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Academic literature on the topic 'Lipid Probes'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Lipid Probes"

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Devaux, Philippe F., Pierre Fellmann, and Paulette Hervé. "Investigation on lipid asymmetry using lipid probes." Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 116, no. 1-2 (June 2002): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-3084(02)00023-3.

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Höglinger, Doris, André Nadler, Per Haberkant, Joanna Kirkpatrick, Martina Schifferer, Frank Stein, Sebastian Hauke, Forbes D. Porter, and Carsten Schultz. "Trifunctional lipid probes for comprehensive studies of single lipid species in living cells." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 7 (February 2, 2017): 1566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611096114.

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Lipid-mediated signaling events regulate many cellular processes. Investigations of the complex underlying mechanisms are difficult because several different methods need to be used under varying conditions. Here we introduce multifunctional lipid derivatives to study lipid metabolism, lipid−protein interactions, and intracellular lipid localization with a single tool per target lipid. The probes are equipped with two photoreactive groups to allow photoliberation (uncaging) and photo–cross-linking in a sequential manner, as well as a click-handle for subsequent functionalization. We demonstrate the versatility of the design for the signaling lipids sphingosine and diacylglycerol; uncaging of the probe for these two species triggered calcium signaling and intracellular protein translocation events, respectively. We performed proteomic screens to map the lipid-interacting proteome for both lipids. Finally, we visualized a sphingosine transport deficiency in patient-derived Niemann−Pick disease type C fibroblasts by fluorescence as well as correlative light and electron microscopy, pointing toward the diagnostic potential of such tools. We envision that this type of probe will become important for analyzing and ultimately understanding lipid signaling events in a comprehensive manner.
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Wang, Mao-Hua, Wei-Long Cui, Yun-Hao Yang, and Jian-Yong Wang. "Viscosity-Sensitive Solvatochromic Fluorescent Probes for Lipid Droplets Staining." Biosensors 12, no. 10 (October 9, 2022): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12100851.

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Lipid droplets (LDs) are simple intracellular storage sites for neutral lipids and exhibit important impact on many physiological processes. For example, the changes in the polar microenvironment inside LDs could affect physiological processes, such as lipid metabolism and storage, protein degradation, signal transduction, and enzyme catalysis. Herein, a new fluorescent chemo-sensor (Couoxo-LD) was formulated by our molecular design strategy. The probe could be applied to effectively label intracellular lipid droplets. Intriguingly, Couoxo-LD demonstrated positive sensitivity to both polarity and viscosity, which might be attributed to its D-π-A structure and the twisted rotational behavior of the carbon–carbon double bond (TICT). Additionally, Couoxo-LD was successfully implemented in cellular imaging due to its excellent selectivity, pH stability, and low biotoxicity. In HeLa cells, the co-localization curve between Couoxo-LD and commercial lipid droplet dyes overlapped at 0.93. The results indicated that the probe could selectively sense LDs in HeLa cells. Meanwhile, Couoxo-LD can be applied for in vivo imaging of zebrafish.
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Sato, Moritoshi. "Fluorescent Probes to Visualize Lipid Messengers." MEMBRANE 37, no. 4 (2012): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.37.164.

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Johansson, Lennart B. Å., Julian G. Molotkovsky, and Lev D. Bergelson. "Fluorescence properties of anthrylvinyl lipid probes." Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 53, no. 2-3 (March 1990): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-3084(90)90044-r.

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Turner, R. J., J. Thompson, S. Sariban-Sohraby, and J. S. Handler. "Monoclonal antibodies as probes of epithelial membrane polarization." Journal of Cell Biology 101, no. 6 (December 1, 1985): 2173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.101.6.2173.

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Monoclonal antibodies directed against antigens in the apical plasma membrane of the toad kidney epithelial cell line A6 were produced to probe the phenomena that underlie the genesis and maintenance of epithelial polarity. Two of these antibodies, 17D7 and 18C3, were selected for detailed study here. 17D7 is directed against a 23-kD peptide found on both the apical and basolateral surfaces of the A6 epithelium whereas 18C3 recognizes a lipid localized to the apical membrane only. This novel observation of an apically localized epithelial lipid species indicates the existence of a specific sorting and insertion process for this, and perhaps other, epithelial plasma membrane lipids. The antibody-antigen complexes formed by both these monoclonal antibodies are rapidly internalized by the A6 cells, but only the 18C3-antigen complex is recycled to the plasma membrane. In contrast to the apical localization of the free antigen, however, the 18C3-antigen complex is recycled to both the apical and basolateral surface of the epithelium, which indicates that monoclonal antibody binding interferes in some way with the normal sorting process for this apical lipid antigen.
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Fam, Tkhe, Andrey Klymchenko, and Mayeul Collot. "Recent Advances in Fluorescent Probes for Lipid Droplets." Materials 11, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 1768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091768.

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Lipid droplets (LDs) are organelles that serve as the storage of intracellular neutral lipids. LDs regulate many physiological processes. They recently attracted attention after extensive studies showed their involvement in metabolic disorders and diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Therefore, it is of the highest importance to have reliable imaging tools. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the development of selective fluorescent probes for LDs. Their photophysical properties are described, and their advantages and drawbacks in fluorescence imaging are discussed. At last, we review the reported applications using these probes including two-photon excitation, in vivo and tissue imaging, as well as LDs tracking.
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Jiménez-López, Cristina, and André Nadler. "Caged lipid probes for controlling lipid levels on subcellular scales." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 72 (February 2023): 102234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102234.

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Kahya, Nicoletta. "Light on fluorescent lipids in rafts: a lesson from model membranes." Biochemical Journal 430, no. 3 (August 27, 2010): e7-e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20101196.

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Tracking fluorescent lipids in cellular membranes has been applied for decades to shed light on membrane trafficking, sorting, endocytosis and exocytosis, viral entry, and to understand the functional relevance of membrane heterogeneity, phase separation and lipid rafts. However, fluorescent probes may display different organizing behaviour from their corresponding endogenous lipids. A full characterization of these probes is therefore required for proper interpretation of fluorescence microscopy data in complex membrane systems. Model membrane studies provide essential clues that guide us to design and interpret our experiments, help us to avoid pitfalls and resolve artefacts in complex cellular environments. In the present issue of the Biochemical Journal, Juhasz, Davis and Sharom demonstrate the importance of testing lipid probes systematically in heterogeneous model membranes of specific composition and well-defined thermodynamic properties. The phase-partitioning behaviour of fluorescent probes, alone and/or in combination, cannot simply be assumed, but has to be fully characterized.
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Yamada, Ken-ichi, Fumiya Mito, Yuta Matsuoka, Satsuki Ide, Kazushige Shikimachi, Ayano Fujiki, Daiki Kusakabe, et al. "Fluorescence probes to detect lipid-derived radicals." Nature Chemical Biology 12, no. 8 (June 13, 2016): 608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.2105.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lipid Probes"

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Garton, Natalie Jane. "Investigation of mycobacterial lipid domains by use of fluorescent lipid probes." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244396.

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Gäbler, Anne [Verfasser]. "Alkyne lipid probes and azide detection reagents for in vitro enzymatic assays and highly sensitive lipid imaging / Anne Gäbler." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1113688173/34.

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Xiaoqian, Chen. "Liposome and drug-targeted molecular probes for detecting lipid droplets and tracking cancer cells." Магістерська робота, Kyiv National University of Technology and Design, 2021. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/19264.

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LDs are considered to be organelles with extremely low water content and high viscosity. Related to diseases such as diabetes, diabetes, cancer, etc., when the disease is abnormal, lipid droplets in cells will appear, so we have developed four types of lipid droplets. We designed and constructed a simple coumarin-absorbed p-nitrophenbutylethyl compound as a potential new organic biocatalyst for imaging groups. The internal projection belt shifts to the solar wavelength region. In addition, it is produced by the framework of the donor structure of the Fox also bridge. Stokes camera (100 nm, more than good LD, low biological toxicity and low biological toxicity and introduction. In addition, the biological probe Cou-LDs can also mark the emission of LDs in live zebras. We synthesized two new probes, LDP-1 and LDP-2, which showed a resolution of 4758 cm-1 and 3986 cm-1, respectively. In addition, the biological probes LDP1 and LDP show low biological toxicity and good specificity. These two probes are also suitable for life cycle monitoring of cell LD release in HeLa. At the same time, we have developed a new type of luminescent chemical sensor that can effectively mark the inside of the cell. In addition, the anti-interference, pH stability, and low biological toxicity of decoys have been deeply rooted in cell imaging and zebra fish imaging.
Ліпідні краплі (LD) вважаються органелами з надзвичайно низьким вмістом води та високою в’язкістю. Пов’язані з такими захворюваннями, як цукровий діабет, рак, тобто, коли хвороба є аномальною, у клітинах з’являться ліпідні краплі, тому ми розробили чотири типи ліпідних крапель. Розроблено просту п-нітрофенбутилетилову сполуку, що поглинає кумарин, як потенційний новий органічний біокаталізатор для груп візуалізації. Внутрішній проекційний спектр зміщується в видимій області світла. Крім того, сполуку виготовляють на основі донорського матеріалу. Камера Стокса (100 нм, більш ніж хороший LD, низька біологічна токсичність і низька біологічна токсичність і введення). Синтезовано два нових зонди, LDP-1 і LDP-2, які показали роздільну здатність 4758 см-1 і 3986 см-1 відповідно. Крім того, біологічні зонди LDP-1 і LDP-2 демонструють низьку біологічну токсичність і хорошу специфічність. Ці два зонди також підходять для моніторингу життєвого циклу вивільнення клітинної LD в HeLa. Розроблено новий тип люмінесцентного хімічного датчика, який може ефективно позначати внутрішню частину клітини.
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Sachl, Radek. "Localisation of Fluorescent Probes and the estimation of Lipid Nanodomain sizes by modern fluorescence techniques." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-52619.

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The thesis is divided into two major parts. The first part focuses on the localisation of probes in lipid/polymeric bilayers and in GM1 micelles. Included in this thesis is a new approach based on electronic energy transfer/migration (FRET/DDEM), which efficiently determines transversal positions of fluorescent molecules in lipid bilayers. This approach has been used to locate newly synthesized lipid probes in DOPC bilayers. The label was introduced at the end of sn-2 acyl chains of variable length. Analytical models accounting for FRET exist for a limited number of basic geometries. Here, a combination of FRET and Monte Carlo simulations enables the localisation of probes in bicelles and in bilayers containing pores, i.e. in lipid systems with variable curvature, or in non-homogenous lipid systems. This approach has been used to test whether conical-like fluorescence probes have an increased affinity to highly curved regions, which would enable preferential labelling of membrane pores. A simplified FRET model has been applied to localize 2-pyridones, a class of potential drugs, in GM1 micelles. Since the localisation of drugs within nanoparticles might influence the release kinetics and loading efficiency, knowledge about the drug location is highly relevant. It turned out that all derivatives were localised at the core-shell interface of GM1 micelles. The second part of the thesis focuses mainly on the estimation of lipid nanodomain size by means of FRET, which still remains the most powerful method in this field. Limitations of FRET in the determination of domain size have been explored. We showed that the limitations of FRET are mainly caused by a low probes affinity to either the liquid-ordered or liquid-disordered phase. In the continuing work we provided a detailed dynamic and structural study of crosslinker-triggered formation of nanodomains. Here, two different domains have been revealed, i.e. i) domains whose size grows with increasing amount of added cholera toxin (CTxB), and to which CTxB binds tightly; ii) domains formed in membranes containing a slightly increased amount of sphingomyelin (as compared to i) whose size does not change during titration by additional CTxB and to which CTxB binds less tightly.
Disertace je rozdělena do dvou hlavníchčástí. Prvníčást se zabývá lokalizací značek v lipidových/polymerních dvojvrstvách a v GM1micelách. V práci prezentujeme nový přístup založený na přenosu/migraci elektronické energie (FRET/DDEM), jež umožňuje efektivně určovat vertikální pozici fluorescenčních molekul uvnitř lipidové dvojvrstvy. Tato metoda byla použita k lokalizaci nově syntetizovaných lipidových značek značených na konci sn-2 acylového řetězce s různou délkou v DOPC dvojvrstvách. Analytické modely popisující FRET existují pouze pro limitovaný počet základních geometrií. Kombinace FRETu s Monte Carlo simulacemi nicméně umožňuje lokalizaci značek v bicelách a v dvojvrstvách obsahujících póry, tj. v lipidových systémech s proměnlivým zakřivením a v nehomogenních lipidových útvarech. Tento přístup umožnil např. zjistit, zda kuželovitětvarované značky mají zvýšenou afinitu k vysoce zakřiveným oblastem dvojvrstvy, což by umožnilo preferenční značení pórů. Lokalizovány byly rovněž tři deriváty 2-pyridonů(potencionálních léčiv) v GM1micelách za použití jednoduchého modelu zohledňujícího FRET mezi donory a akceptory nacházejícími se v micelách. Lokalizace léčiv v nanočásticích ovlivňuje kinetiku uvolňování (release kinetics) a množství látky solubilizované v micelách (loading efficiency). Druhá část se především zabývá určováním velikostí lipidových nanodomén pomocí FRETu, který stále zůstává nejvíce výkonnou metodou v této oblasti. Zkoumány byly limitace FRETu v určování lipidových nanodomén. Ukázalo se, že tato omezení jsou především způsobena nízkou afinitou značek buď k Lonebo k Ldfázi. V navazující studii jsme poskytnuli detailní dynamickou a strukturní studii formace nanodomén indukované crosslinkerem. Objevili jsme dva typy domén: a) domény, jejichž velikost se zvětšuje s rostoucím množstvím přidaného cholera toxinu (CTxB) a k nimž se CTxB váže pevně a b) domény vzniklé v membránách se zvýšeným množstvím sfingomyelinu (ve srovnání s a)), jejichž velikost se nemění během titrace dodatečným CTxB a k nimž se CTxB váže méně pevně.
This thesis has been elaborated within the framework of the Agreement on JointSupervision (co-tutelle) of an International Doctoral Degree Programmebetween Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic and the Department of Chemistry at Umeå University, Sweden.
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Carter, Ramirez Daniel Marcelo. "Fluorescent and Photocaged Lipids to Probe the Ceramide-mediated Reorganization of Biological Membranes." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23713.

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This thesis describes the development of novel fluorescent and photocaged lipids, and their application as tools to probe the morphological effects of ceramide (Cer)-mediated membrane reorganization in supported lipid bilayers. Cer is a sphingolipid found in eukaryotic cells that plays a key role in regulating biological processes such as apoptosis, cell-to-cell communication, differentiation and some types of pathogenesis. Sphingolipid and cholesterol-rich lipid rafts in the plasma membrane are thought to be the point of origin for many of this lipid second messenger’s effects. Cer is formed in the exoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane via the enzymatic hydrolysis of sphingomyelin. The compositional complexity of biological membranes has prompted the adoption of simpler model systems to study the effects of Cer generation. When it is directly incorporated into model membranes, Cer segregates into highly ordered domains with physical properties that are distinct from those of the surrounding fluid environments. However, enzymatic generation of Cer induces complex and dynamic membrane heterogeneity that is difficult to interpret and reconcile with its direct incorporation. Here I describe the synthesis of 4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-7-yl (NBD)-labelled cholesterol (Chol) and Cer analogs, and their use as probes in model membranes exhibiting liquid-disordered (Ld) and liquid-ordered (Lo) phase coexistence. The Chol probes reproduce the modest enrichment of Chol in Lo membrane domains as well as the Cer-induced displacement of cholesterol. One of the NBD Chol probes is used to provide direct visualization of Chol redistribution during enzymatic Cer generation, and assists in identifying new features as Cer-rich regions. The NBD-labelled Cer quantifies membrane order using orientational order parameter measurements derived from polarized total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (pTIRFM) images. The probe reports on changes in membrane order upon enzymatic generation of Cer, and indicates a significant increase in the molecular order of Ld membrane regions that is consistent with the redistribution of Chol into these areas. The probe also identifies de novo Cer-rich domains as areas of particularly high molecular order. In the final project area, 6-Bromo-7-hydroxycoumarin-4-ylmethyl (Bhc)-caged Cers are shown to release Cer rapidly and efficiently upon irradiation with near-visible UV light. The caged lipids are then incorporated into supported membranes and photolyzed to release Cer with a high degree of spatial and temporal control. Controlled Cer generation is then used to drive protein-ganglioside clustering in lipid bilayers.
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Danylchuk, Dmytro. "Environment-sensitive targeted fluorescent probes for live-cell imaging." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021STRAF012.

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Le ciblage, l'imagerie et le sondage spécifiques des membranes plasmiques et des organites intracellulaires peuvent être faits par des sondes fluorescentes à façon sensibles à la polarité. Ici, un nouveau fragment ciblant la membrane plasmique à été développé et testé dans cinq colorants cyanines, montrant d'excellentes performances en microscopie cellulaire et in vivo. Le fragment à été greffé à un fluorophore solvatochrome Prodan, donnant une sonde de membrane plasmique avec une sensibilité élevée à l'ordre lipidique. Le rouge de Nil, greffé aux fragments avec les chaînes alkyles C12 et C4, à donné deux sondes solvatochromes à membrane plasmique : NR12A pour la microscopie conventionnelle, et NR4A pour la microscopie à super-résolution PAINT. Le rouge de Nil avec des groupes ciblant les organites à donné un éventail de sondes sensibles à la polarité et à l'ordre lipidique dans les membranes des organites. Les sondes synthétisées trouveront des applications en bioimagerie, biologie cellulaire, biophysique ou mécanobiologie
Specific targeting, imaging and probing of cell plasma membranes and intracellular organelles can be addressed by rationally designed polarity-sensitive fluorescent probes. Here, a new efficient plasma membrane-targeting moiety was developed and tested in five cyanine dyes, showing excellent performance in cellular and in vivo microscopy. Next, the targeting moiety was grafted to a solvatochromic dye Prodan, yielding a plasma membrane probe with high lipid order sensitivity. Modifying a Nile Red using the moieties with varied alkyl chain lengths resulted in two solvatochromic plasma membrane probes: NR12A with high affinity to membranes for conventional microscopy, and NR4A, a low-affinity probe for PAINT super-resolution microscopy. Tethering Nile Red with organelle-targeted groups yielded an array of probes, able to sense polarity and lipid order in organelle membranes. The synthesized probes will find applications in bioimaging, cell biology, biophysics or mechanobiology
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Kreder, Rémy. "Sondes moléculaires multifonctionnelles pour l'imagerie de fluorecence de membranes cellulaires." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ006/document.

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Conçues à partir d’une approche rationnelle, nous avons créé de nouvelles sondes membranaires permettant l’imagerie de l’organisation de la membrane plasmique cellulaire. Dans ce travail, nous avons d’abord développé un groupe d’outils, à partir du fluorophore solvatochrome Nile Red et de Black Hole Quencher-2, capable de marquer spécifiquement les domaines ordonnés et désordonnés (radeaux) en les identifiant par leur couleur d’émission. Les études cellulaires, à l’aide de ces sondes, suggèrent que la membrane plasmique est composée de deux phases distinctes. Puis dans le but de créer de nouvelles sondes basées sur Nile Red compatibles avec le sérum et fixables par formaldéhyde/glutaraldéhyde, nous avons modifié la sonde, préalablement développée, NR12S avec un groupement PEG ou amino, respectivement. Etonnamment, la sonde PEGylée est rapidement internalisée dans la cellule et le dérivé animo agrège avec l’agent fixant. D’un autre côté,basée sur Nile Red, nous avons conçu une sonde capable de détecter un récepteur donné et de visualiser son environnement lipidique. Initialement, nous avons obtenu des sondes capables d’allumer leur fluorescence en se liant sur le RCPG à l’ocytocine. Puis, nous avons conjugué NR12Spar l’intermédiaire d’un espaceur PEG(12) au ligand de l’intégrine, RGD. Les résultats préliminaires montrent que la molécule peut se lier à la membrane et détecter l’ordre lipidique, cependant les études cellulaires nécessitent un achèvement. Nous avons aussi travaillé sur des sondes membranaires fluorogéniques (turn-on) pour de l’imagerie multi-couleurs. Basées sur le fluorophore3-méthoxychromone, nous avons obtenu des sondes plus brillantes et plus photostables que la sonde développée originellement à partir de 3-hydroxychromone (F2N12S). Grâce à l’important déplacement de Stokes, elles permettent une imagerie de la membrane cellulaire avec une autofluorescence minimale dans la région spectrale bleue, compatible avec les marqueurs communs verts et rouges. Pour finir, basées sur le fluorophore squaraine, nous avons développé trois nouvelles sondes opérant dans la région rouge lointain, qui est particulièrement intéressante pour l’imagerie in vitro et in vivo. Ces sondes montrent une orientation parallèle avec la membrane lipidique, alors que les expériences cellulaires indiquent que seule la sonde avec deux ancres lipidiques est capable de marquer de façon stable la membrane plasmique. Ces sondes développées ici sont prévues pour être utilisées dans la recherche des radeaux lipidiques aussi bien que pour l’imagerie super-résolution et multi-couleurs de cellules vivantes
Based on rational molecular design, we design new membrane probes that enable fluorescence imaging of cell plasma membrane organization. In this work, we first synthesized a toolkit, based on solvatochromic Nile Red dye and Black Hole Quencher-2, that can stain specifically ordered and disordered lipid domains (rafts) and identify them by the emission color. Cellular studies with these probes suggested that the plasma membrane is composed of two distinct phases. Then,with the idea to make Nile Red-based probes compatible with serum medium and fixable by formaldehyde/glutaraldehyde, we modified previously developed probe NR12S with PEG and aminogroups, respectively. Surprisingly, the PEGylated probe is quickly internalized inside the cell and the amino-derivative aggregates with the fixing agent. On the other hand, based on Nile Red we designed probes capable to detect a given receptor and visualize its lipid environment. Initially, we obtained probes that can turn-on fluorescence on binding to the oxytocin GPCR receptor. Then, we conjugated NR12S through a PEG(12) spacer to the ligand of intergrin, RGD. The first data show that the molecule can bind to the membrane and detect the lipid order, though cellular studies have to be completed. We also worked on fluorogenic (turn-on) membrane probes for multi-color imaging. Based on blue 3-methoxychromone dyes, we obtained probes that are brighter and more photostable than the originally developed probe based on 3-hydroxychromone (F2N12S). Due to large Stocks shift, they enabled cell membrane imaging with minimal auto-fluorescence in the blue spectral region, compatible with common green and red probes. At the end, based on squaraine fluorophore, we developed three new probes operating in the far red region, which is also very interesting for in vitro and in vivo imaging. These dyes show a parallel orientation with the lipid membrane, while the cellular experiments point out that only the probe with two anchor groups is able to stain stably the plasma membrane. The probes developed here are expected to be used for lipid rafts research as well as for super-resolution and multi-color imaging of living cells
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Burdíková, Jana. "Fosfolipidy jako základ biodegradabilních nosičových systémů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216959.

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This thesis is focused on investigation of phospholipid-hyaluronan system. First, appropriate method for preparation of bulk solution of phospholipid/lipid and suitable fluorescence probe were chosen. Sonification was selected as a method for preparation of bulk solution and pyrene was chosen as a fluorescence probe. From the group of phospholipids lecithin was selected. Next to phospholipid, lipid with no phosphate group (DPTAP) was utilized for comparison, alternatively a mixture of lipid (DPTAP) and phospholipid (DPPC). Instead of hyaluronan another polyelectrolytes (sodium polystyrene sulfonate, sodium alginate) were used too. Measurements were performed in water environment and in phosphate buffer saline (PBS). All investigation was accomplished by fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering.
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Zhao, Yue. "Synthetic probes for bacterial lipids and dimerizing proteins." Thesis, Boston College, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104623.

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Thesis advisor: Eranthie Weerapana
This thesis includes two projects: “Bacteria-selective borono-peptides” and “A split ligand for lanthanide binding: facile evaluation of dimerizing proteins”. In both projects, de novo designed molecules were synthesized, optimized and incorporated into peptides. These synthetic molecular tools allow selective targeting of bacterial cell membranes and analyzing the dynamic associations of membrane-embedded proteins. 1. Bacteria-selective borono-peptides As the antibiotic resistance continues to grow, bacterial infection becomes one of the major threats to global public health. Currently, almost all the bacteria targeting strategies employ non-covalent driving forces, including charge-charge interactions, hydrophobic interactions and the formation of hydrogen bonds, to achieve bacterial selectivity. Towards novel bacteria targeting molecules, we have recruited reversible covalent chemistry in the development of bacteria-selective peptides. Targeting the diol-rich environment of a bacterial surface, we have designed and synthesized several unnatural amino acids that contain boronic acid moieties. Taking advantage of the boronic acid-diol reaction and multivalency effect, our borono-peptides are found to selectively recognize bacteria over mammalian cells. The sensitivity of the binding event to carbohydrate competitors gives a safe and facile approach to regulate molecular association with bacterial cells. This design may find applications in the fields of bacterial detection, imaging and antimicrobial drug delivery. 2. A split ligand for lanthanide binding: facile evaluation of dimerizing proteins Protein dimerization is a ubiquitous phenomenon in biology and plays a critical role in transcription regulations and various signaling processes. Methods that allow facile detection and quantification of protein dimers are highly desirable for evaluating protein dimerization in physiology and disease. Meanwhile, luminescence of lanthanides is attractive for biological applications due to its long lifetime and sharp emission profiles. We have developed a split lanthanide binding ligand that allows facile evaluation of dimerizing proteins. The fast lanthanide–ligand (dis)association allows us to monitor the dynamic behavior of dimerizing proteins. We have demonstrated the successful application of our assay on both soluble and transmembrane proteins in complex biological milieu. The split lanthanide ligand is cysteine reactive, and therefore should be readily applicable to a variety of proteins of interest
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Chemistry
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Kelly, Michael A. "Developing Peptide Probes for Membrane Lipids via Phage Display:." Thesis, Boston College, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108919.

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Thesis advisor: Jianmin Gao
Lipid reporters are key signaling molecules in a number of biological processes ranging from apoptosis in mammalian cells to novel resistance mechanisms in pathogenic bacteria. Developing probes to target these lipids is a worthy endeavor, especially when better reporters could mean lives saved. This is particularly true considering new antibiotic resistant pathogens emerge every year with evolving lipid compositions. To combat these pathogens and prevent a potential global pandemic, it is imperative to continue the development of novel and innovative probes/drugs to meet this daunting challenge. To fulfill this demand, we must continue to establish new strategies, enhance current technologies and advance scientific understanding. Only by pushing the boundaries of what is currently possible will we remain one step ahead of these diseases. Diseases like mcr-1 positive bacteria, first documented in 2016, remain largely uncontested. Herein, we seek to expand the available probes specific to key lipid reporters for phosphatidylserine, lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphoethanolamine lipid A. Cyclic phage libraries were first utilized to target phosphatidylserine, ultimately producing weak binders. Refining our phage display libraries to include reversible covalent warheads allowed for the identification of more potent lipid reporters. In doing so, we have created the tools necessary to interrogate the unique resistance mechanisms expressed by these drug-resistant pathogens. A strong correlation was observed between peptides binding mcr-1 positive strains, LPS modification on the surface of these bacteria, and level of colistin resistance. To our knowledge, these peptides are the only probes capable of demonstrating this correlation. We surmise that the methods discussed here will pave the way for better diagnostic tools for these resistant pathogens. A recurring method of resistance among gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria has been to decorate their surface with positive amines to repel cationic antimicrobial peptides. As such, our current APBA library and the libraries in development in the Gao lab would be ideally suited to target these and other undiscovered resistance mechanisms
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Chemistry
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Books on the topic "Lipid Probes"

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Ānandamaitreya, Baḷangoḍa. Prabudha lipi. Rājagiriya: Kurulu Pot Prakāśakayō, 2004.

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Perērā, Pīṭar Kăniyuṭ. Su-dasuna: Kitunu lipi ekatuva. Koḷamba: Ăs. Goḍagē saha Sahōdarayō, 2009.

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Perērā, Pīṭar Kăniyuṭ. Su, dasuna: Kitunu lipi ekatuva. Koḷamba: Ăs. Goḍagē saha Sahōdarayō, 2009.

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Perērā, Pīṭar Kăniyuṭ. Su-dasuna: Kitunu lipi ekatuva. Koḷamba: Ăs. Goḍagē saha Sahōdarayō, 2009.

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Haase-Aschoff, Inge. Lipide und deren Verhalten in belebten Schlämmen. München: R. Oldenbourg, 1985.

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Szydłowski, Eugeniusz. Wpływ wysiłku fizycznego na proces peroksydacji lipidów i aktywność enzymów antyoksydacyjnych u osób zdrowych. Poznań: Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego, 1994.

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Grace, Nani. Dukungan teknologi informasi dalam mempercepat proses eksternalisasi (tacit-eksplisit) dan kombinasi (eksplisit-eksplisit) pada lembaga litbang: Kasus LIPI : kegiatan penyebaran dan saling berbagi pengetahuan pada intra-LIPI. Jakarta: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Pusat Penelitian Perkembangan Iptek, 2005.

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Kaushik, Sanket, and Nagendra Singh, eds. Current Developments in the Detection and Control of Multi Drug Resistance. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97898150498791220101.

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The rise in the incidence of infections is caused by multi drug resistant (MDR) bacteria, it is essential to elucidate the basic mechanism of antibiotic resistance to discover effective methods for diagnosis and treatment of infections. The use of pathogen-specific probes offers a faster alternative for pathogen detection and could improve the diagnosis of infection. High resolution melting analysis techniques are useful for the detection of multi drug resistant pathogens. Rational Structural Based Drug Design is a common method to identify a lead compound and take it forward for further developments. This book provides information about recent strategies involved in the diagnosis and treatment of infections caused by MDR bacteria. The volume covers the use of molecular probes for the quantification of pathogenic bacteria, along with other techniques mentioned above. Chapters also cover the use of identification of novel drug targets from the Lipid A biosynthesis and also from quorum sensing mediated biofilm formation in MDR bacteria. Chapters also cover herbal alternatives for the treatment of MDR bacteria like the use of Cassia aungustifolia in treatment of various diseases. The reference is suitable for biomedical students, cellular and molecular biologists.
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Wahid, Mohamed Sameer Al-Abdul. Oxygen as a paramagnetic probe for nuclear magnetic resonance: Structure and paramagnetic profile of a lipid bilayer/membrane model system. 2005.

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Parlato, Marianna, and Jean-Marc Cavaillon. Innate immunity and the inflammatory cascade. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0299.

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Inflammation results from a complex interaction between a large number of mediators able to induce each other and to favour the generation of other inflammatory molecules (e.g. free radicals, lipid mediators, and proteases). The perpetuation of inflammation by these cascades of mediators is favoured by their ability to induce coagulation, leukocyte recruitment, and cell and tissue alteration (apoptosis, necrosis, and barrier disruption). Other cascades of mediators occur to generate anti-inflammatory mediators favouring the healing process. A neuroendocrine loop and neuromediators from central and peripheral nervous system are also involved in the process, allowing a return to homeostasis.
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Book chapters on the topic "Lipid Probes"

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Hullin-Matsuda, Françoise, Reiko Ishitsuka, Miwa Takahashi, and Toshihide Kobayashi. "Imaging Lipid Membrane Domains with Lipid-Specific Probes." In Lipidomics, 203–20. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-325-1_11.

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Hamilton, Desmond J., Yuheng Cai, Rupinder Kaur, Grant W. Marquart, Marilyn R. Mackiewicz, and Scott M. Reed. "Lipid-Coated Gold Nanoparticles as Probes for Membrane Binding." In Springer Protocols Handbooks, 1–16. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/8623_2016_8.

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Cebecauer, Marek, and Radek Šachl. "Lipophilic Fluorescent Probes: Guides to the Complexity of Lipid Membranes." In Fluorescent Analogs of Biomolecular Building Blocks, 367–92. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119179320.ch16.

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Stockert, Juan C. "Lipid Peroxidation Assay Using BODIPY-Phenylbutadiene Probes: A Methodological Overview." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 199–214. New York, NY: Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0896-8_16.

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Koenders, Sebastiaan T. A., Berend Gagestein, and Mario van der Stelt. "Opportunities for Lipid-Based Probes in the Field of Immunology." In Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 283–319. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/82_2018_127.

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Aliaga, Carolina, and Marcos Caroli Rezende. "Location, Orientation and Buoyance Effects of Radical Probes as Studied by EPR." In Lipid Oxidation in Food and Biological Systems, 133–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87222-9_6.

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Kusio, Jarosław, and Grzegorz Litwinienko. "Fluorescent Probes for Monitoring Oxidation of Lipids and Assessment of Antioxidant Activity." In Lipid Oxidation in Food and Biological Systems, 49–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87222-9_3.

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Kwok, Vivian, Eric Vachon, and Gregory P. Downey. "Use of Fluorescent Probes to Detect Lipid Signaling Intermediates in Macrophages." In Macrophages and Dendritic Cells, 301–28. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-396-7_19.

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Flannagan, Ronald S., and Sergio Grinstein. "The Application of Fluorescent Probes for the Analysis of Lipid Dynamics During Phagocytosis." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 121–34. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-404-3_7.

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Petrache, Horia I., and Michael F. Brown. "X-Ray Scattering and Solid-State Deuterium Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Probes of Structural Fluctuations in Lipid Membranes." In Methods in Membrane Lipids, 341–53. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-519-0_23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Lipid Probes"

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Talley, Chad E., and Robert C. Dunn. "Single molecule probes of lipid membrane dynamics." In BiOS 2000 The International Symposium on Biomedical Optics, edited by Shuming Nie, Eiichi Tamiya, and Edward S. Yeung. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.383346.

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Charan, Shobhit, Fan-Ching Chien, Narendra Singh, and Peilin Chen. "Development of Lipid Targeted Raman Probes for Caenorhabditis Elegans." In Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2009.jwc69.

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Krumova, Katerina, and Gonzalo Cosa. "Novel probes for visualizing reactive oxygen species in lipid membranes." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by Brian M. Cullum, D. Marshall Porterfield, and Karl S. Booksh. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.850978.

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Mohapatra, Monalisa, and Ashok K. Mishra. "Fluorescent molecular probes based on excited state prototropism in lipid bilayer membrane." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Samuel Achilefu and Ramesh Raghavachari. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.910655.

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Franklin Benial, A. Milton, M. Kumara Dhas, Kazuhiro Ichikawa, Ken-ichi Yamada, Fuminori Hyodo, A. Jawahar, and Hideo Utsumi. "Permeability studies of nitroxyl spin probes through lipid membranes using L-band ESR spectrometer." In SOLID STATE PHYSICS: Proceedings of the 56th DAE Solid State Physics Symposium 2011. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4709942.

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Kilin, Vasyl, Zeinab Darwich, Ludovic Richert, Pascal Didier, Andrey Klymchenko, and Yves Mély. "Two photon fluorescence imaging of lipid membrane domains and potentials using advanced fluorescent probes." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Ammasi Periasamy, Karsten König, and Peter T. C. So. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2001492.

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Tartis, Michaelann S., Jan Marik, Azadeh Kheirolomoom, Rachel E. Pollard, Hua Zhang, Jinyi Qi, Julie L. Sutcliffe, and Katherine W. Ferrara. "Pharmacokinetics of Encapsulated Paclitaxel: Multi-Probe Analysis With PET." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176435.

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We have combined two imaging probes and used PET as a means to provide image-based validation for a novel targeted drug delivery system. The first probe was a direct labeling of the drug [18F]fluoropaclitaxel [1–3], which was inserted into various carrier vehicle formulations. The second probe, [18F]fluoro-1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol, i.e. [18F]FDP involved radiolabeling the lipid vehicle. Paclitaxel, which is poorly soluble in aqueous media, also has limited solubility and stability in lipophilic environments such as liposomes. Stable association of paclitaxel with the lipid bilayer is affected by a variety of physicochemical factors such as temperature and liposome composition. Paclitaxel crystal formation has been documented, with two forms of solid state within aqueous media and organic solvents, although crystal conformation differs in each media [4,5]. We provide dynamic in vivo image sets providing biodistribution and time activity curves of free [18F]fluoropaclitaxel and liposomal [18F]fluoropaclitaxel as well as free [18F]FDP, liposomal [18F]FDP, and [18F]FDP in an ultrasound contrast agent. Serial studies were performed within a small group of rats, minimizing inter-animal variability. The two labeled molecules have different biodistributions: paclitaxel is rapidly taken up in the liver, intestines and kidneys, while the labeled lipid incorporated into liposomes stays in circulation with minimal uptake in organs other than spleen. Here, we have developed a quantitative method to follow paclitaxel and lipid vehicles to their destination in vivo in order to improve targeted paclitaxel delivery.
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Meenakumari, V., Hideo Utsumi, Kazuhiro Ichikawa, Ken-ichi Yamada, Fuminori Hyodo, A. Jawahar, and A. Milton Franklin Benial. "Diffusion studies on permeable nitroxyl spin probes through bilayer lipid membranes: A low frequency ESR study." In NANOFORUM 2014. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4917641.

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Gerasimovich, N. V., I. V. Puhteeva, A. V. Vakanova, M. L. Levin, and L. A. Malkevich. "THE EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON THE STATE OF PEPTIDE COMPONENT OF PLASMATIC MEMBRANE OF BLOOD CELLS." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2022: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2022-1-259-262.

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The paper found that after a course of general cryotherapy, the degree of extinguishing tryptophan fluorescence with pyrene decreases in the plasma membranes of lymphocytes and platelets by approximately 35% and 50%, respectively, in relation to these indicators in the control group. Previously, it was shown that the main target of cryotherapy on blood cells is the lipid component of biomembranes. In particular, there is a transition of lipids to a more «liquid» state, which, in turn, to a certain extent affects the structure and function of proteins, as well as lipid-protein interactions. With shortterm exposure to ultra-low temperatures on the body, a system-wide change in the functioning of stress-realizing and adaptive mechanisms occurs. The mechanism of adaptation to ultra-low temperatures is associated with a change in the physicochemical state of the biological membranes of the cells of the body.
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Lazaridi, Eleni, and Boudewijn Hollebrands. "Selective ionization of oxidized versus non-oxidized lipid species using different solvent additives in direct infusion MS." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/uvqo5522.

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Lipid oxidation in food products is a crucial problem that causes undesirable changes in the food’s flavor, texture, nutritional value and consequently reduces shelf life. Even though lipid oxidation has been examined extensively and is rather well understood in bulk oils and fats, the processes behind it in more complex systems like emulsified foods are still largely unresolved. Oxidation reactions are believed to progress from the oil/water interface to the core of the oil droplets, making it important to understand the contribution of interfacial lipids (i.e. MAG, DAG and PL) to the lipid oxidation process. To study this, novel analytical tools are needed that allow the characterization of the highly complex mixture of oxidized species encountered in aged emulsified foods.In this study, a direct infusion mass spectrometry (MS) approach was set up to selectively ionize oxidized lipid species versus their non-oxidized precursors (DAG and TAG). Three mobile phase additives were investigated (NH4HCO2, C2H3NaO2 and NaI) at three different concentrations, and three ion source parameters (i.e. sheath gas temperature, nozzle and capillary voltage)were optimized. A fractional factorial design was conducted to examine not only the direct effect of the operating parameters on selective ionization of oxidized lipid species, but also assess their combined effect. A three level process was chosen to examine the effect of the selected parameters: (1) on the whole mass range of oxidized versus non oxidized lipid species, (2) on selected lipid species and their different oxidized forms, and (3) on the fragments of the lipid species investigated in the previous step. Selective ionization of oxidized versus non-oxidized lipid species was favored more by the use of sodium containing solvent additives. These findings will contribute to future studies on the influence of interfacial composition on lipid oxidation in complex emulsified food systems.
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Reports on the topic "Lipid Probes"

1

Porat, Ron, Gregory T. McCollum, Amnon Lers, and Charles L. Guy. Identification and characterization of genes involved in the acquisition of chilling tolerance in citrus fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7587727.bard.

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Citrus, like many other tropical and subtropical fruit are sensitive to chilling temperatures. However, application of a pre-storage temperature conditioning (CD) treatment at 16°C for 7 d or of a hot water brushing (HWB) treatment at 60°C for 20 sec remarkably enhances chilling tolerance and reduces the development of chilling injuries (CI) upon storage at 5°C. In the current research, we proposed to identify and characterize grapefruit genes that are induced by CD, and may contribute to the acquisition of fruit chilling tolerance, by two different molecular approaches: cDNA array analysis and PCR cDNA subtraction. In addition, following the recent development and commercialization of the new Affymetrix Citrus Genome Array, we further performed genome-wide transcript profiling analysis following exposure to CD and chilling treatments. To conduct the cDNA array analysis, we constructed cDNA libraries from the peel tissue of CD- and HWB-treated grapefruit, and performed an EST sequencing project including sequencing of 3,456 cDNAs from each library. Based on the obtained sequence information, we chose 70 stress-responsive and chilling-related genes and spotted them on nylon membranes. Following hybridization the constructed cDNA arrays with RNA probes from control and CD-treated fruit and detailed confirmations by RT-PCR analysis, we found that six genes: lipid-transfer protein, metallothionein-like protein, catalase, GTP-binding protein, Lea5, and stress-responsive zinc finger protein, showed higher transcript levels in flavedo of conditioned than in non-conditioned fruit stored at 5 ᵒC. The transcript levels of another four genes: galactinol synthase, ACC oxidase, temperature-induced lipocalin, and chilling-inducible oxygenase, increased only in control untreated fruit but not in chilling-tolerant CD-treated fruit. By PCR cDNA subtraction analysis we identified 17 new chilling-responsive and HWB- and CD-induced genes. Overall, characterization of the expression patterns of these genes as well as of 11 more stress-related genes by RNA gel blot hybridizations revealed that the HWB treatment activated mainly the expression of stress-related genes(HSP19-I, HSP19-II, dehydrin, universal stress protein, EIN2, 1,3;4-β-D-glucanase, and SOD), whereas the CD treatment activated mainly the expression of lipid modification enzymes, including fatty acid disaturase2 (FAD2) and lipid transfer protein (LTP). Genome wide transcriptional profiling analysis using the newly developed Affymetrix Citrus GeneChip® microarray (including 30,171 citrus probe sets) revealed the identification of three different chilling-related regulons: 1,345 probe sets were significantly affected by chilling in both control and CD-treated fruits (chilling-response regulon), 509 probe sets were unique to the CD-treated fruits (chilling tolerance regulon), and 417 probe sets were unique to the chilling-sensitive control fruits (chilling stress regulon). Overall, exposure to chilling led to expression governed arrest of general cellular metabolic activity, including concretive down-regulation of cell wall, pathogen defense, photosynthesis, respiration, and protein, nucleic acid and secondary metabolism. On the other hand, chilling enhanced various adaptation processes, such as changes in the expression levels of transcripts related to membranes, lipid, sterol and carbohydrate metabolism, stress stimuli, hormone biosynthesis, and modifications in DNA binding and transcription factors.
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Kanner, Joseph, Mark Richards, Ron Kohen, and Reed Jess. Improvement of quality and nutritional value of muscle foods. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7591735.bard.

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Food is an essential to our existence but under certain conditions it could become the origin to the accumulative health damages. Technological processes as heating, chopping, mincing, grounding, promote the lipid oxidation process in muscle tissues and meat foodstuffs. Lipid oxidation occurred rapidly in turkey muscle, intermediate in duck, and slowest in chicken during frozen storage. Depletion of tocopherol during frozen storage was more rapid in turkey and duck compared to chicken. These processes developed from lipid peroxides produce many cytotoxic compounds including malondialdehyde (MDA). The muscle tissue is further oxidized in stomach conditions producing additional cytotoxic compounds. Oxidized lipids that are formed during digestion of a meal possess the potential to promote reactions that incur vascular diseases. A grape seed extract (1% of the meat weight) and butylated hydroxytoluene (0.2% of the lipid weight) were each effective at preventing formation of lipid oxidation products for 3 hours during co-incubation with cooked turkey meat in simulated gastric fluid (SGF). Polyphenols in the human diet, as an integral part of the meal prevent the generation and absorption of cytotoxic compounds and the destruction of essential nutrients, eg. antioxidants vitamins during the meal. Polyphenols act as antioxidants in the gastrointestinal tract; they scavenge free radicals and may interact with reactive carbonyls, enzymes and proteins. These all reactions results in decreasing the absorption of reactive carbonyls and possible other cytotoxic compounds into the plasma. Consumptions of diet high in fat and red meat are contributory risk factors partly due to an increase production of cytotoxic oxidized lipid products eg. MDA. However, the simultaneously consumption of polyphenols rich foods reduce these factors. Locating the biological site of action of polyphenols in the in the gastrointestinal tract may explain the paradox between the protective effect of a highly polyphenols rich diet and the low bioavailability of these molecules in human plasma. It may also explain the "French paradox" and the beneficial effect of Mediterranean and Japanese diets, in which food products with high antioxidants content such as polyphenols are consumed during the meal.
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Epel, Bernard, and Roger Beachy. Mechanisms of intra- and intercellular targeting and movement of tobacco mosaic virus. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7695874.bard.

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To cause disease, plant viruses must replicate and spread locally and systemically within the host. Cell-to-cell virus spread is mediated by virus-encoded movement proteins (MPs), which modify the structure and function of plasmodesmata (Pd), trans-wall co-axial membranous tunnels that interconnect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) employ a single MP for cell- cell spread and for which CP is not required. The PIs, Beachy (USA) and Epel (Israel) and co-workers, developed new tools and approaches for study of the mechanism of spread of TMV that lead to a partial identification and molecular characterization of the cellular machinery involved in the trafficking process. Original research objectives: Based on our data and those of others, we proposed a working model of plant viral spread. Our model stated that MPᵀᴹⱽ, an integral ER membrane protein with its C-terminus exposed to the cytoplasm (Reichel and Beachy, 1998), alters the Pd SEL, causes the Pd cytoplasmic annulus to dilate (Wolf et al., 1989), allowing ER to glide through Pd and that this gliding is cytoskeleton mediated. The model claimed that in absence of MP, the ER in Pd (the desmotubule) is stationary, i.e. does not move through the Pd. Based on this model we designed a series of experiments to test the following questions: -Does MP potentiate ER movement through the Pd? - In the presence of MP, is there communication between adjacent cells via ER lumen? -Does MP potentiate the movement of cytoskeletal elements cell to cell? -Is MP required for cell-to-cell movement of ER membranes between cells in sink tissue? -Is the binding in situ of MP to RNA specific to vRNA sequences or is it nonspecific as measured in vitro? And if specific: -What sequences of RNA are involved in binding to MP? And finally, what host proteins are associated with MP during intracellular targeting to various subcellular targets and what if any post-translational modifications occur to MP, other than phosphorylation (Kawakami et al., 1999)? Major conclusions, solutions and achievements. A new quantitative tool was developed to measure the "coefficient of conductivity" of Pd to cytoplasmic soluble proteins. Employing this tool, we measured changes in Pd conductivity in epidermal cells of sink and source leaves of wild-type and transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) plants expressing MPᵀᴹⱽ incubated both in dark and light and at 16 and 25 ᵒC (Liarzi and Epel, 2005 (appendix 1). To test our model we measured the effect of the presence of MP on cell-to-cell spread of a cytoplasmic fluorescent probe, of two ER intrinsic membrane protein-probes and two ER lumen protein-probes fused to GFP. The effect of a mutant virus that is incapable of cell-to-cell spread on the spread of these probes was also determined. Our data shows that MP reduces SEL for cytoplasmic molecules, dilates the desmotubule allowing cell-cell diffusion of proteins via the desmotubule lumen and reduces the rate of spread of the ER membrane probes. Replicase was shown to enhance cell-cell spread. The data are not in support of the proposed model and have led us to propose a new model for virus cell-cell spread: this model proposes that MP, an integral ER membrane protein, forms a MP:vRNAER complex and that this ER-membrane complex diffuses in the lipid milieu of the ER into the desmotubule (the ER within the Pd), and spreads cell to cell by simple diffusion in the ER/desmotubule membrane; the driving force for spread is the chemical potential gradient between an infected cell and contingent non-infected neighbors. Our data also suggests that the virus replicase has a function in altering the Pd conductivity. Transgenic plant lines that express the MP gene of the Cg tobamovirus fused to YFP under the control the ecdysone receptor and methoxyfenocide ligand were generated by the Beachy group and the expression pattern and the timing and targeting patterns were determined. A vector expressing this MPs was also developed for use by the Epel lab . The transgenic lines are being used to identify and isolate host genes that are required for cell-to-cell movement of TMV/tobamoviruses. This line is now being grown and to be employed in proteomic studies which will commence November 2005. T-DNA insertion mutagenesis is being developed to identify and isolate host genes required for cell-to-cell movement of TMV.
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Zhao, Fangfang, Chunli Lu, Luying Chen, Yaxin Guo, Lijie Lu, Yuerong Jiang, Jianping Liu, and Keji Chen. Red yeast rice preparations for dyslipidemia: A protocol for an overview of systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.3.0032.

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Review question / Objective: What is the quality of systematic reviews/meta-analysis of red yeast rice (RYR) preparations for dyslipidemia? What is the comparative benefit of red yeast rice preparations on dyslipidemia compared to other lipid-lowering drugs? Based on the current controversies in dyslipidemia guidelines and clinical practice, to explore the relative benefits of red yeast rice compared with other lipid-lowering drugs, we plan to perform an overview of existing SRs/MAs. Condition being studied: Red yeast rice (RYR) has been used as an alternative to statin therapy in treating patients with dyslipidemia, particularly in those considered to be statin intolerant due to statin-associated myalgia (SAM), and clinical studies suggest that RYR is well-tolerated, safe, and effective for cardiovascular disease (CVD) primary prevention. Several studies support the beneficial effect of RYR on blood lipid profiles. Dyslipidemia is a worldwide public health challenge because of its high prevalence, leading to significant economic and social burdens. Many systematic reviews (SRs) /meta-analysis (MAs) have been performed to prove the effects of RYR on dyslipidemia during the past several years. High-quality SRs/MAs can provide clinicians, patients, and other decision-makers with a reliable scientific basis. However, existing SRs/MAs showed varied and heterogeneous results.
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5

Kanner, Joseph, Dennis Miller, Ido Bartov, John Kinsella, and Stella Harel. The Effect of Dietary Iron Level on Lipid Peroxidation of Muscle Food. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604282.bard.

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Biological oxidations are almost exclusively metal ion-promoted reactions and in ths respect iron, being the most abundant, is the commonly involved. The effect of dietary iron levels on pork, turkey and chick muscle lipid peroxidation and various other related compounds were evaluated. Crossbred feeder pigs were fed to market weight on corn-soy rations containing either 62, 131 or 209 ppm iron. After slaughter, the muscles were dissected, cooked and stored at 4°C. Heavily fortifying swine rations with iron (>200 ppm) increase nn-heme iron (NHI), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and decrease a-tocopherol in cooked stored pork but did not increase warmed-over aroma (WOA). NHI and TBARS were higher in cooked pork from pigs fed high-iron diets. Liver iron correlated with muscle iron. TBARS were strongly related with WOA. The role of dietary vitamin E and ascorbic acid on Fe-induced in vivo lipid peroxidation in swine was also evaluated. Moderate elevation in iron stores had a marked effect on oxidative stress, especially as indicated by liver TBARS. Supplemental vitamin E, and to a lesser extent vitamin C, protect against this oxidative stress. Unsupplementation of Fe in the regular diet of turkeys did not affect body weight, blood hemoglobin level, or iron pool in the liver or muscle. The reason being that it contained "natural" ~120 mg Fe/kg feed, and this amount is high enough to keep constant the pool of iron in the body, liver or muscle tissues. Only Fe-supplementation with high amounts of Fe (500 ppm) significantly increased turkey blood hemoglobin and total iron in the liver, in 1 out of 3 experiments, but only slightly affects iron pool in the muscles. It seems that the liver accumulates very high concentations of iron and significantly regulates iron concentration in skeletal muscles. For this reason, it was very difficult to decrease muscle stability in turkeys through a diet containing high levels of Fe-supplementation. It was shown that the significant increase in the amount of iron (total and "free") in the muscle by injections with Fe-dextran accelerated its lipid peroxidation rate and decreased its a-tocopherol concentration. The level and metabolism of iron in the muscles affects the intensity of in vivo lipid peroxidation. This process was found to ifluence the turnover and accumulation of a-tocopherol in turkey and chick muscles. Treatments which could significantly decrease the amount and metabolism of iron pool in muscle tissues (or other organs) may affect the rate of lipid peroxidation and the turnover of a-tocopherol. Several defense enzymes were determined and found in the turkey muscle, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Glutathione peroxidase was more active in muscles with a high trend of lipid peroxidation, lmore so in drumsticks than in breast muscles, or muscles with a low a-tocopherol content. The activity of glutathione peroxidase increased several fold in muscle stored at 4°C. Our work demonstrated that it will be much more practical to increase the stability of muscle tissues in swine, turkeys and chickens during storage and processing by increasing the amount of vitamin E in the diet than by withdrawing iron supplementation.
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6

Kanner, Joseph, Edwin Frankel, Stella Harel, and Bruce German. Grapes, Wines and By-products as Potential Sources of Antioxidants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7568767.bard.

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Several grape varieties and red wines were found to contain large concentration of phenolic compounds which work as antioxidant in-vitro and in-vivo. Wastes from wine production contain antioxidants in large amounts, between 2-6% on dry material basis. Red wines but also white wines were found to prevent lipid peroxidation of turkey muscle tissues stored at 5oC. The antioxidant reaction of flavonoids found in red wines against lipid peroxidation were found to depend on the structure of the molecule. Red wine flavonoids containing an orthodihydroxy structure around the B ring were found highly active against LDL and membrane lipid peroxidation. The antioxidant activity of red wine polyphenols were also found to be dependent on the catalyzer used. In the presence of H2O2-activated myoglobin, the inhibition efficiency was malvidin 3-glucoside>catechin>malvidin>resveratol. However, in the presence of an iron redox cycle catalyzer, the order of effectiveness was resveratol>malvidin 3-glucoside = malvidin>catechin. Differences in protein binding were found to affect antioxidant activity in inhibiting LDL oxidation. A model protein such as BSA, was investigated on the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds, grape extracts, and red wines in a lecithin-liposome model system. Ferulic acid followed by malvidin and rutin were the most efficient in inhibiting both lipid and protein oxidation. Catechin, a flavonal found in red-wines in relatively high concentration was found to inhibit myoglobin catalyzed linoleate membrane lipid peroxidation at a relatively very low concentration. This effect was studied by the determination of the by-products generated from linoleate during oxidation. The study showed that hydroperoxides are catalytically broken down, not to an alcohol but most probably to a non-radical adduct. The ability of wine-phenolics to reduce iron and from complexes with metals were also demonstrated. Low concentration of wine phenolics were found to inhibit lipoxygenase type II activity. An attempt to understand the bioavailability in humans of antocyanins from red wine showed that two antocyanins from red wine were found unchanged in human urine. Other antocyanins seems to undergo molecular modification. In hypercholesterolemic hamsters, aortic lipid deposition was significantly less in animals fed diets supplemented with either catechin or vitamin E. The rate of LDL accumulation in the carotid arteries was also significantly lower in the catechin and vitamin E animal groups. These results suggested a novel mechanism by which wine phenolics are associated with decreased risk of coronary heart diseases. This study proves in part our hypothesis that the "French Paradox" could be explained by the action of the antioxidant effects of phenolic compounds found at high concentration in red wines. The results of this study argue that it is in the interest of public health to increase the consumption of dietary plant falvonoids. Our results and these from others, show that the consumption of red wine or plant derived polyphenolics can change the antioxidant tone of animal and human plasma and its isolated components towards oxidative reactions. However, we need more research to better understand bioavailability and the mechanism of how polyphenolics affect health and disease.
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7

Davis, R., C. Kinchin, J. Markham, E. C. D. Tan, L. M. L. Laurens, D. Sexton, D. Knorr, P. Schoen, and J. Lukas. Process Design and Economics for the Conversion of Algal Biomass to Biofuels: Algal Biomass Fractionation to Lipid-and Carbohydrate-Derived Fuel Products. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1271650.

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8

Davis, R., C. Kinchin, J. Markham, E. Tan, L. Laurens, D. Sexton, D. Knorr, P. Schoen, and J. Lukas. Process Design and Economics for the Conversion of Algal Biomass to Biofuels: Algal Biomass Fractionation to Lipid- and Carbohydrate-Derived Fuel Products. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1159351.

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9

Handa, Avtar K., Yuval Eshdat, Avichai Perl, Bruce A. Watkins, Doron Holland, and David Levy. Enhancing Quality Attributes of Potato and Tomato by Modifying and Controlling their Oxidative Stress Outcome. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586532.bard.

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General The final goal and overall objective of the current research has been to modify lipid hydroperoxidation in order to create desirable phenotypes in two important crops, potato and tomato, which normally are exposed to abiotic stress associated with such oxidation. The specific original objectives were: (i) the roles of lipoxygenase (LOX) and phospholipids hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) in regulating endogenous levels of lipid peroxidation in plant tissues; (ii) the effect of modified lipid peroxidation on fruit ripening, tuber quality, crop productivity and abiotic stress tolerance; (iii) the effect of simultaneous reduction of LOX and increase of PHGPx activities on fruit ripening and tuber quality; and (iv) the role of lipid peroxidation on expression of specific genes. We proposed to accomplish the research goal by genetic engineering of the metabolic activities of LOX and PHGPx using regulatable and tissue specific promoters, and study of the relationships between these two consecutive enzymes in the metabolism and catabolism of phospholipids hydroperoxides. USA Significant progress was made in accomplishing all objectives of proposed research. Due to inability to regenerate tomato plants after transforming with 35S-PHGPx chimeric gene construct, the role of low catalase induced oxidative stress instead of PHGPx was evaluated on agronomical performance of tomato plant and fruit quality attributes. Effects of polyamine, that protects DNA from oxidative stress, were also evaluated. The transgenic plants under expressing lipoxygenase (LOX-sup) were crossed with catalase antisense (CAT-anti) plants or polyamine over producing plants (SAM-over) and the lines homozygous for the two transgenes were selected. Agronomical performance of these line showed that low catalase induced oxidative stress negatively affected growth and development of tomato plants and resulted in a massive change in fruit gene expression. These effects of low catalase activity induced oxidative stress, including the massive shift in gene expression, were greatly overcome by the low lipoxygenase activity. Collectively results show that oxidative stress plays significant role in plant growth including the fruit growth. These results also for the first time indicated that a crosstalk between oxidative stress and lipoxygenase regulated processes determine the outcome during plant growth and development. Israel Regarding PHGPx, most of the study has concentrated on the first and the last specific objectives, since it became evident that plant transformation with this gene is not obvious. Following inability to achieve efficient transformation of potato and tomato using a variety of promoters, model plant systems (tobacco and potato cell cultures, tobacco calli and plantlets, and Arabidopsis) were used to establish the factors and to study the obstacles which prohibited the regeneration of plants carrying the genetic machinery for overproduction of PHGPx. Our results clearly demonstrate that while genetic transformation and over-expression of PHGPx occurs in pre-developmental tissue stage (cell culture, calli clusters) or in completed plant (Arabidopsis), it is likely that over-expression of this enzyme before tissue differentiation is leading to a halt of the regeneration process. To support this assumption, experiments, in which genetic engineering of a point-mutated PHGPx gene enable transformation and over-expression in plants of PhSPY modified in its catalytic site and thus inactive enzymatically, were successfully carried out. These combined results strongly suggest, that if in fact, like in animals and as we established in vitro, the plant PHGPx exhibits PH peroxidase activity, these peroxides are vital for the organisms developmental process.
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10

Corscadden, Louise, and Anjali Singh. Metabolism And Measurable Metabolic Parameters. ConductScience, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55157/me20221213.

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Metabolism is the sum of chemical reactions involved in sustaining the life of organisms.[1] It constantly provides your body with the energy to perform essential functions. The process is categorized into two groups:[2] Catabolism: It’s the process of breaking down molecules to obtain energy. For example, converting glucose to pyruvate by cellular respiration. Anabolism: It’s the process of synthesis of compounds required to run the metabolic process of the organisms. For example, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.[2] Metabolism is affected by a range of factors, such as age, sex, muscle mass, body size, and physical activity affect metabolism or BMR (the basal metabolic rate). By definition, BMR is the minimum amount of calories your body requires to function at rest.[2] Now, you have a rough idea about the concept. But, you might wonder why you need to study it. What and how metabolic parameters are measured to determine the metabolism of the organism? Find the answer to all these questions in this article.
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