i de cara a una futura implementació clínica, s’han determinat els efectes de la teràpia en CDs humanes obtingudes de pacients amb DT1. En CDs de pacients adults, els FS-liposomes han estat fagocitats eficientment per les CDs amb una ràpida cinètica dependent de la FS, i això ha causat l’adquisició d’un transcriptoma, fenotip i funcionalitat tolerogènics similars als observats en els models experimentals. En CDs de pacients pediàtrics, però, les CDs han presentat defectes en la seva capacitat fagocítica correlacionant amb el temps de progressió de la malaltia; tanmateix, el seu fenotip i expressió de gens immunoreguladors després de la fagocitosi dels FS-liposomes són indicatius d’una habilitat tolerogènica òptima. En conclusió, la immunoteràpia liposomal descrita, que es basa en l’eferocitosi com a mecanisme inductor de tolerància, assoleix el mimetisme apoptòtic de manera simple, segura i eficient. A més, els liposomes ofereixen avantatges quant a producció i estandardització. Per tant, els FS-liposomes tenen potencial translacional i constitueixen una estratègia prometedora per recuperar la tolerància immunològica en malalties autoimmunitàries antigen-específiques.
Autoimmune diseases are caused by defective immunological tolerance, and reportedly affect up to 10% of the global population. In the last years, current medical interventions have transformed these disorders into chronic and manageable, but they still entail high rates of morbidity and mortality. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop therapies capable of restoring the breach of tolerance selectively, which halt the autoimmune aggression and allow the regeneration of the targeted tissue. In physiological conditions, the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells performed by phagocytes such as dendritic cells (DCs) —a process termed efferocytosis— prompts the acquisition of tolerogenic features and the ability to restore tolerance. Indeed, a cell immunotherapy consisting of DCs rendered tolerogenic (tolDCs) by apoptotic β-cell efferocytosis arrested the autoimmune attack against β-cells in an experimental model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, in light of the hurdles in obtaining and standardising human autologous apoptotic β-cells for its implementation in the clinics, a nanotherapeutic strategy based on liposomes mimicking apoptotic cells was designed. The fundamental characteristics of these synthetic vesicles are: a high percentage of phosphatidylserine (PS) —phospholipid unique to the apoptotic cell membrane—, diameter superior to 500 nm, negative charge and efficient encapsulation of insulin peptides. Importantly, this strategy was equally effective in inducing tolDCs and blunting β-cell autoimmunity as the immunotherapy based on apoptotic cells. The hypothesis of this work is that autoantigen-loaded PS-liposomes can re-establish tolerance in several antigen-specific autoimmune diseases through the induction of tolDCs and the expansion of regulatory T lymphocytes, and that they have translational potential to tackle human autoimmune disorders. The main aim of the present work has been to characterise the tolerogenic potential of PS-liposomes globally. To this end, different autoantigenic peptides relevant in autoimmune diseases have been efficiently encapsulated into PS-liposomes, without difficulties in preserving their appropriate diameter and charge, thus demonstrating the versatility of the therapy to different autoimmune pathologies. In the experimental model of T1D, the administration of PS-liposomes causes the expansion of clonal CD4+ regulatory T cells and CD8+ T cells, which contribute to the long-term re-establishment of tolerance. Moreover, in the same model, the biocompatibility and safety of the final product have been confirmed given its optimal tolerability. Furthermore, PS-liposomes have been adapted to the experimental multiple sclerosis model by merely replacing the encapsulated autoantigen. In this model, PS-liposomes elicit the generation of tolDCs and decrease the incidence and severity of the disease correlating with an increase in the frequency of regulatory T cells, a fact that validates the potential of PS-liposomes to serve as a platform for tolerance re-establishment in different autoimmune diseases. Finally, considering its future clinical implementation, the effect of the PS-liposomes therapy has been determined in human DCs obtained from patients with T1D. In DCs from adult patients, PS-liposomes are efficiently phagocyted by DCs with rapid kinetics dependent on the presence of PS, and this induces a tolerogenic transcriptome, phenotype and functionality that are similar to those observed in experimental models. However, DCs from paediatric patients display defects in their phagocytic capacity correlating with the time of disease progression, albeit their phenotype and immunoregulatory gene expression after PS-liposomes phagocytosis point to an optimal tolerogenic ability. In conclusion, the liposomal immunotherapy herein described, which is based on efferocytosis as a powerful tolerance-inducing mechanism, achieves apoptotic mimicry in a simple, safe and efficient manner. Additionally, liposomes offer advantages in terms of production and standardisation. Therefore, PS-liposomes possess translational potential and constitute an encouraging strategy to restore immunological tolerance in antigen-specific autoimmune diseases.
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Bohl, Kullberg Erika. "Tumor Cell Targeting of Stabilized Liposome Conjugates : Experimental studies using boronated DNA-binding agents." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3435.

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White, Karen Louise, and n/a. "Modified liposomes as adjuvants." University of Otago. School of Pharmacy, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070126.131417.

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Despite the progress in elucidating antigens for both therapeutic and prophylactic vaccines, safety concerns over current vaccine delivery vehicles and adjuvants has limited the development of new vaccines. In particular, there is an urgent need for effective vaccines capable of stimulating cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against intracellular pathogens or tumor cells. Liposomes are under investigation as a particulate vaccine delivery system with the required safety profile and demonstrated ability to target antigens to dendritic cells (DC), the cells of the immune system responsible for initiating effective and long lasting CTL immune responses. Unmodified liposomes however, are inherently non-immunogenic and thus not capable of stimulating activation of DC, which is a necessary step in immune activation. In this thesis the use of modified liposomes to more efficiently target vaccine antigens to DC and then activate the DC sufficiently to initiate down-stream immune responses was investigated. In the first approach to liposome modification, mannosylated phospholipids were incorporated within the liposome bilayer to target C-type lectins on DC. Incorporation of mono- or tri-mannosylated phospholipids within liposomes was found to be an effective means of attaching mannose-containing ligands to the liposome surface without compromising the integrity of the liposome structure. The uptake of tri-mannose-containing liposomes was enhanced in human monocyte derived DC (MoDC) compared to both unmodified liposomes and mono-mannose-containing liposomes. In contrast, neither mono- nor tri-mannose-containing liposomes were taken up by murine bone marrow derived DC (BMDC) to a greater extent than unmodified liposomes. This finding may reflect the differences in ligand specificity for C-type lectins on DC derived from different mammalian species. It was also found in these studies that increased uptake of liposomal antigens by DC does not necessarily result in increased DC activation, as evidenced by a lack of up-regulation of DC surface activation markers and ability to stimulate T cell proliferation. The second approach to liposome modification involved the incorporation of lipid core peptides (LCPs) into the liposome structure. LCPs alone were demonstrated to be able to stimulate DC and subsequent CD8+ T cell activation in vitro. LCP-based vaccines were also able to stimulate effective cytotoxic immune responses in vivo, and protect against tumor challenge, but only if administered in alum with CD4 help. Liposomes containing LCPs were able to stimulate greater DC activation and subsequent CD8+ T cell proliferation in vitro compared with unmodified liposomes. In the in vivo studies however, LCP-containing liposomes were not able to stimulate a cytotoxic immune response or protect against tumor challenge as effectively as LCP administered in alum. In the final approach to liposome modification, inclusion of the adjuvant Quil A was investigated for its ability to increase the immunogenicity of LCP-containing liposomes. It was found that small amounts of Quil A could be incorporated into liposomes without compromising the liposome bilayer. The inclusion of as little as 2% Quil A was able to stimulate DC activation and subsequent T cell proliferation in in vitro studies. In addition, immunisation of mice with LCP-containing liposomes with incorporated Quil A was found to stimulate an in vivo CTL immune response comparable to LCPs administered under optimal vaccine conditions. In conclusion, the work presented in this thesis demonstrates that modified liposomes are a useful vaccine delivery system for the initiation of in vivo cytotoxic and prophylactic immune responses.
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Frost, S. J. "Analytical applications of liposomes." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1994. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/2745/.

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Liposomes have established roles in drug delivery and cell membrane studies. Amongst other applications; they can also be used as analytical reagents, particularly in immunoassays. Liposomal immunoassays have potential advantages over alternatives; including sensitivity, speed, simplicity and relative reagent stability. The aim of these studies was to develop and evaluate novel examples of these assays. When liposomes entrapped the dye, Sulphorhodamine B, a shift in its maximum absorption wavelength compared to free dye was observed. This was attributed to dimerization of the dye at high concentrations. If the liposomes were disrupted, the released dye was diluted into the external buffer, and the dye's absorption spectrum reverted to that of free dye. After optimization of dye entrapment, immunoassays were developed using these liposomes. Albumin-coated liposomes were used in a model assay to measure serum albumin. This assay employed complement-mediated immunolysis, commonly used in liposomal immunoassays. The liposomes were lysed by anti-albumin and complement, and this could be competitively inhibited by serum albumin. To improve sensitivity, Fab' anti-albumin liposomes were prepared. These enabled measurement of urinary albumin by a complement-mediated immunoassay, but using a sandwich technique. Anti-albumin (intact) liposomes were shown to precipitate on gentle centrifugation after reaction with albumin. They were applied as a solid phase reagent in an heterogeneous immunoassay, using radioimmunoassay for urinary microalbumin as a model assay. Liposomes containing Sulphorhodamine B were also used in a more novel assay; for serum anticardiolipin antibodies. Cardiolipin-containing liposomes were prepared. These were lysable using magnesium ions. Anticardiolipin antibodies (IgG) were found to augment this lysis, enabling their estimation. Similar imprecision and acceptable correlation with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were obtained. The findings demonstrate Sulphorhodamine B release can be used as a marker in homogeneous colorimetric liposomal immunoassays; both in model assays and in potentially more useful clinical biochemistry applications.
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Books on the topic "Liposomes"

1

Nejat Du zgu nes ʹ. Liposomes. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press, 2009.

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ʹ, Nejat Du zgu nes. Liposomes. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009.

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D'Souza, Gerard G. M., ed. Liposomes. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6591-5.

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Weissig, Volkmar, ed. Liposomes. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-447-0.

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Weissig, Volkmar, ed. Liposomes. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-360-2.

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D'Souza, Gerard G. M., and Hongwei Zhang, eds. Liposomes. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2954-3.

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Nejat, Düzgünes, ed. Liposomes. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press, 2003.

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Ostro, Marc J. Liposomes. New York: Scientific American, 1987.

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Nejat, Düzgüneş, ed. Liposomes. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005.

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Nejat, Düzgüneş, ed. Liposomes. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Liposomes"

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Moghimi, Seyed Moein. "Liposomes." In Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology, 1802–8. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9780-1_95.

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Tadros, Tharwat. "Liposomes." In Encyclopedia of Colloid and Interface Science, 682. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20665-8_114.

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Vergara-Irigaray, Nuria, Michèle Riesen, Gianluca Piazza, Lawrence F. Bronk, Wouter H. P. Driessen, Julianna K. Edwards, Wadih Arap, et al. "Liposomes." In Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology, 1218–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9751-4_95.

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Oku, Naoto. "Liposomes." In ACS Symposium Series, 24–33. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1991-0469.ch003.

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Kalra, Jessica, and Marcel B. Bally. "Liposomes." In Fundamentals of Pharmaceutical Nanoscience, 27–63. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9164-4_3.

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Stanzl, Klaus. "Liposomes." In Novel Cosmetic Delivery Systems, 233–66. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003418078-12.

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Santana, Maria Helena A., and Beatriz Zanchetta. "Elastic Liposomes." In Nanocosmetics and Nanomedicines, 139–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19792-5_7.

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Aryasomayajula, Bhawani, Giuseppina Salzano, and Vladimir P. Torchilin. "Multifunctional Liposomes." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 41–61. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6646-2_3.

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Stano, Pasquale, and Pier Luigi Luisi. "Reactions in Liposomes." In Molecular Encapsulation, 455–91. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470664872.ch17.

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Ozcetin, Aybike, Samet Mutlu, and Udo Bakowsky. "Archaebacterial Tetraetherlipid Liposomes." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 87–96. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-360-2_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Liposomes"

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Zeimer, Ran C., Bahram Khoobehi, Gholam A. Peyman, Richard L. Magin, and Michael R. Niesman. "Externally Controlled Delivery of Dyes in the Eye: A Potential New Method to Assess Retinal Blood Circulation." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1988.thb1.

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A new drug and dye delivery system is proposed to allow repeated release of substances in the ocular vasculature under external control. The substances are encapsulated in heat-sensitive liposomes1 which are lysed by locally applying a heat pulse produced by an argon laser. The feasibility of lysing heat-sensitive liposomes by laser irradiation was first tested in vitro by encapsulating carboxyfluorescein and monitoring its release. The liposomes’ suspension was dialyzed, to remove the dye that was not encapsulated, and diluted 400 times in calf serum to mimic the dilution factor expected in humans following a slow intravenous injection of about 12cc of liposomes. The preparation was placed in a cuvette and incubated in a bath at 37°C or 38.5°C. A commercial ophthalmic argon laser was used to deliver pulses of blue light at 488nm. The cuvette was placed away from the focal plane to obtain a beam spot 2 mm in diameter which covered the whole sample. The amount of carboxyfluorescein released was assessed by measuring its fluorescence with a commercial fluorophotometer. The release yield was calculated as the ratio between the fluorescence of the irradiated sample and that of a controlled sample heated at he liposome transition temperature of 41°C. The results indicated that up to 85% of the original liposome content could be released by the exposure to the laser. We verified that the system behaved as anticipated by varying the incubating temperature. As the incubation temperature approached the transition temperature of 41°C, less energy was required to lyse the liposomes. Moreover, the release yield changed with energy in a manner similar to that of liposomes lysed by slowly heating the medium,1 indicating that the mechanism of release was not influenced by the fact that short pulses are used (50 to 500 msec). Of special importance was the observation that the non-irradiated liposomes exhibited minimal fluorescence due to concentration quenching while an intense fluorescence was present where carboxyfluorescein was released and diluted in the plasma following the lysis of the liposomes.
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Lee, Eunice S., Christel M. Munoz, Blake A. Simmons, C. R. Bowe Ellis, and Rafael V. Davalos. "Feasibility Study on the Use of Temperature-Dependent Liposomes for Variable Concentration Profiles in Drug Delivery Applications." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61303.

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A novel methodology for delivering variable drug concentration profiles utilizes a combination of liposomes that destabilize at different rates at body temperature (37° C). Liposomes serve as the mobile drug delivery vehicle and release drugs into the body upon destabilization. Liposome destabilization is studied by monitoring the absorbance spectrum of fluorescent dyes. By combining liposomes of various compositions, concentration profiles that are optimized and tailored to specific patients and applications are feasible.
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Zhang, Aili, Xipeng Mi, and Lisa X. Xu. "Study of Thermally Targeted Nano-Particle Drug Delivery for Tumor Therapy." In ASME 2008 First International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat Transfer. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnht2008-52383.

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The efficacy of cancer chemotherapeutics could be greatly enhanced by thermally targeted nanoparticle liposome drug delivery system. The tumor microvasculature response to hyperthermia and its permeability to the nano-liposomes were studied using the 4T1 mouse model and confocal fluorescence microscopy. Based on the experimental results, a new theoretical model was developed to describe the distributions of both the liposomal and free drug released as liposomes broke in tumor for treatment evaluation. In this model, the tumor was divided into two regions: peripheral and central. The drug effect on the tumor cell apoptosis and necrosis was considered. Upon the experimental validation, the model was used to simulate drug distribution in the tumor under either the hyperthermic or the alternate freezing and heating condition. Results showed that hyperthermia alone only enhanced drug accumulation in the tumor periphery and therefore more serious tumor damage induced in the region. But the tumor cells in the central region were hardly damaged due to the lack of drug diffusion. The alternate freezing and heating was proposed to aid the nanoliposomal drug delivery, and better results were found.
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Matsuyama, R., K. Nobusue, N. Arai, T. Honda, M. Komiya, A. Hirano-Iwata, and M. Sadgrove. "Localization of lipid vesicles near a thin optical fiber." In Optical Manipulation and Its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oma.2023.ath1d.3.

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Lipid vesicles (liposomes) are structurally similar to many important biological particles, and have applications ranging from drug delivery to studies of cell dynamics. Optical manipulation of these important nanoparticles adds to the toolbox which can be used for such applications, but is notoriously difficult due to the low index contrast of the particles. Here, we demonstrate optical trapping of lipid vesicles near to a thin optical fiber (optical nanofiber) and, in particular, relative to the fiber axis itself. This “complete” optical trapping allows the reversible localization of liposomes along the fiber and may be applied to all-fiber optical analysis of size-selected isolation of liposomes and liposome-like bio-particles in the future.
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Tartis, Michaelann S., Jan Marik, Azadeh Kheirolomoom, Rachel E. Pollard, Hua Zhang, Jinyi Qi, Julie L. Sutcliffe, and Katherine W. Ferrara. "Pharmacokinetics of Encapsulated Paclitaxel: Multi-Probe Analysis With PET." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176435.

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We have combined two imaging probes and used PET as a means to provide image-based validation for a novel targeted drug delivery system. The first probe was a direct labeling of the drug [18F]fluoropaclitaxel [1–3], which was inserted into various carrier vehicle formulations. The second probe, [18F]fluoro-1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol, i.e. [18F]FDP involved radiolabeling the lipid vehicle. Paclitaxel, which is poorly soluble in aqueous media, also has limited solubility and stability in lipophilic environments such as liposomes. Stable association of paclitaxel with the lipid bilayer is affected by a variety of physicochemical factors such as temperature and liposome composition. Paclitaxel crystal formation has been documented, with two forms of solid state within aqueous media and organic solvents, although crystal conformation differs in each media [4,5]. We provide dynamic in vivo image sets providing biodistribution and time activity curves of free [18F]fluoropaclitaxel and liposomal [18F]fluoropaclitaxel as well as free [18F]FDP, liposomal [18F]FDP, and [18F]FDP in an ultrasound contrast agent. Serial studies were performed within a small group of rats, minimizing inter-animal variability. The two labeled molecules have different biodistributions: paclitaxel is rapidly taken up in the liver, intestines and kidneys, while the labeled lipid incorporated into liposomes stays in circulation with minimal uptake in organs other than spleen. Here, we have developed a quantitative method to follow paclitaxel and lipid vehicles to their destination in vivo in order to improve targeted paclitaxel delivery.
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Popova, O. S. "Nanoparticles as a transport system for corvacrol compounds." In SPbVetScience. FSBEI HE St. Petersburg SUVM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/3006-2023-8-64-67.

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Colloidal delivery systems, including microencapsulation and nanotechnology, are promising approaches in pharmacology. We have used liposomes to deliver systems containing Corvacrol and assessed the promise of liposomal agents for solving major problems in drug pharmacokinetics.
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Larsen, Jannik. "Single liposome fluorescent imaging reveal heterogeneous pegylation of drug delivery liposomes." In European Microscopy Congress 2020. Royal Microscopical Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22443/rms.emc2020.1008.

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Zhang, Shu, Lachlan Gibson, Daryl Preece, Timo A. Nieminen, and Halina Rubinsztein-Dunlop. "Viscoelasticity measurements inside liposomes." In SPIE NanoScience + Engineering, edited by Kishan Dholakia and Gabriel C. Spalding. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2060938.

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Noguchi, Akemi, Chiaki Kojima, Ken-ichi Yuyama, Tatsuya Shoji, and Yasuyuki Tsuboi. "Laser-induced microbubble fusion of liposomes and formation of ultralong tubes." In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Pacific Rim. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleopr.2022.ctup16e_05.

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We discovered a phenomenon of the formation of giant tubular liposomes by small spherical liposomes, those are trapped under a laser-induced bubble on an Au film. In this study, we investigated this phenomenon in detail to elucidate its mechanism.
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Enzian, Paula, Astrid Link, Christian Schell, Carina Malich, and Ramtin Rahmanzadeh. "Light-induced permeabilization of liposomes." In 17th International Photodynamic Association World Congress, edited by Tayyaba Hasan. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2526071.

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Reports on the topic "Liposomes"

1

Joyce, Christine, and Deidre Mountain. Optimization of Liposomal Encapsulation Efficiency. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/com.lsp.2018.0002.

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Introduction: My project was a continuation of the Vascular Research Lab’s (VRL) ongoing research at the University of Tennessee Medical Center Knoxville (UTMCK) aimed at optimizing liposomal encapsulation efficiency of small interfering RNA (siRNA) which can be used to silence genes to prevent a variety of disease pathologies. Methods: Assay siRNA loading capacity of liposomes based on lipid concentration Development of a method for liposome purification: HPLC & HiTRAP Column Results & Conclusion: siRNA loading capacity Higher lipid:siRNA resulted in increased encapsulation efficiency HPLC – did not work as expected HiTRAP Column – currently being optimized to be used as part of standard operating procedures
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Cheng, Yung-Sung, C. R. Lyons, and M. H. Schmid. Delivery of aerosolized drugs encapsulated in liposomes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/381350.

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VanderMeulen, David L., Prabhakar Misra, Jason Michael, Kenneth G. Spears, and Mustafa Khoka. Laser Mediated Release of Dye form Liposomes,. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada249203.

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Author, Not Given. DNA Repair Enzyme-Liposomes: Human Skin Cancer Prevention. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/770453.

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Santhosh, Poornima, Julia Genova, Ales Iglič, Veronika Kralj-Iglič, and Nataša Poklar Ulrih. Influence of Cholesterol on Bilayer Fluidity and Size Distribution of Liposomes. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2020.07.07.

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Zakrevskiy, V. I., N. G. Plekhanova, and V. I. Smirnova. Entrapping of Hydrophobized Plague Capsular Antigen into the Large Unilamellar Liposomes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada241775.

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Alving, Carl R. Lipid A and Liposomes Containing Lipid A as Adjuvants for Vaccines. Chapter 18. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada272664.

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Onyuksel, Hayat. Tc-99m Labeled and VIP Receptor Targeted Liposomes for Effective Imaging of Breast Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada433960.

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Zakrevskiy, V. I., and N. G. Plekhanova. Study of Protective Properties of Antigen-Containing Liposomes of Varying Lipid Composition in Plague. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada241778.

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Taylor, Kenneth M. The Effect of Cholesterol on the Binding and Insertion of Cytochrome b5 into Liposomes of Phosphatidylcholines. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1011298.

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