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Journal articles on the topic 'Lipid nanovectors'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Sánchez-Arribas, Natalia, María Martínez-Negro, Clara Aicart-Ramos, Conchita Tros de Ilarduya, Emilio Aicart, Andrés Guerrero-Martínez, and Elena Junquera. "Gemini Cationic Lipid-Type Nanovectors Suitable for the Transfection of Therapeutic Plasmid DNA Encoding for Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-12." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 5 (May 15, 2021): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050729.

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Ample evidence exists on the role of interleukin-12 (IL-12) in the response against many pathogens, as well as on its remarkable antitumor properties. However, the unexpected toxicity and disappointing results in some clinical trials are prompting the design of new strategies and/or vectors for IL-12 delivery. This study was conceived to further endorse the use of gemini cationic lipids (GCLs) in combination with zwitterionic helper lipid DOPE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidyl ethanol amine) as nanovectors for the insertion of plasmid DNA encoding for IL-12 (pCMV-IL12) into cells. Optimal GCL formulations previously reported by us were selected for IL-12-based biophysical experiments. In vitro studies demonstrated efficient pCMV-IL12 transfection by GCLs with comparable or superior cytokine levels than those obtained with commercial control Lipofectamine2000*. Furthermore, the nanovectors did not present significant toxicity, showing high cell viability values. The proteins adsorbed on the nanovector surface were found to be mostly lipoproteins and serum albumin, which are both beneficial to increase the blood circulation time. These outstanding results are accompanied by an initial physicochemical characterization to confirm DNA compaction and protection by the lipid mixture. Although further studies would be necessary, the present GCLs exhibit promising characteristics as candidates for pCMV-IL12 transfection in future in vivo applications.
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Béduneau, Arnaud, François Hindré, Anne Clavreul, Jean-Christophe Leroux, Patrick Saulnier, and Jean-Pierre Benoit. "Brain targeting using novel lipid nanovectors." Journal of Controlled Release 126, no. 1 (February 2008): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.11.001.

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3

Tapeinos, Christos, Attilio Marino, Matteo Battaglini, Simone Migliorin, Rosaria Brescia, Alice Scarpellini, César De Julián Fernández, Mirko Prato, Filippo Drago, and Gianni Ciofani. "Stimuli-responsive lipid-based magnetic nanovectors increase apoptosis in glioblastoma cells through synergic intracellular hyperthermia and chemotherapy." Nanoscale 11, no. 1 (2019): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr05520c.

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4

Campani, Virginia, Giuseppina Salzano, Sara Lusa, and Giuseppe De Rosa. "Lipid Nanovectors to Deliver RNA Oligonucleotides in Cancer." Nanomaterials 6, no. 7 (July 9, 2016): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano6070131.

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Clemente, Ilaria, Stefania Lamponi, Gabriella Tamasi, Liliana Rodolfi, Claudio Rossi, and Sandra Ristori. "Structuring and De-Structuring of Nanovectors from Algal Lipids: Simulated Digestion, Preliminary Antioxidant Capacity and In Vitro Tests." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 1847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14091847.

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Biocompatible nanocarriers can be obtained by lipid extraction from natural sources such as algal biomasses, which accumulate different lipid classes depending on the employed culture media. Lipid aggregates can be distinguished according to supramolecular architecture into lamellar and nonlamellar structures. This distinction is mainly influenced by the lipid class and molecular packing parameter, which determine the possible values of interfacial curvature and thus the supramolecular symmetries that can be obtained. The nanosystems prepared from bio-sources are able to self-assemble into different compartmentalized structures due to their complex composition. They also present the advantage of increased carrier-target biocompatibility and are suitable to encapsulate and vehiculate poorly water-soluble compounds, e.g., natural antioxidants. Their functional properties stem from the interplay of several parameters. Following previous work, here the functionality of two series of structurally distinct lipid nanocarriers, namely liposomes and cubosomes deriving from algal biomasses with different lipid composition, is characterized. In the view of their possible use as pharmaceutical or nutraceutical formulations, both types of nanovectors were loaded with three well-known antioxidants, i.e., curcumin, α-tocopherol and piperine, and their carrier efficacy was compared considering their different structures. Firstly, carrier stability in biorelevant conditions was assessed by simulating a gastrointestinal tract model. Then, by using an integrated chemical and pharmacological approach, the functionality in terms of encapsulation efficiency, cargo bioaccessibility and kinetics of antioxidant capacity by UV-Visible spectroscopy was evaluated. Subsequently, in vitro cytotoxicity and viability tests after administration to model cell lines were performed. As a consequence of this investigation, it is possible to conclude that nanovectors from algal lipids, i.e., cubosomes and liposomes, can be efficient delivery agents for lipophilic antioxidants, being able to preserve and enhance their activity toward different targets while promoting sustained release.
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Arpicco, Silvia, Giuseppe De Rosa, and Elias Fattal. "Lipid-Based Nanovectors for Targeting of CD44-Overexpressing Tumor Cells." Journal of Drug Delivery 2013 (March 7, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/860780.

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Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan that exists in living systems, and it is a major component of the extracellular matrix. The hyaluronic acid receptor CD44 is found at low levels on the surface of epithelial, haematopoietic, and neuronal cells and is overexpressed in many cancer cells particularly in tumour initiating cells. HA has been therefore used as ligand attached to HA-lipid-based nanovectors for the active targeting of small or large active molecules for the treatment of cancer. This paper describes the different approaches employed for the preparation, characterization, and evaluation of these potent delivery systems.
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7

Gangupomu, Vamshi K., and Franco M. Capaldi. "Interactions of Carbon Nanotube with Lipid Bilayer Membranes." Journal of Nanomaterials 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/830436.

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Understanding the interaction between a carbon nanotube and biological macromolecules such as lipid bilayers is important for the design and development of nanovectors for gene and drug delivery. The forces of penetration and the free energies of rupture of lipid bilayers during nanotube penetration were studied using nonequilibrium, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations for pure POPC and POPC/cholesterol bilayers. The presence of cholesterol did not alter the magnitude of the rupture force and minimally increased the estimated free energy of rupture. However, the ability of the nanotube to disrupt the membrane leading to membrane poration increased with increasing cholesterol content.
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8

Pardeshi, Chandrakantsing, Pravin Rajput, Veena Belgamwar, Avinash Tekade, Ganesh Patil, Kapil Chaudhary, and Abhijeet Sonje. "Solid lipid based nanocarriers: An overview / Nanonosači na bazi čvrstih lipida: Pregled." Acta Pharmaceutica 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 433–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10007-012-0040-z.

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In the era of nanoparticulate controlled and site specific drug delivery systems, use of solid lipids to produce first generation lipid nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), became a revolutionary approach in the early nineties. The present review is designed to provide an insight into how SLN are finding a niche as promising nanovectors and forms a sound basis to troubleshoot the existing problems associated with traditional systems. Herein, authors had tried to highlight the frontline aspects prominent to SLN. An updated list of lipids, advanced forms of SLN, methods of preparation, characterization parameters, and various routes of administration of SLN are explored in-depth. Stability, toxicity, stealthing, targeting efficiency and other prospectives of SLN are also discussed in detail. The present discussion embodies the potential of SLN, now being looked up by various research groups around the world for their utility in the core areas of pharmaceutical sciences, thereby urging pharmaceutical industries to foster their scale-up.
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9

Vaccaro, Mauro, Raffaella Del Litto, Gaetano Mangiapia, Anna M. Carnerup, Gerardino D’Errico, Francesco Ruffo, and Luigi Paduano. "Lipid based nanovectors containing ruthenium complexes: a potential route in cancer therapy." Chemical Communications, no. 11 (2009): 1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b820368g.

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10

Depalo, N., V. De Leo, M. Corricelli, R. Gristina, G. Valente, E. Casamassima, R. Comparelli, et al. "Lipid-based systems loaded with PbS nanocrystals: near infrared emitting trackable nanovectors." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 5, no. 7 (2017): 1471–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tb02590k.

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Hydrophobic PbS nanocrystals (NCs) emitting in the near infrared spectral region were encapsulated in the core of micelles and in the bilayer of liposomes, respectively, to form polyethylene glycol (PEG)-grafted phospholipids.
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11

Hureaux, José, Frédéric Lagarce, Frédéric Gagnadoux, Laurent Vecellio, Anne Clavreul, Emilie Roger, Marie Kempf, Jean-Louis Racineux, Patrice Diot, and Jean-Pierre Benoit. "Lipid nanocapsules: Ready-to-use nanovectors for the aerosol delivery of paclitaxel." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 73, no. 2 (October 2009): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.06.013.

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Menicucci, Felicia, Marco Michelozzi, Aida Raio, Mario Tredici, Gabriele Cencetti, Ilaria Clemente, and Sandra Ristori. "Thymol-loaded lipid nanovectors from the marine microalga Nannochloropsis sp. as potential antibacterial agents." Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 32 (March 2021): 101962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021.101962.

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13

Heo, Dan, Chanjoo Lee, Minhee Ku, Seungjoo Haam, Jin-Suck Suh, Yong-Min Huh, Sahng Wook Park, and Jaemoon Yang. "Galactosylated magnetic nanovectors for regulation of lipid metabolism based on biomarker-specific RNAi and MR imaging." Nanotechnology 26, no. 33 (July 30, 2015): 335101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/26/33/335101.

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14

Devel, Almer, Cabella, Beau, Bernes, Oliva, Navarro, Prassl, Mangge, and Texier. "Biodistribution of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers in Mice Atherosclerotic Model." Molecules 24, no. 19 (September 26, 2019): 3499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193499.

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Atherosclerosis is a major cardiovascular disease worldwide, that could benefit from innovative nanomedicine imaging tools and treatments. In this perspective, we here studied, by fluorescence imaging in ApoE-/- mice, the biodistribution of non-functionalized and RXP470.1-targeted nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) loaded with DiD dye. RXP470.1 specifically binds to MMP12, a metalloprotease that is over-expressed by macrophages residing in atherosclerotic plaques. Physico-chemical characterizations showed that RXP-NLC (about 105 RXP470.1 moieties/particle) displayed similar features as non-functionalized NLC in terms of particle diameter (about 60-65 nm), surface charge (about −5 — −10 mV), and colloidal stability. In vitro inhibition assays demonstrated that RXP-NLC conserved a selectivity and affinity profile, which favored MMP-12. In vivo data indicated that NLC and RXP-NLC presented prolonged blood circulation and accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions in a few hours. Twenty-four hours after injection, particle uptake in atherosclerotic plaques of the brachiocephalic artery was similar for both nanoparticles, as assessed by ex vivo imaging. This suggests that the RXP470.1 coating did not significantly induce an active targeting of the nanoparticles within the plaques. Overall, NLCs appeared to be very promising nanovectors to efficiently and specifically deliver imaging agents or drugs in atherosclerotic lesions, opening avenues for new nanomedicine strategies for cardiovascular diseases.
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Scavo, Maria Principia, Nicoletta Depalo, Valeria Tutino, Valentina De Nunzio, Chiara Ingrosso, Federica Rizzi, Maria Notarnicola, Maria Lucia Curri, and Gianluigi Giannelli. "Exosomes for Diagnosis and Therapy in Gastrointestinal Cancers." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010367.

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Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by most cells, having a size ranging from 30 to 150 nm, and are involved in mechanisms of cell-cell communication in physiological and pathological tissues. Exosomes are engaged in the transport of biomolecules, such as lipids, proteins, messenger RNAs, and microRNA, and in signal transmission through the intercellular transfer of components. In the context of proteins and nucleic acids transported from exosomes, our interest is focused on the Frizzled proteins family and related messenger RNA. Exosomes can regenerate stem cell phenotypes and convert them into cancer stem cells by regulating the Wnt pathway receptor family, namely Frizzled proteins. In particular, for gastrointestinal cancers, the Frizzled protein involved in those mechanisms is Frizzled-10 (FZD-10). Currently, increasing attention is being devoted to the protein and lipid composition of exosomes interior and membranes, representing profound knowledge of specific exosomes composition fundamental for their application as new delivering drug tools for cancer therapy. This review intends to cover the most recent literature on the use of exosome vesicles for early diagnosis, follow-up, and the use of these physiological nanovectors as drug delivery systems for gastrointestinal cancer therapy.
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Torrecilla, Josune, Itziar Gómez-Aguado, Mónica Vicente-Pascual, Ana del Pozo-Rodríguez, María Ángeles Solinís, and Alicia Rodríguez-Gascón. "MMP-9 Downregulation with Lipid Nanoparticles for Inhibiting Corneal Neovascularization by Gene Silencing." Nanomaterials 9, no. 4 (April 18, 2019): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9040631.

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Gene silencing targeting proangiogenic factors have been shown to be a useful strategy in the treatment of corneal neovascularization (CNV). Among interference RNA (RNAi) molecules, short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) is a plasmid-coded RNA able to down-regulate the expression of the desired gene. It is continuously produced in the host cell, inducing a durable gene silencing effect. The aim of this work was to develop a solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN)-based shRNA delivery system to downregulate metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), a proangiogenic factor, in corneal cells for the treatment of CNV associated with inflammation. The nanovectors were prepared using a solvent emulsification-evaporation technique, and after physicochemical evaluation, they were evaluated in different culture cell models. Transfection efficacy, cell internalization, cell viability, the effect on MMP-9 expression, and cell migration were evaluated in human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-2). The inhibition of tube formation using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was also assayed. The non-viral vectors based on SLN were able to downregulate the MMP-9 expression in HCE-2 cells via gene silencing, and, consequently, to inhibit cell migration and tube formation. These results demonstrate the potential of lipid nanoparticles as gene delivery systems for the treatment of CNV-associated inflammation by RNAi technology.
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Astolfi, Paola, Michela Pisani, Elisabetta Giorgini, Barbara Rossi, Alessandro Damin, Francesco Vita, Oriano Francescangeli, Lorenzo Luciani, and Rossana Galassi. "Synchrotron Characterization of Hexagonal and Cubic Lipidic Phases Loaded with Azolate/Phosphane Gold(I) Compounds: A New Approach to the Uploading of Gold(I)-Based Drugs." Nanomaterials 10, no. 9 (September 16, 2020): 1851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10091851.

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Gold(I) phosphane compounds have recently attracted a renewed interest as potential new protagonists in cancer therapy. A class of phosphane gold(I) complexes containing azolate ligands has been successfully tested against several cancer cell lines and, in particular, against basal-like breast (BLB) cancer, a form characterized by strongly severe diagnosis and short life lapse after classic chemotherapy. Even though the anticancer activity of gold(I) phosphane compounds is thoroughly ascertained, no study has been devoted to the possibility of their delivery in nanovectors. Herein, nonlamellar lyotropic liquid crystalline lipid nanosystems, a promising class of smart materials, have been used to encapsulate gold(I) azolate/phosphane complexes. In particular, ((triphenylphosphine)-gold(I)-(4,5-dichloroimidazolyl-1H-1yl)) (C-I) and ((triphenylphosphine)-gold(I)-(4,5-dicyanoimidazolyl-1H-1yl)) (C-II) have been encapsulated in three different lipid matrices: monoolein (GMO), phytantriol (PHYT) and dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). An integrated experimental approach involving X-ray diffraction and UV resonant Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy, based on synchrotron light and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, has been employed to establish the effects of drug encapsulation on the structure and phase behavior of the host mesophases. The results indicate that gold(I) complexes C-I and C-II are successfully encapsulated in the three lipid matrices as evidenced by the drug-induced phase transitions or by the changes in the mesophase lattice parameters observed in X-ray diffraction experiments and by the spectral changes occurring in UV resonant Raman spectra upon loading the lipid matrices with C-I and C-II.
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Depalo, Nicoletta, Elisabetta Fanizza, Fabio Vischio, Nunzio Denora, Valentino Laquintana, Annalisa Cutrignelli, Marinella Striccoli, et al. "Imaging modification of colon carcinoma cells exposed to lipid based nanovectors for drug delivery: a scanning electron microscopy investigation." RSC Advances 9, no. 38 (2019): 21810–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra02381j.

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19

Marino, Attilio, Alice Camponovo, Andrea Degl'Innocenti, Martina Bartolucci, Christos Tapeinos, Chiara Martinelli, Daniele De Pasquale, et al. "Multifunctional temozolomide-loaded lipid superparamagnetic nanovectors: dual targeting and disintegration of glioblastoma spheroids by synergic chemotherapy and hyperthermia treatment." Nanoscale 11, no. 44 (2019): 21227–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr07976a.

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20

Huang, San-Shan, Keng-Jung Lee, Hung-Chih Chen, Ray Putra Prajnamitra, Chia-Hsin Hsu, Cheng-Bang Jian, Xu-En Yu, et al. "Immune cell shuttle for precise delivery of nanotherapeutics for heart disease and cancer." Science Advances 7, no. 17 (April 2021): eabf2400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf2400.

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The delivery of therapeutics through the circulatory system is one of the least arduous and less invasive interventions; however, this approach is hampered by low vascular density or permeability. In this study, by exploiting the ability of monocytes to actively penetrate into diseased sites, we designed aptamer-based lipid nanovectors that actively bind onto the surface of monocytes and are released upon reaching the diseased sites. Our method was thoroughly assessed through treating two of the top causes of death in the world, cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with or without liver metastasis, and showed a significant increase in survival and healing with no toxicity to the liver and kidneys in either case, indicating the success and ubiquity of our platform. We believe that this system provides a new therapeutic method, which can potentially be adapted to treat a myriad of diseases that involve monocyte recruitment in their pathophysiology.
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Dieng, Sidy Mouhamed, Madieye Séne, Ahmedou Bamba Koueimel Fall, Moussa Diop, Papa Mady Sy, Louis Augustin Diaga Diouf, Alphonse Rodrigue Djiboune, et al. "Formulation of shea butter Nanoparticle containing griseofulvin: a combination of antifungal and anti-inflammatory treatments." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 2-S (April 15, 2021): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i2-s.4796.

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Nanomedicine has been a booming industry with the development of nanovectors to encapsulate water-soluble or amphiphilic molecules for drug delivery. As the new therapeutic agents synthesized are increasingly lipophilic, the development of new nanoparticulate vectors allowing their transport and targeting is now a major challenge. These particles are lipid nanoparticles, a few hundred nanometers in diameter, stabilized by a layer of surfactants composed of castor oil and stealth agents. Solid lipid nanoparticles based on shea butter, stabilized by cremophor® ELP, encapsulating griseofulvin, were formulated by the temperature phase inversion method. The shea butter nanoparticles thus obtained were the subject of characterization relating to: determination of the morphology, size, polydispersity index, pH and zeta potential. The results confirm the stability of our preparations. The anti-inflammatory activity of shea butter being known, the tests were carried out on mice. The inflammation was induced by a solution of croton oil acetone. There is a very big improvement in anti-inflammatory activity. This is due to better penetration of the preparation through the different layers of the skin. Griseofulvin release studies have been carried out on our various preparations. Systems designed as reservoirs of active ingredients and intended for a priori controlled release obey kinetics of the order of one-half (½) corresponding to a proportionality between the quantity released and the square root of time. Shea butter in nanoparticulate forms has thus enabled us to considerably prolong the release of griseofulvin. Keywords: Nanoparticles; Shea Butter; Inflammation; Griseofulvin.
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Woith, Eric, Gregor Fuhrmann, and Matthias F. Melzig. "Extracellular Vesicles—Connecting Kingdoms." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 22 (November 14, 2019): 5695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225695.

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It is known that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are shed from cells of almost every type of cell or organism, showing their ubiquity in all empires of life. EVs are defined as naturally released particles from cells, delimited by a lipid bilayer, and cannot replicate. These nano- to micrometer scaled spheres shuttle a set of bioactive molecules. EVs are of great interest as vehicles for drug targeting and in fundamental biological research, but in vitro culture of animal cells usually achieves only small yields. The exploration of other biological kingdoms promises comprehensive knowledge on EVs broadening the opportunities for basic understanding and therapeutic use. Thus, plants might be sustainable biofactories producing nontoxic and highly specific nanovectors, whereas bacterial and fungal EVs are promising vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases. Importantly, EVs from different eukaryotic and prokaryotic kingdoms are involved in many processes including host-pathogen interactions, spreading of resistances, and plant diseases. More extensive knowledge of inter-species and interkingdom regulation could provide advantages for preventing and treating pests and pathogens. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of EVs derived from eukaryota and prokaryota and we discuss how better understanding of their intercommunication role provides opportunities for both fundamental and applied biology.
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23

Gómez-Aguado, Itziar, Julen Rodríguez-Castejón, Marina Beraza-Millor, Mónica Vicente-Pascual, Alicia Rodríguez-Gascón, Sara Garelli, Luigi Battaglia, Ana del Pozo-Rodríguez, and María Ángeles Solinís. "mRNA-Based Nanomedicinal Products to Address Corneal Inflammation by Interleukin-10 Supplementation." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13091472.

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The anti-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is considered an efficient treatment for corneal inflammation, in spite of its short half-life and poor eye bioavailability. In the present work, mRNA-based nanomedicinal products based on solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were developed in order to produce IL-10 to treat corneal inflammation. mRNA encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) or human IL-10 was complexed with different SLNs and ligands. After, physicochemical characterization, transfection efficacy, intracellular disposition, cellular uptake and IL-10 expression of the nanosystems were evaluated in vitro in human corneal epithelial (HCE-2) cells. Energy-dependent mechanisms favoured HCE-2 transfection, whereas protein production was influenced by energy-independent uptake mechanisms. Nanovectors with a mean particle size between 94 and 348 nm and a positive superficial charge were formulated as eye drops containing 1% (w/v) of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with 7.1–7.5 pH. After three days of topical administration to mice, all formulations produced GFP in the corneal epithelium of mice. SLNs allowed the obtaining of a higher transfection efficiency than naked mRNA. All formulations produce IL-10, and the interleukin was even observed in the deeper layers of the epithelium of mice depending on the formulation. This work shows the potential application of mRNA-SLN-based nanosystems to address corneal inflammation by gene augmentation therapy.
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Sánchez-Arribas, Natalia, Pablo Díaz-Núñez, José Osío Barcina, Emilio Aicart, Elena Junquera, and Andrés Guerrero-Martínez. "Controlled pDNA Release in Gemini Cationic Lipoplexes by Femtosecond Laser Irradiation of Gold Nanostars." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (June 5, 2021): 1498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061498.

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The design of nanovectors able to overcome biological barriers is one of the main challenges in biomedicine. Gemini cationic lipids are considered potential candidates for gene therapy due to their high biocompatibility and capacity to condense nucleic acids safely in the form of lipoplexes. However, this approach presents difficulties regarding genetic unpacking and, therefore, control over this process becomes crucial to ensure successful transfection. In this work, gemini cationic lipoplexes were prepared in the presence of plasmonic gold nanostars (AuNSs) to afford a nanovector that efficiently releases plasmid DNA (pDNA) upon irradiation with near-infrared femtosecond laser pulses. A critical AuNSs concentration of 50 pM and optimized laser power density of 400 mW led to successful pDNA release, whose efficiency could be further improved by increasing the irradiation time. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to confirm pDNA release. UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies were performed to monitor changes in the morphology of the AuNSs and lipoplexes after irradiation. From a physicochemical point of view, this study demonstrates that the use of AuNSs combined with gemini cationic lipoplexes allows control over pDNA release under ultrafast laser irradiation.
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Sánchez-Arribas, Natalia, María Martínez-Negro, Eva M. Villar, Lourdes Pérez, José Osío Barcina, Emilio Aicart, Pablo Taboada, Andrés Guerrero-Martínez, and Elena Junquera. "Protein Expression Knockdown in Cancer Cells Induced by a Gemini Cationic Lipid Nanovector with Histidine-Based Polar Heads." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 9 (August 21, 2020): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12090791.

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A histidine-based gemini cationic lipid, which had already demonstrated its efficiency as a plasmid DNA (pDNA) nanocarrier, has been used in this work to transfect a small interfering RNA (siRNA) into cancer cells. In combination with the helper lipid monoolein glycerol (MOG), the cationic lipid was used as an antiGFP-siRNA nanovector in a multidisciplinary study. Initially, a biophysical characterization by zeta potential (ζ) and agarose gel electrophoresis experiments was performed to determine the lipid effective charge and confirm siRNA compaction. The lipoplexes formed were arranged in Lα lamellar lyotropic liquid crystal phases with a cluster-type morphology, as cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies revealed. Additionally, in vitro experiments confirmed the high gene knockdown efficiency of the lipid-based nanovehicle as detected by flow cytometry (FC) and epifluorescence microscopy, even better than that of Lipofectamine2000*, the transfecting reagent commonly used as a positive control. Cytotoxicity assays indicated that the nanovector is non-toxic to cells. Finally, using nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS), apolipoprotein A-I and A-II followed by serum albumin were identified as the proteins with higher affinity for the surface of the lipoplexes. This fact could be beyond the remarkable silencing activity of the histidine-based lipid nanocarrier herein presented.
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Liu, Yarong, Jennifer Rohrs, and Pin Wang. "Development and Challenges of Nanovectors in Gene Therapy." Nano LIFE 04, no. 03 (September 2014): 1441007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984414410074.

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In recent years, hundreds of genes have been linked to a variety of human diseases, and the field of gene therapy has emerged as a way to treat this wide range of diseases. The main goal of gene therapy is to find a gene delivery vehicle that can successfully target diseased cells and deliver therapeutic genes directly to their cellular compartment. The two main types of gene delivery vectors currently being investigated in clinical trials are recombinant viral vectors and synthetic nonviral vectors. Recombinant viral vectors take advantage of the evolutionarily optimized viral mechanisms to deliver genes, but they can be hard to specifically target in vivo and are also associated with serious side effects. Synthetic nonviral vectors are made out of highly biocompatible lipids or polymers, but they are much less efficient at delivering their genetic payload due to the lack of any active delivery mechanism. This mini review will introduce the current state of gene delivery in clinical trials, and discuss the specific challenges associated with each of these vectors. It will also highlight some specific gaps in knowledge that are limiting the advancement of this field and touch on the current areas of research being explored to overcome them.
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Wan, Shengli, Yuesong Wu, Qingze Fan, Gang Yang, Haiyang Hu, Singkome Tima, Sawitree Chiampanichayakul, Songyot Anuchapreeda, and Jianming Wu. "Bioinspired Platelet-like Nanovector for Enhancing Cancer Therapy via P-Selectin Targeting." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 12 (November 26, 2022): 2614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122614.

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Cancer is a major threat to the health of humans. Recently, various natural products including curcumin (CCM) have attracted enormous interest for efficacious cancer therapy. However, natural therapeutic agents still encounter certain challenges such as rapid clearance, low bioavailability, and poor tumor targeting. Recently, the platelet membrane (PM) camouflaged nanoparticle has provided a promising solution for cancer targeting therapy. Nevertheless, only limited efforts have been dedicated to systematically explore the mechanism of affinity between PM bioinspired nanoparticles and various tumor cells. Herein, a CCM-encapsulated platelet membrane biomimetic lipid vesicle (CCM@PL) with a size of 163.2 nm, zeta potential of −31.8 mV and encapsulation efficiency of 93.62% was developed. The values of the area under the concentration-time curve and mean residence time for CCM@PL were 3.08 times and 3.04 times those of CCM, respectively. Furthermore, this PM biomimetic carrier showed an excellent affinity against Huh-7, SK-OV-3 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines due to the biomolecular interaction between P-selectin on the PM and tumoral CD44 receptors. In addition, CCM@PL displayed enhanced cytotoxicity compared with free CCM and the synthetic formulation. Overall, our results suggest that this developed PM biomimetic lipid nanovector has great potential for targeted cancer treatment and natural components delivery.
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Clemente, Ilaria, Claudia Bonechi, Liliana Rodolfi, Maria Bacia-Verloop, Claudio Rossi, and Sandra Ristori. "Lipids from algal biomass provide new (nonlamellar) nanovectors with high carrier potentiality for natural antioxidants." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 158 (January 2021): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.11.013.

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Tang, Zhuang, Chao Luo, Yali Jun, Mengchu Yao, Mengyan Zhang, Kang He, Luhao Jin, et al. "Nanovector Assembled from Natural Egg Yolk Lipids for Tumor-Targeted Delivery of Therapeutics." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12, no. 7 (January 23, 2020): 7984–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b22293.

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Sánchez-Arribas, Natalia, María Martínez-Negro, Eva M. Villar, Lourdes Pérez, Emilio Aicart, Pablo Taboada, Andrés Guerrero-Martínez, and Elena Junquera. "Biocompatible Nanovector of siRNA Consisting of Arginine-Based Cationic Lipid for Gene Knockdown in Cancer Cells." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12, no. 31 (July 13, 2020): 34536–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c06273.

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31

Zhai, Yuewen, Xiaorong He, Ying Li, Ran Han, Yuying Ma, Peng Gao, Zhiyu Qian, Yueqing Gu, and Siwen Li. "A splenic-targeted versatile antigen courier: iPSC wrapped in coalescent erythrocyte-liposome as tumor nanovaccine." Science Advances 7, no. 35 (August 2021): eabi6326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abi6326.

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The major obstacles for tumor vaccine to be surmounted are the lack of versatile property and immunity-inducing effectiveness. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) expressed various antigens the same as multiple types of tumors, providing a promising source of wide-spectrum cancer vaccines. The damaged erythrocyte membrane entrapped by spleen could be developed as antigen deliverer for enhancing acquired immunity. Here, the modified lipid materials were used to dilate erythrocyte membrane to fabricate coalescent nanovector, which not only preserved the biological characteristics of erythrocyte membrane but also remedied the defect of insufficient drug loading capacity. After wrapping iPSC protein, the nanovaccine iPSC@RBC-Mlipo exhibited obvious splenic accumulation, systemic specific antitumor immunity evocation, and effective tumor expansion and metastasis inhibition in mice. Hence, our research may provide a prospective strategy of efficient tumor vaccine for clinical practice.
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Martínez-Negro, María, Krishan Kumar, Ana L. Barrán-Berdón, Sougata Datta, Paturu Kondaiah, Elena Junquera, Santanu Bhattacharya, and Emilio Aicart. "Efficient Cellular Knockdown Mediated by siRNA Nanovectors of Gemini Cationic Lipids Having Delocalizable Headgroups and Oligo-Oxyethylene Spacers." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 34 (August 18, 2016): 22113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b08823.

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Lebrón, José Antonio, Francisco José Ostos, Manuel López-López, María Luisa Moyá, Carlos Sales, Encarnación García, Clara Beatriz García-Calderón, et al. "Metallo-Liposomes of Ruthenium Used as Promising Vectors of Genetic Material." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12050482.

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Gene therapy is a therapeutic process consisting of the transport of genetic material into cells. The design and preparation of novel carriers to transport DNA is an important research line in the medical field. Hybrid compounds such as metallo-liposomes, containing a mixture of lipids, were prepared and characterized. Cationic metal lipids derived from the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ complex, RuC11C11 or RuC19C19, both with different hydrophobic/lipophilic ratios, were mixed with the phospholipid DOPE. A relation between the size and the molar fraction α was found and a multidisciplinary study about the interaction between the metallo-liposomes and DNA was performed. The metallo-liposomes/DNA association was quantified and a relationship between Kapp and α was obtained. Techniques such as AFM, SEM, zeta potential, dynamic light scattering and agarose gel electrophoresis demonstrated the formation of lipoplexes and showed the structure of the liposomes. L/D values corresponding to the polynucleotide’s condensation were estimated. In vitro assays proved the low cell toxicity of the metallo-liposomes, lower for normal cells than for cancer cell lines, and a good internalization into cells. The latter as well as the transfection measurements carried out with plasmid DNA pEGFP-C1 have demonstrated a good availability of the Ru(II)-based liposomes for being used as non-toxic nanovectors in gene therapy.
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Biosca, Arnau, Lorin Dirscherl, Ernest Moles, Santiago Imperial, and Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets. "An ImmunoPEGliposome for Targeted Antimalarial Combination Therapy at the Nanoscale." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 7 (July 16, 2019): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11070341.

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Combination therapies, where two drugs acting through different mechanisms are administered simultaneously, are one of the most efficient approaches currently used to treat malaria infections. However, the different pharmacokinetic profiles often exhibited by the combined drugs tend to decrease treatment efficacy as the compounds are usually eliminated from the circulation at different rates. To circumvent this obstacle, we have engineered an immunoliposomal nanovector encapsulating hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds in its lumen and lipid bilayer, respectively. The antimalarial domiphen bromide has been encapsulated in the liposome membrane with good efficiency, although its high IC50 of ca. 1 µM for living parasites complicates its use as immunoliposomal therapy due to erythrocyte agglutination. The conjugation of antibodies against glycophorin A targeted the nanocarriers to Plasmodium-infected red blood cells and to gametocytes, the sole malaria parasite stage responsible for the transmission from the human to the mosquito vector. The antimalarials pyronaridine and atovaquone, which block the development of gametocytes, have been co-encapsulated in glycophorin A-targeted immunoliposomes. The co-immunoliposomized drugs have activities significantly higher than their free forms when tested in in vitro Plasmodium falciparum cultures: Pyronaridine and atovaquone concentrations that, when encapsulated in immunoliposomes, resulted in a 50% inhibition of parasite growth had no effect on the viability of the pathogen when used as free drugs.
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Muñoz-Hernández, Rocío, Ángela Rojas, Sheila Gato, Javier Gallego, Antonio Gil-Gómez, María José Castro, Javier Ampuero, and Manuel Romero-Gómez. "Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers in Liver Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24 (December 19, 2022): 16217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232416217.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-derived vesicles released by a variety of cell types, including hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, and immune cells in normal and pathological conditions. Depending on their biogenesis, there is a complex repertoire of EVs that differ in size and origin. EVs can carry lipids, proteins, coding and non-coding RNAs, and mitochondrial DNA causing alterations to the recipient cells, functioning as intercellular mediators of cell–cell communication (auto-, para-, juxta-, or even endocrine). Nevertheless, many questions remain unanswered in relation to the function of EVs under physiological and pathological conditions. The development and optimization of methods for EV isolation are crucial for characterizing their biological functions, as well as their potential as a treatment option in the clinic. In this manuscript, we will comprehensively review the results from different studies that investigated the role of hepatic EVs during liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In general, the identification of patients with early-stage liver disease leads to better therapeutic interventions and optimal management. Although more light needs to be shed on the mechanisms of EVs, their use for early diagnosis, follow-up, and prognosis has come into the focus of research as a high-potential source of ‘liquid biopsies’, since they can be found in almost all biological fluids. The use of EVs as new targets or nanovectors in drug delivery systems for liver disease therapy is also summarized.
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Vlach, Manuel, Hugo Coppens-Exandier, Agnès Jamin, Mathieu Berchel, Julien Scaviner, Christophe Chesné, Tristan Montier, Paul-Alain Jaffrès, Anne Corlu, and Pascal Loyer. "Liposome-Mediated Gene Transfer in Differentiated HepaRG™ Cells: Expression of Liver Specific Functions and Application to the Cytochrome P450 2D6 Expression." Cells 11, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 3904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11233904.

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The goal of this study was to establish a procedure for gene delivery mediated by cationic liposomes in quiescent differentiated HepaRG™ human hepatoma cells. We first identified several cationic lipids promoting efficient gene transfer with low toxicity in actively dividing HepG2, HuH7, BC2 and progenitor HepaRG™ human hepatoma cells. The lipophosphoramidate Syn1-based nanovector, which allowed the highest transfection efficiencies of progenitor HepaRG™ cells, was next used to transfect differentiated HepaRG™ cells. Lipofection of these cells using Syn1-based liposome was poorly efficient most likely because the differentiated HepaRG™ cells are highly quiescent. Thus, we engineered the differentiated HepaRG™ Mitogenic medium supplement (ADD1001) that triggered robust proliferation of differentiated cells. Importantly, we characterized the phenotypical changes occurring during proliferation of differentiated HepaRG™ cells and demonstrated that mitogenic stimulation induced a partial and transient decrease in the expression levels of some liver specific functions followed by a fast recovery of the full differentiation status upon removal of the mitogens. Taking advantage of the proliferation of HepaRG™ cells, we defined lipofection conditions using Syn1-based liposomes allowing transient expression of the cytochrome P450 2D6, a phase I enzyme poorly expressed in HepaRG cells, which opens new means for drug metabolism studies in HepaRG™ cells.
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37

Cilurzo, Francesco, Silvia Franzé, and Umberto M. Musazzi. "NANOVECTORS FOR TRANSDERMAL ADMINISTRATION: WHERE ARE WE?" Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere - Incontri di Studio, January 31, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/incontri.2017.267.

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The skin is the most important barrier of human body to prevent the absorption of exogenous substances. Its ability to limit the absorption of exogenous substances is exercised by the most superficial layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, which consists of about 15-20 layers of corneocytes supported by keratin fibres. The extracellular spaces are filled with a very dense lipid matrix organized in periodic lamellae, whereas the interlamellar spaces are constituted by a more fluid lipid matrix. In addition, where the corneocytes are not perfectly overlapped, pores with a higher water content are created. This complex organization allows only the passive diffusion of small molecules with peculiar chemical-physical properties. In all the other cases, it is necessary to improve the transdermal absorption of drugs using techniques able to alter reversibly the functionality of the stratum corneum, such as chemical skin penetration enhancers, iontophoresis or sonophoresis. In the era of nanotechnology, an intense effort has been made to design nanocarriers able to permeate the skin (e.g., polymeric nanoparticles, metal or solid-lipid, micro- and nanoemulsions, lipid vesicles). Nevertheless, the results are contradictory and there is scepticism in the scientific community about the real benefits of these systems compared to other traditional approaches. In fact, assuming the stratum corneum as a nanoporous membrane with openings of about 20-40 nm, the size of most of the nanocarriers is too big for permitting theoretically the skin penetration and diffusion. However, despite this consideration, on the market there are some medicinal products consisting of lipid vesicles. Starting from the critical analysis of the published information on possible permeation mechanisms of different types of nanocarriers, this review outlines lights and shadows on the (trans-)dermal administration of these drug delivery systems.
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Fu, Jianye, Wenwei Han, Xue Zhang, Yutong Sun, Rajendra Bhadane, Bo Wei, Li Li, et al. "Silica Nanoparticles with Virus-Mimetic Spikes Enable Efficient siRNA Delivery In Vitro and In Vivo." Research 2022 (January 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/research.0014.

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Oligonucleotide-based therapy has experienced remarkable development in the past 2 decades, but its broad applications are severely hampered by delivery vectors. Widely used viral vectors and lipid nanovectors are suffering from immune clearance after repeating usage or requiring refrigerated transportation and storage, respectively. In this work, amino-modified virus-mimetic spike silica nanoparticles (NH 2 -SSNs) were fabricated using a 1-pot surfactant-free approach with controlled spike lengths, which were demonstrated with excellent delivery performance and biosafety in nearly all cell types and mice. It indicated that NH 2 -SSNs entered cells by spike-dependent cell membrane docking and dynamin-dependent endocytosis. The positively charged spikes with proper length on the surface can facilitate the efficient encapsulation of RNAs, protect the loaded RNAs from degradation, and trigger an early endosome escape during intracellular trafficking, similarly to the cellular internalization mechanism of virions. Regarding the fantastic properties of NH 2 -SSNs in nucleic acid delivery, it revealed that nanoparticles with solid spikes on the surface would be excellent vehicles for gene therapy, presenting self-evident advantages in storage, transportation, modification, and quality control in large-scale production compared to lipid nanovectors.
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Calero, Macarena, Lara H. Moleiro, Aline Sayd, Yeray Dorca, Lluis Miquel-Rio, Verónica Paz, Javier Robledo-Montaña, et al. "Lipid nanoparticles for antisense oligonucleotide gene interference into brain border-associated macrophages." Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences 9 (November 3, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2022.887678.

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A colloidal synthesis’ proof-of-concept based on the Bligh–Dyer emulsion inversion method was designed for integrating into lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) cell-permeating DNA antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), also known as GapmeRs (GRs), for mRNA interference. The GR@LNPs were formulated to target brain border-associated macrophages (BAMs) as a central nervous system (CNS) therapy platform for silencing neuroinflammation-related genes. We specifically aim at inhibiting the expression of the gene encoding for lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS), an anti-inflammatory enzyme expressed in BAMs, whose level of expression is altered in neuropsychopathologies such as depression and schizophrenia. The GR@LNPs are expected to demonstrate a bio-orthogonal genetic activity reacting with L-PGDS gene transcripts inside the living system without interfering with other genetic or biochemical circuitries. To facilitate selective BAM phagocytosis and avoid subsidiary absorption by other cells, they were functionalized with a mannosylated lipid as a specific MAN ligand for the mannose receptor presented by the macrophage surface. The GR@LNPs showed a high GR-packing density in a compact multilamellar configuration as structurally characterized by light scattering, zeta potential, and transmission electronic microscopy. As a preliminary biological evaluation of the mannosylated GR@LNP nanovectors into specifically targeted BAMs, we detected in vivo gene interference after brain delivery by intracerebroventricular injection (ICV) in Wistar rats subjected to gene therapy protocol. The results pave the way towards novel gene therapy platforms for advanced treatment of neuroinflammation-related pathologies with ASO@LNP nanovectors.
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Bergonzi, MC, C. Righeschi, C. Guccione, and AR Bilia. "Lipid nanovectors for oral delivery of curcumin and evaluation of their performance through PAMPA systems." Planta Medica 80, no. 16 (October 30, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1394824.

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41

Moretti, Alex, Marianna Ponzo, Charles A. Nicolette, Irina Y. Tcherepanova, Andrea Biondi, and Chiara F. Magnani. "The Past, Present, and Future of Non-Viral CAR T Cells." Frontiers in Immunology 13 (June 9, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.867013.

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Adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T lymphocytes is a powerful technology that has revolutionized the way we conceive immunotherapy. The impressive clinical results of complete and prolonged response in refractory and relapsed diseases have shifted the landscape of treatment for hematological malignancies, particularly those of lymphoid origin, and opens up new possibilities for the treatment of solid neoplasms. However, the widening use of cell therapy is hampered by the accessibility to viral vectors that are commonly used for T cell transfection. In the era of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines and CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat–CRISPR-associated) precise genome editing, novel and virus-free methods for T cell engineering are emerging as a more versatile, flexible, and sustainable alternative for next-generation CAR T cell manufacturing. Here, we discuss how the use of non-viral vectors can address some of the limitations of the viral methods of gene transfer and allow us to deliver genetic information in a stable, effective and straightforward manner. In particular, we address the main transposon systems such as Sleeping Beauty (SB) and piggyBac (PB), the utilization of mRNA, and innovative approaches of nanotechnology like Lipid-based and Polymer-based DNA nanocarriers and nanovectors. We also describe the most relevant preclinical data that have recently led to the use of non-viral gene therapy in emerging clinical trials, and the related safety and efficacy aspects. We will also provide practical considerations for future trials to enable successful and safe cell therapy with non-viral methods for CAR T cell generation.
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Messaoudi, Khaled, Anne Clavreul, Fabienne Danhier, Patrick Saulnier, Jean-Pierre Benoit, and Frederic Lagarce. "Combined silencing expression of MGMT with EGFR or galectin-1 enhances the sensitivity of glioblastoma to temozolomide." European Journal of Nanomedicine 7, no. 2 (January 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ejnm-2014-0041.

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AbstractFor several years, the first line of treatment of glioblastoma (GB) patients is based on surgical resection followed by fractioned radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ). The effectiveness of this treatment is very limited due to the development by tumor cells of mechanisms of resistance to TMZ such as over-expression of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and galectin-1. In this study, we hypothesized that the targeting of MGMT, EGFR and galectin-1 (alone or in combination) by specifics siRNAs carried by chitosan-lipid nanocapsules (chitosan-LNCs) could enhance the sensitivity of U87MG cells to TMZ. We showed in vitro that (i) anti-MGMT and (ii) anti-EGFR or anti-galectin-1 siRNAs decreased significantly the expression of their corresponding proteins and increased the sensitivity of U87MG cells to TMZ. Additionally, the sensitivity of U87MG/MGMT- cells to TMZ was significantly increased when anti-EGFR and anti-galectin-1 siRNAs were combined with a percentage of living cells of 17.8±1.6% at 0.5 mg/mL concentration of TMZ. The combination of anti-MGMT siRNAs with either anti-EGFR or anti-galectin-1 siRNAs enhanced the sensitivity of U87MG/MGMT+ cells to TMZ in comparison to their separately use. No difference was observed between the association of the three siRNAs and other associations. At 0.5 mg/mL concentration of TMZ, the percentage of living cells decreased from 55.1±1.9% to 36.0±4.1% for anti-MGMT alone and the combination of anti-MGMT/anti-galectin-1/anti-EGFR siRNAs, respectively. These siRNA nanovectors represent a good alternative to enhance the effectiveness of the standard treatment of GB. This method could be implemented in future preclinical models for experimental cancer treatment of GB.
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43

Clemente, I., F. D’Aria, C. Giancola, C. Bonechi, M. Slouf, E. Pavlova, C. Rossi, and S. Ristori. "Structuring and De-structuring of Nanovectors From Algal Lipids. Part 1: physico-chemical Characterization." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, October 2022, 112939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112939.

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44

Stanly, Christopher, Hyoseon Kim, Giuseppe Antonucci, Immacolata Fiume, Michele Guescini, Kwang Pyo Kim, Maria Antonietta Ciardiello, Ivana Giangrieco, Adriano Mari, and Gabriella Pocsfalvi. "Crosstalk Between the Immune System and Plant-Derived Nanovesicles: A Study of Allergen Transporting." Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 9 (November 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.760730.

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Background: Nanometer-sized membrane-surrounded vesicles from different parts of plants including fruits are gaining increasing attention due to their anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies, and as nanovectors for molecular delivery of exogenous substances. These nanomaterials are very complex and contain a diverse arsenal of bioactive molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Our knowledge about the transport of allergens in vesicles isolated from plant food is limited today.Methods: Here, to investigate the allergenicity of strawberry-derived microvesicles (MVs), nanovesicles (NVs), and subpopulations of NV, we have set up a multidisciplinary approach. The strategy combines proteomics-based protein identification, immunological investigations, bioinformatics, and data mining to gain biological insights useful to evaluate the presence of potential allergens and the immunoglobulin E (IgE) inhibitory activity of vesicle preparations.Results: Immunological test showed that several proteins of strawberry-derived vesicles compete for IgE binding with allergens spotted on the FABER biochip. This includes the known strawberry allergens Fra a 1, Fra a 3, and Fra a 4, and also other IgE-binding proteins not yet described as allergens in this food, such as gibberellin-regulated proteins, 2S albumin, pectate lyase, and trypsin inhibitors. Proteomics identified homologous sequences of the three strawberry allergens and their isoforms in total protein extract (TPE) but only Fra a 1 and Fra a 4 in the vesicle samples. Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis revealed no significant enrichment of these proteins in strawberry vesicles with respect to TPE.Conclusion: Immunological tests and bioinformatics analysis of proteomics data sets revealed that MVs and NVs isolated from strawberries can carry functional allergens their isoforms as well as proteins potentially allergenic based on their structural features. This should be considered when these new nanomaterials are used for human nutraceutical or biomedical applications.
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