Journal articles on the topic 'Lipid-related disorders'
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1
Wu, Xunzhi, Zhen Chen, Yue Wu, Yifan Chen, Jiaping Jia, Nianqiu Shen, Hitoshi Chiba, and Shu-Ping Hui. "Flazin as a Lipid Droplet Regulator against Lipid Disorders." Nutrients 14, no. 7 (April 3, 2022): 1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14071501.
Abstract:
Lipid disorders are closely related to numerous metabolic diseases, and lipid droplets (LDs) have been considered as a new target for regulating lipid metabolism. Dietary intervention and nutraceuticals provide safe and long-term beneficial effects for treating metabolic diseases. Flazin is a diet-derived bioactive constituent mainly existing in fermented foods, of which the lipid metabolism improvement function has not been studied. In this study, the effect of flazin on lipid regulation at both cell level and organelle level was investigated. Lipidomic profiling showed that flazin significantly decreased cellular triglyceride (TG) by 12.0–22.4% compared with modeling groups and improved the TG and free fatty acid profile. LD staining revealed that flazin efficiently reduced both cellular neutral lipid content by 17.4–53.9% and LD size by 10.0–35.3%. Furthermore, nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis proved that flazin exhibited a preferential suppression of LD TG and regulated LD morphology, including a size decrease and surface property improvement. An evaluation of related gene expression suggested the mechanism to be lipolysis promotion and lipogenesis inhibition. These findings indicated that flazin might be an LD regulator for reversing lipid metabolism disturbance. Moreover, the strategy proposed in this study may contribute to developing other nutraceuticals for treating lipid disorder-related metabolic diseases.
2
Kleme, Marie-Laure, and Emile Levy. "Cystic Fibrosis-Related Oxidative Stress and Intestinal Lipid Disorders." Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 22, no. 7 (March 2015): 614–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ars.2014.6012.
3
Wang, Jiayi, Jinzhong Jing, Zhengyi Gong, Jiayong Tang, Longqiong Wang, Gang Jia, Guangmang Liu, et al. "Different Dietary Sources of Selenium Alleviate Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Disorder of Heat-Stressed Broilers by Relieving Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 20 (October 22, 2023): 15443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015443.
Abstract:
As global warming continues, the phenomenon of heat stress (HS) in broilers occurs frequently. The alleviating effect of different selenium (Se) sources on HS-induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorders in broilers remains unclear. This study compared the protective effects of four Se sources (sodium selenite; selenium yeast; selenomethionine; nano-Se) on HS-induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorder and the corresponding response of selenotranscriptome in the liver of broilers. The results showed that HS-induced liver injury and hepatic lipid metabolism disorder, which were reflected in the increased activity of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), the increased concentration of triacylglycerol (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), the increased activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), and the decreased activity of hepatic lipase (HL) in the liver. The hepatic lipid metabolism disorder was accompanied by the increased mRNA expression of lipid synthesis related-genes, the decreased expression of lipidolysis-related genes, and the increased expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress biomarkers (PERK, IRE1, ATF6, GRP78). The dietary supplementation of four Se sources exhibited similar protective effects. Four Se sources increased liver Se concentration and promoted the expression of selenotranscriptome and several key selenoproteins, enhanced liver antioxidant capacity and alleviated HS-induced ER stress, and thus resisted the hepatic lipid metabolism disorders of broilers exposed to HS. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of four Se sources (0.3 mg/kg) exhibited similar protective effects on HS-induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorders of broilers, and the protective effect is connected to the relieving of ER stress.
4
Di, Sha, Yitian Wang, Lin Han, Qi Bao, Zezheng Gao, Qing Wang, Yingying Yang, Linhua Zhao, and Xiaolin Tong. "The Intervention Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine on the Intestinal Flora and Its Metabolites in Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019 (June 4, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2958920.
Abstract:
Metabolic syndrome (MS), which includes metabolic disorders such as protein disorder, glucose disorder, lipid disorder, and carbohydrate disorder, has been growing rapidly around the world. Glycolipid disorders are a main type of metabolic syndrome and are characterized by abdominal obesity and abnormal metabolic disorders of lipid, glucose, and carbohydrate utilization, which can cause cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Glycolipid disorders are closely related to intestinal flora and its metabolites. However, studies about the biological mechanisms of the intestinal flora and its metabolites with glycolipid disorders have not been clear. When glycolipid disorders are treated with drugs, a challenging problem is side effects. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and dietary supplements have fewer side effects to treat it. Numerous basic and clinical studies have confirmed that TCM decoctions, Chinese medicine monomers, or compounds can treat glycolipid disorders and reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease. In this study, we reviewed the relationship between the intestinal flora and its metabolites in glycolipid metabolic disorders and the effect of TCM in treating glycolipid metabolic disorders through the intestinal flora and its metabolites. This review provides new perspectives and strategies for future glycolipid disorders research and treatment.
5
Beaufrère, Hugues, Drury Reavill, Jill Heatley, and Leonardo Susta. "Lipid-Related Lesions in Quaker Parrots (Myiopsitta monachus)." Veterinary Pathology 56, no. 2 (September 24, 2018): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985818800025.
Abstract:
The Quaker parrot has been used as a psittacine model to study clinical lipidology and lipid-related disorders. However, while Quaker parrots appear to be anecdotally susceptible to a variety of spontaneous dyslipidemic disorders and lesions caused by excess lipid accumulation, epidemiologic data are lacking. A multicenter retrospective study on 652 pathology submissions (411 necropsies and 243 biopsies) from Quaker parrots was performed by recording the final pathological diagnoses, age, and sex for each bird. The prevalence of lesions associated with lipid metabolism, such as hepatic lipidosis, atherosclerosis, xanthomas, adipose tumors, coelomic steatitis/steatonecrosis, endogenous lipid pneumonia, and acute pancreatic necrosis/pancreatitis, was reported. Multiple logistic regression models were used to characterize the effects of sex and age on these lesions, and the prevalence of hepatic lipidosis and atherosclerosis was compared to those in a random sample of control psittacine birds. The raw prevalence of atherosclerosis and hepatic lipidosis was 5.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.4%–7.8%) and 21.2% (95% CI, 17.2%–25.1%), respectively. While the prevalence of atherosclerosis was similar to other psittacine species, hepatic lipidosis was more common in Quaker parrots. Quaker parrots also showed a unique susceptibility to acute pancreatic necrosis with a prevalence of 12.9% (95% CI, 9.7%–16.1%). Male parrots were found to be more susceptible than females to lipid accumulation lesions ( P = .0024), including atherosclerosis ( P = .018) and hepatic lipidosis ( P < .001). This retrospective study confirms the high susceptibility of Quaker parrots to lipid-related disorders and presents epidemiological data that may be useful to avian clinicians, pathologists, and researchers using Quaker parrots.
6
Latruffe, Norbert. "Insights on recent advances in lipid metabolism and related disorders." Biochimie 86, no. 11 (November 2004): 741–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2004.10.001.
7
Grummer, Ric R. "Etiology of Lipid-Related Metabolic Disorders in Periparturient Dairy Cows." Journal of Dairy Science 76, no. 12 (December 1993): 3882–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(93)77729-2.
8
Wan, Juan, Meiyan Feng, Wenjing Pan, Xin Zheng, Xinya Xie, Baozhu Hu, Cuiqin Teng, et al. "Inhibitory Effects of Six Types of Tea on Aging and High-Fat Diet-Related Amyloid Formation Activities." Antioxidants 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101513.
Abstract:
Aging and lipid metabolism disorders promote the formation and accumulation of amyloid with β-sheet structure, closely related to cardiovascular disease, senile dementia, type 2 diabetes, and other senile degenerative diseases. In this study, five representative teas were selected from each of the six types of tea, and a total of 30 teas were selected to evaluate the inhibitory activities on the formation of aging-related amyloid in vitro. The results showed that the 30 teas had a significant inhibitory effect on the formation activity on aging-related amyloid at the protein level in vitro. Although the content of catechins is relatively low, black tea and dark tea still have significant antioxidant activity and inhibit the formation of amyloid. A high-fat diet established the model of lipid metabolism disorder in premature aging SAMP8 mice, and these mice were gavaged different tea water extracts. The results showed that different tea types have a significant inhibitory effect on the formation of β-amyloid and Aβ42 mediated by age-related lipid metabolism disorders, and the in vivo activity of fully fermented teas was better than that of green tea. The action mechanism was related to antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, and improving lipid metabolism.
9
Vučević, Danijela, Drago Đorđević, Marija Stanojević, Bojan Jorgačević, Danka Đorović, Đorđe Radak, and Tatjana Radosavljević. "Hypercholesterolemias: Pathogenesis and pathophysiological implications." Medicinska istrazivanja 50, no. 2 (2016): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/medist1602030v.
Abstract:
In this review, we provide an overview of recent literature data and practical knowledge related to hypercholesterolemias and their pathophysiological implications. Elevated blood lipid levels (hyperlipidaemias) are the most common metabolic disorders in global population. There is consensus regarding hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and cigarette smoking as the three main risk factors for atherothrombosis, with consequences such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, being the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In relation to this, familial hypercholesterolemia is the most deleterious precursor of coronary artery disease. This severest form of hyperlipidaemia refers to an inherited disorder of cholesterol metabolism due to defects in the receptor for low density lipoprotein (LDL). Besides, numerous factors, including drugs, can influence lipid status and significantly contribute to the development of secondary hypelipidaemias. Thus, inappropriate diet, obesity, diabetes mellitus and alcohol use, in particular, are commonly associated with high blood lipid levels. Therefore, secondary causes of high blood lipids should be considered in each patient with a lipid disorder before lipid-lowering therapy is started. Having in mind the increase of prevalence of lipid metabolism disorders in future, it is necessary to take preventive actions to decrease risk factors (inappropriate diet rich in carbohydrates and saturated fat, obesity, cigarette smoking, sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity). However, although various studies related to this medical problem have been carried out, scientists are still far from a complete understanding of the molecular basis of this problem.
10
Belamarich, Peter F. "Lipoprotein Disorders." Pediatrics In Review 17, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.17.4.144.
Abstract:
Although symptomatic lipoproteinemias are rare in childhood, early detection often can prevent severe complications. Abetalipoproteinemia is characterized by severe hypolipidemia, fat malabsorption, failure to thrive, unusual spiculated erythrocytes known as acanthocytes, and progressive neuromuscular and retinal pigmentary degeneration believed to be related to vitamin E deficiency. Plasma triglyceride concentrations are so low as to be frequently undetectable, and cholesterol concentrations typically are less than 50% of normal. This disorder results from an inability of both enterocytes and hepatocytes to secrete their apoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. Consequently, chylomicrons, very low-density lipoprotein are absent from plasma. A related disorder, homozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia, mimics the signs and symptoms and the characteristic lipid levels of abetalipoproteinemia, but is believed to involve a different mutation.
11
Bingöl, Züleyha, Hacer Durmuş Tekce, Gülseren Sağcan, Piraye Serdaroğlu, and Esen Kıyan. "Pulmonary functions and sleep-related breathing disorders in lipid storage disease." Sleep and Breathing 22, no. 4 (March 1, 2018): 1137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11325-018-1647-1.
12
Novacky, Anton. "LIPID PEROXIDATION AND PLANT TISSUE DISORDERS." HortScience 28, no. 5 (May 1993): 470f—471. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.470f.
Abstract:
Increased solute leakage resulting from ozone injury, senescence, wounding and virus or bacteria-induced hypersensitive reaction [HR] have been related to membrane lipid peroxidation [LPX]. The genesis of LPX in various situations may derive from several different processes: a) the direct addition of O2 to unsaturated fatty acids forming hydroperoxide in an enzymatic reaction catalyzed by lipoxygenase, an enzyme widely distributed in plant seed, root, and leaf tissue or b) peroxidation by active oxygen species [AO], e.g. O2 and H2O2, that are generated during normal cellular metabolic activities. Increased production of AO could occur as the result of a metabolic change or a reduction in the amount or activities of antioxidants, i.e. ascorbic acid, vitamin E, and glutathione, and the detoxifying enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase. The HR against plant pathogenic bacteria and viruses will be used as case histories to discuss the genesis of lipid peroxidation.
13
Jing, Jinzhong, Shenggang Yin, Yan Liu, Yonggang Liu, Longqiong Wang, Jiayong Tang, Gang Jia, et al. "Hydroxy Selenomethionine Alleviates Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Disorder of Pigs Induced by Dietary Oxidative Stress via Relieving the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress." Antioxidants 11, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030552.
Abstract:
This study used 40 castrated male pigs to determine the protective effects of a new selenium molecule (hydroxy selenomethionine, OH-SeMet) on dietary oxidative stress (DOS) induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorder, and corresponding response of selenotranscriptome. The pigs were randomly grouped into 5 dietary treatments and fed a basal diet formulated with either normal corn and oils or oxidized diet in which the normal corn and oils were replaced by aged corn and oxidized oils, and supplemented with OH-SeMet at 0.0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mg Se/kg for a period of 16 weeks (n = 8). The results showed that DOS induced liver damage, increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels, decreased serum triacylglycerol (TG) level, suppressed antioxidant capacity in the liver, and changed lipid metabolism enzyme activity, thus causing lipid metabolism disorder in the liver. The DOS-induced lipid metabolism disorder was accompanied with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, changes in lipid metabolism-related genes and selenotranscriptome in the liver. Dietary Se supplementation partially alleviated the negative impact of DOS on the lipid metabolism. These improvements were accompanied by increases in Se concentration, liver index, anti-oxidative capacity, selenotranscriptome especially 11 selenoprotein-encoding genes, and protein abundance of GPX1, GPX4 and SelS in the liver, as well as the decrease in SelF abundance. The Se supplementation also alleviated ER stress, restored liver lipid metabolism enzyme activity, increased the mRNA expression of lipid synthesis-related genes, and decreased the mRNA levels of lipidolysis-related genes. In conclusion, the dietary Se supplementation restored antioxidant capacity and mitigated ER stress induced by DOS, thus resisting hepatic lipid metabolism disorders that are associated with regulation of selenotranscriptome.
14
Barrera, Giuseppina, Stefania Pizzimenti, Martina Daga, Chiara Dianzani, Alessia Arcaro, Giovanni Paolo Cetrangolo, Giulio Giordano, Marie Angele Cucci, Maria Graf, and Fabrizio Gentile. "Lipid Peroxidation-Derived Aldehydes, 4-Hydroxynonenal and Malondialdehyde in Aging-Related Disorders." Antioxidants 7, no. 8 (July 30, 2018): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox7080102.
Abstract:
Among the various mechanisms involved in aging, it was proposed long ago that a prominent role is played by oxidative stress. A major way by which the latter can provoke structural damage to biological macromolecules, such as DNA, lipids, and proteins, is by fueling the peroxidation of membrane lipids, leading to the production of several reactive aldehydes. Lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes can not only modify biological macromolecules, by forming covalent electrophilic addition products with them, but also act as second messengers of oxidative stress, having relatively extended lifespans. Their effects might be further enhanced with aging, as their concentrations in cells and biological fluids increase with age. Since the involvement and the role of lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes, particularly of 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), in neurodegenerations, inflammation, and cancer, has been discussed in several excellent recent reviews, in the present one we focus on the involvement of reactive aldehydes in other age-related disorders: osteopenia, sarcopenia, immunosenescence and myelodysplastic syndromes. In these aging-related disorders, characterized by increases of oxidative stress, both HNE and malondialdehyde (MDA) play important pathogenic roles. These aldehydes, and HNE in particular, can form adducts with circulating or cellular proteins of critical functional importance, such as the proteins involved in apoptosis in muscle cells, thus leading to their functional decay and acceleration of their molecular turnover and functionality. We suggest that a major fraction of the toxic effects observed in age-related disorders could depend on the formation of aldehyde-protein adducts. New redox proteomic approaches, pinpointing the modifications of distinct cell proteins by the aldehydes generated in the course of oxidative stress, should be extended to these age-associated disorders, to pave the way to targeted therapeutic strategies, aiming to alleviate the burden of morbidity and mortality associated with these disturbances.
15
Zhu, Zhu, Bingxuan Hua, Zhanxian Shang, Gongsheng Yuan, Lirong Xu, Ermin Li, Xiaobo Li, et al. "Altered Clock and Lipid Metabolism-Related Genes in Atherosclerotic Mice Kept with Abnormal Lighting Condition." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5438589.
Abstract:
Background. The risk of atherosclerosis is elevated in abnormal lipid metabolism and circadian rhythm disorder. We investigated whether abnormal lighting condition would have influenced the circadian expression of clock genes and clock-controlled lipid metabolism-related genes in ApoE-KO mice.Methods. A mouse model of atherosclerosis with circadian clock genes expression disorder was established using ApoE-KO mice (ApoE-KO LD/DL mice) by altering exposure to light. C57 BL/6J mice (C57 mice) and ApoE-KO mice (ApoE-KO mice) exposed to normal day and night and normal diet served as control mice. According to zeitgeber time samples were acquired, to test atheromatous plaque formation, serum lipids levels and rhythmicity, clock genes, and lipid metabolism-related genes along with Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) levels and rhythmicity.Results. Atherosclerosis plaques were formed in the aortic arch of ApoE-KO LD/DL mice. The serum lipids levels and oscillations in ApoE-KO LD/DL mice were altered, along with the levels and diurnal oscillations of circadian genes, lipid metabolism-associated genes, and Sirt1 compared with the control mice.Conclusions. Abnormal exposure to light aggravated plaque formation and exacerbated disorders of serum lipids and clock genes, lipid metabolism genes and Sirt1 levels, and circadian oscillation.
16
Marley, W. P., and J. M. Beverly–Mullins. "The Value of Physical Fitness for a Young Man who is Visually Impaired with Multiple Medical Disorders." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 91, no. 4 (July 1997): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x9709100403.
Abstract:
This article presents a case study of a 25-year-old man who is legally blind with retinitis pigmentosa, Type I diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and a lipid disorder. He was placed in a one-year, supervised, multifactorial fitness program that included exercise training, nutritional counseling, and diabetes education. Improvements in physical fitness, body composition, glucose control, hypertension, and normal lipid maintenance were observed as a result. Thus, this study provided an opportunity to observe the value of structured exercise and related proactive strategies for a motivated blind person with multiple medical disorders.
17
Cao, Shixi, Mengqi Liu, Yao Han, Shouren Li, Xiaoyan Zhu, Defeng Li, Yinghua Shi, and Boshuai Liu. "Effects of Saponins on Lipid Metabolism: The Gut–Liver Axis Plays a Key Role." Nutrients 16, no. 10 (May 17, 2024): 1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16101514.
Abstract:
Unhealthy lifestyles (high-fat diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, too little exercise, etc.) in the current society are prone to cause lipid metabolism disorders affecting the health of the organism and inducing the occurrence of diseases. Saponins, as biologically active substances present in plants, have lipid-lowering, inflammation-reducing, and anti-atherosclerotic effects. Saponins are thought to be involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism in the body; it suppresses the appetite and, thus, reduces energy intake by modulating pro-opiomelanocortin/Cocaine amphetamine regulated transcript (POMC/CART) neurons and neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (NPY/AGRP) neurons in the hypothalamus, the appetite control center. Saponins directly activate the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway and related transcriptional regulators such as peroxisome-proliferator-activated-receptors (PPAR), CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP), and sterol-regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP) increase fatty acid oxidation and inhibit lipid synthesis. It also modulates gut–liver interactions to improve lipid metabolism by regulating gut microbes and their metabolites and derivatives—short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), trimethylamine (TMA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), et al. This paper reviews the positive effects of different saponins on lipid metabolism disorders, suggesting that the gut–liver axis plays a crucial role in improving lipid metabolism processes and may be used as a therapeutic target to provide new strategies for treating lipid metabolism disorders.
18
Kilic, Osman Sabri, and Sevgi Marakli. "The evolutionary relationships of microRNAs in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in human and animals." International Journal of Pioneering Technology and Engineering 2, no. 01 (June 4, 2023): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.56158/jpte.2023.41.2.01.
Abstract:
microRNA (miRNA) is a non-coding RNA type, regulating gene expressions at a post-transcriptional level. Changes in miRNA expressions can cause problems such as lipid metabolism disorder, cardiovascular disease, growth retardation, low birth weight and insulin resistance, etc., in human and animals. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary relationships of 14 miRNAs including hsa-miR27a-5p, hsa-miR149-3p, hsa-miR374c-5p, mmu-miR-678, mmu-miR-698-5p, hsa-miR-199a-3p, hsa-miR122-3p, hsa-miR342-3p, mmu-miR201-5p, hsa-miR429, hsa-miR370-3p, hsa-miR130a-5p, hsa-miR330-3p and hsa-miR770-5p related to different metabolic pathways including cardiovascular diseases and lipid metabolism. For this purpose, miRNAs were retrieved from miRBase database. After, Clustal Omega analyses were performed for alignment, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed via MEGA 11. Phylogenetic tree indicated that 14 miRNA sequences were clustered into four groups. One group consisted of mmu-miR-678, and the other 13 sequences were separated into three groups, revealing a close relationship among miRNAs. Findings from different studies provide a new perspective for potential miRNA-based biomarkers to detect lipid metabolism disorders, cardiovascular diseases as well as related disorders.
19
Zhao, Aili, Yiqin Chen, Yixin Li, Dai Lin, Zheng Yang, Qi Wang, Hui Chen, et al. "Sulfated Polysaccharides from Enteromorpha prolifera Attenuate Lipid Metabolism Disorders in Mice with Obesity Induced by a High-Fat Diet via a Pathway Dependent on AMP-Activated Protein Kinase." Journal of Nutrition 152, no. 4 (December 27, 2021): 939–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab432.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT Background Obesity-related metabolic diseases have recently evoked worldwide attention. Studies have demonstrated that Enteromorpha polysaccharide (EP) exerts lipid-lowering effects, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Objectives We investigated whether EP regulates lipid metabolism disorders in mice with high-fat diet (HFD)–induced obesity via an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)–dependent pathway. Methods Six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (18 ± 2 g) were fed a normal diet (ND; 10% energy from fats) or an HFD (60% energy from fats) for 6 weeks to induce obesity and treated intragastrically with EP (200 mg/kg body weight) or distilled water (10 mL/kg body weight) for 8 weeks. Biochemical indicators, AMPK-dependent pathways, and lipid metabolism–related genes were evaluated to assess the effects of EP on HFD-induced lipid metabolism disorders. The essential role of AMPK in the EP-mediated regulation of lipid metabolism was confirmed using HFD-fed male Ampka2-knockout mice (aged 6 weeks; 17 ± 2 g) treated or not treated with the above-mentioned dose of EP. The data were analyzed by t-tests, 2-factor and 1-way ANOVAs. Results Compared to the ND, the HFD resulted in a greater body weight (24.3%), perirenal fat index (2.2-fold), and serum total cholesterol (24.66%) and LDL cholesterol (1.25-fold) concentrations (P < 0.05) and dysregulated the AMPK-dependent pathway and the expression of most lipid metabolism-related genes (P < 0.05). Compared to the HFD, EP treatment resulted in a lower perirenal fat index (31.22%) and LDL cholesterol concentration (23.98%) and partly reversed the dysregulation of the AMPK-dependent pathway and the altered expression of lipid metabolism–related genes (P < 0.05). Ampka2 knockout abolished the above-mentioned effects of EP in obese mice and the EP-mediated effects on the expression of lipid metabolism–related genes (P > 0.05). Conclusions These findings suggest that EP can ameliorate lipid metabolism disorders in mice with HFD-induced obesity via an AMPK-dependent pathway.
20
Han, Wen, Shuxian Yang, Haiyan Xiao, Min Wang, Jingxue Ye, Li Cao, and Guibo Sun. "Role of Adiponectin in Cardiovascular Diseases Related to Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 15627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415627.
Abstract:
Lifestyle changes have led to increased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD); therefore, potential targets against CVD should be explored to mitigate its risks. Adiponectin (APN), an adipokine secreted by adipose tissue, has numerous beneficial effects against CVD related to glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, including regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, increasing insulin sensitivity, reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation, protection of myocardial cells, and improvement in endothelial cell function. These effects demonstrate the anti-atherosclerotic and antihypertensive properties of APN, which could aid in improving myocardial hypertrophy, and reducing myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury and myocardial infarction. APN can also be used for diagnosing and predicting heart failure. This review summarizes and discusses the role of APN in the treatment of CVD related to glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, and explores future APN research directions and clinical application prospects. Future studies should elucidate the signaling pathway network of APN cardiovascular protective effects, which will facilitate clinical trials targeting APN for CVD treatment in a clinical setting.
21
Zhang, Weiyun, Chi-Tang Ho, and Muwen Lu. "Piperine Improves Lipid Dysregulation by Modulating Circadian Genes Bmal1 and Clock in HepG2 Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10 (May 17, 2022): 5611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105611.
Abstract:
Metabolic disorders are closely associated with the dysregulation of circadian rhythms. Many bioactive components with lipid metabolism-regulating effects have been reported to function through circadian clock-related mechanisms. As the main pungent principle of black pepper, piperine (PIP) has been demonstrated to possess anti-obesity bioactivity by affecting hepatic lipid metabolism-related factors. However, whether the circadian clock genes Bmal1 and Clock are involved in the protective effect of PIP against lipid metabolism disorders remains unknown. In this work, oleic acid (OA) induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. The effect of PIP on redox status, mitochondrial functions, and circadian rhythms of core clock genes were evaluated. Results revealed that PIP alleviated circadian desynchrony, ROS overproduction, and mitochondrial dysfunction. A mechanism study showed that PIP could activate the SREBP-1c/PPARγ and AMPK/AKT-mTOR signaling pathways in a Bmal1/Clock-dependent manner in HepG2 cells. These results indicated that Bmal1 and Clock played important roles in the regulating effect of PIP on hepatic lipid homeostasis.
22
Ilderbayev, Oralbek Z., Sergey V. Kashanskiy, Laura Ye Chulenbayeva, Masygut R. Mynzhanov, and Gulzhan O. Ilderbayeva. "Disorders of immune state parameters and lipid peroxidation under experimental exposure to radiation." Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 11 (February 18, 2019): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2018-11-16-21.
Abstract:
The article presents experimental data on the impact of high dose gamma-radiation exposure (6 Gy) on immune system, lipid oxidation products (LOPs) and antioxidant defense system (AODS) enzymes activity. The study revealed that high dose radiation exposure suppressed the cell-mediated immunity especially with respect to T-lymphocytes and their subpopulations as well as immune defense and adaptation mechanisms. Ionizing radiation exposure led to increase of conjugated lipid dienes and malondialdehyde (MDA), and to inhibition of catalase and glutathione peroxidise activity, thus promoting oxidative stress in most of the examined samples. The results indicate dramatic changes in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system under the radiation stress. Both cell-mediated and humoral immunity inhibition, mononuclear phagocyte system suppression and lipid peroxidation / antioxidant defense imbalance provide a background for immunopathological disorders, provoking radiation-related carcinogenesis. Impairment of functional network related to glutathione-dependent redox catalytic system decreases human antioxidant status, that necessitates specification of new promising methods correcting adaptation.
23
Wu, Yue, Zhen Chen, Hirotoshi Fuda, Takayuki Tsukui, Xunzhi Wu, Nianqiu Shen, Natsuki Saito, Hitoshi Chiba, and Shu-Ping Hui. "Oxidative Stress Linked Organ Lipid Hydroperoxidation and Dysregulation in Mouse Model of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Revealed by Lipidomic Profiling of Liver and Kidney." Antioxidants 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101602.
Abstract:
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a prevalent disease related to lipid metabolism disorder and oxidative stress. Lipid hydroperoxidation is known to be a critical driving force of various disorders and diseases. However, the combination of both intact and hydroperoxidized lipids in NASH has not yet been studied. In this work, the liver and kidney samples from NASH-model mice were comprehensively investigated by using the LC/MS-based lipidomic analysis. As a result, triglycerides showed the amount accumulation and the profile alteration for the intact lipids in the NASH group, while phosphatidylethanolamines, lysophosphatidylethanolamines, plasmalogens, and cardiolipins largely depleted, suggesting biomembrane damage and mitochondria dysfunction. Notably, the lipid hydroperoxide species of triglyceride and phosphatidylcholine exhibited a significant elevation in both the liver and the kidney of the NASH group and showed considerable diagnostic ability. Furthermore, the relationship was revealed between the lipid metabolism disturbance and the lipid hydroperoxide accumulation, which played a key role in the vicious circle of NASH. The present study suggested that the omics approach to the lipid hydroperoxide profile might be the potential diagnostic marker of NASH and other oxidative stress-related diseases, as well as the evaluative treatment index of antioxidants.
24
Ye, Muyao, Ming Yang, Wenni Dai, Hao Li, Xun Zhou, Yinyin Chen, and Liyu He. "Targeting Renal Proximal Tubule Cells in Obesity-Related Glomerulopathy." Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 9 (September 5, 2023): 1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph16091256.
Abstract:
As a metabolic disorder, obesity can cause secondary kidney damage, which is called obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG). As the incidence of obesity increases worldwide, so does the incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) caused by ORGs. However, there is still a lack of effective strategies to prevent and delay the occurrence and development of ORG. Therefore, a deeper understanding and elaboration of the pathogenesis of ORG is conducive to the development of therapeutic drugs for ORG. Here, we review the characteristics of pathological lesions of ORG and describe the roles of lipid metabolism disorders and mitochondrial oxidative stress in the development of ORG. Finally, we summarize the current available drugs or compounds for the treatment of ORG and suggested that ameliorating renal lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function may be potential therapeutic targets for ORG.
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Hu, Ping, Kaiqi Li, Xiaoxu Peng, Yufei Kan, Hao Li, Yanli Zhu, Ziyu Wang, Zhaojian Li, Hao-Yu Liu, and Demin Cai. "Nuclear Receptor PPARα as a Therapeutic Target in Diseases Associated with Lipid Metabolism Disorders." Nutrients 15, no. 22 (November 13, 2023): 4772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15224772.
Abstract:
Lipid metabolic diseases have substantial morbidity and mortality rates, posing a significant threat to human health. PPARα, a member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism and immune regulation. Recent studies have increasingly recognized the pivotal involvement of PPARα in diverse pathological conditions. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the multifaceted role of PPARα in metabolic diseases including liver diseases, diabetes-related diseases, age-related diseases, and cancers, shedding light on the underlying molecular mechanisms and some regulatory effects of natural/synthetic ligands of PPARα. By summarizing the latest research findings on PPARα, we aim to provide a foundation for the possible therapeutic exploitation of PPARα in lipid metabolic diseases.
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Humer, Elke, Christoph Pieh, and Georg Brandmayr. "Metabolomics in Sleep, Insomnia and Sleep Apnea." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 19 (September 30, 2020): 7244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197244.
Abstract:
Sleep-wake disorders are highly prevalent disorders, which can lead to negative effects on cognitive, emotional and interpersonal functioning, and can cause maladaptive metabolic changes. Recent studies support the notion that metabolic processes correlate with sleep. The study of metabolite biomarkers (metabolomics) in a large-scale manner offers unique opportunities to provide insights into the pathology of diseases by revealing alterations in metabolic pathways. This review aims to summarize the status of metabolomic analyses-based knowledge on sleep disorders and to present knowledge in understanding the metabolic role of sleep in psychiatric disorders. Overall, findings suggest that sleep-wake disorders lead to pronounced alterations in specific metabolic pathways, which might contribute to the association of sleep disorders with other psychiatric disorders and medical conditions. These alterations are mainly related to changes in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, as well as glucose and lipid metabolism. In insomnia, alterations in branched-chain amino acid and glucose metabolism were shown among studies. In obstructive sleep apnea, biomarkers related to lipid metabolism seem to be of special importance. Future studies are needed to examine severity, subtypes and treatment of sleep-wake disorders in the context of metabolite levels.
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Maes, Michael, Ana Congio, Juliana Brum Moraes, Kamila Landucci Bonifacio, Decio Sabbatini Barbosa, Heber Odebrecht Vargas, Gerwyn Morris, Basant K. Puri, Ana Paula Michelin, and Sandra Odebrecht Vargas Nunes. "Early Life Trauma Predicts Affective Phenomenology and the Effects are Partly Mediated by Staging Coupled with Lowered Lipid-Associated Antioxidant Defences." Biomolecular Concepts 9, no. 1 (November 20, 2018): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2018-0010.
Abstract:
AbstractBackgroundEarly life trauma (ELT) may drive mood disorder phenomenology, nitro-oxidative pathways and impairments in semantic memory. There are no data regarding the impact of ELT on affective phenomenology and whether these pathways are mediated by staging or lowered lipid-associated antioxidant defences.MethodsThis study examined healthy controls (n=54) and patients with affective disorders including major depression, bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders (n=118). ELT was assessed using the Child Trauma Questionnaire. In addition, we measured affective phenomenology and assayed advanced oxidation protein products; malondialdehyde, paraoxonase 1 (CMPAase) activity, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.ResultsELT was associated into with increased risk for mood and comorbid anxiety disorders and a more severe phenomenology, including staging characteristics, depression and anxiety severity, suicidal behaviours, type of treatments, disabilities, body mass index, smoking behaviour and hsCRP, as well as lowered health-related quality of life, antioxidant defences and semantic memory. The number of mood episodes and CMPAase/HDL-cholesterol levels could be reliably combined into a new vulnerability staging-biomarker index, which mediates in part the effects of ELT on affective phenomenology and oxidative stress. Moreover, the effects of female sex on mood disorders and affective phenomenology are mediated by ELT.DiscussionThe cumulative effects of different ELT drive many aspects of affective phenomenology either directly or indirectly through effects of staging and/or lipid–associated antioxidant defences. The results show that children, especially girls, with ELT are at great risk to develop mood disorders and more severe phenotypes of affective disorders.
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Peikert, Kevin, and Adrian Danek. "VPS13 Forum Proceedings: XK, XK-Related and VPS13 Proteins in Membrane Lipid Dynamics." Contact 6 (January 2023): 251525642311569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/25152564231156994.
Abstract:
In 2020, the pandemic interrupted the series of biannual International Neuroacanthocytosis Meetings that brought together clinicians, scientists, and patient groups to share research into a small group of devastating genetic diseases that combine both acanthocytosis (deformed red blood cells) and neurodegeneration with movement disorders. This Meeting Report describes talks at the 5th VPS13 Forum in January 2022, one of a series of online meetings held to fill the gap. The meeting addressed the basic biology of two key proteins implicated in chorea-acanthocytosis (mutations in VPS13A) and McLeod syndrome (mutations in XK). In a remarkable confluence of ideas, the speakers described different aspects of a single functional unit that comprises of VPS13A and XK proteins working together. Conditions caused by VPS13 (A-D) gene family mutations and related genes, such as XK, previously footnote knowledge, seem to turn central for a novel disease paradigm: bulk lipid transfer disorders.
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Ferrer, María José, Aimé Florencia Silva, Giselle Adriana Abruzzese, Mariela Edith Velázquez, and Alicia Beatriz Motta. "Lipid Metabolism and Relevant Disorders to Female Reproductive Health." Current Medicinal Chemistry 28, no. 27 (September 8, 2021): 5625–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867328666210106142912.
Abstract:
Background: Lipids are essential components of cells that participate in metabolic and endocrine regulation and reproductive functions. The main organs where lipid regulation takes place are the liver and adipose tissue. Besides, when each tissue- specific action cannot be exerted, it could lead to several endocrine-metabolic disorders closely related to PCOS, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity. Objective: This work aims to discuss the impact of lipid alterations on metabolic and reproductive health. Therefore, this review focus on the importance of carrying out an integrated study of the molecular pathways affected in PCOS for developing target therapies. Results: Lipids play a major role in PCOS pathogenesis. In this regard, failures in lipid regulation, synthesis, and/or homeostasis contribute to metabolic and reproductive abnormalities, such as those seen in PCOS. Several lipid pathways and regulators are altered in this pathology, leading to dysfunctions that worsen reproductive functions. Therefore, there are several treatments to manage dyslipidemias. Non-pharmacological therapies are considered a first-line treatment being the pharmacological treatments a second-line option. Conclusion: The best treatment to improve the lipid profile is a lifestyle intervention, a combination of hypocaloric diet and exercise. Regarding pharmacological therapies, a combination of fibrate and statins would be the most recommended drugs. Still, in PCOS women, treatment with metformin or TZDs not only modulates the lipid metabolism, but also improves the ovulation. Also, metformin with lifestyle interventions has positive effects on the metabolic and reproductive features of PCOS patients.
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Chu, Xu, Longlong Li, Weiyuan Yan, and Haitian Ma. "4-Octyl Itaconate Prevents Free Fatty Acid-Induced Lipid Metabolism Disorder through Activating Nrf2-AMPK Signaling Pathway in Hepatocytes." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2022 (February 18, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5180242.
Abstract:
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized with oxidative stress and hepatic steatosis, is a serious threat to human health. As a specific activator of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI) has the beneficial effects in antioxidant and anti-inflammation; however, whether 4-OI can alleviate hepatic steatosis and its mechanism is still unknown. The present study was aimed at investigating the protective effects of 4-OI on free fat acid- (FFA-) induced lipid metabolism disorder and its potential molecular mechanism in hepatocytes. The results showed that 4-OI treatment markedly alleviated FFA-induced oxidative stress and excessive lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Mechanistically, 4-OI significantly suppressed the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through activation of Nrf2; the downregulation of ROS level induced a downregulation of AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation level which finally ameliorated excessive lipid accumulation in FFA-stimulated hepatocytes. In general, our data demonstrated that 4-OI relieves the oxidative stress and lipid metabolism disorder in FFA-stimulated hepatocytes; and these beneficial effects were achieved by activating the Nrf2-AMPK signaling pathway. These data not only expand the new biological function of 4-OI but also provide a theoretical basis for 4-OI to protect against lipid metabolism disorders and related diseases, such as NAFLD.
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Wang, Yin, Yifan Guo, Yingying Xu, Wenhong Wang, Shuzhao Zhuang, Ru Wang, and Weihua Xiao. "HIIT Ameliorates Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism by Regulating Macrophage Polarization and Mitochondrial Dynamics in the Liver of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Mice." Metabolites 13, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13010014.
Abstract:
High-intensity interval training (HIIT), a new type of exercise, can effectively prevent the progression of metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of HIIT on liver inflammation and metabolic disorders in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) combined with streptozotocin (STZ) and to explore the possible mechanisms of macrophage polarization and mitochondrial dynamics. Our results showed that HIIT can increase fatty acid oxidation-related gene (PPARα, CPT1α, and ACOX1) mRNA levels and decrease adipogenesis-related gene (PPARγ) mRNA levels to improve liver metabolism in T2DM mice. The improvement of lipid metabolism disorder may occur through increasing liver mitochondrial biosynthesis-related genes (PGC-1α and TFAM) and restoring mitochondrial dynamics-related gene (MFN2 and DRP1) mRNA levels. HIIT can also reduce the mRNA levels of liver inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1) in T2DM mice. The reduction in liver inflammation may occur through reducing the expression of total macrophage marker (F4/80) and M1 macrophage marker (CD86) mRNA and protein and increasing the expression of M2 macrophage marker (CD163, CD206, and Arg1) mRNA and protein in the liver. HIIT can also increase the expression of insulin signaling pathway (IRS1, PI3K, and AKT) mRNA and protein in the liver of T2DM mice, which may be related to the improvements in liver inflammation and lipid metabolism. In conclusion, these results suggested that 8 weeks of HIIT can improve inflammation and lipid metabolism disorders in the liver of type 2 diabetes mellitus mice, macrophage M1/M2 polarization, and mitochondrial dynamics may be involved in this process.
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Park, Jeong Yong, Mi Gyeong Jang, Jung Min Oh, Hee Chul Ko, Sung-Pyo Hur, Jae-Won Kim, Songyee Baek, and Se-Jae Kim. "Sasa quelpaertensis Leaf Extract Ameliorates Dyslipidemia, Insulin Resistance, and Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in High-Fructose-Diet-Fed Rats." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (December 7, 2020): 3762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123762.
Abstract:
Background: Increased dietary fructose consumption is closely associated with lipid and glucose metabolic disorders. Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai possesses various health-promoting properties, but there has been no research on its protective effect against fructose-induced metabolic dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the effects of S. quelpaertensis leaf extract (SQE) on metabolic dysfunction in high-fructose-diet-fed rats. Methods: Animals were fed a 46% carbohydrate diet, a 60% high-fructose diet, or a 60% high-fructose diet with SQE (500 mg/kg of body weight (BW)/day) in drinking water for 16 weeks. Serum biochemical parameters were measured and the effects of SQE on hepatic histology, protein expression, and transcriptome profiles were investigated. Results: SQE improved dyslipidemia and insulin resistance induced in high-fructose-diet-fed rats. SQE ameliorated the lipid accumulation and inflammatory response in liver tissues by modulating the expressions of key proteins related to lipid metabolism and antioxidant response. SQE significantly enriched the genes related to the metabolic pathway, namely, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Conclusions: SQE could effectively prevent dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hepatic lipid accumulation by regulation of metabolism-related gene expressions, suggesting its role as a functional ingredient to prevent lifestyle-related metabolic disorders.
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Găman, Mihnea-Alexandru, Elena-Codruța Dobrică, Matei-Alexandru Cozma, Ninel-Iacobus Antonie, Ana Maria Alexandra Stănescu, Amelia Maria Găman, and Camelia Cristina Diaconu. "Crosstalk of Magnesium and Serum Lipids in Dyslipidemia and Associated Disorders: A Systematic Review." Nutrients 13, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 1411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13051411.
Abstract:
Dyslipidemia is a significant threat to public health worldwide and the identification of its pathogenic mechanisms, as well as novel lipid-lowering agents, are warranted. Magnesium (Mg) is a key element to human health and its deficiency has been linked to the development of lipid abnormalities and related disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or cardiovascular disease. In this review, we explored the associations of Mg (dietary intake, Mg concentrations in the body) and the lipid profile, as well as the impact of Mg supplementation on serum lipids. A systematic search was computed in PubMed/MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library and 3649 potentially relevant papers were detected and screened (n = 3364 following the removal of duplicates). After the removal of irrelevant manuscripts based on the screening of their titles and abstracts (n = 3037), we examined the full-texts of 327 original papers. Finally, after we applied the exclusion and inclusion criteria, a number of 124 original articles were included in this review. Overall, the data analyzed in this review point out an association of Mg concentrations in the body with serum lipids in dyslipidemia and related disorders. However, further research is warranted to clarify whether a higher intake of Mg from the diet or via supplements can influence the lipid profile and exert lipid-lowering actions.
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Wang, Fei-Xuan, Hong-Yan Li, Yun-Qian Li, and Ling-Dong Kong. "Can Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Compounds Combat Lipid Peroxidation Product 4-HNE-Induced Deleterious Effects?" Biomolecules 10, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10010146.
Abstract:
The toxic reactive aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) belongs to the advanced lipid peroxidation end products. Accumulation of 4-HNE and formation of 4-HNE adducts induced by redox imbalance participate in several cytotoxic processes, which contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of oxidative stress-related human disorders. Medicinal plants and bioactive natural compounds are suggested to be attractive sources of potential agents to mitigate oxidative stress, but little is known about the therapeutic potentials especially on combating 4-HNE-induced deleterious effects. Of note, some investigations clarify the attenuation of medicinal plants and bioactive compounds on 4-HNE-induced disturbances, but strong evidence is needed that these plants and compounds serve as potent agents in the prevention and treatment of disorders driven by 4-HNE. Therefore, this review highlights the pharmacological basis of these medicinal plants and bioactive compounds to combat 4-HNE-induced deleterious effects in oxidative stress-related disorders, such as neurotoxicity and neurological disorder, eye damage, cardiovascular injury, liver injury, and energy metabolism disorder. In addition, this review briefly discusses with special attention to the strategies for developing potential therapies by future applications of these medicinal plants and bioactive compounds, which will help biological and pharmacological scientists to explore the new vistas of medicinal plants in combating 4-HNE-induced deleterious effects.
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Cheng, Bijun, Tianjiao Li, and Fenglin Li. "Use of Network Pharmacology to Investigate the Mechanism by Which Allicin Ameliorates Lipid Metabolism Disorder in HepG2 Cells." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (January 12, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3956504.
Abstract:
Allicin has been well documented to exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activities, especially lipid-lowering activity, as a promising candidate for the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NALFD). However, the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of allicin require further investigation. It is tempting to think of combining network pharmacology and experimental validation to investigate the mechanism by which allicin ameliorates lipid metabolism disorder in HepG2 cells. We established a cell model of hepatic steatosis induced by PA to investigate the antisteatotic effects of allicin. The studies showed that allicin reduced PA-induced lipid accumulation using Nile red staining and TC and TG assays. Then, 219 potential targets of allicin were successfully predicted by PharmMapper. According to Reactome Pathway Analysis, 44 potential targets related to lipid metabolism were screened out. Molecular signaling cascades mediated by allicin included PPARA, PPARG, FABP4, and FABP6 by cytoHubba and qPCR analysis. Results revealed that allicin activated the gene expression of PPARA and FABP6 and suppressed the gene expression of FABP4 and PPARG. Thus, the present study united the methods of network pharmacology and experimental validation to investigate the protein targets of allicin on PA-induced lipid metabolism disorders to supply a reference for related application for the first time.
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de Hert, M., B. Falissard, M. Mauri, K. Shaw, and T. Wetterling. "Epidemiological Study for the Evaluation of Metabolic Disorders in Patients with Schizophrenia: The Meteor Study." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71367-7.
Abstract:
A large, observational, multinational cross-sectional pharmacoepidemiological study was performed to determine the prevalence of diabetes and other metabolic disorders in patients with schizophrenia receiving atypical antipsychotic drugs in Europe.The study included adult outpatients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV-TR) treated for at least three months by an antipsychotic drug. Patients treated with classical or atypical antipsychotic drugs were recruited into two parallel strata (ratio of 1:3). A fasting blood sample was taken and height, weight, waist and hip circumference and blood pressure measured during a single visit. Biochemical parameters assessed included glucose, insulin, HbA1c, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B.2463 patients (median age: 41.0 years; 54.6% male) were included in twelve countries. among these, 10.9% of patients were treated for hypertension, 7.1% for a lipid disorder, 0.3% for type I diabetes and 3.5% for type II diabetes. in addition, 26% of untreated patients had dysglycaemia, 67.7% dyslipidemia and 38% had hypertension. 34% of the patients presented a metabolic syndrome. No overall difference was observed in the proportion of patients with glycaemic and lipid disorders between the two treatment strata. Values for weight-related variables were slightly higher in the atypical stratum, whereas hypertension was more frequent in the classical stratum (47.3%) than in the atypical stratum (42.2%).The results of this study emphasise the need for careful follow-up of patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotic drugs to detect the occurrence of metabolic disorders. the proportion of patients with glycaemic or lipid disorders was very high and largely underdiagnosed.This study was funded by sanofi-aventis.
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Saher, Gesine. "Cholesterol Metabolism in Aging and Age-Related Disorders." Annual Review of Neuroscience 46, no. 1 (July 10, 2023): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-091922-034237.
Abstract:
All mammalian cell membranes contain cholesterol to maintain membrane integrity. The transport of this hydrophobic lipid is mediated by lipoproteins. Cholesterol is especially enriched in the brain, particularly in synaptic and myelin membranes. Aging involves changes in sterol metabolism in peripheral organs and also in the brain. Some of those alterations have the potential to promote or to counteract the development of neurodegenerative diseases during aging. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of general principles of sterol metabolism in humans and mice, the most widely used model organism in biomedical research. We discuss changes in sterol metabolism that occur in the aged brain and highlight recent developments in cell type–specific cholesterol metabolism in the fast-growing research field of aging and age-related diseases, focusing on Alzheimer's disease. We propose that cell type–specific cholesterol handling and the interplay between cell types critically influence age-related disease processes.
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Dorninger, Fabian, Anna Gundacker, Gerhard Zeitler, Daniela D. Pollak, and Johannes Berger. "Ether Lipid Deficiency in Mice Produces a Complex Behavioral Phenotype Mimicking Aspects of Human Psychiatric Disorders." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 16 (August 13, 2019): 3929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20163929.
Abstract:
Ether lipids form a specialized subgroup of phospholipids that requires peroxisomes to be synthesized. We have previously detected that deficiency in these lipids leads to a severe disturbance of neurotransmitter homeostasis and release as well as behavioral abnormalities, such as hyperactivity, in a mouse model. Here, we focused on a more detailed examination of the behavioral phenotype of ether lipid-deficient mice (Gnpat KO) and describe a set of features related to human psychiatric disorders. Gnpat KO mice show strongly impaired social interaction as well as nestlet shredding and marble burying, indicating disturbed execution of inborn behavioral patterns. Also, compromised contextual and cued fear conditioning in these animals suggests a considerable memory deficit, thus potentially forming a connection to the previously determined ether lipid deficit in human patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Nesting behavior and the preference for social novelty proved normal in ether lipid-deficient mice. In addition, we detected task-specific alterations in paradigms assessing depression- and anxiety-related behavior. The reported behavioral changes may be used as easy readout for the success of novel treatment strategies against ether lipid deficiency in ameliorating nervous system-associated symptoms. Furthermore, our findings underline that ether lipids are paramount for brain function and demonstrate their relevance for cognitive, social, and emotional behavior. We hereby substantially extend previous observations suggesting a link between deficiency in ether lipids and human mental illnesses, particularly autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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Lu, Xiaodan, Luyao Huang, Yanjun Chen, Ling Hu, Rongbin Zhong, Lijiao Chen, Wenjian Cheng, Baodong Zheng, and Peng Liang. "Effect of DHA-Enriched Phospholipids from Fish Roe on Rat Fecal Metabolites: Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis." Foods 12, no. 8 (April 18, 2023): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12081687.
Abstract:
Lipid metabolism disorder has become an important hidden danger threatening human health, and various supplements to treat lipid metabolism disorder have been studied. Our previous studies have shown that DHA-enriched phospholipids from large yellow croaker (Larimichthys Crocea) roe (LYCRPLs) have lipid-regulating effects. To better explain the effect of LYCRPLs on lipid regulation in rats, the fecal metabolites of rats were analyzed from the level of metabolomics in this study, and GC/MS metabolomics measurements were performed to figure out the effect of LYCRPLs on fecal metabolites in rats. Compared with the control (K) group, 101 metabolites were identified in the model (M) group. There were 54, 47, and 57 metabolites in the low-dose (GA), medium-dose (GB), and high-dose (GC) groups that were significantly different from that of group M, respectively. Eighteen potential biomarkers closely related to lipid metabolism were screened after intervention with different doses of LYCRPLs on rats, which were classified into several metabolic pathways in rats, including pyrimidine metabolism, the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle), the metabolism of L-cysteine, carnitine synthesis, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, glycolysis, and bile secretion. L-cysteine was speculated to be a useful biomarker of LYCRPLs acting on rat fecal metabolites. Our findings indicated that LYCRPLs may regulate lipid metabolism disorders in SD rats by activating these metabolic pathways.
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Bazzoni, Marzia, Carola Adragna, and Sara Carucci. "Il risperidone." Medico e Bambino 42, no. 2 (February 24, 2023): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53126/meb42111.
Abstract:
Risperidone is one of the most common pharmacological treatments for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Although over the last decades its efficacy and its relatively safe and easy use have been confirmed for several psychiatric disorders, its indication remains confined to the treatment of severe irritability in subjects over 5 years with disruptive behavioural disorders and intellectual disability. Recently, its use has been approved under law 648 for autism related irritability, Tourette Disorder and as an add-on therapy to methylphenidate. The most common adverse effects include increased appetite and weight, somnolence, hyperprolactinaemia, glucose as well as lipid profile alteration and need an appropriate baseline and follow up assessment. The paper reports treatment indications, information about the mechanism of action, the Italian indications and the answers to the most frequent queries for a correct clinical and pharmacological monitoring of such patients.
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Ashraf, Ambika P., Brenda Kohn, and Don P. Wilson. "Improving Long-Term Outcomes of Youth With Lipid Abnormalities—Expanding the Role of Pediatric Endocrinologists." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 104, no. 10 (May 23, 2019): 4421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2019-00150.
Abstract:
Abstract Context There is a disturbingly high prevalence of dyslipidemia in youth. Although pediatric endocrinologists are aware of the substantial cardiovascular (CV) risk associated with monogenic disorders of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, relatively few recognize the CV disease (CVD)-related morbidity and premature mortality incurred by common endocrine disorders associated with dyslipidemia, such as diabetes mellitus, growth hormone deficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and hypopituitarism. Objective In this article, we discuss the expanding role of pediatric endocrinologists in CV health and risk prevention. Design We reviewed available literature and summarized discussions with opinion leaders in pediatric endocrinology to accomplish the following: (i) provide an overview of this timely topic; (ii) identify opportunities for targeted education; and (iii) discuss ways of expanding clinical services to improve outcomes. Results In addition to well-known genetic disorders of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, youth with common endocrine disorders, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes, would benefit from cholesterol screening and in some, early intervention, including use of lipid-lowering medications. Despite the growing need, the location and extent of services available to youth with dyslipidemia and the availability of providers with experience in treatment of dyslipidemia are largely unknown but likely inadequate to provide accessible, timely, and cost-effective intervention. Conclusion With a new awareness of opportunities to prevent premature CVD in youth, including those with common endocrine disorders and CVD-related events during adulthood, there is an urgent need for additional clinical services and targeted education of current as well as future pediatric endocrinologists.
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Abdo, Abdullah Abdulaziz Abbod, Chengnan Zhang, Prasanna Patil, Chao Teng, Xiuting Li, and Xin Liang. "Biological functions of nutraceutical xylan oligosaccharides as a natural solution for modulation of obesity, diabetes, and related diseases." International Food Research Journal 29, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 236–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/ifrj.29.2.02.
Abstract:
Natural compounds have been used to regulate numerous metabolic dysfunctions such as obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidaemia. Xylan oligosaccharides (XOS) alleviate obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidaemia via the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolisms, and the modification of gut microbiota. Moreover, XOS is also shown to inhibit obesity, diabetes, and related metabolic disorders such as inflammation and oxidative stress, by regulating the related genes and enzymes that contribute to the respective disorders. The information currently available does not offer in-depth elucidation regarding the molecular mechanisms of action of XOS in controlling obesity, diabetes, and related metabolic disorders, thus remain to be elucidated. The present review discusses XOS and its mechanisms of action, and key roles in regulating obesity, diabetes, and related metabolic disorders, highlighting the potential use of this compound in the improvement of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of the aforementioned diseases.
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Fotschki, Bartosz, Jerzy Juśkiewicz, Adam Jurgoński, and Michał Sójka. "Fructo-Oligosaccharides and Pectins Enhance Beneficial Effects of Raspberry Polyphenols in Rats with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver." Nutrients 13, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13030833.
Abstract:
In recent years, nonalcoholic fatty liver disorders have become one of the most common liver pathologies; therefore, it is necessary to investigate the dietary compounds that may support the regulation of liver metabolism and related inflammatory processes. The present study examines the effect of raspberry polyphenolic extract (RE) combined with fructo-oligosaccharides (FOSs) or pectins (PECs) on caecal microbial fermentation, liver lipid metabolism and inflammation in rats with fatty liver induced by an obesogenic diet. The combination of RE with FOSs or PECs reduced the production of short-chain fatty acids in the caecum. RE combined with FOSs exerted the most favourable effects on liver lipid metabolism by decreasing liver fat, cholesterol, triglyceride content and hepatic steatosis. RE and FOSs reduced lobular and portal inflammatory cell infiltration and IL-6 plasma levels. These effects might be related to a decrease in the hepatic expressions of PPARγ and ANGPTL4. In conclusion, PECs and FOSs enhanced the effects of RE against disorders related to nonalcoholic fatty liver; however, the most effective dietary treatment in the regulation of liver lipid metabolism and inflammation caused by an obesogenic diet was the combination of RE with FOSs.
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Rakheja, Dinesh, and Richard L. Boriack. "Precholesterol Sterols Accumulate in Lipid Rafts of Patients with Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome and X-Linked Dominant Chondrodysplasia Punctata." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 11, no. 2 (March 2008): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2350/06-10-0179.1.
Abstract:
Systemic fetal dysmorphogenesis in disorders of postsqualene cholesterol biosynthesis is thought to be caused by disruption of Hedgehog signaling. Because precholesterol sterols such as 7-dehydrocholesterol and lathosterol can replace cholesterol in the activation of Hedgehog proteins, it is currently believed that cholesterol deficiency-related Hedgehog signaling block occurs further downstream, probably at the level of Smoothened. Experimentally, such a block in Hedgehog signaling occurs at sterol levels of <40 μg/mg protein. Recently, we studied autopsy material from 2 infants with fatal cholesterol biosynthetic disorders (Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome and X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata) in which the hepatic cholesterol levels were far greater. In this study, we demonstrate abnormal accumulation of sterol precursors of cholesterol in membrane lipid rafts (detergent resistance membranes) prepared from liver tissues of these 2 infants: 8-dehydrocholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol in lipid rafts of the infant with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome and cholest-8(9)-ene-3β-ol in lipid rafts of the infant with X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata. We suggest that such alterations in the lipid raft sterol environment may affect the biology of cells and the development of fetuses with cholesterol biosynthetic disorders.
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Stefanov, Stefan R., and Velichka Y. Andonova. "Lipid Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems: Recent Advances in the Treatment of Skin Disorders." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 11 (October 26, 2021): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14111083.
Abstract:
The multifunctional role of the human skin is well known. It acts as a sensory and immune organ that protects the human body from harmful environmental impacts such as chemical, mechanical, and physical threats, reduces UV radiation effects, prevents moisture loss, and helps thermoregulation. In this regard, skin disorders related to skin integrity require adequate treatment. Lipid nanoparticles (LN) are recognized as promising drug delivery systems (DDS) in treating skin disorders. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) together with nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) exhibit excellent tolerability as these are produced from physiological and biodegradable lipids. Moreover, LN applied to the skin can improve stability, drug targeting, occlusion, penetration enhancement, and increased skin hydration compared with other drug nanocarriers. Furthermore, the features of LN can be enhanced by inclusion in suitable bases such as creams, ointments, gels (i.e., hydrogel, emulgel, bigel), lotions, etc. This review focuses on recent developments in lipid nanoparticle systems and their application to treating skin diseases. We point out and consider the reasons for their creation, pay attention to their advantages and disadvantages, list the main production techniques for obtaining them, and examine the place assigned to them in solving the problems caused by skin disorders.
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Elgretli, Wesal, Tianyan Chen, Nadine Kronfli, and Giada Sebastiani. "Hepatitis C Virus-Lipid Interplay: Pathogenesis and Clinical Impact." Biomedicines 11, no. 2 (January 19, 2023): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020271.
Abstract:
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents the major cause of chronic liver disease, leading to a wide range of hepatic diseases, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is the leading indication for liver transplantation worldwide. In addition, there is a growing body of evidence concerning the role of HCV in extrahepatic manifestations, including immune-related disorders and metabolic abnormalities, such as insulin resistance and steatosis. HCV depends on its host cells to propagate successfully, and every aspect of the HCV life cycle is closely related to human lipid metabolism. The virus circulates as a lipid-rich particle, entering the hepatocyte via lipoprotein cell receptors. It has also been shown to upregulate lipid biosynthesis and impair lipid degradation, resulting in significant intracellular lipid accumulation (steatosis) and circulating hypocholesterolemia. Patients with chronic HCV are at increased risk for hepatic steatosis, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease, including accelerated atherosclerosis. This review aims to describe different aspects of the HCV viral life cycle as it impacts host lipoproteins and lipid metabolism. It then discusses the mechanisms of HCV-related hepatic steatosis, hypocholesterolemia, and accelerated atherosclerosis.
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Lishchuk, Orysia, Olesya Kikhtyak, and Khrystyna Moskva. "THE PECULARITIES OF CORRELATION BETWEEN INSULIN RESISTANCE, CARBOHYDRATE AND LIPID METABOLISM INDICES IN PATIENTS WITH GRAVES’DISEASE." EUREKA: Health Sciences 1 (January 31, 2017): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5679.2017.00272.
Abstract:
Aim. The number of patients with endocrine disorders in the world, in particular, Graves’ disease is continuously increasing. Recent studies have determined the fact of insulin resistance in thyroid disorders. On the one hand, numerous researches prove correlation of hypothyroidism with arterial hypertension, ischaemic heart disease and lipid metabolism disorder, on the other – carbohydrate metabolism disorder and hyper-sympathicotonia are closely associated with hyperthyroidism. The subject of the research was to study the correlation of insulin resistance, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism indices in patients with Graves’disease. Material and Methods. During the study 53 (37 female and 16 male) patients with Graves’ disease with noticed IR have been examined. At the beginning, after 3– and 6-months thyreostatic therapy with insulin sensitizers (metformin or pioglitazone) the following investigations have been performed: assessing thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, free thyroxine and triiodothyronine; assessing glycated haemoglobin, glucose, C-peptide and fasting insulin as primary IR markers; calculating НОМА-IR index for analysing tissue sensitivity to insulin; calculating НОМА-β index for evaluating the functional capacity of β-cells of islets of Langerhans; measuring Caro indices to monitor hyperinsulinemia, measuring total cholesterol level, low-density lipoproteins, very-low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins , triglycerides, for analysing IR in relation to lipid metabolism. Results. The research results found out that free thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone are closely related to lipid metabolism. Thus, thyroid-stimulating hormone was characterized as having direct correlation with low-density lipoproteins, while the free thyroxine inversely correlated with total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, and high-density lipoproteins. The free triiodothyronine negatively correlated with high-density lipoproteins. The research has also determined the direct correlation between insulin and free thyroxine, as well as free triiodothyronine in patients with diffuse toxic goitre. Conclusions. The study proves the presence of insulin resistance in patients with Graves’ disease that generates interest to further study of the changes in insulin sensitivity, relation of insulin resistance to thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroid hormones and looking for the ways to correct these disorders.
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Lee, Kyueun, Hyunju Kim, Casey M. Rebholz, and Jihye Kim. "Association between Different Types of Plant-Based Diets and Risk of Dyslipidemia: A Prospective Cohort Study." Nutrients 13, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010220.
Abstract:
We evaluated the associations among different types of plant-based diet indices, risk of dyslipidemia, and individual lipid disorders in Asian populations with different dietary patterns from Western populations. Participants included 4507 Korean adults aged ≥40 years without dyslipidemia and related chronic diseases at baseline (2001–2002). Dietary intakes were assessed using an average of validated food frequency questionnaires measured twice. We calculated three plant-based diet indices: overall plant-based diet index (PDI), healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI), and unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI). During a follow-up of 14 years, 2995 incident dyslipidemia cases occurred. Comparing the highest with lowest quintiles, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for incident dyslipidemia were 0.78 (95% CI, 0.69–0.88) for PDI, 0.63 (95% CI, 0.56–0.70) for hPDI, and 1.48 (95% CI, 1.30–1.69) for uPDI (P-trend < 0.0001 for all). Associations between PDI and individual lipid disorders differed by sex. The PDI was inversely associated with risk of developing hypertriglyceridemia in men and with risk of developing low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in women. The hPDI was inversely associated with risk of all lipid disorders, whereas the uPDI was positively associated with individual lipid disorders. The quality of plant foods is important for prevention of dyslipidemia in a population that consumes diets high in plant foods.
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Povarova, O. V., E. A. Gorodetskaya, E. I. Kalenikova, and O. S. Medvedev. "Metabolic markers and oxidative stress in children’s obesity pathogenesis." Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) 65, no. 1 (March 6, 2020): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2020-65-1-22-29.
Abstract:
The article presents a modern view of obesity as a chronic inflammation of adipose tissue. Obesity is accompanied by metabolic changes in lipid, protein, carbohydrate, mineral metabolism and disorders in the hormonal function of adipose tissue as an endo- and paracrine organ. At the moment, there are searched the biochemical markers of metabolic disorders of obesity. The obesity-related factors (hyperglycemia, increased lipid levels, insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, hyperleptinemia, endothelial dysfunction, impaired respiratory function of mitochondria, minerals and microelements deficiency) form and increase oxidative stress making it an integral component of the pathogenesis of obesity and possible complications. Given the important role of Q10 coenzyme in antioxidant tissue protection, the authors discuss the relationship of obesity and metabolic disorders to the endogenous levels of Q10 coenzyme and its possible use for pharmacological correction.
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Encarnação, Marisa, Hugo David, Maria Francisca Coutinho, Luciana Moreira, and Sandra Alves. "MicroRNA Profile, Putative Diagnostic Biomarkers and RNA-Based Therapies in the Inherited Lipid Storage Disease Niemann-Pick Type C." Biomedicines 11, no. 10 (September 23, 2023): 2615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11102615.
Abstract:
Lipids are essential for cellular function and are tightly controlled at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Dysregulation of these pathways is associated with vascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and several inherited metabolic disorders. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), in particular, are a family of post-transcriptional gene repressors associated with the regulation of many genes that encode proteins involved in multiple lipid metabolism pathways, thereby influencing their homeostasis. Thus, this class of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of lipid-related metabolic alterations. Most of these miRNAs act at an intracellular level, but in the past few years, a role for miRNAs as intercellular signaling molecules has also been uncovered since they can be transported in bodily fluids and used as potential biomarkers of lipid metabolic alterations. In this review, we point out the current knowledge on the miRNA signature in a lysosomal storage disorder associated with lipid dysfunction, Niemann-Pick type C, and discuss the potential use of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for RNA-based therapies.