Journal articles on the topic 'Lipid Probes'

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1

Devaux, Philippe F., Pierre Fellmann, and Paulette Hervé. "Investigation on lipid asymmetry using lipid probes." Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 116, no. 1-2 (June 2002): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-3084(02)00023-3.

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2

Höglinger, Doris, André Nadler, Per Haberkant, Joanna Kirkpatrick, Martina Schifferer, Frank Stein, Sebastian Hauke, Forbes D. Porter, and Carsten Schultz. "Trifunctional lipid probes for comprehensive studies of single lipid species in living cells." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 7 (February 2, 2017): 1566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611096114.

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Lipid-mediated signaling events regulate many cellular processes. Investigations of the complex underlying mechanisms are difficult because several different methods need to be used under varying conditions. Here we introduce multifunctional lipid derivatives to study lipid metabolism, lipid−protein interactions, and intracellular lipid localization with a single tool per target lipid. The probes are equipped with two photoreactive groups to allow photoliberation (uncaging) and photo–cross-linking in a sequential manner, as well as a click-handle for subsequent functionalization. We demonstrate the versatility of the design for the signaling lipids sphingosine and diacylglycerol; uncaging of the probe for these two species triggered calcium signaling and intracellular protein translocation events, respectively. We performed proteomic screens to map the lipid-interacting proteome for both lipids. Finally, we visualized a sphingosine transport deficiency in patient-derived Niemann−Pick disease type C fibroblasts by fluorescence as well as correlative light and electron microscopy, pointing toward the diagnostic potential of such tools. We envision that this type of probe will become important for analyzing and ultimately understanding lipid signaling events in a comprehensive manner.
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3

Wang, Mao-Hua, Wei-Long Cui, Yun-Hao Yang, and Jian-Yong Wang. "Viscosity-Sensitive Solvatochromic Fluorescent Probes for Lipid Droplets Staining." Biosensors 12, no. 10 (October 9, 2022): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12100851.

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Lipid droplets (LDs) are simple intracellular storage sites for neutral lipids and exhibit important impact on many physiological processes. For example, the changes in the polar microenvironment inside LDs could affect physiological processes, such as lipid metabolism and storage, protein degradation, signal transduction, and enzyme catalysis. Herein, a new fluorescent chemo-sensor (Couoxo-LD) was formulated by our molecular design strategy. The probe could be applied to effectively label intracellular lipid droplets. Intriguingly, Couoxo-LD demonstrated positive sensitivity to both polarity and viscosity, which might be attributed to its D-π-A structure and the twisted rotational behavior of the carbon–carbon double bond (TICT). Additionally, Couoxo-LD was successfully implemented in cellular imaging due to its excellent selectivity, pH stability, and low biotoxicity. In HeLa cells, the co-localization curve between Couoxo-LD and commercial lipid droplet dyes overlapped at 0.93. The results indicated that the probe could selectively sense LDs in HeLa cells. Meanwhile, Couoxo-LD can be applied for in vivo imaging of zebrafish.
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4

Sato, Moritoshi. "Fluorescent Probes to Visualize Lipid Messengers." MEMBRANE 37, no. 4 (2012): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.37.164.

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5

Johansson, Lennart B. Å., Julian G. Molotkovsky, and Lev D. Bergelson. "Fluorescence properties of anthrylvinyl lipid probes." Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 53, no. 2-3 (March 1990): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-3084(90)90044-r.

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6

Turner, R. J., J. Thompson, S. Sariban-Sohraby, and J. S. Handler. "Monoclonal antibodies as probes of epithelial membrane polarization." Journal of Cell Biology 101, no. 6 (December 1, 1985): 2173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.101.6.2173.

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Monoclonal antibodies directed against antigens in the apical plasma membrane of the toad kidney epithelial cell line A6 were produced to probe the phenomena that underlie the genesis and maintenance of epithelial polarity. Two of these antibodies, 17D7 and 18C3, were selected for detailed study here. 17D7 is directed against a 23-kD peptide found on both the apical and basolateral surfaces of the A6 epithelium whereas 18C3 recognizes a lipid localized to the apical membrane only. This novel observation of an apically localized epithelial lipid species indicates the existence of a specific sorting and insertion process for this, and perhaps other, epithelial plasma membrane lipids. The antibody-antigen complexes formed by both these monoclonal antibodies are rapidly internalized by the A6 cells, but only the 18C3-antigen complex is recycled to the plasma membrane. In contrast to the apical localization of the free antigen, however, the 18C3-antigen complex is recycled to both the apical and basolateral surface of the epithelium, which indicates that monoclonal antibody binding interferes in some way with the normal sorting process for this apical lipid antigen.
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7

Fam, Tkhe, Andrey Klymchenko, and Mayeul Collot. "Recent Advances in Fluorescent Probes for Lipid Droplets." Materials 11, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 1768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091768.

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Lipid droplets (LDs) are organelles that serve as the storage of intracellular neutral lipids. LDs regulate many physiological processes. They recently attracted attention after extensive studies showed their involvement in metabolic disorders and diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Therefore, it is of the highest importance to have reliable imaging tools. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the development of selective fluorescent probes for LDs. Their photophysical properties are described, and their advantages and drawbacks in fluorescence imaging are discussed. At last, we review the reported applications using these probes including two-photon excitation, in vivo and tissue imaging, as well as LDs tracking.
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8

Jiménez-López, Cristina, and André Nadler. "Caged lipid probes for controlling lipid levels on subcellular scales." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 72 (February 2023): 102234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102234.

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9

Kahya, Nicoletta. "Light on fluorescent lipids in rafts: a lesson from model membranes." Biochemical Journal 430, no. 3 (August 27, 2010): e7-e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20101196.

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Tracking fluorescent lipids in cellular membranes has been applied for decades to shed light on membrane trafficking, sorting, endocytosis and exocytosis, viral entry, and to understand the functional relevance of membrane heterogeneity, phase separation and lipid rafts. However, fluorescent probes may display different organizing behaviour from their corresponding endogenous lipids. A full characterization of these probes is therefore required for proper interpretation of fluorescence microscopy data in complex membrane systems. Model membrane studies provide essential clues that guide us to design and interpret our experiments, help us to avoid pitfalls and resolve artefacts in complex cellular environments. In the present issue of the Biochemical Journal, Juhasz, Davis and Sharom demonstrate the importance of testing lipid probes systematically in heterogeneous model membranes of specific composition and well-defined thermodynamic properties. The phase-partitioning behaviour of fluorescent probes, alone and/or in combination, cannot simply be assumed, but has to be fully characterized.
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10

Yamada, Ken-ichi, Fumiya Mito, Yuta Matsuoka, Satsuki Ide, Kazushige Shikimachi, Ayano Fujiki, Daiki Kusakabe, et al. "Fluorescence probes to detect lipid-derived radicals." Nature Chemical Biology 12, no. 8 (June 13, 2016): 608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.2105.

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11

Azouz, Mehdi, Mathilde Gonin, Sebastian Fiedler, Jonathan Faherty, Marion Decossas, Christophe Cullin, Sandrine Villette, et al. "Microfluidic diffusional sizing probes lipid nanodiscs formation." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1862, no. 6 (June 2020): 183215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183215.

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12

Livanec, Philip W., and Robert C. Dunn. "Single-Molecule Probes of Lipid Membrane Structure." Langmuir 24, no. 24 (December 16, 2008): 14066–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la802886c.

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13

Flynn, Aaron D., and Hang Yin. "Lipid-Targeting Peptide Probes for Extracellular Vesicles." Journal of Cellular Physiology 231, no. 11 (March 9, 2016): 2327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.25354.

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14

Yamada, Ken-ichi, Fumiya Mito, Yuta Matsuoka, Satsuki Ide, Kazushige Shikimachi, Ayano Fujiki, Daiki Kusakabe, et al. "Fluorescence Probes to Detect Lipid-Derived Radicals." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 100 (November 2016): S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.182.

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15

Tretiakova, D. S., A. S. Alekseeva, T. R. Galimzyanov, A. M. Boldyrev, A. Yu Chernyadyev, Yu A. Ermakov, O. V. Batishchev, E. L. Vodovozova, and I. A. Boldyrev. "Lateral stress profile and fluorescent lipid probes. FRET pair of probes that introduces minimal distortions into lipid packing." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1860, no. 11 (November 2018): 2337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.05.020.

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16

Engberg, Oskar, Holger A. Scheidt, Thomas K. M. Nyholm, J. Peter Slotte, and Daniel Huster. "Membrane Localization and Lipid Interactions of Common Lipid-Conjugated Fluorescence Probes." Langmuir 35, no. 36 (August 19, 2019): 11902–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01202.

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17

Baxter, Ashley M., and Nathan J. Wittenberg. "Excitation of Fluorescent Lipid Probes Accelerates Supported Lipid Bilayer Formation via Photosensitized Lipid Oxidation." Langmuir 35, no. 35 (August 14, 2019): 11542–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01535.

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18

Foley, M., A. N. MacGregor, J. R. Kusel, P. B. Garland, T. Downie, and I. Moore. "The lateral diffusion of lipid probes in the surface membrane of Schistosoma mansoni." Journal of Cell Biology 103, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 807–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.103.3.807.

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The technique of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching was used to measure the lateral diffusion of fluorescent lipid analogues in the surface membrane of Schistosoma mansoni. Our data reveal that although some lipids could diffuse freely others exhibited restricted lateral diffusion. Quenching of lipid fluorescence by a non-permeant quencher, trypan blue, showed that there was an asymmetric distribution of lipids across the double bilayer of mature parasites. Those lipids that diffused freely were found to reside mainly in the external monolayer of the outer membrane whereas lipids with restricted lateral diffusion were located mainly in one or more of the monolayers beneath the external monolayer. Formation of surface membrane blebs allowed us to measure the lateral diffusion of lipids in the membrane without the influence of underlying cytoskeletal structures. The restricted diffusion found on the normal surface membrane of mature parasites was found to be released in membrane blebs. Quenching of fluorescent lipids on blebs indicated that all probes were present almost entirely in the external monolayer. Juvenile worms exhibited lower lateral diffusion coefficients than mature parasites: in addition, the lipids partitioned into the external monolayer. The results are discussed in terms of membrane organization, cytoskeletal contacts, and biological significance.
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19

Cabiaux, Veronique, Michel Vandenbranden, Paul Falmagne, and Jean-Marie Ruysschaert. "Aggregation and fusion of lipid vesicles induced by diphtheria toxin at low pH: Possible involvement of the P site and the NAD+ binding site." Bioscience Reports 5, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01119594.

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Model membranes have been used to study the interaction between diphtheria toxin and lipids. We report here on the ability of this toxin to induc% at low pH, fusion and aggregation of asolectin lipid vesicles. Resonance energy transfer experiments using lipid fluorescent probes make it possible to discriminate between these two processes.
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20

Corbett-Nelson, Elaine F., David Mason, John G. Marshall, Yves Collette, and Sergio Grinstein. "Signaling-dependent immobilization of acylated proteins in the inner monolayer of the plasma membrane." Journal of Cell Biology 174, no. 2 (July 10, 2006): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200605044.

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Phospholipids play a critical role in the recruitment and activation of several adaptors and effectors during phagocytosis. Changes in lipid metabolism during phagocytosis are restricted to the phagocytic cup, the area of the plasmalemma lining the target particle. It is unclear how specific lipids and lipid-associated molecules are prevented from diffusing away from the cup during the course of phagocytosis, a process that often requires several minutes. We studied the mobility of lipid-associated proteins at the phagocytic cup by measuring fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Lipid-anchored (diacylated) fluorescent proteins were freely mobile in the unstimulated membrane, but their mobility was severely restricted at sites of phagocytosis. Only probes anchored to the inner monolayer displayed reduced mobility, whereas those attached to the outer monolayer were unaffected. The immobilization persisted after depletion of plasmalemmal cholesterol, ruling out a role of conventional “rafts.” Corralling of the probes by the actin cytoskeleton was similarly discounted. Instead, the change in mobility required activation of tyrosine kinases. We suggest that signaling-dependent recruitment of adaptors and effectors with lipid binding domains generates an annulus of lipids with restricted mobility.
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21

Dumitru, Andra C., Louise Conrard, Cristina Lo Giudice, Patrick Henriet, Maria Veiga-da-Cunha, Sylvie Derclaye, Donatienne Tyteca, and David Alsteens. "High-resolution mapping and recognition of lipid domains using AFM with toxin-derivatized probes." Chemical Communications 54, no. 50 (2018): 6903–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc02201a.

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22

Magni, Arianna, Gaia Bondelli, Giuseppe M. Paternò, Samim Sardar, Valentina Sesti, Cosimo D’Andrea, Chiara Bertarelli, and Guglielmo Lanzani. "Azobenzene photoisomerization probes cell membrane viscosity." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 24, no. 15 (2022): 8716–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp05881a.

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23

Barshtein, G., L. Bergelson, A. Dagan, E. Gratton, and S. Yedgar. "Membrane lipid order of human red blood cells is altered by physiological levels of hydrostatic pressure." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 272, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): H538—H543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1997.272.1.h538.

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The effect of hydrostatic pressure at levels applied in diving or hyperbaric treatment (thus considered “physiological”) on the order of lipid domains in human red blood cell (RBC) membrane was studied. Membrane order was determined by measuring 1) the fluorescence anisotropy (FAn) of lipid probes, 2) the resonance energy transfer from tryptophan to lipid probes, and 3) spectral shifts in Laurdan fluorescence emission. It was found that the application of mild pressure (< 15 atm) 1) increased, selectively, the FAn of lipid probes that monitor the membrane lipid core, 2) increased the tryptophan FAn, 3) increased the resonance energy transfer from tryptophan to lipid probes residing in the lipid core, and 4) induced changes in the Laurdan fluorescence spectrum, which corresponded to reduced membrane hydration. It is proposed that the application of pressure of several atmospheres increases the phase order of membrane lipid domains, particularly in the proximity of proteins. Because the membrane lipid order (“fluidity”) of RBCs plays an important role in their cellular and rheological functions, the pressure-induced alterations of the RBC membrane might be pertinent to microcirculatory disorders observed in humans subjected to elevated pressure.
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24

Takahashi, Miwa, Motohide Murate, Mitsunori Fukuda, Satoshi B. Sato, Akinori Ohta, and Toshihide Kobayashi. "Cholesterol Controls Lipid Endocytosis through Rab11." Molecular Biology of the Cell 18, no. 7 (July 2007): 2667–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e06-10-0924.

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Cellular cholesterol increases when cells reach confluency in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. We examined the endocytosis of several lipid probes in subconfluent and confluent CHO cells. In subconfluent cells, fluorescent lipid probes including poly(ethylene glycol)derivatized cholesterol, 22-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-23,24-bisnor-5-cholen-3β-ol, and fluorescent sphingomyelin analogs were internalized to pericentriolar recycling endosomes. This accumulation was not observed in confluent cells. Internalization of fluorescent lactosylceramide was not affected by cell confluency, suggesting that the endocytosis of specific membrane components is affected by cell confluency. The crucial role of cellular cholesterol in cell confluency–dependent endocytosis was suggested by the observation that the fluorescent sphingomyelin was transported to recycling endosomes when cellular cholesterol was depleted in confluent cells. To understand the molecular mechanism(s) of cell confluency– and cholesterol-dependent endocytosis, we examined intracellular distribution of rab small GTPases. Our results indicate that rab11 but not rab4, altered intracellular localization in a cell confluency–associated manner, and this alteration was dependent on cell cholesterol. In addition, the expression of a constitutive active mutant of rab11 changed the endocytic route of lipid probes from early to recycling endosomes. These results thus suggest that cholesterol controls endocytic routes of a subset of membrane lipids through rab11.
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25

Zhao, Yanyan, Wen Shi, Xiaohua Li, and Huimin Ma. "Recent advances in fluorescent probes for lipid droplets." Chemical Communications 58, no. 10 (2022): 1495–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc05717k.

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26

Talley, Chad E., and Robert C. Dunn. "Single Molecules as Probes of Lipid Membrane Microenvironments." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 103, no. 46 (November 1999): 10214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp992639z.

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27

Krishna, M. M. G., Arvind Srivastava, and N. Periasamy. "Rotational dynamics of surface probes in lipid vesicles." Biophysical Chemistry 90, no. 2 (April 2001): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4622(01)00137-5.

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28

Svensson, Frida R., Per Lincoln, Bengt Nordén, and Elin K. Esbjörner. "Retinoid Chromophores as Probes of Membrane Lipid Order." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 111, no. 36 (September 2007): 10839–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp072890b.

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29

Stubbs, C. D., S. R. Meech, A. G. Lee, and D. Phillips. "Solvent relaxation in lipid bilayers with dansyl probes." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 815, no. 3 (May 1985): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(85)90361-x.

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30

Laguerre, Aurélien, and Carsten Schultz. "Novel lipid tools and probes for biological investigations." Current Opinion in Cell Biology 53 (August 2018): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2018.06.013.

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31

Mateo, C. R., A. A. Souto, F. Amat-Guerri, and A. U. Acuña. "New fluorescent octadecapentaenoic acids as probes of lipid membranes and protein-lipid interactions." Biophysical Journal 71, no. 4 (October 1996): 2177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(96)79419-5.

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32

Bergelson, L. D. "Lipid domain reorganization and receptor events Results obtained with new fluorescent lipid probes." FEBS Letters 297, no. 3 (February 10, 1992): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(92)80540-w.

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33

Mazeres, Serge, Etienne Joly, Andre Lopez, and Catherine Tardin. "Characterization of M-laurdan, a versatile probe to explore order in lipid membranes." F1000Research 3 (November 19, 2014): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.4805.2.

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Microdomains corresponding to localized partition of lipids between ordered and less ordered environments are the subject of intensive investigations, because of their putative participation in modulating cellular responses. One popular approach in the field consists in labelling membranes with solvatochromic fluorescent probes such as laurdan and C-laurdan. In this report, we describe a high-yield procedure for the synthesis of laurdan, C-laurdan and two new fluorophores, called MoC-laurdan and M-laurdan, as well as their extensive photophysical characterization. We find that the latter probe, M-laurdan, is particularly suited to discriminate lipid phases independently of the chemical nature of the lipids, as measured by both fluorescence Generalized Polarization (GP) and anisotropy in large unilamellar vesicles made of various lipid compositions. In addition, staining of live cells with M-laurdan shows a good stability over time without any apparent toxicity, as well as a wider distribution in the various cell compartments than the other probes.
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34

Hainfeld, James F. "Gold liposomes." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 898–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100166956.

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Lipids are an important class of molecules, being found in membranes, HDL, LDL, and other natural structures, serving essential roles in structure and with varied functions such as compartmentalization and transport. Synthetic liposomes are also widely used as delivery and release vehicles for drugs, cosmetics, and other chemicals; soap is made from lipids. Lipids may form bilayer or multilammellar vesicles, micelles, sheets, tubes, and other structures. Lipid molecules may be linked to proteins, carbohydrates, or other moieties. EM study of this essential ingredient of life has lagged, due to lack of direct methods to visualize lipids without extensive alteration. OsO4 reacts with double bonds in membrane phospholipids, forming crossbridges. This has been the method of choice to both fix and stain membranes, thus far. An earlier work described the use of tungstate clusters (W11) attached to lipid moieties to form lipid structures and lipid probes.
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35

Reza, AHM Mohsinul, Sharmin Ferdewsi Rakhi, Xiaochen Zhu, Youhong Tang, and Jianguang Qin. "Visualising the Emerging Platform of Using Microalgae as a Sustainable Bio-Factory for Healthy Lipid Production through Biocompatible AIE Probes." Biosensors 12, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12040208.

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Nowadays, a particular focus is using microalgae to get high-valued health beneficiary lipids. The precise localisation of the lipid droplets (LDs) and biochemical changes are crucial to portray the lipid production strategy in algae, but it requires an in vivo tool to rapidly visualise LD distribution. As a novel strategy, this study focuses on detecting lipid bioaccumulation in a green microalga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) based probe, 2-DPAN (C24H18N2O). As the messenger molecule and stress biomarker, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) activity was detected in lipid synthesis with the AIE probe, TPE-BO (C38H42B2O4). Distinctive LDs labelled with 2-DPAN have elucidated the lipid inducing conditions, where more health beneficiary α-linolenic acid has been produced. TPE-BO labelled H2O2 have clarified the involvement of H2O2 during lipid biogenesis. The co-staining procedure with traditional green BODIPY dye and red chlorophyll indicates that 2-DPAN is suitable for multicolour LD imaging. Compared with BODIPY, 2-DPAN was an efficient sample preparation technique without the washing procedure. Thus, 2-DPAN could improve traditional fluorescent probes currently used for lipid imaging. In addition, the rapid, wash-free, multicolour AIE-based in vivo probe in the study of LDs with 2-DPAN could advance the research of lipid production in microalgae.
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36

Zhao, Yanyan, Wen Shi, Xiaohua Li, and Huimin Ma. "Correction: Recent advances in fluorescent probes for lipid droplets." Chemical Communications 58, no. 15 (2022): 2581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2cc90048c.

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37

TIEN, H. T., R. H. BARISH, L. Q. GU, and A. L. OTTOVA. "Supported Bilayer Lipid Membranes as Ion and Molecular Probes." Analytical Sciences 14, no. 1 (1998): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.14.3.

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38

Boldyrev, Ivan A., Xiuhong Zhai, Maureen M. Momsen, Howard L. Brockman, Rhoderick E. Brown, and Julian G. Molotkovsky. "New BODIPY lipid probes for fluorescence studies of membranes." Journal of Lipid Research 48, no. 7 (April 7, 2007): 1518–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.m600459-jlr200.

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39

Almquist, B. D., and N. A. Melosh. "Fusion of biomimetic stealth probes into lipid bilayer cores." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 13 (March 8, 2010): 5815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0909250107.

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40

Mitachi, Katsuhiko, Shajila Siricilla, Lada Klaić, William M. Clemons, and Michio Kurosu. "Chemoenzymatic syntheses of water-soluble lipid I fluorescent probes." Tetrahedron Letters 56, no. 23 (June 2015): 3441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.01.044.

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41

Maier, Olaf, Volker Oberle, and Dick Hoekstra. "Fluorescent lipid probes: some properties and applications (a review)." Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 116, no. 1-2 (June 2002): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-3084(02)00017-8.

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42

Xia, Yi, and Ling Peng. "Photoactivatable Lipid Probes for Studying Biomembranes by Photoaffinity Labeling." Chemical Reviews 113, no. 10 (August 15, 2013): 7880–929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr300419p.

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43

Almquist, Ben, and Nicholas Melosh. "Fusion of Biomimetic ‘Stealth’ Probes into Lipid Bilayer Cores." Biophysical Journal 98, no. 3 (January 2010): 596a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.3245.

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44

Almquist, Benjamin D., and Nicholas A. Melosh. "Fusion of Biomimetic ‘Stealth’ Probes into Lipid Bilayer Cores." Biophysical Journal 96, no. 3 (February 2009): 354a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.1786.

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45

Leung, Sherry S. W., Jonathan R. Brewer, Jenifer Thewalt, and Luis Bagatolli. "Effects of Fluorescent Probes on Lipid Membrane Physical Properties." Biophysical Journal 106, no. 2 (January 2014): 507a—508a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.2839.

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Christensen, Henriette, Natalie J. Garton, Richard W. Horobin, David E. Minnikin, and Michael R. Barer. "Lipid domains of mycobacteria studied with fluorescent molecular probes." Molecular Microbiology 31, no. 5 (March 1999): 1561–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01304.x.

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Pastukhov, Alexander V., and Ira J. Ropson. "Fluorescent dyes as probes to study lipid-binding proteins." Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 53, no. 3 (October 21, 2003): 607–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.10401.

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Bergelson, L. D., Jul G. Molotkovsky, and Y. M. Manevich. "Lipid-specific fluorescent probes in studies of biological membranes." Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 37, no. 2 (May 1985): 165–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-3084(85)90083-0.

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Poojari, Chetan, Natalia Wilkosz, Piotr Jurkiewicz, Ilpo Vattulainen, Mariusz Kepczynski, and Tomasz Rog. "Itraconazole Perturbs Behavior of Fluorescent Probes in Lipid Bilayer." Biophysical Journal 116, no. 3 (February 2019): 81a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.483.

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Juhasz, Janos, James H. Davis, and Frances J. Sharom. "Fluorescent probe partitioning in giant unilamellar vesicles of ‘lipid raft’ mixtures." Biochemical Journal 430, no. 3 (August 27, 2010): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20100516.

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Abstract:
Direct visualization of raft-like lo (liquid-ordered) domains in model systems and cells using microscopic techniques requires fluorescence probes with known partitioning preference for one of the phases present. However, fluorescent probes may display dissimilar partitioning preferences in different lipid sys-tems and can also affect the phase behaviour of the host lipid bilayer. Therefore a detailed understanding of the behaviour of fluorescent probes in defined lipid bilayer systems with known phase behaviour is essential before they can be used for identifying domain phase states. Using giant unilamellar vesicles composed of the ternary lipid mixture DOPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine)/DPPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine)/cholesterol, for which the phase behaviour is known, we examined nine commonly used fluorescent probes using confocal fluorescence microscopy. The partitioning preference of each probe was assigned either on the basis of quantification of the domain area fractions or by using a well-characterized ld (liquid-disordered)-phase marker. Fluorescent probes were examined both individually and using dual or triple labelling approaches. Most of the probes partitioned individually into the ld phase, whereas only NAP (naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene) and NBD-DPPE [1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl] preferred the lo phase. We found that Rh-DPPE (Lissamine™ rhodamine B–1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine) increased the miscibility transition temperature, Tmix. Interestingly, the partitioning of DiIC18 (1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate) was influenced by Bodipy®-PC [2-(4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-pentanoyl)-1-hexa-decanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine]. The specific use of each of the fluorescent probes is determined by its photostability, partitioning preference, ability to detect lipid phase separations and induced change in Tmix. We demonstrate the importance of testing a specific fluorescent probe in a given model membrane system, rather than assuming that it labels a particular lipid phase.
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