Journal articles on the topic 'Lipids'
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Marzoog, Basheer Abdullah, and Tatyana Ivanovna Vlasova. "Membrane lipids under norm and pathology." European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 19, no. 1 (2021): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/ejcem.2021.1.9.
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Introduction. Lipid is an essential component of the cell and its organelles membrane. The uniqueness and selectivity of lipids to specific functions and asymmetry of lipid distribution in the organelle’s membrane give the cell ability of being highly qualified and specified. Aim. The paper provides a comprehensive review of membrane lipids in different tissues and organelles of the cell in norm and disease. Material and methods. The paper analyzed the present literature data on membrane lipids behavior in physiology and pathology. Analysis of the literature. The major structural and functional lipids of the cell membrane are phosphatidylcholine > phosphatidylethanolamine. The absence/deficiency or augmentation of a specific type of lipid results in serious defects and usually life-threatening with a permanent disability. The observations discussed here suggest, the lipid peroxidation severity depends on the membrane lipid composition of the cell. Some tissue cells can handle lipoperoxidation and protect themselves from the peroxidation damaging products better, while other cells cannot compensate. Therefore, some organs are highly sensitive to peroxidation and irreversible changes occur rapidly. Conclusion. To sum up, the understanding of lipid’s role in norm and disease is clinically crucial to evaluate a novel therapeutic target to treat many metabolic disorders such as metabolic syndrome and some lysosomal storage disorders via targeting specific new signaling pathways, lipid molecules, and enzymes.
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Hallett, Nanette. "Lipids and Lipid Disorders." Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing 10, no. 6 (November 1991): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003465-199111000-00011.
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RAJ, BRITO. "Investigating the influence of lipids on Nano-structured lipid carrier formulation." Journal of Medical pharmaceutical and allied sciences 12, no. 6 (December 26, 2023): 6147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.55522/jmpas.v12i6.5220.
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The study aimed to evaluate the effect of different lipids on the properties of nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) formulations. The particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, and drug release at 24 hours were analyzed for formulations containing various lipid matrices. Among the formulations tested, N3 (Compritol 888 ATO and Softigen) exhibited the most favourable characteristics, including the smallest particle size, highest entrapment efficiency, sustained drug release, and good stability, as indicated by a high zeta potential. Other lipids, such as Witepsol H 32 and Beeswax, also showed desirable properties. The formulations containing Dynasan 114 and Acconon-C-44 EP/NF resulted in larger particle sizes, lower entrapment efficiencies, and slower drug release. Cholesterol exhibited distinct properties, with a lower zeta potential and moderate drug release. The findings highlight the importance of lipid selection in determining the performance and functionality of NLC formulations. Compritol 888 ATO and Softigen were identified as suitable lipids for further optimization of NLC formulations. These lipids contribute to the formation of stable and uniform NLC particles, which are desirable for efficient drug delivery systems. The study provides valuable insights for formulating NLCs with optimized characteristics, facilitating the development of effective drug delivery systems. Future research can focus on optimizing other factors to enhance the performance and therapeutic effectiveness of NLC formulations.
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Wang, Xuewei, Hai Bui, Prashanthi Vemuri, Jonathan Graff-Radford, Clifford R. Jack Jr, Ronald C. Petersen, and Michelle M. Mielke. "Lipidomic Network of Mild Cognitive Impairment from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 81, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): 533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-201347.
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Background: Lipid alterations contribute to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. Lipidomics studies could help systematically characterize such alterations and identify potential biomarkers. Objective: To identify lipids associated with mild cognitive impairment and amyloid-β deposition, and to examine lipid correlation patterns within phenotype groups Methods: Eighty plasma lipids were measured using mass spectrometry for 1,255 non-demented participants enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. Individual lipids associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were first identified. Correlation network analysis was then performed to identify lipid species with stable correlations across conditions. Finally, differential correlation network analysis was used to determine lipids with altered correlations between phenotype groups, specifically cognitively unimpaired versus MCI, and with elevated brain amyloid versus without. Results: Seven lipids were associated with MCI after adjustment for age, sex, and APOE4. Lipid correlation network analysis revealed that lipids from a few species correlated well with each other, demonstrated by subnetworks of these lipids. 177 lipid pairs differently correlated between cognitively unimpaired and MCI patients, whereas 337 pairs of lipids exhibited altered correlation between patients with and without elevated brain amyloid. In particular, 51 lipid pairs showed correlation alterations by both cognitive status and brain amyloid. Interestingly, the lipids central to the network of these 51 lipid pairs were not significantly associated with either MCI or amyloid, suggesting network-based approaches could provide biological insights complementary to traditional association analyses. Conclusion: Our attempt to characterize the alterations of lipids at network-level provides additional insights beyond individual lipids, as shown by differential correlations in our study.
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Anto, Liya, Sarah Wen Warykas, Moises Torres-Gonzalez, and Christopher N. Blesso. "Milk Polar Lipids: Underappreciated Lipids with Emerging Health Benefits." Nutrients 12, no. 4 (April 4, 2020): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12041001.
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Milk fat is encased in a polar lipid-containing tri-layer milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), composed of phospholipids (PLs) and sphingolipids (SLs). Milk PLs and SLs comprise about 1% of total milk lipids. The surfactant properties of PLs are important for dairy products; however, dairy products vary considerably in their polar lipid to total lipid content due to the existence of dairy foods with different fat content. Recent basic science and clinical research examining food sources and health effects of milk polar lipids suggest they may beneficially influence dysfunctional lipid metabolism, gut dysbiosis, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, gut health, and neurodevelopment. However, more research is warranted in clinical studies to confirm these effects in humans. Overall, there are a number of potential effects of consuming milk polar lipids, and they should be considered as food matrix factors that may directly confer health benefits and/or impact effects of other dietary lipids, with implications for full-fat vs. reduced-fat dairy.
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V. More, Apoorva, Bharat V. Dhokchawle, Savita J. Tauro, and Savita V. Kulkarni. "LIPID AS AN EXCIPIENT FOR DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF FORMULATIONS." Indian Drugs 59, no. 07 (September 16, 2022): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.59.07.12199.
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Lipids are present abundantly in human body in several forms. Different types of lipids are available with diverse physical properties, based on which suitable lipids can be selected for development of formulations. Lipids are also available for specific purposes like lubrication, emulsification, emollientes and enhancement of bioavailability. Conventionally, many lipids are used in formulation of tablets, capsules, emulsions and cosmetics. In recent years, use of lipids for drug delivery has been extended to Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN), Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC), and Self-Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SEDDS), which are emerging technologies designed to address challenges like solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. This paper mainly focuses on different types of formulations in which lipids are used, and parameters which are critical for selection of lipid in any dosage form development. Several examples are quoted for different uses of lipids. Finally challenges in use of lipids and regulatory aspects are discussed.
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Kirby, Mike. "Lipids and lipid‐modifying therapy." Trends in Urology & Men's Health 12, no. 3 (May 2021): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tre.803.
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Kao, Yu-Chia, Pei-Chuan Ho, Yuan-Kun Tu, I.-Ming Jou, and Kuen-Jer Tsai. "Lipids and Alzheimer’s Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4 (February 22, 2020): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041505.
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Lipids, as the basic component of cell membranes, play an important role in human health as well as brain function. The brain is highly enriched in lipids, and disruption of lipid homeostasis is related to neurologic disorders as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Aging is associated with changes in lipid composition. Alterations of fatty acids at the level of lipid rafts and cerebral lipid peroxidation were found in the early stage of AD. Genetic and environmental factors such as apolipoprotein and lipid transporter carrying status and dietary lipid content are associated with AD. Insight into the connection between lipids and AD is crucial to unraveling the metabolic aspects of this puzzling disease. Recent advances in lipid analytical methodology have led us to gain an in-depth understanding on lipids. As a result, lipidomics have becoming a hot topic of investigation in AD, in order to find biomarkers for disease prediction, diagnosis, and prevention, with the ultimate goal of discovering novel therapeutics.
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Abdullah Q. Khudhur, Nidhal K. Maraie, and Ayad M.R. Raauf. "Highlight on lipids and its use for covalent and non-covalent conjugations." Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v20i3.754.
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Lipids are organic fatty or waxy compounds which are used to make nanocarriers that are promising for drug delivery. When lipids associated covalently (lipid-drug conjugate LDC) or non- covalently (drug-lipid complex) to drugs to form Lipid Drug Conjugates (LDC). Most common types of lipids
used for drug conjugation are fatty acids, glycerides, steroids, and phospholipids. Conjugation with lipids may change the properties of the drug and significantly increase the drug lipophilicity. Lipid-drug conjugation could improve the delivery of drugs by the lymphatic system, enhance bioavailability of oral administered drugs, improve drug targeting in tumor diseases, enhance the loading of drugs into some delivery carriers, increase drug stability, and many others. Lipid-drug conjugates can be prepared through different strategies for conjugation and by chemical linkers depending on the chemical structure of both drugs and lipids, careful selection of lipids and drug are necessary in designing the lipid-drug conjugate to achieve maximum benefits.
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Florance, Ida, and Seenivasan Ramasubbu. "Current Understanding on the Role of Lipids in Macrophages and Associated Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010589.
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Lipid metabolism is the major intracellular mechanism driving a variety of cellular functions such as energy storage, hormone regulation and cell division. Lipids, being a primary component of the cell membrane, play a pivotal role in the survival of macrophages. Lipids are crucial for a variety of macrophage functions including phagocytosis, energy balance and ageing. However, functions of lipids in macrophages vary based on the site the macrophages are residing at. Lipid-loaded macrophages have recently been emerging as a hallmark for several diseases. This review discusses the significance of lipids in adipose tissue macrophages, tumor-associated macrophages, microglia and peritoneal macrophages. Accumulation of macrophages with impaired lipid metabolism is often characteristically observed in several metabolic disorders. Stress signals differentially regulate lipid metabolism. While conditions such as hypoxia result in accumulation of lipids in macrophages, stress signals such as nutrient deprivation initiate lipolysis and clearance of lipids. Understanding the biology of lipid accumulation in macrophages requires the development of potentially active modulators of lipid metabolism.
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Kon, Takahide, Naoki Nemoto, Tairo Oshima, and Akihiko Yamagishi. "Effects of a Squalene Epoxidase Inhibitor, Terbinafine, on Ether Lipid Biosyntheses in a Thermoacidophilic Archaeon, Thermoplasma acidophilum." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 5 (March 1, 2002): 1395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.5.1395-1401.2002.
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ABSTRACT The archaeal plasma membrane consists mainly of diether lipids and tetraether lipids instead of the usual ester lipids found in other organisms. Although a molecule of tetraether lipid is thought to be synthesized from two molecules of diether lipids, there is no direct information about the biosynthetic pathway(s) or intermediates of tetraether lipid biosynthesis. In this study, we examined the effects of the fungal squalene epoxidase inhibitor terbinafine on the growth and ether lipid biosyntheses in the thermoacidophilic archaeon Thermoplasma acidophilum. Terbinafine was found to inhibit the growth of T. acidophilum in a concentration-dependent manner. When growing T. acidophilum cells were pulse-labeled with [2-14C]mevalonic acid in the presence of terbinafine, incorporation of radioactivity into the tetraether lipid fraction was strongly suppressed, while accumulation of radioactivity was noted at the position corresponding to diether lipids, depending on the concentration of terbinafine. After the cells were washed with fresh medium and incubated further without the radiolabeled substrate and the inhibitor, the accumulated radioactivity in the diether lipid fraction decreased quickly while that in the tetraether lipids increased simultaneously, without significant changes in the total radioactivity of ether lipids. These results strongly suggest that terbinafine inhibits the biosynthesis of tetraether lipids from a diether-type precursor lipid(s). The terbinafine treatment will be a tool for dissecting tetraether lipid biosynthesis in T. acidophilum.
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Kattner, G., W. Hagen, R. F. Lee, R. Campbell, D. Deibel, S. Falk-Petersen, M. Graeve, et al. "Perspectives on marine zooplankton lipids." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 1628–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-122.
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We developed new perspectives to identify important questions and to propose approaches for future research on marine food web lipids. They were related to (i) structure and function of lipids, (ii) lipid changes during critical life phases, (iii) trophic marker lipids, and (iv) potential impact of climate change. The first addresses the role of lipids in membranes, storage lipids, and buoyancy with the following key question: How are the properties of membranes and deposits affected by the various types of lipids? The second deals with the importance of various types of lipids during reproduction, development, and resting phases and addresses the role of the different storage lipids during growth and dormancy. The third relates to trophic marker lipids, which are an important tool to follow lipid and energy transfer through the food web. The central question is how can fatty acids be used to identify and quantify food web relationships? With the fourth, hypotheses are presented on effects of global warming, which may result in the reduction or change in abundance of large, lipid-rich copepods in polar oceans, thereby strongly affecting higher trophic levels. The key question is how will lipid dynamics respond to changes in ocean climate at high latitudes?
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Warren, Charles R. "Altitudinal transects reveal large differences in intact lipid composition among soils." Soil Research 59, no. 6 (2021): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr20055.
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Fatty acid-based lipids comprise a small but important component of soil organic matter. Lipids are indispensable components of soil microbes due to their function as components of membranes and as stores of energy and C. Hence, lipid composition is likely under strong selection pressure and there ought to be strong associations between lipid composition of microbial communities and environmental conditions. Associations between microbial lipids and environment likely involve an integrated combination of differences in lipid headgroups (classes) and fatty acyl chains. However, past studies examining associations between soil lipid composition and environmental conditions have focussed on fatty acids hydrolysed from polar lipids and less is known about headgroups (classes) of polar lipids. The aim of this study was to examine associations between environmental conditions changing with altitude and the intact polar and non-polar lipids of soil microbial communities. We used two altitudinal transects, both spanning from forest through to above the alpine treeline, but separated from one another by ~700 km. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 174 intact lipids to the level of class and sum composition. Approximately half of the pool of fatty acid-based lipids was accounted for by two classes of non-polar lipids (diacylglycerol and triacylglycerols), while the other half was dominated by three classes of polar lipids (phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine). There were large differences among sites in the relative amounts of lipid classes. For example, diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine varied among sites from 5 to 41% of the polar lipid pool, phosphatidylcholine from 31 to 60% of the polar lipid pool, and diacylglycerols from 9 to 53% of the total non-polar pool. Relationships of lipid composition with altitude were weak or differed between transects, and pH was the variable most strongly associated with lipid composition. Variation among sites in the relative abundance of phosphatidylcholine were positively associated with pH, while relative and absolute abundance of diacylglycerol was negatively related to pH. We suggest that the accumulation of diacylglycerol at low pH represents slowed hydrolysis and/or microbial utilisation. A large fraction of variance among sites in lipid composition remained unexplained, which highlights the need for additional research on processes leading to production and consumption of fatty acid-based lipids.
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Tamura, Yasushi, Shin Kawano, and Toshiya Endo. "Lipid homeostasis in mitochondria." Biological Chemistry 401, no. 6-7 (May 26, 2020): 821–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2020-0121.
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AbstractMitochondria are surrounded by the two membranes, the outer and inner membranes, whose lipid compositions are optimized for proper functions and structural organizations of mitochondria. Although a part of mitochondrial lipids including their characteristic lipids, phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin, are synthesized within mitochondria, their precursor lipids and other lipids are transported from other organelles, mainly the ER. Mitochondrially synthesized lipids are re-distributed within mitochondria and to other organelles, as well. Recent studies pointed to the important roles of inter-organelle contact sites in lipid trafficking between different organelle membranes. Identification of Ups/PRELI proteins as lipid transfer proteins shuttling between the mitochondrial outer and inner membranes established a part of the molecular and structural basis of the still elusive intra-mitochondrial lipid trafficking.
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Eyster, Kathleen M. "The membrane and lipids as integral participants in signal transduction: lipid signal transduction for the non-lipid biochemist." Advances in Physiology Education 31, no. 1 (January 2007): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00088.2006.
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Reviews of signal transduction have often focused on the cascades of protein kinases and protein phosphatases and their cytoplasmic substrates that become activated in response to extracellular signals. Lipids, lipid kinases, and lipid phosphatases have not received the same amount of attention as proteins in studies of signal transduction. However, lipids serve a variety of roles in signal transduction. They act as ligands that activate signal transduction pathways as well as mediators of signaling pathways, and lipids are the substrates of lipid kinases and lipid phosphatases. Cell membranes are the source of the lipids involved in signal transduction, but membranes also constitute lipid barriers that must be traversed by signal transduction pathways. The purpose of this review is to explore the magnitude and diversity of the roles of the cell membrane and lipids in signal transduction and to highlight the interrelatedness of families of lipid mediators in signal transduction.
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Anyaegbunam, Uchenna Alex, Piyush More, Jean-Fred Fontaine, Vincent ten Cate, Katrin Bauer, Ute Distler, Elisa Araldi, Laura Bindila, Philipp Wild, and Miguel A. Andrade-Navarro. "A Systematic Review of Lipid-Focused Cardiovascular Disease Research: Trends and Opportunities." Current Issues in Molecular Biology 45, no. 12 (December 9, 2023): 9904–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb45120618.
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Lipids are important modifiers of protein function, particularly as parts of lipoproteins, which transport lipophilic substances and mediate cellular uptake of circulating lipids. As such, lipids are of particular interest as blood biological markers for cardiovascular disease (CVD) as well as for conditions linked to CVD such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, obesity and dietary states. Notably, lipid research is particularly well developed in the context of CVD because of the relevance and multiple causes and risk factors of CVD. The advent of methods for high-throughput screening of biological molecules has recently resulted in the generation of lipidomic profiles that allow monitoring of lipid compositions in biological samples in an untargeted manner. These and other earlier advances in biomedical research have shaped the knowledge we have about lipids in CVD. To evaluate the knowledge acquired on the multiple biological functions of lipids in CVD and the trends in their research, we collected a dataset of references from the PubMed database of biomedical literature focused on plasma lipids and CVD in human and mouse. Using annotations from these records, we were able to categorize significant associations between lipids and particular types of research approaches, distinguish non-biological lipids used as markers, identify differential research between human and mouse models, and detect the increasingly mechanistic nature of the results in this field. Using known associations between lipids and proteins that metabolize or transport them, we constructed a comprehensive lipid–protein network, which we used to highlight proteins strongly connected to lipids found in the CVD-lipid literature. Our approach points to a series of proteins for which lipid-focused research would bring insights into CVD, including Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2, a.k.a. COX2) and Acylglycerol kinase (AGK). In this review, we summarize our findings, putting them in a historical perspective of the evolution of lipid research in CVD.
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Quach, Hung, Tuong-Vi Le, Thanh-Thuy Nguyen, Phuong Nguyen, Cuu Khoa Nguyen, and Le Hang Dang. "Nano-Lipids Based on Ginger Oil and Lecithin as a Potential Drug Delivery System." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 8 (August 9, 2022): 1654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081654.
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Lipid nanoparticles based on lecithin are an interesting part of drug delivery systems. However, the stability of lecithin nano-lipids is problematic due to the degradation of lecithin, causing a decrease in pH. In this study, the modification of the conventional nano-lipid-based soybean lecithin was demonstrated. Ginger-oil-derived Zingiber officinale was used along with lecithin, cholesterol and span 80 to fabricate nano-lipids (GL nano-lipids) using a thin-film method. TEM and a confocal microscope were used to elucidate GL nano-lipids’ liposome-like morphology. The average size of the resultant nano-lipid was 249.1 nm with monodistribution (PDI = 0.021). The ζ potential of GL nano-lipids was negative, similarly to as-prepared nano-lipid-based lecithin. GL nano-lipid were highly stable over 60 days of storage at room temperature in terms of size and ζ potential. A shift in pH value from alkaline to acid was detected in lecithin nano-lipids, while with the incorporation of ginger oil, the pH value of nano-lipid dispersion was around 7.0. Furthermore, due to the richness of shogaol-6 and other active compounds in ginger oil, the GL nano-lipid was endowed with intrinsic antibacterial activity. In addition, the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay and live/dead imaging revealed the excellent biocompatibility of GL nano-lipids. Notably, GL nano-lipids were capable of carrying hydrophobic compounds such as curcumin and performed a pH-dependent release profile. A subsequent characterization showed their suitable potential for drug delivery systems.
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Takatori, Sho, and Toyoshi Fujimoto. "Microscopy of membrane lipids: how precisely can we define their distribution?" Essays in Biochemistry 57 (February 6, 2015): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bse0570081.
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Membrane lipids form the basic framework of biological membranes by forming the lipid bilayer, but it is becoming increasingly clear that individual lipid species play different functional roles. However, in comparison with proteins, relatively little is known about how lipids are distributed in the membrane. Several microscopic methods are available to study membrane lipid dynamics in living cells, but defining the distribution of lipids at the submicrometre scale is difficult, because lipids diffuse quickly in the membrane and most lipids do not react with aldehydes that are commonly used as fixatives. Quick-freezing appears to be the only practical method by which to stop the lipid movement instantaneously and capture the molecular localization at the moment of interest. Electron microscopic methods, using cryosections, resin sections, and freeze-fracture replicas are used to visualize lipids in quick-frozen samples. The method that employs the freeze-fracture replica is unique in that it requires no chemical treatment and provides a two-dimensional view of the membrane.
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Saini, Ramesh Kumar, Parchuri Prasad, Xiaomin Shang, and Young-Soo Keum. "Advances in Lipid Extraction Methods—A Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 24 (December 20, 2021): 13643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413643.
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Extraction of lipids from biological tissues is a crucial step in lipid analysis. The selection of appropriate solvent is the most critical factor in the efficient extraction of lipids. A mixture of polar (to disrupt the protein-lipid complexes) and nonpolar (to dissolve the neutral lipids) solvents are precisely selected to extract lipids efficiently. In addition, the disintegration of complex and rigid cell-wall of plants, fungi, and microalgal cells by various mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments facilitate the solvent penetration and extraction of lipids. This review discusses the chloroform/methanol-based classical lipid extraction methods and modern modifications of these methods in terms of using healthy and environmentally safe solvents and rapid single-step extraction. At the same time, some adaptations were made to recover the specific lipids. In addition, the high throughput lipid extraction methodologies used for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based plant and animal lipidomics were discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of various pretreatments and extraction methods were also illustrated. Moreover, the emerging green solvents-based lipid extraction method, including supercritical CO2 extraction (SCE), is also discussed.
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Senevirathna, Jayan D. M., and Shuichi Asakawa. "Multi-Omics Approaches and Radiation on Lipid Metabolism in Toothed Whales." Life 11, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11040364.
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Lipid synthesis pathways of toothed whales have evolved since their movement from the terrestrial to marine environment. The synthesis and function of these endogenous lipids and affecting factors are still little understood. In this review, we focused on different omics approaches and techniques to investigate lipid metabolism and radiation impacts on lipids in toothed whales. The selected literature was screened, and capacities, possibilities, and future approaches for identifying unusual lipid synthesis pathways by omics were evaluated. Omics approaches were categorized into the four major disciplines: lipidomics, transcriptomics, genomics, and proteomics. Genomics and transcriptomics can together identify genes related to unique lipid synthesis. As lipids interact with proteins in the animal body, lipidomics, and proteomics can correlate by creating lipid-binding proteome maps to elucidate metabolism pathways. In lipidomics studies, recent mass spectroscopic methods can address lipid profiles; however, the determination of structures of lipids are challenging. As an environmental stress, the acoustic radiation has a significant effect on the alteration of lipid profiles. Radiation studies in different omics approaches revealed the necessity of multi-omics applications. This review concluded that a combination of many of the omics areas may elucidate the metabolism of lipids and possible hazards on lipids in toothed whales by radiation.
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Evans, Thomas M., and Shale Beharie. "Are lipids always depleted? Comparison of hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen isotopic values in the muscle and lipid of larval lampreys." PLOS ONE 19, no. 1 (January 11, 2024): e0286535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286535.
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Stable isotope ratios in organisms can be used to estimate dietary source contributions, but lipids must first be accounted for to interpret values meaningfully. Lipids are depleted in heavy isotopes because during lipid synthesis light isotopes of carbon (12C) and hydrogen (1H) are preferentially incorporated. Prior work in larval lampreys has noted unusual lipid effects, which suggest lipids are enriched in the heavy isotope of carbon (13C), but still depleted in the heavy isotope of hydrogen (deuterium; 2H); nitrogen, a relatively rare element in lipids, has not been identified as being as sensitive to lipid content. Our objective was to determine if stable isotope ratios of hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen behaved as expected in larval lampreys, or if their lipids presented different isotopic behavior. The δ2H, δ13C, and δ15N were measured from the muscle of four lamprey species before and after lipid extraction. In addition, muscle of least brook lamprey (Lampetra aepyptera) was collected every three months for a year from two streams in Maryland. Isotopic ratios were measured in bulk and lipid-extracted muscles, as well as in extracted lipids. The difference between muscle samples before and after lipid extraction (Δδ2H, Δδ13C, Δδ15N) was positively related to lipid proxy (%H or C:N ratio) and were fit best by linear models for Δδ2H and Δδ15N, and by a non-linear model for Δδ13C. The difference between lipid-extracted muscle and lipid δ13C (ΔMLδ13C) was negative and varied between months (ANOVA, F3,53 = 5.05, p < 0.005). Our work suggests that while lipids are often depleted in 13C, this is not a universal rule; however, the depletion of 2H in lipid synthesis appears broadly true.
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Nichols, Frank, and Baliram Maraj. "Relationship between Hydroxy Fatty Acids and Prostaglandin E2 in Gingival Tissue." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 5805–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.12.5805-5811.1998.
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ABSTRACT Bacterial hydroxy fatty acids and alpha-hydroxy fatty acids have been demonstrated in complex lipid extracts of subgingival plaque and gingival tissue. However, little is known about the relationship between these hydroxy fatty acids in plaque and gingival tissues or the significance of these complex lipids in promoting inflammatory periodontal disease. The present study determined the percentages of ester-linked and amide-linked hydroxy fatty acids in complex lipids recovered from plaque and gingival tissue samples and the relationship between bacterial hydroxy fatty acids and alpha-hydroxy fatty acids in the lipid extracts. To evaluate a potential role for these hydroxy fatty acids in inflammatory periodontal disease, gingival tissue samples were examined for a relationship between prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and hydroxy fatty acids recovered in gingival lipid. This investigation demonstrated that alpha-hydroxy fatty acids are only ester linked in plaque lipids but are largely amide linked in gingival tissue lipids. Furthermore, the level of alpha-hydroxy fatty acid in gingival lipid is directly related to the level of the bacterial hydroxy fatty acid 3-OHiso-branched C17:0 (3-OH iC17:0) in the same lipid extract. However, the relationship between hydroxy fatty acids in gingival lipids does not parallel the fatty acid relationship observed in plaque lipids. Finally, alpha-hydroxy fatty acid levels in gingival tissue lipids correlate directly with the recovery of PGE2 in the same tissue samples. These results demonstrate that alpha-hydroxy fatty acid levels in gingival lipids are directly related to both 3-OH iC17:0 bacterial lipid levels and PGE2 levels. These results indicate that in periodontal tissues there are unusual host-parasite interactions involving penetration of bacterial lipid in association with an altered gingival lipid metabolism and prostaglandin synthesis.
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Lobasso, Simona, Patrizia Lopalco, Roberto Angelini, Rita Vitale, Harald Huber, Volker Müller, and Angela Corcelli. "Coupled TLC and MALDI-TOF/MS Analyses of the Lipid Extract of the Hyperthermophilic ArchaeonPyrococcus furiosus." Archaea 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/957852.
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The lipidome of the marine hyperthermophilic archaeonPyrococcus furiosuswas studied by means of combined thin-layer chromatography and MALDI-TOF/MS analyses of the total lipid extract. 80–90% of the major polar lipids were represented by archaeol lipids (diethers) and the remaining part by caldarchaeol lipids (tetraethers). The direct analysis of lipids on chromatography plate showed the presence of the diphytanylglycerol analogues of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol, theN-acetylglucosamine-diphytanylglycerol phosphate plus some caldarchaeol lipids different from those previously described. In addition, evidence for the presence of the dimeric ether lipid cardiolipin is reported, suggesting that cardiolipins are ubiquitous in archaea.
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Boyd, Ben J., and Andrew J. Clulow. "The influence of lipid digestion on the fate of orally administered drug delivery vehicles." Biochemical Society Transactions 49, no. 4 (August 25, 2021): 1749–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20210168.
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This review will focus on orally administered lipid-based drug delivery vehicles and specifically the influence of lipid digestion on the structure of the carrier lipids and their entrained drug cargoes. Digestion of the formulation lipids, which are typically apolar triglycerides, generates amphiphilic monoglycerides and fatty acids that can self-assemble into a diverse array of liquid crystalline structures. Tracking the dynamic changes in self-assembly of the lipid digestion products during digestion has recently been made possible using synchrotron-based small angle X-ray scattering. The influence of lipid chain length and degree of unsaturation on the resulting lipid structuring will be described in the context of the critical packing parameter theory. The chemical and structural transformation of the formulation lipids can also have a dramatic impact on the physical state of drugs co-administered with the formulation. It is often assumed that the best strategy for drug development is to maximise drug solubility in the undigested formulation lipids and to incorporate additives to maintain drug solubility during digestion. However, it is possible to improve drug absorption using lipid digestion in cases where the solubility of the dosed drug or one of its polymorphic forms is greater in the digested lipids. Three different fates for drugs administered with digestible lipid-based formulations will be discussed: (1) where the drug is more soluble in the undigested formulation lipids; (2) where the drug undergoes a polymorphic transformation during lipid digestion; and (3) where the drug is more soluble in the digested formulation lipids.
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Kamisaka, Y., and N. Noda. "Intracellular transport of phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylcholine into lipid bodies: use of fluorescent lipids to study lipid-body formation in an oleaginous fungus." Biochemical Society Transactions 28, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 723–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0280723.
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Fluorescent phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylcholine were used to characterize lipid-transport pathways into lipid bodies in an oleaginous fungus, Mortierella ramanniana var. angulispora. Several characteristics of the lipid transport such as temperature dependence and ATP dependence were evaluated. The transport depicted by these fluorescent lipids was consistent with metabolism of radiolabelled lipids, indicating that fluorescent lipids are useful to study lipid-body formation in this fungus. The results dissect lipid transport of phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylcholine into lipid bodies and reveal regulatory steps for lipidbody formation in this fungus.
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Siniossoglou, Symeon. "Lipins, Lipids and Nuclear Envelope Structure." Traffic 10, no. 9 (September 2009): 1181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0854.2009.00923.x.
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Clark, Robert B., Jorge L. Cervantes, Mark W. Maciejewski, Vahid Farrokhi, Reza Nemati, Xudong Yao, Emily Anstadt, et al. "Serine Lipids of Porphyromonas gingivalis Are Human and Mouse Toll-Like Receptor 2 Ligands." Infection and Immunity 81, no. 9 (July 8, 2013): 3479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00803-13.
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ABSTRACTThe total cellular lipids ofPorphyromas gingivalis, a known periodontal pathogen, were previously shown to promote dendritic cell activation and inhibition of osteoblasts through engagement of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). The purpose of the present investigation was to fractionate all lipids ofP. gingivalisand define which lipid classes account for the TLR2 engagement, based on bothin vitrohuman cell assays andin vivostudies in mice. Specific serine-containing lipids ofP. gingivalis, called lipid 654 and lipid 430, were identified in specific high-performance liquid chromatography fractions as the TLR2-activating lipids. The structures of these lipids were defined using tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance methods.In vitro, both lipid 654 and lipid 430 activated TLR2-expressing HEK cells, and this activation was inhibited by anti-TLR2 antibody. In contrast, TLR4-expressing HEK cells failed to be activated by either lipid 654 or lipid 430. Wild-type (WT) or TLR2-deficient (TLR2−/−) mice were injected with either lipid 654 or lipid 430, and the effects on serum levels of the chemokine CCL2 were measured 4 h later. Administration of either lipid 654 or lipid 430 to WT mice resulted in a significant increase in serum CCL2 levels; in contrast, the administration of lipid 654 or lipid 430 to TLR2−/−mice resulted in no increase in serum CCL2. These results thus identify a new class of TLR2 ligands that are produced byP. gingivalisthat likely play a significant role in mediating inflammatory responses both at periodontal sites and, potentially, in other tissues where these lipids might accumulate.
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Efimova, E., J. M. Marjakangas, A. M. Lakaniemi, P. E. P. Koskinen, and J. A. Puhakka. "Lipid profile characterization of wastewaters from different origins." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 11 (October 22, 2013): 2505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.538.
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Lipids in wastewaters are potential raw material for renewable diesel, but may complicate biological treatment of wastewaters. The lipid composition of palm oil mill effluent (POME), chemithermomechanical pulp mill (CTMP) wastewater and municipal wastewater (MWW) was studied with a combination of thin-layer chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance. Gravimetrically determined content of extracted lipids from the solids of POME and CTMP wastewater were 8.4 ± 1.2 g/L (19.6 ± 0.8% of dry weight) and 0.17–0.23 g/L (12.4–18.5%), respectively, while MWW contained 0.021 ± 0.002 g/L (9.3 ± 1.4%) of lipids. All lipid extracts contained mono-, di- and triacylglycerols (TAGs) and free fatty acids (FFAs). In POME, lipids were mostly TAGs (11.5 ± 0.2 μmol/10 mg of lipid extract). In CTMP and MWW lipid composition was more diverse than in POME containing also sterol derivatives and fatty acid methyl esters and the main lipids were FFAs.
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Beaufrère, Hugues, Sara M. Gardhouse, R. Darren Wood, and Ken D. Stark. "The plasma lipidome of the Quaker parrot (Myiopsitta monachus)." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): e0240449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240449.
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Dyslipidemias and lipid-accumulation disorders are common in captive parrots, in particular in Quaker parrots. Currently available diagnostic tests only measure a fraction of blood lipids and have overall problematic cross-species applicability. Comprehensively analyzing lipids in the plasma of parrots is the first step to better understand their lipid metabolism in health and disease, as well as to explore new lipid biomarkers. The plasma lipidome of 12 Quaker parrots was investigated using UHPLC-MS/MS with both targeted and untargeted methods. Targeted methods on 6 replicates measured 432 lipids comprised of sterol, cholesterol ester, bile acid, fatty acid, acylcarnitine, glycerolipid, glycerophospholipid, and sphingolipid panels. For untargeted lipidomics, precursor ion mass-to-charge ratios were matched to corresponding lipids using the LIPIDMAPS structure database and LipidBlast at the sum composition or acyl species level of information. Sterol lipids and glycerophospholipids constituted the majority of plasma lipids on a molar basis. The most common lipids detected with the targeted methods included free cholesterol, CE(18:2), CE(20:4) for sterol lipids; PC(36:2), PC(34:2), PC(34:1) for glycerophospholipids; TG(52:3), TG(54:4), TG(54:5), TG(52:2) for glycerolipids; SM(d18:1/16:0) for sphingolipids; and palmitic acid for fatty acyls. Over a thousand different lipid species were detected by untargeted lipidomics. Sex differences in the plasma lipidome were observed using heatmaps, principal component analysis, and discriminant analysis. This report presents the first comprehensive database of plasma lipid species in psittacine birds and paves the way for further research into blood lipid diagnostics and the impact of diet, diseases, and drugs on the parrot plasma lipidome.
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Taylor, Andrew M., and Anthony Watts. "Spin-label studies of lipid-protein interactions with reconstituted band 3, the human erythrocyte chloride-bicarbonate exchanger." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 76, no. 5 (October 1, 1998): 815–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o98-097.
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Lipid-protein interactions in reconstituted band 3 preparations were investigated by using spin-labeled lipids in conjunction with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Purified erythrocyte band 3 was reconstituted into egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes at high protein density with preservation predominantly of the dimeric state. Lipid-protein associations were revealed by the presence of a component in the EPR spectra that, when compared to spectra obtained from protein-free bilayers, indicated that lipid chain motions are restricted by interactions with the protein. From the fraction of the motionally restricted component obtained from the phosphatidylcholine spin-label, a value of 64 ± 14 annular lipids per band 3 dimer was obtained. This agrees with a value of 62 for the number of lipids that may be accommodated around the electron density map of a band 3 dimer. Selectivity of various spin-labeled lipids for the protein revealed that androstanol had a lower affinity for the band 3 interface, whereas a distinct preference was observed for the negatively charged lipids phosphatidylglycerol and stearic acid over phosphatidylcholine. This preference for negatively charged lipids could not be screened by 1-M salt, indicating that electrostatic lipid-protein interactions are not dominant. Estimates of annular lipid exchange rates from measured acyl chain segmental motions suggested that the rate of exchange between bilayer and boundary lipids was ~106 s-1, at least an order of magnitude slower than the rate of lipid lateral diffusion in protein-free bilayers.Key words: band 3, reconstitution, electron paramagnetic resonance, lipid-protein interactions.
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Kim, Young Hun, Geoffray Leriche, Karthik Diraviyam, Takaoki Koyanagi, Kaifu Gao, David Onofrei, Joseph Patterson, et al. "Entropic effects enable life at extreme temperatures." Science Advances 5, no. 5 (May 2019): eaaw4783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw4783.
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Maintaining membrane integrity is a challenge at extreme temperatures. Biochemical synthesis of membrane-spanning lipids is one adaptation that organisms such as thermophilic archaea have evolved to meet this challenge and preserve vital cellular function at high temperatures. The molecular-level details of how these tethered lipids affect membrane dynamics and function, however, remain unclear. Using synthetic monolayer-forming lipids with transmembrane tethers, here, we reveal that lipid tethering makes membrane permeation an entropically controlled process that helps to limit membrane leakage at elevated temperatures relative to bilayer-forming lipid membranes. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations support a view that permeation through membranes made of tethered lipids reduces the torsional entropy of the lipids and leads to tighter lipid packing, providing a molecular interpretation for the increased transition-state entropy of leakage.
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Garcia, Chelsea, Catherine J. Andersen, and Christopher N. Blesso. "The Role of Lipids in the Regulation of Immune Responses." Nutrients 15, no. 18 (September 7, 2023): 3899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15183899.
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Lipid metabolism plays a major role in the regulation of the immune system. Exogenous (dietary and microbial-derived) and endogenous (non-microbial-derived) lipids play a direct role in regulating immune cell activation, differentiation and expansion, and inflammatory phenotypes. Understanding the complexities of lipid–immune interactions may have important implications for human health, as certain lipids or immune pathways may be beneficial in circumstances of acute infection yet detrimental in chronic inflammatory diseases. Further, there are key differences in the lipid effects between specific immune cell types and location (e.g., gut mucosal vs. systemic immune cells), suggesting that the immunomodulatory properties of lipids may be tissue-compartment-specific, although the direct effect of dietary lipids on the mucosal immune system warrants further investigation. Importantly, there is recent evidence to suggest that lipid–immune interactions are dependent on sex, metabolic status, and the gut microbiome in preclinical models. While the lipid–immune relationship has not been adequately established in/translated to humans, research is warranted to evaluate the differences in lipid–immune interactions across individuals and whether the optimization of lipid–immune interactions requires precision nutrition approaches to mitigate or manage disease. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which lipids regulate immune responses and the influence of dietary lipids on these processes, highlighting compelling areas for future research.
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Sprott, G. D., C. J. Dicaire, and G. B. Patel. "The ether lipids of Methanosarcina mazei and other Methanosarcina species, compared by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 40, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 837–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m94-133.
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The total lipids of Methanosarcina mazei accounted for 4.0% of the cell dry mass, and 90% of these were polar lipids. Nearly all of the polar fraction consisted of diether (2,3-di-O-phytanyl-sn-glycerol) and 3-hydroxydiether analogs of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Several highly fluorescent trace components in the lipid extracts were purified and partially characterized by mass spectrometry. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of total lipid extracts provided data to establish a close relationship among the polar lipids present in Methanosarcina mazei, Methanosarcina thermophila, Methanosarcina acetivorans, Methanosarcina barkeri Fusaro, and Methanosarcina barkeri MS.Key words: diether lipids, hydroxydiether lipids, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, Methanosarcina, archaeobacteria.
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Saito, Kosuke, Kotaro Hattori, Shinsuke Hidese, Daimei Sasayama, Tomoko Miyakawa, Ryo Matsumura, Megumi Tatsumi, et al. "Profiling of Cerebrospinal Fluid Lipids and Their Relationship with Plasma Lipids in Healthy Humans." Metabolites 11, no. 5 (April 24, 2021): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11050268.
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Lipidomics provides an overview of lipid profiles in biological systems. Although blood is commonly used for lipid profiling, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is more suitable for exploring lipid homeostasis in brain diseases. However, whether an individual’s background affects the CSF lipid profile remains unclear, and the association between CSF and plasma lipid profiles in heathy individuals has not yet been defined. Herein, lipidomics approaches were employed to analyze CSF and plasma samples obtained from 114 healthy Japanese subjects. Results showed that the global lipid profiles differed significantly between CSF and plasma, with only 13 of 114 lipids found to be significantly correlated between the two matrices. Additionally, the CSF total protein content was the primary factor associated with CSF lipids. In the CSF, the levels of major lipids, namely, phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, and cholesterolesters, correlated with CSF total protein levels. These findings indicate that CSF lipidomics can be applied to explore changes in lipid homeostasis in patients with brain diseases.
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Horvath, Lisa, Hui-Ming Lin, Kevin Huynh, Thomas Meikle, Anthony M. Joshua, Arun Azad, Winston Tan, Lisa Butler, and Peter Meikle. "Circulating ether lipids in prostate cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 41, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2023): e17009-e17009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.e17009.
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e17009 Background: Decreased circulating levels of ether lipids (glycerophospholipids with an ether-linked fatty alcohol, e.g. plasmalogens) have been observed in obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that ether lipids are anti-inflammatory and protective against obesity. A recent landmark study revealed that ether lipids can kill cancer cells through ferroptosis. However, the role of ether lipids in prostate cancer has not been thoroughly investigated despite the known association of dysregulated lipid metabolism with poorer clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the circulating profiles of ether lipids and clinical outcomes in localised and metastatic prostate cancer. Methods: The profiles of ~150 ether lipids (8 lipid classes) in plasma lipidomic data from localised prostate cancer (389 men in Australia) and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC)(2 cohorts –147 men in USA, 128 men in Australia) were analysed for associations with disease progression or overall survival (OS). Open-access genomic data of mCRPC tumours (108 men, CbioPortal) were analysed for aberrations in genes associated with ether lipid metabolism in relation to clinical outcome. Results: Previously in these study cohorts, we had identified men with poorer prognosis based on their plasma lipidome and our validated sphingolipid signature. These men with poorer prognosis have lower plasma levels of ether lipids than those with better prognosis (t-test p < 0.05, localised disease – 110 ether lipids, mCRPC – 54 ether lipids). Decreased plasma levels of up to 46 ether lipid species were associated with higher rates of clinical relapse in localised disease (hazard ratio (HR) range 0.37-0.73, p-value range 0.006-0.049), shorter radiological progression-free survival in mCRPC (HR range 0.35-0.73, p-value range 0.00009-0.049), and shorter OS in mCRPC (HR range 0.33-0.79, p-value range 0.000004-0.0497). Chromosomal loss of tumour GNPAT, an essential gene in ether lipid synthesis, was associated with shorter OS in mCRPC (HR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.02-1.81, p = 0.03). Conclusions: Lower circulating levels of ether lipids were associated with worse prognosis in localised and metastatic prostate cancer, suggesting that these lipids are protective against disease progression. Further research is required to understand the role of ether lipids in disease progression, and to determine if modulation of ether lipid levels through supplementation is beneficial.
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Reszczyńska, Emilia, and Agnieszka Hanaka. "Lipids Composition in Plant Membranes." Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics 78, no. 4 (October 9, 2020): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12013-020-00947-w.
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Abstract The paper focuses on the selected plant lipid issues. Classification, nomenclature, and abundance of fatty acids was discussed. Then, classification, composition, role, and organization of lipids were displayed. The involvement of lipids in xantophyll cycle and glycerolipids synthesis (as the most abundant of all lipid classes) were also discussed. Moreover, in order to better understand the biomembranes remodeling, the model (artificial) membranes, mimicking the naturally occurring membranes are employed and the survey on their composition and application in different kind of research was performed. High level of lipids remodeling in the plant membranes under different environmental conditions, e.g., nutrient deficiency, temperature stress, salinity or drought was proved. The key advantage of lipid research was the conclusion that lipids could serve as the markers of plant physiological condition and the detailed knowledge on lipids chemistry will allow to modify their composition for industrial needs.
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Somerharju, Pentti. "Is Spontaneous Translocation of Polar Lipids between Cellular Organelles Negligible?" Lipid Insights 8s1 (January 2015): LPI.S31616. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/lpi.s31616.
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In most reviews addressing intracellular lipid trafficking, spontaneous diffusion of lipid monomers between the cellular organelles is considered biologically irrelevant because it is thought to be far too slow to significantly contribute to organelle biogenesis. This view is based on intervesicle transfer experiments carried out in vitro with few lipids as well as on the view that lipids are highly hydrophobic and thus cannot undergo spontaneous intermembrane diffusion at a significant rate. However, besides that single-chain lipids can translocate between vesicles in seconds, it has been demonstrated that the rate of spontaneous transfer of two-chain polar lipids can vary even 1000-fold, depending on the number of carbons and double bonds in the acyl chains. In addition, the rate of spontaneous lipid transfer can strongly depend on the experimental conditions such as vesicle composition and concentration. This review examines the studies suggesting that spontaneous lipid transfer is probably more relevant to intracellular trafficking of amphipathic lipids than commonly thought.
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Choi, Dong Jin, and Zeeshan Ur Rehman. "Interfacial Behaviors of Transmembrane Peptides in Lipid Bilayer Studied by X-Ray and Neutron Reflectivity." Materials Science Forum 977 (February 2020): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.977.184.
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Lipids and proteins can influence each other in so many different ways. Lipids may affect the structure of membrane proteins by influencing their backbone conformation, the tilt, rotation angles of their transmembrane (TM) segments, and the orientation of their side chains. The membrane-spanning parts in integral membrane proteins are predominantly hydrophobic, and most often helical. At the lipid-protein interface, the TM part of the protein and the hydrocarbon chains of the lipid molecules have to coexist to maintain the integrity of the membrane. Lipids are important components of lipid membrane are used in various experiments reported in this thesis and can act as model lipid bilayers. Once they support on solid substrate like silicon wafers, their structural properties can investigate by X-ray and neutron reflectivity and by other useful techniques. Reflectivity technique can provide detailed information such as their thickness and interaction between lipids and peptides. The thesis reports a detailed investigation of these lipids and peptides by X-ray and neutron reflection techniques
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Miao, Guanhong, Ying Zhang, Zhiguang Huo, Wenjie Zeng, Jianhui Zhu, Jason G. Umans, Gert Wohlgemuth, et al. "Longitudinal Plasma Lipidome and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in a Large Sample of American Indians With Normal Fasting Glucose: The Strong Heart Family Study." Diabetes Care 44, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 2664–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc21-0451.
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OBJECTIVE Comprehensive assessment of alterations in lipid species preceding type 2 diabetes (T2D) is largely unknown. We aimed to identify plasma molecular lipids associated with risk of T2D in American Indians. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using untargeted liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, we repeatedly measured 3,907 fasting plasma samples from 1,958 participants who attended two examinations (∼5.5 years apart) and were followed up to 16 years in the Strong Heart Family Study. Mixed-effects logistic regression was used to identify lipids associated with risk of T2D, adjusting for traditional risk factors. Repeated measurement analysis was performed to examine the association between change in lipidome and change in continuous measures of T2D, adjusting for baseline lipids. Multiple testing was controlled by false discovery rate at 0.05. RESULTS Higher baseline level of 33 lipid species, including triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, phosphoethanolamines, and phosphocholines, was significantly associated with increased risk of T2D (odds ratio [OR] per SD increase in log2-transformed baseline lipids 1.50–2.85) at 5-year follow-up. Of these, 21 lipids were also associated with risk of T2D at 16-year follow-up. Aberrant lipid profiles were also observed in prediabetes (OR per SD increase in log2-transformed baseline lipids 1.30–2.19 for risk lipids and 0.70–0.78 for protective lipids). Longitudinal changes in 568 lipids were significantly associated with changes in continuous measures of T2D. Multivariate analysis identified distinct lipidomic signatures differentiating high- from low-risk groups. CONCLUSIONS Lipid dysregulation occurs many years preceding T2D, and novel molecular lipids (both baseline level and longitudinal change over time) are significantly associated with risk of T2D beyond traditional risk factors. Our findings shed light on the mechanisms linking dyslipidemia to T2D and may yield novel therapeutic targets for early intervention tailored to American Indians.
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Conrard and Tyteca. "Regulation of Membrane Calcium Transport Proteins by the Surrounding Lipid Environment." Biomolecules 9, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9100513.
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Calcium ions (Ca2+) are major messengers in cell signaling, impacting nearly every aspect of cellular life. Those signals are generated within a wide spatial and temporal range through a large variety of Ca2+ channels, pumps, and exchangers. More and more evidences suggest that Ca2+ exchanges are regulated by their surrounding lipid environment. In this review, we point out the technical challenges that are currently being overcome and those that still need to be defeated to analyze the Ca2+ transport protein–lipid interactions. We then provide evidences for the modulation of Ca2+ transport proteins by lipids, including cholesterol, acidic phospholipids, sphingolipids, and their metabolites. We also integrate documented mechanisms involved in the regulation of Ca2+ transport proteins by the lipid environment. Those include: (i) Direct interaction inside the protein with non-annular lipids; (ii) close interaction with the first shell of annular lipids; (iii) regulation of membrane biophysical properties (e.g., membrane lipid packing, thickness, and curvature) directly around the protein through annular lipids; and (iv) gathering and downstream signaling of several proteins inside lipid domains. We finally discuss recent reports supporting the related alteration of Ca2+ and lipids in different pathophysiological events and the possibility to target lipids in Ca2+-related diseases.
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Jain, Mohit, Soeun Ngoy, Sunil A. Sheth, Raymond A. Swanson, Eugene P. Rhee, Ronglih Liao, Clary B. Clish, Vamsi K. Mootha, and Roland Nilsson. "A systematic survey of lipids across mouse tissues." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 306, no. 8 (April 15, 2014): E854—E868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00371.2013.
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Lipids are a diverse collection of macromolecules essential for normal physiology, but the tissue distribution and function for many individual lipid species remain unclear. Here, we report a mass spectrometry survey of lipid abundance across 18 mouse tissues, detecting ∼1,000 mass spectrometry features, of which we identify 179 lipids from the glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, lysophospholipids, acylcarnitines, sphingolipids, and cholesteryl ester classes. Our data reveal tissue-specific organization of lipids and can be used to generate testable hypotheses. For example, our data indicate that circulating triglycerides positively and negatively associated with future diabetes in humans are enriched in mouse adipose tissue and liver, respectively, raising hypotheses regarding the tissue origins of these diabetes-associated lipids. We also integrate our tissue lipid data with gene expression profiles to predict a number of substrates of lipid-metabolizing enzymes, highlighting choline phosphotransferases and sterol O-acyltransferases. Finally, we identify several tissue-specific lipids not present in plasma under normal conditions that may be of interest as biomarkers of tissue injury, and we show that two of these lipids are released into blood following ischemic brain injury in mice. This resource complements existing compendia of tissue gene expression and may be useful for integrative physiology and lipid biology.
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Das, U. N. "Lipids, lipid peroxidation and human health." Trends in Food Science & Technology 2 (January 1991): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-2244(91)90616-q.
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Villanueva, Diana Y., Joseph B. Lim, and Jeffery B. Klauda. "Lipid Bilayers of Ester-Modified Lipids." Biophysical Journal 100, no. 3 (February 2011): 627a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.3607.
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Jaiswal, Mamta, Ashley Schinske, and Rodica Pop-Busui. "Lipids and lipid management in diabetes." Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 28, no. 3 (June 2014): 325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2013.12.001.
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Jové, Mariona, Natàlia Mota-Martorell, Èlia Obis, Joaquim Sol, Meritxell Martín-Garí, Isidre Ferrer, Manuel Portero-Otin, and Reinald Pamplona. "Ether Lipid-Mediated Antioxidant Defense in Alzheimer’s Disease." Antioxidants 12, no. 2 (January 28, 2023): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020293.
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One of the richest tissues in lipid content and diversity of the human body is the brain. The human brain is constitutively highly vulnerable to oxidative stress. This oxidative stress is a determinant in brain aging, as well as in the onset and progression of sporadic (late-onset) Alzheimer’s disease (sAD). Glycerophospholipids are the main lipid category widely distributed in neural cell membranes, with a very significant presence for the ether lipid subclass. Ether lipids have played a key role in the evolution of the human brain compositional specificity and functionality. Ether lipids determine the neural membrane structural and functional properties, membrane trafficking, cell signaling and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Here, we explore the idea that ether lipids actively participate in the pathogenesis of sAD. Firstly, we evaluate the quantitative relevance of ether lipids in the human brain composition, as well as their role in the human brain evolution. Then, we analyze the implications of ether lipids in neural cell physiology, highlighting their inherent antioxidant properties. Finally, we discuss changes in ether lipid content associated with sAD and their physiopathological implications, and propose a mechanism that, as a vicious cycle, explains the potential significance of ether lipids in sAD.
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Aldana, Julian, Adriana Romero-Otero, and Mónica P. Cala. "Exploring the Lipidome: Current Lipid Extraction Techniques for Mass Spectrometry Analysis." Metabolites 10, no. 6 (June 3, 2020): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10060231.
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In recent years, high-throughput lipid profiling has contributed to understand the biological, physiological and pathological roles of lipids in living organisms. Across all kingdoms of life, important cell and systemic processes are mediated by lipids including compartmentalization, signaling and energy homeostasis. Despite important advances in liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, sample extraction procedures remain a bottleneck in lipidomic studies, since the wide structural diversity of lipids imposes a constrain in the type and amount of lipids extracted. Differences in extraction yield across lipid classes can induce a bias on down-stream analysis and outcomes. This review aims to summarize current lipid extraction techniques used for untargeted and targeted studies based on mass spectrometry. Considerations, applications, and limitations of these techniques are discussed when used to extract lipids in complex biological matrices, such as tissues, biofluids, foods, and microorganisms.
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Torres, Manuel, Sebastià Parets, Javier Fernández-Díaz, Roberto Beteta-Göbel, Raquel Rodríguez-Lorca, Ramón Román, Victoria Lladó, Catalina A. Rosselló, Paula Fernández-García, and Pablo V. Escribá. "Lipids in Pathophysiology and Development of the Membrane Lipid Therapy: New Bioactive Lipids." Membranes 11, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11120919.
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Membranes are mainly composed of a lipid bilayer and proteins, constituting a checkpoint for the entry and passage of signals and other molecules. Their composition can be modulated by diet, pathophysiological processes, and nutritional/pharmaceutical interventions. In addition to their use as an energy source, lipids have important structural and functional roles, e.g., fatty acyl moieties in phospholipids have distinct impacts on human health depending on their saturation, carbon length, and isometry. These and other membrane lipids have quite specific effects on the lipid bilayer structure, which regulates the interaction with signaling proteins. Alterations to lipids have been associated with important diseases, and, consequently, normalization of these alterations or regulatory interventions that control membrane lipid composition have therapeutic potential. This approach, termed membrane lipid therapy or membrane lipid replacement, has emerged as a novel technology platform for nutraceutical interventions and drug discovery. Several clinical trials and therapeutic products have validated this technology based on the understanding of membrane structure and function. The present review analyzes the molecular basis of this innovative approach, describing how membrane lipid composition and structure affects protein-lipid interactions, cell signaling, disease, and therapy (e.g., fatigue and cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, tumor, infectious diseases).
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Prendeville, Hannah, and Lydia Lynch. "Diet, lipids, and antitumor immunity." Cellular & Molecular Immunology 19, no. 3 (January 5, 2022): 432–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41423-021-00781-x.
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AbstractTumour growth and dissemination is largely dependent on nutrient availability. It has recently emerged that the tumour microenvironment is rich in a diverse array of lipids that increase in abundance with tumour progression and play a role in promoting tumour growth and metastasis. Here, we describe the pro-tumorigenic roles of lipid uptake, metabolism and synthesis and detail the therapeutic potential of targeting lipid metabolism in cancer. Additionally, we highlight new insights into the distinct immunosuppressive effects of lipids in the tumour microenvironment. Lipids threaten an anti-tumour environment whereby metabolic adaptation to lipid metabolism is linked to immune dysfunction. Finally, we describe the differential effects of commondietary lipids on cancer growth which may uncover a role for specific dietary regimens in association with traditional cancer therapies. Understanding the relationship between dietary lipids, tumour, and immune cells is important in the context of obesity which may reveal a possibility to harness the diet in the treatment of cancers.
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Lee, Hwankyu, Hyungwon Moon, and Hyun-Ryoung Kim. "Effects of Lipid Shape and Interactions on the Conformation, Dynamics, and Curvature of Ultrasound-Responsive Liposomes." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 7 (July 21, 2022): 1512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071512.
Full textAbstract:
We perform coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of bilayers composed of various lipids and cholesterol at their different ratios. Simulations show that cholesterol-lipid interactions restrict the lateral dynamics of bilayers but also promote bilayer curvature, indicating that these opposite effects simultaneously occur and thus cannot significantly influence bilayer stability. In contrast, lyso-lipids effectively pack the vacancy in the bilayer composed of cone-shaped lipids and thus reduce bilayer dynamics and curvature, showing that bilayers are more significantly stabilized by lyso-lipids than by cholesterol, in agreement with experiments. In particular, the bilayer composed of cone-shaped lipids shows higher dynamics and curvature than does the bilayer composed of cylindrical-shaped lipids. To mimic ultrasound, a high external pressure was applied in the direction of bilayer normal, showing the formation of small pores that are surrounded by hydrophilic lipid headgroups, which can allow the release of drug molecules encapsulated into the liposome. These findings help to explain experimental observations regarding that liposomes are more significantly stabilized by lyso-lipids than by cholesterol, and that the liposome with cone-shaped lipids more effectively releases drug molecules upon applying ultrasound than does the liposome with cylindrical-shaped lipids.
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Medjmedj, Ayoub, Albert Ngalle-Loth, Rudy Clemençon, Josef Hamacek, Chantal Pichon, and Federico Perche. "In Cellulo and In Vivo Comparison of Cholesterol, Beta-Sitosterol and Dioleylphosphatidylethanolamine for Lipid Nanoparticle Formulation of mRNA." Nanomaterials 12, no. 14 (July 17, 2022): 2446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12142446.
Full textAbstract:
Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs) are a leading class of mRNA delivery systems. LNPs are made of an ionizable lipid, a polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-lipid conjugate and helper lipids. The success of LNPs is due to proprietary ionizable lipids and appropriate helper lipids. Using a benchmark lipid (D-Lin-MC3) we compared the ability of three helper lipids to transfect dendritic cells in cellulo and in vivo. Studies revealed that the choice of helper lipid does not influence the transfection efficiency of immortalized cells but, LNPs prepared with DOPE (dioleylphosphatidylethanolamine) and β-sitosterol were more efficient for mRNA transfection in murine dendritic cells than LNPs containing DSPC (distearoylphosphatidylcholine). This higher potency of DOPE and β-sitosterol LNPs for mRNA expression was also evident in vivo but only at low mRNA doses. Overall, these data provide valuable insight for the design of novel mRNA LNP vaccines.