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Lugonja, Nikoleta, Vesna Marinkovic, Biljana Milicic, Jelena Avdalovic, Miroslav Vrvic, and Snezana Spasic. "Effect of storage process on nutritive properties of preterm human milk." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly, no. 00 (2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq220117021l.
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Freeze storage and pasteurization of human milk are common treatments in milk banks. Thermal treatment changes the quality of milk for preterm infants? nutrition, and the aim of this paper was to examine the nutritional profile and antioxidant potential of preterm human milk after storage and pasteurization, and also after supplementation with fortifier. The effects of storage processes were estimated on mature preterm milk of 30 breastfeeding women. Total proteins, lipids and lactose were determined after thermal processing and supplementation of mature preterm milk with fortifier. The antioxidant capacity was determined using the ferric reducing antioxidant potential method and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay. Protein concentration decreased after frozen storage and pasteurization (p<0.05). Pasteurization further reduced the lipid concentration after freezing. The ferric reducing antioxidant potential decreased after thermal treatments (p<0.05). Supplementation of mature milk with fortifier increased the concentration of proteins, lipids and lactose. Our findings demonstrated that storage and pasteurization processes affect the basic nutritional composition and antioxidant capacity of preterm human milk. In order to ensure adequate nutrition for preterm infants with preterm human milk, supplementation, especially with high concentrations of proteins and lipids, is necessary after thermal treatments.
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Innis, Sheila M. "Maternal Nutrition, Genetics, and Human Milk Lipids." Current Nutrition Reports 2, no. 3 (June 12, 2013): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13668-013-0048-0.
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Koletzko, Berthold. "Human Milk Lipids." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 69, Suppl. 2 (2016): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000452819.
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Human milk lipids provide the infant with energy and essential vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and bioactive components. Adding complex lipids and milk fat globule membranes to vegetable oil-based infant formula has the potential to enhance infant development and reduce infections. Cholesterol provision with breastfeeding modulates infant sterol metabolism and may induce long-term benefits. Some 98-99% of milk lipids are comprised by triacylglycerols, whose properties depend on incorporated fatty acids. Attention has been devoted to the roles of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic (ARA) acids. Recent studies on gene-diet interaction (Mendelian randomization) show that breastfeeding providing DHA and ARA improves cognitive development and reduces asthma risk at school age particularly in those children with a genetically determined lower activity of DHA and ARA synthesis. It appears prudent to follow the biological model of human milk in the design of infant formula as far as feasible, unless conclusive evidence for the suitability and safety of other choices is available. The recent European Union legislative stipulation of a high formula DHA content without required ARA deviates from this concept, and such a novel formula composition has not been adequately evaluated. Great future opportunities arise with significant methodological progress for example in lipidomic analyses and their bioinformatic evaluation, which should enhance understanding of the biology of human milk lipids. Such knowledge might lead to improved dietary advice to lactating mothers as well as to further opportunities to enhance infant formula composition.
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Shulgina, L. V., K. G. Pavel, E. A. Solodova, and E. V. Yakush. "Nutritional value and dietary significance of natural canned Japanese mackerel." Trudy VNIRO 192 (August 15, 2023): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36038/2307-3497-2023-192-181-191.
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The aim: evaluate natural canned Japanese mackerel as specialized products for dietary nutrition based on indicators of nutritional and biological value, as well as lipid health indices. The methods: The nutritional (chemical composition) and biological value of canned Japanese mackerel, the composition of lipids and fatty acids were studied, on the basis of which lipid indices of atherogenicity, thrombogenicity and hypocholesterolemic coefficient were calculated, characterizing the dietary properties of canned Japanese mackerel. The results: It has been established that the process of high-temperature preservation of Japanese mackerel does not cause significant changes in the nutrient composition of the product. Canned Japanese mackerel is characterized by a high content of phospholipids (7.80 ± 1.1 of the total lipids or 1.41 ± 0.3 g per 100 g of the product) and PUFAs of the omega-3 family (32.26 % of the number of fatty acids). The index of atherogenicity of the lipid profile of canned food was 0.57, thrombogenicity — 0.16, and hypocholesterolemic coefficient — 2.80. Conclusions: Canned Japanese mackerel are characterized by high nutritional and biological value and are a rich source of essential lipids. The lipid indices of canned Japanese mackerel characterize the potential for the product to normalize lipid metabolism in humans and reduce the risk of developing diseases of the cardiovascular system. The newness: Based on a new methodological approach to assessing the lipid profile of canned Japanese mackerel, a possible positive effect of the product on cholesterol metabolism and the rate of thrombus formation in human blood vessels was shown. The practical significance: Natural canned food from Japanese mackerel can be recommended for inclusion in the diet of certain population groups as specialized products for dietary preventive nutrition.
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Touliabah, Hussein El-Sayed, and Adel W. Almutairi. "Effect of Phytohormones Supplementation under Nitrogen Depletion on Biomass and Lipid Production of Nannochloropsis oceanica for Integrated Application in Nutrition and Biodiesel." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020592.
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Economic viability of biodiesel production relies mainly on the productivity of biomass and microalgal lipids. In addition, production of omega fatty acids is favorable for human nutrition. Thus, enhancement of lipid accumulation with high proportion of omega fatty acids could help the dual use of microalgal lipids in human nutrition and biodiesel production through biorefinery. In that context, phytohormones have been identified as a promising factor to increase biomass and lipids production. However, nitrogen limitation has been discussed as a potential tool for lipid accumulation in microalgae, which results in simultaneous growth retardation. The present study aims to investigate the combined effect of N-depletion and 3-Indoleacetic acid (IAA) supplementation on lipid accumulation of the marine eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis oceanica as one of the promising microalgae for omega fatty acids production. The study confirmed that N-starvation stimulates the lipid content of N. oceanica. IAA enhanced both growth and lipid accumulation due to enhancement of pigments biosynthesis. Therefore, combination effect of IAA and nitrogen depletion showed gradual increase in the dry weight compared to the control. Lipid analysis showed lower quantity of saturated fatty acids (SFA, 26.25%) than the sum of monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Under N-depletion, SFA decreased by 12.98% compared to the control, which recorded much reduction by increasing of IAA concentration. Reduction of SFA was in favor of PUFA, mainly omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids which increased significantly due to IAA combined with N-depletion. Thus, the present study suggests a biorefinery approach for lipids extracted from N. oceanica for dual application in nutrition followed by biodiesel production.
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Touliabah, Hussein El-Sayed, and Adel W. Almutairi. "Effect of Phytohormones Supplementation under Nitrogen Depletion on Biomass and Lipid Production of Nannochloropsis oceanica for Integrated Application in Nutrition and Biodiesel." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020592.
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Economic viability of biodiesel production relies mainly on the productivity of biomass and microalgal lipids. In addition, production of omega fatty acids is favorable for human nutrition. Thus, enhancement of lipid accumulation with high proportion of omega fatty acids could help the dual use of microalgal lipids in human nutrition and biodiesel production through biorefinery. In that context, phytohormones have been identified as a promising factor to increase biomass and lipids production. However, nitrogen limitation has been discussed as a potential tool for lipid accumulation in microalgae, which results in simultaneous growth retardation. The present study aims to investigate the combined effect of N-depletion and 3-Indoleacetic acid (IAA) supplementation on lipid accumulation of the marine eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis oceanica as one of the promising microalgae for omega fatty acids production. The study confirmed that N-starvation stimulates the lipid content of N. oceanica. IAA enhanced both growth and lipid accumulation due to enhancement of pigments biosynthesis. Therefore, combination effect of IAA and nitrogen depletion showed gradual increase in the dry weight compared to the control. Lipid analysis showed lower quantity of saturated fatty acids (SFA, 26.25%) than the sum of monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Under N-depletion, SFA decreased by 12.98% compared to the control, which recorded much reduction by increasing of IAA concentration. Reduction of SFA was in favor of PUFA, mainly omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids which increased significantly due to IAA combined with N-depletion. Thus, the present study suggests a biorefinery approach for lipids extracted from N. oceanica for dual application in nutrition followed by biodiesel production.
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Sprenger, Richard R., Marie S. Ostenfeld, Ann Bjørnshave, Jan T. Rasmussen, and Christer S. Ejsing. "Lipidomic Characterization of Whey Concentrates Rich in Milk Fat Globule Membranes and Extracellular Vesicles." Biomolecules 14, no. 1 (December 31, 2023): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom14010055.
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Lipids from milk fat globule membranes (MFGMs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered beneficial for cognitive development and human health. Milk-derived whey concentrates rich in these lipids are therefore used as ingredients in infant formulas to mimic human milk and in medical nutrition products to improve the metabolic fitness of adults and elderly people. In spite of this, there is no consensus resource detailing the multitude of lipid molecules in whey concentrates. To bridge this knowledge gap, we report a comprehensive and quantitative lipidomic resource of different whey concentrates. In-depth lipidomic analysis of acid, sweet, and buttermilk whey concentrates identified 5714 lipid molecules belonging to 23 lipid classes. The data show that the buttermilk whey concentrate has the highest level of fat globule-derived triacylglycerols and that the acid and sweet whey concentrates have the highest proportions of MFGM- and EV-derived membrane lipids. Interestingly, the acid whey concentrate has a higher level of cholesterol whereas sweet whey concentrate has higher levels of lactosylceramides. Altogether, we report a detailed lipid molecular compendium of whey concentrates and lay the groundwork for using in-depth lipidomic technology to profile the nutritional value of milk products and functional foods containing dairy-based concentrates.
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Vitkova, Tsvetelina, Rositsa Enikova, Milena Karcheva, and Plamen Saraliev. "EGGS IN THE HUMAN DIET - FACTS AND CHALLENGES." Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) 30, no. 1 (January 18, 2024): 5314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5272/jimab.2024301.5314.
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Eggs are a good source of balanced nutritional and biologically active substances - proteins, lipids, some irreplaceable nutritional components such as amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, macro- and microelements, etc. It is identified as the cheapest animal source of proteins, lipids, vitamins A, B12, riboflavin, choline, iron, zinc, phosphorus and calcium. At the same time, the dangers to human health that eggs can carry are also taken into account. Material/Methods: The literature used is based on databases PubMed, Embase and as well as data from own studies. Review Results: In the present review, we provide data on the importance of the composition of eggs in human nutrition are presented and the risk of their use is evaluated. Conclusions: The high biological and nutritional value of eggs are grounds for their use in the daily life of healthy people, without additional restrictions of cardiovascular diseases. There is a risk of food poisoning, which can be limited to acceptable levels by following good hygiene practices.
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Falch, Eva. "Physico-Chemical Properties and Nutrition of Marine Lipids." Foods 12, no. 22 (November 10, 2023): 4078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12224078.
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Bordoni, Laura, Irene Petracci, Fanrui Zhao, Weihong Min, Elisa Pierella, Taís Silveira Assmann, J. Alfredo Martinez, and Rosita Gabbianelli. "Nutrigenomics of Dietary Lipids." Antioxidants 10, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10070994.
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Dietary lipids have a major role in nutrition, not only for their fuel value, but also as essential and bioactive nutrients. This narrative review aims to describe the current evidence on nutrigenomic effects of dietary lipids. Firstly, the different chemical and biological properties of fatty acids contained both in plant- and animal-based food are illustrated. A description of lipid bioavailability, bioaccessibility, and lipotoxicity is provided, together with an overview of the modulatory role of lipids as pro- or anti-inflammatory agents. Current findings concerning the metabolic impact of lipids on gene expression, epigenome, and gut microbiome in animal and human studies are summarized. Finally, the effect of the individual’s genetic make-up on lipid metabolism is described. The main goal is to provide an overview about the interaction between dietary lipids and the genome, by identifying and discussing recent scientific evidence, recognizing strengths and weaknesses, to address future investigations and fill the gaps in the current knowledge on metabolic impact of dietary fats on health.
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Dong, Ping, Ying Zhang, and Ying-chun Zhao. "Human Milk Comparative Lipidomic Study From Different Gestation Age and Lactation Stages." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab046_035.
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Abstract Objectives Human milk (HM) lipids constitute the primary constituents of HM. Studies are starting to emerge about the lipid components of HM and how they relate to outcomes. We assessed the lipid differences between preterm and term HM and predicted the prospective impacts of these lipids on the development of neonates, especially focused on their immune modulatory and anti-infective effects. Methods Using an LC-MS/MS metabolomics strategy, we studied HM samples collected from 113 mothers giving birth prematurely (<28 weeks, 12; ≥28 weeks and <32 weeks, 47; ≥32 weeks ∼ <37 weeks 54, respectively) and 55 mothers delivering at term (≥37 weeks) from colostrum to mature milk. Results We found that the lipid composition of preterm HM deviates significantly from the term HM lipid profile, in particular with the colostrum. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were significantly increased in preterm HM, while sphingomyelin, glycerophosphoethanoloamines analogues, TAG (14:0/18:2/18:3), PE (17:2/22:6) and Cer/NS (d22:3/18:1) were markedly decreased in preterm human milk (p < 0.05). Pathway analysis revealed that these dysregulated lipids are closely associated with Reelin signaling in neurons, glycerophospholipid metabolism and LXR/RXR activation. Conclusions Further studies should further elucidate the detailed biomechanism of these dysregulated lipids. Funding Sources This work was supported by the Young Clinical Scientist Program of Fudan Academy of Pediatrics (grant no. EK112520180307).
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Silveira, Rita C., Andrea L. Corso, and Renato S. Procianoy. "The Influence of Early Nutrition on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants." Nutrients 15, no. 21 (November 1, 2023): 4644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15214644.
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Premature infants, given their limited reserves, heightened energy requirements, and susceptibility to nutritional deficits, require specialized care. Aim: To examine the complex interplay between nutrition and neurodevelopment in premature infants, underscoring the critical need for tailored nutritional approaches to support optimal brain growth and function. Data sources: PubMed and MeSH and keywords: preterm, early nutrition, macronutrients, micronutrients, human milk, human milk oligosaccharides, probiotics AND neurodevelopment or neurodevelopment outcomes. Recent articles were selected according to the authors’ judgment of their relevance. Specific nutrients, including macro (amino acids, glucose, and lipids) and micronutrients, play an important role in promoting neurodevelopment. Early and aggressive nutrition has shown promise, as has recognizing glucose as the primary energy source for the developing brain. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as DHA, contribute to brain maturation, while the benefits of human milk, human milk oligosaccharides, and probiotics on neurodevelopment via the gut-brain axis are explored. This intricate interplay between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system highlights human milk oligosaccharides’ role in early brain maturation. Conclusions: Individualized nutritional approaches and comprehensive nutrient strategies are paramount to enhancing neurodevelopment in premature infants, underscoring human milk’s potential as the gold standard of nutrition for preterm infants.
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Garcia, Chelsea, Catherine J. Andersen, and Christopher N. Blesso. "The Role of Lipids in the Regulation of Immune Responses." Nutrients 15, no. 18 (September 7, 2023): 3899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15183899.
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Lipid metabolism plays a major role in the regulation of the immune system. Exogenous (dietary and microbial-derived) and endogenous (non-microbial-derived) lipids play a direct role in regulating immune cell activation, differentiation and expansion, and inflammatory phenotypes. Understanding the complexities of lipid–immune interactions may have important implications for human health, as certain lipids or immune pathways may be beneficial in circumstances of acute infection yet detrimental in chronic inflammatory diseases. Further, there are key differences in the lipid effects between specific immune cell types and location (e.g., gut mucosal vs. systemic immune cells), suggesting that the immunomodulatory properties of lipids may be tissue-compartment-specific, although the direct effect of dietary lipids on the mucosal immune system warrants further investigation. Importantly, there is recent evidence to suggest that lipid–immune interactions are dependent on sex, metabolic status, and the gut microbiome in preclinical models. While the lipid–immune relationship has not been adequately established in/translated to humans, research is warranted to evaluate the differences in lipid–immune interactions across individuals and whether the optimization of lipid–immune interactions requires precision nutrition approaches to mitigate or manage disease. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which lipids regulate immune responses and the influence of dietary lipids on these processes, highlighting compelling areas for future research.
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Pigott, George M., and Barbee W. Tucker. "Science opens new horizons for marine lipids in human nutrition." Food Reviews International 3, no. 1-2 (January 1987): 105–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87559128709540809.
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Zheng, Lu, Mathilde Fleith, Francesca Giuffrida, Barry V. O'Neill, and Nora Schneider. "Dietary Polar Lipids and Cognitive Development: A Narrative Review." Advances in Nutrition 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2019): 1163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz051.
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ABSTRACTPolar lipids are amphiphilic lipids with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. Polar lipids mainly include phospholipids and sphingolipids. They are structural components of neural tissues, with the peak rate of accretion overlapping with neurodevelopmental milestones. The critical role of polar lipids in cognitive development is thought to be mediated through the regulation of signal transduction, myelination, and synaptic plasticity. Animal products (egg, meat, and dairy) are the major dietary sources of polar lipids for children and adults, whereas human milk and infant formula provide polar lipids to infants. Due to the differences observed in both concentration and proportion of polar lipids in human milk, the estimated daily intake in infants encompasses a wide range. In addition, health authorities define neither intake recommendations nor guidelines for polar lipid intake. However, adequate intake is defined for 2 nutrients that are elements of these polar lipids, namely choline and DHA. To date, limited studies exist on the brain bioavailability of dietary polar lipids via either placental transfer or the blood–brain barrier. Nevertheless, due to their role in pre- and postnatal development of the brain, there is a growing interest for the use of gangliosides, which are sphingolipids, as a dietary supplement for pregnant/lactating mothers or infants. In line with this, supplementing gangliosides and phospholipids in wild-type animals and healthy infants does suggest some positive effects on cognitive performance. Whether there is indeed added benefit of supplementing polar lipids in pregnant/lactating mothers or infants requires more clinical research. In this article, we report findings of a review of the state-of-the-art evidence on polar lipid supplementation and cognitive development. Dietary sources, recommended intake, and brain bioavailability of polar lipids are also discussed.
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Pluhator, Michelle M., Alan Br Thomson, and Richard N. Fedorak. "Clinical Aspects of Trace Elements: Zinc in Human Nutrition – Zinc Deficiency and Toxicity." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 10, no. 2 (1996): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1996/492792.
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Available evidence suggests that trace elements, such as zinc, once thought to have no nutritional relevance, are possibly deficient in large sections of the human population. Conditioned deficiencies have been reported to result from malabsorption syndromes, acrodermatitis enteropathica, alcoholism, gastrointestinal disease, thermal injury, chronic diseases (eg, diabetes, sickle cell anemia), and in total parenteral nutrition therapy. Awareness that patients with these problems are at risk has led health professionals to focus increasingly on the importance of zinc therapy in the prevention and treatment of deficiency. More recently zinc toxicity and its role in human nutrition and well-being have come under investigation. Reports have focused on the role of zinc toxicity in causes of copper deficiency, changes in the immune system and alterations in blood lipids. As the numerous challenges presented by the study of zinc in human nutrition are met, more appropriate recommendations for dietary and therapeutic zinc intake are being made.
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Uğur, Şuheda, Bartłomiej Zieniuk, and Agata Fabiszewska. "Nutritional and Medicinal Properties of Microbial Oil." Applied Sciences 14, no. 10 (May 16, 2024): 4232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14104232.
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Plant and animal oils and fats currently dominate the edible oil market, but a new sustainable alternative of lipids from single-celled organisms has become advantageous in human nutrition and pharmacy. Single-cell oils (SCOs) are lipids biosynthesized and accumulated in the lipid bodies of oleaginous species of bacteria, yeasts, molds, and algae. The review has investigated SCOs’ composition, with a detailed review of the described beneficial impact in medicine, cosmetics, pharmacy, and nutrition. Although microbial oil has been known for more than 100 years, it was not applied until the 21st century, when commercial SCO production for human use started and administrative regulations governing their use were completed. This article discusses the applications of SCOs, which can be easily found in microorganisms, in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. In addition, some aspects of 15- or 17-carbon-atom-long fatty acids were also pointed out. Furthermore, some challenges for heterotrophic single-cell oil synthesis and improvements in its extraction efficiency have also been concluded, which can further contribute to their broadened use in pharmacy, medicine, cosmetics, and food applications.
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Jensen, Robert G., Ann M. Ferris, and Carol J. Lammi-Keefe. "Lipids in Human Milk and Infant Formulas." Annual Review of Nutrition 12, no. 1 (July 1992): 417–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.12.070192.002221.
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Monteiro, João Pedro, M. Rosário Domingues, and Ricardo Calado. "Marine Animal Co-Products—How Improving Their Use as Rich Sources of Health-Promoting Lipids Can Foster Sustainability." Marine Drugs 22, no. 2 (January 30, 2024): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md22020073.
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Marine lipids are recognized for their-health promoting features, mainly for being the primary sources of omega-3 fatty acids, and are therefore critical for human nutrition in an age when the global supply for these nutrients is experiencing an unprecedent pressure due to an ever-increasing demand. The seafood industry originates a considerable yield of co-products worldwide that, while already explored for other purposes, remain mostly undervalued as sustainable sources of healthy lipids, often being explored for low-value oil production. These co-products are especially appealing as lipid sources since, besides the well-known nutritional upside of marine animal fat, which is particularly rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, they also have interesting bioactive properties, which may garner them further interest, not only as food, but also for other high-end applications. Besides the added value that these co-products may represent as valuable lipid sources, there is also the obvious ecological upside of reducing seafood industry waste. In this sense, repurposing these bioresources will contribute to a more sustainable use of marine animal food, reducing the strain on already heavily depleted seafood stocks. Therefore, untapping the potential of marine animal co-products as valuable lipid sources aligns with both health and environmental goals by guaranteeing additional sources of healthy lipids and promoting more eco-conscious practices.
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Le Van, Tuyen, Samuel Bertrand, Linh Nguyen Ngoc, Diep Tran Van, Hoan Phung Van, Cong Vu Thanh, Yves Francois Pouchus, and Olivier Grovel. "UNUSUALLY LIPID PRODUCTION BY THE MARINE-DERIVED FUNGI Penicillium restrictum." Journal of Science Natural Science 66, no. 3 (October 2021): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1059.2021-0050.
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Using marine-derived fungi as a source of lipid production holds promise as an alternative to industrial lipid production for health and nutrition in the future. In the present study, this strain showed a high production of lipid, about plus 80% of the total lipids in the host-derived medium. Gas chromatography analysis of fungal lipids revealed the presence of saturated (mainly palmitic acid C16: 0 and stearic acid C18: 0) and unsaturated fatty acid (mainly linoleic acid C18: 2, oleic acid C18: 1). These findings suggest this marine-derived fungus is a promising source for lipid production in various industrial applications. In particular, a fraction containing glycolipids of the crude extract exhibited potential cytotoxic activity on human oral epidermal carcinoma cell lines. This result is very interesting to further isolate and determine the molecular structure of bioactive glycolipids.
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Roche, H. M. "Dietary lipids and gene expression." Biochemical Society Transactions 32, no. 6 (October 26, 2004): 999–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0320999.
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Nutrition is a key environmental factor that is particularly involved in the pathogenesis and progression of several polygenic, diet-related diseases. Nutrigenomics refers to the interaction between nutrition and the human genome. Dietary fatty acids interact with multiple nutrient-sensitive transcription factors. This explains the molecular basis of some of the health effects associated with altered dietary fatty acid composition. The metabolic syndrome is a very common condition, characterized by insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. It often precedes Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and is associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular disease. Several lines of evidence suggest that the interaction between nutrient-derived metabolic stressors and pro-inflammatory signals play an important role in the aetiology of insulin resistance and the development of the metabolic syndrome. This paper will address the interaction between several nutrient-sensitive transcription factors, including SREBP (sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein) and NFκB (nuclear factor κB), demonstrating how this interaction may be altered with dietary fatty acid interventions.
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Innis, Sheila M. "Essential fatty acid requirements in human nutrition." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 71, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y93-104.
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Arachidonic acid (20:4ω−6) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω−3) are major acyl components of cell membrane phospholipids, and are particularly enriched in the nonmyelin membranes of the central nervous system. Dietary deficiency of linoleic acid (18:2ω−6) and linolenic acid (18:3ω−3) during development has been shown to result in reduced levels of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3 in the developing central nervous system, and this has been associated with altered learning behaviour and visual function. Synthesis of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3 depends on the dietary intake of 18:2ω−6 and 18:3ω−3, respectively, and the activity of the fatty acid desaturase–elongase enzymes. Oxidation of 18:2ω−6 and 18:3ω−3 for energy, or direct acylation of 18:2ω−6 into triglycerides, cholesteryl esters, and phospholipids, could also influence the amount of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3 formed. The tissue levels of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3, or other (ω − 6) and (ω − 3) fatty acids, compatible with optimum growth and development or health are not known. The amount of preformed 22:6ω−3 in the diet of adults, infants fed various milks or formulae, or animals is reflected in the circulating lipid levels of 22:6ω−3. Human milk levels of (ω − 6) and (ω − 3) fatty acids vary, depending in part on the mother's diet. A valid, scientific approach to extrapolate dietary essential fatty acid requirements from the composition of human milk or the circulating lipids of infants fed different diets has not been agreed on. Current data suggest that fatty acid requirements for development of term-gestation piglet brain and retina are met with 5.0% dietary kcal (1 cal = 4.1868 J) 18:2ω−6 and > 1.0% kcal 18:3ω−3, As in rodents and non-human primates, a diet source of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3 does not seem essential for the developing piglet central nervous system. However, studies in very premature infants suggest these infants may benefit from a dietary source of 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3. Whether the low 20:4ω−6 and 22:6ω−3 status is due to oxidation of 18:2ω−6 and 18:3ω−3 for energy, the effects of early intravenous feeding with lipid emulsions, rapid growth, or immaturity of physiological or metabolic pathways in very preterm infants is not yet known.Key words: linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, brain, retina.
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Shingfield, Kevin J. "Nutritional regulation of milk fatty acid composition." Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, no. 23 (January 31, 2008): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.75850.
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There is increasing evidence that nutrition plays an important role in the development of chronic diseases in the human population including cancer, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and obesity. Developing foods that enhance human health is central to dietary approaches for preventing and reducing the economic and social impact of chronic disease. Numerous studies in human subjects have implicated a high consumption of medium-chain (12:0-16:0) saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans fatty acids (TFA) as risk factors for cardiovascular disease risk, with emerging evidence of a possible role in the development of insulin resistance and inflammation. Milk and dairy products are a major source of 12:0, 14:0, 16:0 and TFA in the human diet. However, developing public health policies promoting a decrease in milk, cheese and butter consumption ignores the value of these foods as a versatile source of nutrients and bioactive lipids, including 4:0, branch-chain fatty acids, cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), vitamins A and D, β-carotene and sphingomyelin. Therefore, altering milk fatty acid composition through sustainable, environmental and welfare acceptable means is an integral component of an overall strategy for preventing human chronic disease. Nutrition is the major environmental factor regulating milk fat composition. Strategies for enhancing the nutritional value of milk fat have been directed towards reducing the proportion of 12:0, 14:0 and 16:0, increasing cis monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content and/or enhancing the concentration of bioactive lipids. Formulation of diets to alter milk fat composition to meet these targets typically involves 1) inclusion of plant oils and oilseeds, 2) supplements of marine lipids, 3) increasing the proportion of dietary energy derived from fresh grass, 4) replacing ensiled grass, maize or whole-crop cereal with forage legumes or 5) inclusion of rumen-protected lipids in the diet. Nutritional strategies for reducing 12:0, 14:0 and 16:0 and enhancing cis-MUFA in milk fat are dependent on increasing the supply of C18 or longer-chain fatty acids to inhibit mammary de novo fatty acid synthesis. Due to incomplete metabolism of dietary unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen, inclusion of oils or oilseeds in the diet also increases milk fat TFA content. Both the concentration and distribution of TFA isomers in milk is dependent on the amount and type of lipid supplement fed, composition of the basal diet and interactions between these factors. Altering the diet of lactating cows can be used as a means to significantly enrich milk fat cis-9, trans-11 CLA content. Increases in the concentration of CLA in milk are reliant, in the most part, on enhancing ruminal trans-11 18:1 outflow for endogenous cis-9, trans-11 CLA synthesis in the mammary gland. The potential to increase n-3 fatty acids in milk is relatively limited. Inclusion of fresh or ensiled red clover in the ruminant diet significantly increases 18:3 n-3 content, while increases in milk 20:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3 concentrations to marine lipid supplements is relatively limited due to extensive ruminal metabolism of n-3 PUFA. Greater enrichment of 20:5 n-3, 22:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3 in milk can be achieved using rumen-protected fish oil supplements. Overall, recent research has highlighted the important role of nutrition in attempts to modify milk fat composition for improved long-term human health.
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Janusz, Prusinski. "White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) – nutritional and health values in human nutrition – a review." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 35, No. 2 (April 29, 2017): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/114/2016-cjfs.
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White lupin seeds have been used in human nutrition and treatment for several thousand years. Nowadays the use of white lupin seeds is limited by a small scale of their production. However, in the last 20 years quite new properties of white lupin have been discovered for the application in the production of different kinds of functional food. Unique traits of protein, fatty acids with a desirable ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 acids, and fibre as well as other specific components, for example oligosaccharides and antioxidants or non-starch carbohydrates, make white lupin an excellent component in many healthy diets. The effects of white lupin components concern the physiological condition of the human body, including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, lipid concentration, glycaemia, appetite, insulin resistance, and colorectal cancer. Seeds are used among others for the production of gluten-free flour, bacterial and fungal fermented products, noodle and pasta products, as substitutes of meat, egg protein and sausages, also are cooked, roasted and ground and mixed with cereal flour in the production of bread, crisps and pasta, crisps and dietary dishes.
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Bhat, Sneha S. "Functional Lipids as Nutraceuticals: A Review." International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research 6, no. 4 (November 12, 2021): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijshr.20211018.
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Stephen L. Defelice, founder and chairman of the Foundation of Innovation Medicine, created the term "Nutraceuticals" in 1989 as a combination of the words "nutrition" and "pharmaceutical." Nutraceuticals are food-derived products that are claimed to give additional health advantages in addition to the fundamental nutritional content present in meals. Their kinds may be more significant than their quantity in terms of health and disease. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the research on the role of functional lipids namely: Omega -6 fatty acid, Omega -3 fatty acid, Conjugated linoleic acid, Medium chain triglycerides and Phytosterols as nutraceuticals in human health. Functional lipids have been related to the prevention and treatment of a variety of ailments, according to new study. With the use of supplementary and dietary forms of functional lipids, scientific data has demonstrated positive improvements in patients and favorable benefits in healthy people. Keywords: Nutraceuticals, Functional lipids, Conjugated linoleic acid, Medium chain triglycerides, Omega -6 fatty acid, Omega -3 fatty acid, Phytosterols,
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Karonen, Maarit. "Insights into Polyphenol–Lipid Interactions: Chemical Methods, Molecular Aspects and Their Effects on Membrane Structures." Plants 11, no. 14 (July 8, 2022): 1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11141809.
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Plant polyphenols have many potential applications, for example, in the fields of chemical ecology and human and animal health and nutrition. These biological benefits are related to their bioavailability, bioaccessibility and interactions with other biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids, fibers and amino acids. Polyphenol–protein interactions are well-studied, but less is known about their interactions with lipids and cell membranes. However, the affinity of polyphenols for lipid bilayers partially determines their biological activity and is also important from the usability perspective. The polyphenol–lipid interactions can be studied with several chemical tools including, among others, partition coefficient measurements, calorimetric methods, spectroscopic techniques and molecular dynamics simulation. Polyphenols can variably interact with and penetrate lipid bilayers depending on the structures and concentrations of the polyphenols, the compositions of the lipids and the ambient conditions and factors. Polyphenol penetrating the lipid bilayer can perturb and cause changes in its structure and biophysical properties. The current studies have used structurally different polyphenols, diverse model lipids and various measuring techniques. This approach provides detailed information on polyphenol–lipid interactions, but there is much variability, and the results may even be contradictory, for example, in relation to the locations and orientations of the polyphenols in the lipid bilayers. Nevertheless, by using well-characterized model polyphenols and lipids systematically and combining the results obtained with several techniques within a study, it is possible to create a good overall picture of these fascinating interactions.
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Jiang, Xuan, Xiaoqiang Zou, Zhonghao Chao, and Xiuli Xu. "Preparation of Human Milk Fat Substitutes: A Review." Life 12, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12020187.
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Human milk is generally regarded as the best choice for infant feeding. Human milk fat (HMF) is one of the most complex natural lipids, with a unique fatty acid composition and distribution and complex lipid composition. Lipid intake in infants not only affects their energy intake but also affects their metabolic mode and overall development. Infant formula is the best substitute for human milk when breastfeeding is not possible. As the main energy source in infant formula, human milk fat substitutes (HMFSs) should have a composition similar to that of HMF in order to meet the nutritional needs of infant growth and development. At present, HMFS preparation mainly focuses on the simulation of fatty acid composition, the application of structured lipids and the addition of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) supplements. This paper first reviews the composition and structure of HMF, and then the preparation development of structured lipids and MFGM supplements are summarized. Additionally, the evaluation and regulation of HMFSs in infant formula are also presented.
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Kabara, Jon J. "Lipids as Host-Resistance Factors of Human Milk." Nutrition Reviews 38, no. 2 (April 27, 2009): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1980.tb05843.x.
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Gurr, M. I. "Dietary lipids and evolution of the human brain." British Journal of Nutrition 79, no. 4 (April 1998): 389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19980064.
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Breij, Laura M., Marieke Abrahamse-Berkeveld, Yvan Vandenplas, Sabine N. J. Jespers, Amerik C. de Mol, Poh Choo Khoo, Masendu Kalenga, et al. "An infant formula with large, milk phospholipid–coated lipid droplets containing a mixture of dairy and vegetable lipids supports adequate growth and is well tolerated in healthy, term infants." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 109, no. 3 (February 22, 2019): 586–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy322.
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ABSTRACT Background Lipid droplets in human milk have a mode diameter of ∼4 μm and are surrounded by a native phospholipid-rich membrane. Current infant milk formulas (IMFs) contain small lipid droplets (mode diameter ∼0.5 μm) primarily coated by proteins. A concept IMF was developed mimicking more closely the structure and composition of human milk lipid droplets. Objectives This randomized, controlled, double-blind equivalence trial evaluates the safety and tolerance of a concept IMF with large, milk phospholipid–coated lipid droplets (mode diameter 3–5 μm) containing vegetable and dairy lipids in healthy, term infants. Methods Fully formula-fed infants were enrolled up to 35 d of age and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 formulas until 17 wk of age: 1) Control IMF with small lipid droplets containing vegetable oils (n = 108); or 2) Concept IMF with large, milk phospholipid–coated lipid droplets comprised of 48% dairy lipids (n = 115). A group of 88 breastfed infants served as reference. Primary outcome was daily weight gain during intervention. Additionally, number and type of adverse events, growth, and tolerance parameters were monitored. Results Equivalence of daily weight gain was demonstrated (Concept compared with Control IMF: −1.37 g/d; 90% CI: −2.71, −0.02; equivalence margin ± 3 g/d). No relevant group differences were observed in growth, tolerance and number, severity, or relatedness of adverse events. We did observe a higher prevalence of watery stools in the Concept than in the Control IMF group between 5 and 12 wk of age (P < 0.001), closer to the stool characteristics observed in the breastfed group. Conclusions An infant formula with large, milk phospholipid–coated lipid droplets containing dairy lipids is safe, well tolerated, and supports an adequate growth in healthy infants. This trial was registered in the Dutch Trial Register (www.trialregister.nl) as NTR3683.
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Ramiro-Cortijo, David, Pratibha Singh, Yan Liu, Esli Medina-Morales, William Yakah, Steven D. Freedman, and Camilia R. Martin. "Breast Milk Lipids and Fatty Acids in Regulating Neonatal Intestinal Development and Protecting against Intestinal Injury." Nutrients 12, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12020534.
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Human breast milk is the optimal source of nutrition for infant growth and development. Breast milk fats and their downstream derivatives of fatty acids and fatty acid-derived terminal mediators not only provide an energy source but also are important regulators of development, immune function, and metabolism. The composition of the lipids and fatty acids determines the nutritional and physicochemical properties of human milk fat. Essential fatty acids, including long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and specialized pro-resolving mediators, are critical for growth, organogenesis, and regulation of inflammation. Combined data including in vitro, in vivo, and human cohort studies support the beneficial effects of human breast milk in intestinal development and in reducing the risk of intestinal injury. Human milk has been shown to reduce the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a common gastrointestinal disease in preterm infants. Preterm infants fed human breast milk are less likely to develop NEC compared to preterm infants receiving infant formula. Intestinal development and its physiological functions are highly adaptive to changes in nutritional status influencing the susceptibility towards intestinal injury in response to pathological challenges. In this review, we focus on lipids and fatty acids present in breast milk and their impact on neonatal gut development and the risk of disease.
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Forsyth, J. S. "Lipids and infant formulas." Nutrition Research Reviews 11, no. 2 (December 1998): 255–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/nrr19980018.
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AbstractThe ultimate goal in the design of infant formula is to achieve the outcome seen in breast fed infants. This review of lipids in infant formulas for term infants begins by referring to the lipid composition of human milk, and relates that to differences in lipid digestion and metabolism which exist between breast fed and formula fed infants and which may significantly influence fatty acid bioavailability.Recommendations are made for the lipid content and fatty acid composition of term infant formulas (especially for lauric, linoleic, α-linolenic, long chain 20 and 22C n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and thetransfatty acids).Further research is required to define more clearly the long term nutritional, growth and developmental effects of structured lipids in formulas for term infants. More information is required on the differential handling of LCPUFA and other fatty acids at the organ and cellular level. There is a need for large (multi-centre) randomized studies to determine the short and long term functional effects of LCPUFA supplementation. Further research and development is required to determine a commercial source of LCPUFA which is safe, effective and economic. Further information is required on the short and long term effects of cholesterol intake during infancy, and in particular its relationship to LCPUFA metabolism. Long term studies should be initiated to determine the relationship of infant diet (especially saturated fatty acid and cholesterol intake) to the development of cardiovascular disease.
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Mohamad Ali, Dalal, Kevin Hogeveen, Rose-Marie Orhant, Tiphaine Le Gal de Kerangal, Françoise Ergan, Lionel Ulmann, and Gaëlle Pencreac’h. "Lysophosphatidylcholine-DHA Specifically Induces Cytotoxic Effects of the MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cell Line In Vitro Comparative Effects with Other Lipids Containing DHA." Nutrients 15, no. 9 (April 29, 2023): 2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15092137.
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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 ω-3) is a dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid that has an important role in human health. Epidemiological studies linked a high intake of DHA to a reduced risk of certain cancers. Recently, attention focused on how the lipid carrier in which DHA is delivered, i.e., esterified on acylglycerols, phospholipids, or free, affects its biological effects. However, studies comparing the effects of these different forms for DHA supply to cancer cells in vitro are limited. In this study, the effect of free DHA and five lipids carrying one to three DHA chains (LPC-DHA, PC-DHA, MAG-DHA, DAG-DHA and TAG-DHA) on the viability of the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line was compared. Our results revealed a strong structure–function relationship of DHA-carrying lipids on the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells. Glycerophosphocholine-based lipids are the most effective DHA carriers in reducing the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells, with LPC-DHA being more effective (IC50 = 23.7 µM) than PC-DHA (IC50 = 67 µM). The other tested lipids are less toxic (MAG-DHA, free DHA) or even not toxic (DAG-DHA, TAG-DHA) under our conditions. Investigating the mechanism of cell death induced by LPC-DHA revealed increased oxidative stress and membrane cell damage.
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Shabir, Fatima, and Sajjad Khan. "Nutritional and Health Promoting Attribute of Kidney Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): A Review." International Journal of Agricultural and Applied Sciences 5, no. 1 (June 20, 2024): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52804/ijaas2024.513.
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Red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is nutritious and their consumption is associated with many health benefits that can fight against protein malnutrition. Starch, the most common carbohydrate reserve in plants, is present in legume seeds and has been associated with both cultural and nutritional advantages. Kidney bean seeds' main constituent is starch, which accounts for 25–45% of their dry matter. It also goes by the names Rajmash and common bean. Kidney bean starches are more soluble and have less swelling than cereal starches, which suggests that they have more functional qualities. Due to its properties and interactions with other ingredients, particularly water and lipids, which can greatly affect the final product's quality, starch is of interest to both the food industry and human nutrition as a macro-ingredient in many foods.
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Pangkey, Henneke. "KEBUTUHAN ASAM LEMAK ESENSIAL PADA IKAN LAUT." JURNAL PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN TROPIS 7, no. 2 (August 31, 2011): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jpkt.7.2.2011.185.
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ABSTRACTAquaculture has contributed one third of the world is supply of seafood. This contribution is expected to increase in the future. Based on this reason, aquaculture is potential to continually provide food for human needs. One of the key factors to the success of aquaculture is the supply of nutritious feed. Feeding with food of right nutrition value will produce healthy and high quality fish. One of the nutrient elements that plays an important role in aquatic organism growth is lipid. Lipids in the form of essential fatty acids are highly required not only for broodstock and larvae, but also for normal growth of marine fish.ABSTRAKAkuakultur telah memberikan kontribusi sebesar sepertiga kebutuhan dunia akan produk makanan laut, dan akan terus bertambah di masa depan. Dipandang dari sudut ini, akuakultur memiliki prospek untuk menjadi usaha berkelanjutan dalam menyediakan pangan bagi populasi manusia yang terus bertambah. Salah satu faktor yang menentukan keberhasilan dalam usaha akuakultur adalah penyediaan pakan dengan kandungan nutrisi yang optimal. Pemberian pakan dengan komponen nutrisi yang tepat dapat menghasilkan ikan yang sehat dan berkualitas tinggi. Salah satu komponen nutrisi yang sangat berperan dalam pertumbuhan biota akuakultur adalah lipida. Lipida berupa asam lemak esensial sangat dibutuhkan baik oleh induk dan larva, juga untuk pertumbuhan secara normal ikan laut.
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Sosa-Castillo, Elizabeth, Maricela Rodríguez-Cruz, and Carolina Moltó-Puigmartí. "Genomics of lactation: role of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics in the fatty acid composition of human milk." British Journal of Nutrition 118, no. 3 (August 14, 2017): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517001854.
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AbstractHuman milk covers the infant’s nutrient requirements during the first 6 months of life. The composition of human milk progressively changes during lactation and it is influenced by maternal nutritional factors. Nowadays, it is well known that nutrients have the ability to interact with genes and modulate molecular mechanisms impacting physiological functions. This has led to a growing interest among researchers in exploring nutrition at a molecular level and to the development of two fields of study: nutrigenomics, which evaluates the influence of nutrients on gene expression, and nutrigenetics, which evaluates the heterogeneous individual response to nutrients due to genetic variation. Fatty acids are one of the nutrients most studied in relation to lactation given their biologically important roles during early postnatal life. Fatty acids modulate transcription factors involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism, which in turn causes a variation in the proportion of lipids in milk. This review focuses on understanding, on the one hand, the gene transcription mechanisms activated by maternal dietary fatty acids and, on the other hand, the interaction between dietary fatty acids and genetic variation in genes involved in lipid metabolism. Both of these mechanisms affect the fatty acid composition of human milk.
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Farakh Munir and Urvah Asif. "A review on the classification, preparation of nutraceuticals and their application." Journal of Contemporary Pharmacy 2, no. 1 (July 31, 2018): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.56770/jcp201805.
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Nutritional health products are a powerful tool for maintaining and improving human health. They can fight against acute and chronic diseases caused by nutrition deficiency that promote quality effectiveness of human life. Nutritional therapeutic properties are needed to improve human health but due to their poor bioavailability and depending on their chemical instability to pH, oxygen, temperature and absorption of food ingredients, and also their low intake and low gastrointestinal absorption, the nutritional health benefits still lag behind their potential. Some of these limitations can be resolved by using micron and nanocapsulation technologies that can provide new delivery systems to many food industry, enriching foods and beverages with nutraceuticals. Micron and nanoencapsules of nutritional products provide large variety of advantages related to their stability like thermal, pH, in vitro performance, improved bioavailability and biological activity. Nanocarriers like liposomes, Nanoemulsion, lipids and polymer nanoparticles, micelles and cyclodextrins complex used for the administration of nutritional products.
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Elkin, Robert, Kevin Harvatine, and Amy Duke. "Surprising finding in Lipids has implications for omega-3 eggs and human nutrition." INFORM International News on Fats, Oils, and Related Materials 29, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/inform.06.2018.24.
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de Roos, Baukje, Janet K. Sawyer, Martijn B. Katan, and Lawrence L. Rudel. "Validity of animal models for the cholesterol-raising effects of coffee diterpenes in human subjects." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, no. 3 (August 1999): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665199000725.
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Cafestol and kahweol, coffee lipids present in unfiltered coffee brews, potently increase LDL-cholesterol concentration in human subjects. We searched for an animal species in which cafestol similarly increases LDL-cholesterol. Such an animal model could be used subsequently as a model to study the mechanism of action of cafestol and kahweol. Cafestol and kahweol increased serum lipids in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), cebus (Cebus apella) and rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkeys, hamsters, rats and gerbils differently from the increase in human subjects. In African green monkeys, the rise in total cholesterol was less pronounced than that in human subjects. In addition, the increase in total cholesterol was predominantly due to a rise in HDL-cholesterol rather than LDL-cholesterol. Thus, the rise in plasma lipids might illustrate the mechanism in these monkeys rather than the mechanism in human subjects. In other animal species, cafestol and kahweol did not raise cholesterol consistently. The variability in effects on serum lipids could not be explained by the mode of administration or dose of diterpenes, nor by the amount of cholesterol in the diet. In conclusion, we did not find an animal model in which cafestol and kahweol elevate plasma lipoproteins to the same extent as in human subjects. For the time being, therefore, studies on the mechanism of action should be done preferably in human subjects.
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Innis, Sheila M. "Human milk: maternal dietary lipids and infant development." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 66, no. 3 (July 16, 2007): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665107005666.
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Human milk provides all the dietary essential fatty acids, linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3), as well as their longer-chain more-unsaturated metabolites, including arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) and DHA (22:6n-3) to support the growth and development of the breast-fed infant. Human milk levels of LA have increased in Westernized nations from mean levels (g/100 g total fatty acids) of 6 to 12–16 over the last century, paralleling the increase in dietary intake of LA-rich vegetable oils. DHA levels (g/100 g total milk fatty acids) vary from <0·1 to >1% and are lowest in countries in which the intake of DHA from fish and other animal tissue lipids is low. The role of DHA in infant nutrition is of particular importance because DHA is accumulated specifically in the membrane lipids of the brain and retina, where it is important to visual and neural function. An important question is the extent to which many human diets that contain low amounts of n-3 fatty acids may compromise human development. The present paper reviews current knowledge on maternal diet and human milk fatty acids, the implications of maternal diet as the only source of essential fatty acids for infant development both before and after birth, and recent studies addressing the maternal intakes and milk DHA levels associated with risk of low infant neural system maturation.
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BARTKOWICZ, JOANNA. "EDIBLE INSECTS AS A SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS THE HUMAN NUTRITION." sj-economics scientific journal 30, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v30i3.83.
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The aim of the study is to analyze the state of knowledge about the nutrient content of edible insects and utilization for human consumption of the West. The article uses the latest reports published in scientific journals in the world. The paper presents the content of nutrients (proteins, lipids, vitamins, carbohydrates, minerals, fiber) in the analyzed edible insects. The results show a huge potential of edible insects. For many population of the world edible insects ate the primary source of nutrients and is not due to a lack of other food but because of the special taste and are treated almost as delights. Entomophagy (eating insects) is practiced mainly in the subtropical climate zone. In terms of protein, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals, edible insects surpass previously known to us foods and may become an unconventional and alternative source of food for Europe.
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Silva, Roberta Claro da, Heather L. Colleran, and Salam A. Ibrahim. "Milk fat globule membrane in infant nutrition: a dairy industry perspective." Journal of Dairy Research 88, no. 1 (February 2021): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029921000224.
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AbstractThis review provides an overview of the composition, structure, and biological activities of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) compounds with focus on the future application of this compound as a food ingredient. MFGM is a particular component of mammalian milks and is comprised of a tri-layer of polar lipids, glycolipids and proteins. In recent years, MFGM has been extensively studied for the purpose of enhancing the efficacy of infant nutrition formula. For example, infant formulas supplemented with bovine MFGM have shown promising results with regard to neurodevelopment and defense against infections. Components of MFGM have been shown to present several health benefits as the proteins of the membrane have shown antiviral activity and a reduction in the incidence of diarrhea. Moreover, the presence of sphingomyelin, a phospholipid, implies beneficial effects on human health such as enhanced neuronal development in infants and the protection of neonates from bacterial infections. The development of a lipid that is similar to human milk fat would represent a significant advance for the infant formula industry and would offer high technology formulas for those infants that depend on infant formula. The complexity of the structure of MFGM and its nutritional and technological properties is critically examined in this review with a focus on issues relevant to the dairy industry.
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Aveiro, Susana S., Tânia Melo, Ana Figueiredo, Pedro Domingues, Hugo Pereira, Inês B. Maia, Joana Silva, M. Rosário Domingues, Cláudia Nunes, and Ana S. P. Moreira. "The Polar Lipidome of Cultured Emiliania huxleyi: A Source of Bioactive Lipids with Relevance for Biotechnological Applications." Biomolecules 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2020): 1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10101434.
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Polar lipids from microalgae have aroused greater interest as a natural source of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), an alternative to fish, but also as bioactive compounds with multiple applications. The present study aims to characterize the polar lipid profile of cultured microalga Emiliania huxleyi using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HILIC–MS) and fatty acids (FA) analysis by gas chromatography (GC–MS). The lipidome of E. huxleyi revealed the presence of distinct n-3 PUFA (40% of total FA), namely docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and stearidonic acid (18:4n-3), which give this microalga an increased commercial value as a source of n-3 PUFA present in the form of polar lipids. A total of 134 species of polar lipids were identified and some of these species, particularly glycolipids, have already been reported for their bioactive properties. Among betaine lipids, the diacylglyceryl carboxyhydroxymethylcholine (DGCC) class is the least reported in microalgae. For the first time, monomethylphosphatidylethanolamine (MMPE) has been found in the lipidome of E. huxleyi. Overall, this study highlights the potential of E. huxleyi as a sustainable source of high-value polar lipids that can be exploited for different applications, namely human and animal nutrition, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
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Creedon, Alice C., Estella S. Hung, Eirini Dimidi, Terri Grassby, Sarah E. Berry, and Kevin Whelan. "Particle Size Distribution and Predicted Lipid Bioaccessibility of Almonds and the Effect of Almond Processing: A Randomised Mastication Study in Healthy Adults." Nutrients 15, no. 3 (January 17, 2023): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15030489.
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Almonds are rich in unsaturated lipids, which play a role in some of the reported benefits of almond consumption for human health. Almond lipids are poorly bioaccessible due to almonds’ unique physicochemical properties that influence particle size distribution (PSD) following mastication, allowing much intracellular lipid to escape digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract. To investigate the impact of commercial processing (grinding almonds into flour), on PSD and predicted lipid bioaccessibility following mastication, a randomised cross-over design mastication study was conducted in healthy adults. The PSDs of masticated whole and ground almonds was assessed using two laboratory methods (mechanical sieving and laser diffraction). PSD from mechanical sieving was used to calculate lipid bioaccessibility using a theoretical mathematical model. Thirty-one healthy adults (18–45 years) completed both mastication sessions. Following mastication, ground almonds had a PSD with significantly fewer larger particles and more smaller particles, compared with whole almonds. Predicted lipid bioaccessibility of masticated ground almonds (10.4%, SD 1.8) was marginally but significantly greater than the predicted lipid bioaccessibility of masticated whole almonds (9.3%, SD 2.0; p = 0.017). Commercial grinding of almonds significantly influences the PSD of almonds following mastication, which results in a modest but significant increase in predicted lipid bioaccessibility.
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Ahmed, Talat Bashir, Merete Eggesbø, Rachel Criswell, Olaf Uhl, Hans Demmelmair, and Berthold Koletzko. "Total Fatty Acid and Polar Lipid Species Composition of Human Milk." Nutrients 14, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14010158.
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Human milk lipids are essential for infant health. However, little is known about the relationship between total milk fatty acid (FA) composition and polar lipid species composition. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the relationship between the FA and polar lipid species composition in human milk, with a focus on differences between milk with higher or lower milk fat content. From the Norwegian Human Milk Study (HUMIS, 2002–2009), a subset of 664 milk samples were analyzed for FA and polar lipid composition. Milk samples did not differ in major FA, phosphatidylcholine, or sphingomyelin species percentages between the highest and lowest quartiles of total FA concentration. However, milk in the highest FA quartile had a lower phospholipid-to-total-FA ratio and a lower sphingomyelin-to-phosphatidylcholine ratio than the lowest quartile. The only FAs associated with total phosphatidylcholine or sphingomyelin were behenic and tridecanoic acids, respectively. Milk FA and phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin species containing these FAs showed modest correlations. Associations of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids with percentages of phosphatidylcholine species carrying these FAs support the conclusion that the availability of these FAs limits the synthesis of phospholipid species containing them.
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Bloomer, Richard J., Lesley C. Tschume, and Webb A. Smith. "Glycine Propionyl-L-carnitine Modulates Lipid Peroxidation and Nitric Oxide in Human Subjects." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 79, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.79.3.131.
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Objective: To determine the efficacy of glycine propionyl-L-carnitine (GPLC) to decrease lipid peroxidation, elevate nitric oxide, and improve blood lipid profiles in human subjects. Methods: Thirty untrained, normolipidemic subjects performed eight weeks of supervised aerobic exercise while supplementing GPLC at one of two doses (1 or 3 grams daily of PLC + glycine) or placebo, following random assignment in a double-blind manner. Fasting blood samples were analyzed at rest for malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and lipids before and after the intervention. Results: Malondialdehyde was decreased (p<0.05) from pre- to post-intervention with 1 g GPLC (1.08±0.24 vs. 0.69±0.25 µmol·L -1) and 3 g GPLC (0.94±0.18 vs. 0.66±0.17 µmol·L -1), but did not change statistically (p>0.05) with placebo (1.12±0.21 vs. 1.03±0.23 µmol·L -1). Nitric oxide was increased (p<0.05) from pre- to post-intervention with 3 g GPLC (21.34±2.27 vs. 29.46±3.61 µmol·L -1), but did not change statistically (p>0.05) with 1 g GPLC (23.22±4.13 vs. 26.24±4.32 µmol·L -1) or placebo (24.31±3.90 vs. 26.14±4.11 µmol·L -1). No main effects or interaction effects were noted for blood lipids (p>0.05). Conclusion: GPLC supplementation combined with eight weeks of aerobic exercise decreases lipid peroxidation and elevates nitric oxide, but does not further improve blood lipid profiles in normolipidemic subjects.
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Souza, Maria Luiza Rodrigues de, Grazyella Massako Yoshida, Daniel Abreu Vasconcelos Campelo, Lorena Batista Moura, Tadeu Orlandi Xavier, and Elenice Souza dos Reis Goes. "Formulation of fish waste meal for human nutrition." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 39, no. 5 (December 15, 2017): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v39i5.29723.
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This study aimed to elaborate and characterize meals containing waste from processing of tilapia, tuna, salmon and sardine for human consumption. Carcasses of tilapia and salmon, tuna torsos without fins and sardine tails were cooked, pressed, milled and dehydrated, resulting in waste meal. Greater protein (83.28%) and lower mineral matter (5.31%) were observed in tuna meal. Salmon meal presented greater content of lipids (18.81%) and sardine meal, lower content (3.98%). Tilapia meal presented greater mineral matter (37.66%), calcium (9.37%) and phosphorus (6.08%). Higher content of iron was observed in sardine and tuna meals. Higher amounts of fatty acids from n-3 series were found in salmon (53.71 g kg-1), sardine (47.46 g kg-1) and tuna (36.98 g kg-1). Concerning amino acids, glutamic acid showed greater proportion in all meals, followed by lysine, leucine, glycine and aspartic acid. All meals presented high biological and nutritional values and are regarded as important sources of calcium, phosphorus and iron.
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Sedláková, Kateřina, Eva Straková, Pavel Suchý, Jana Krejcarová, and Ivan Herzig. "Lupin as a perspective protein plant for animal and human nutrition – a review." Acta Veterinaria Brno 85, no. 2 (2016): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201685020165.
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The development of new varieties of lupin, so-called “sweet lupinsˮ with low alkaloid (bitter substances) and high protein content has resulted in a renewed interest in utilization of lupin as source of proteins in human and animal nutrition. The nutraceutical potential of lupin can be applied in the prevention from various pathological states in humans; by suppressing appetite and affecting energy balance, by its positive effect on glycaemia and indicators of blood lipids, by its positive influence on hypertension and by improving defecation. In the field of animal nutrition, lupin seeds can positively affect both production indicators and the biological value of food of animal origin.
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Alvarez, M. J., C. J. Lopez-Bote, A. Diez, G. Corraze, J. Arzel, J. Dias, S. J. Kaushik, and J. M. Bautista. "Dietary fish oil and digestible protein modify susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in the muscle of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)." British Journal of Nutrition 80, no. 3 (September 1998): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114598001330.
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The effects of dietary fish oil and digestible protein (DP) levels on muscle fatty acid composition and susceptibility to lipid peroxidation were studied in two representative fish species for human nutrition, from fresh and seawater, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). In rainbow trout, higher concentrations of dietary fat and DP led to higher weight gain (g/d) (P = 0.001 and P = 0.043 respectively). Additionally, an interaction effect was observed in this species, since the effect of DP was only evident when the dietary fat concentration was low (P = 0.043). A similar tendency was also observed in European sea bass, although with less marked differences among nutritional treatments. Trout fed on diets with a higher concentration of dietary fat had higher concentrations of intramuscular total and neutral lipids in the dorsal muscle (P = 0.005). Increased levels of dietary DP led to significantly lower concentrations of polar lipids in the dorsal muscle of both rainbow trout (P = 0.005) and European sea bass (P = 0.006). In the neutral fraction of intramuscular lipids of dorsal muscle the concentration of n-3 fatty acids was positively affected by the dietary fat concentration in both rainbow trout (P = 0.04) and sea bass (P = 0.001). Muscle homogenates from trout and sea bass fed on diets rich in fish oil showed a significantly higher susceptibility to oxidation than muscle homogenates from fish fed on low-fat diets (P = 0.001). The higher DP concentration also increased susceptibility to oxidation. Moreover, in rainbow trout an interaction effect was observed where the pro-oxidant effect was of higher magnitude when the dietary concentration of both nutrients, fat and protein, was high (P = 0.004).
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Tsehay, Sewalem, Rodomiro Ortiz, Mulatu Geleta, Endashaw Bekele, Kassahun Tesfaye, and Eva Johansson. "Nutritional Profile of the Ethiopian Oilseed Crop Noug (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.): Opportunities for Its Improvement as a Source for Human Nutrition." Foods 10, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 1778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081778.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of noug as a source for human nutrition. Diverse noug genotypes were evaluated for their content and/or composition of total lipids, fatty acids, proteins, and minerals using standard methods. The total lipid content (32.5–45.7%) and the proportion of an essential fatty acid, linoleic acid (72.2–77.8%), were high in noug, compared to other oilseed crops. The proportion of oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid, was low in noug (5.2–9.2%). The breeding objective of increasing the oleic acid level in the highland, where noug is mainly cultivated, was limited, as the content of this acid was low in this environment. The seed protein concentration (25.4–27.5%) and mineral content were mainly affected by the cultivation environment, as the high temperature increased the amount of protein, whereas the soil condition was a major factor in the variation of the mineral content. Thus, noug is a unique crop with a high seed oil content, of which a high proportion is linoleic acid. With the exception of the seed oleic acid content, when grown in low-altitude areas, the genotypic variation contributes less than the cultivation environment to the nutritional attributes of noug. Hence, high-oleic-acid noug for lowland production can be targeted as a breeding goal.