Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lipid

Academic literature on the topic 'Lipid'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Lipid"

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Schilke, Robert Michael, Cassidy M. R. Blackburn, Shashanka Rao, David M. Krzywanski, and Matthew D. Woolard. "Macrophage-associated lipin-1 regulates lipid catabolism to promote effective efferocytosis." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2020): 69.22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.69.22.

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Abstract Failure to resolve inflammation leads to numerous chronic diseases. Disease resolution requires the effective removal of dead cells by macrophage-mediated efferocytosis. Excess lipid accumulation within macrophages can lead to dysfunction that promotes disease pathogenesis. Efferocytosis results in a significant accumulation of lipid inside the macrophage, yet macrophage continue to function. This suggest that during efferocytosis, macrophages have pathways to ameliorate the high lipid load. We have identified that lipin-1, a regulator of lipid metabolism, is critical to proper macrophage responses during efferocytosis. Lipin-1 is a phosphatidic acid phosphatase that also functions as a transcriptional coregulator. We used mice that lack either lipin-1 enzymatic activity or both functions in myeloid cells to define how lipin-1 regulates excess lipids during efferocytosis. We have demonstrated that mice lacking myeloid-associated lipin-1 have diminished apoptotic cell (AC) clearance in a zymozan model of efferocytosis. Clearance of lipids during efferocytosis is accomplished through beta-oxidation. Bone marrow derived macrophages lacking lipin-1 have reduced oxidative respiration in response to both AC and purified palmitate (lipid), indicating defective lipid catabolism. These data suggest that lipin-1 regulates mitochondrial lipid catabolism to reduce lipid burden during efferocytosis. These studies highlight regulation of lipid metabolic pathways in macrophages during efferocytosis that allow them to handle excess lipid burden and promote disease resolution.
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Hallett, Nanette. "Lipids and Lipid Disorders." Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing 10, no. 6 (November 1991): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003465-199111000-00011.

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RAJ, BRITO. "Investigating the influence of lipids on Nano-structured lipid carrier formulation." Journal of Medical pharmaceutical and allied sciences 12, no. 6 (December 26, 2023): 6147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.55522/jmpas.v12i6.5220.

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The study aimed to evaluate the effect of different lipids on the properties of nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) formulations. The particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, and drug release at 24 hours were analyzed for formulations containing various lipid matrices. Among the formulations tested, N3 (Compritol 888 ATO and Softigen) exhibited the most favourable characteristics, including the smallest particle size, highest entrapment efficiency, sustained drug release, and good stability, as indicated by a high zeta potential. Other lipids, such as Witepsol H 32 and Beeswax, also showed desirable properties. The formulations containing Dynasan 114 and Acconon-C-44 EP/NF resulted in larger particle sizes, lower entrapment efficiencies, and slower drug release. Cholesterol exhibited distinct properties, with a lower zeta potential and moderate drug release. The findings highlight the importance of lipid selection in determining the performance and functionality of NLC formulations. Compritol 888 ATO and Softigen were identified as suitable lipids for further optimization of NLC formulations. These lipids contribute to the formation of stable and uniform NLC particles, which are desirable for efficient drug delivery systems. The study provides valuable insights for formulating NLCs with optimized characteristics, facilitating the development of effective drug delivery systems. Future research can focus on optimizing other factors to enhance the performance and therapeutic effectiveness of NLC formulations.
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Lee, Anthony G. "Lipid–protein interactions." Biochemical Society Transactions 39, no. 3 (May 20, 2011): 761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0390761.

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Intrinsic membrane proteins are solvated by a shell of lipid molecules interacting with the membrane-penetrating surface of the protein; these lipid molecules are referred to as annular lipids. Lipid molecules are also found bound between transmembrane α-helices; these are referred to as non-annular lipids. Annular lipid binding constants depend on fatty acyl chain length, but the dependence is less than expected from models based on distortion of the lipid bilayer alone. This suggests that hydrophobic matching between a membrane protein and the surrounding lipid bilayer involves some distortion of the transmembrane α-helical bundle found in most membrane proteins, explaining the importance of bilayer thickness for membrane protein function. Annular lipid binding constants also depend on the structure of the polar headgroup region of the lipid, and hotspots for binding anionic lipids have been detected on some membrane proteins; binding of anionic lipid molecules to these hotspots can be functionally important. Binding of anionic lipids to non-annular sites on membrane proteins such as the potassium channel KcsA can also be important for function. It is argued that the packing preferences of the membrane-spanning α-helices in a membrane protein result in a structure that matches nicely with that of the surrounding lipid bilayer, so that lipid and protein can meet without either having to change very much.
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Kirby, Mike. "Lipids and lipid‐modifying therapy." Trends in Urology & Men's Health 12, no. 3 (May 2021): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tre.803.

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ISHIMOTO, Kenji. "Lipin 1 in Lipid Metabolism." YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 131, no. 8 (August 1, 2011): 1189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.131.1189.

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Tamura, Yasushi, Shin Kawano, and Toshiya Endo. "Lipid homeostasis in mitochondria." Biological Chemistry 401, no. 6-7 (May 26, 2020): 821–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2020-0121.

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AbstractMitochondria are surrounded by the two membranes, the outer and inner membranes, whose lipid compositions are optimized for proper functions and structural organizations of mitochondria. Although a part of mitochondrial lipids including their characteristic lipids, phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin, are synthesized within mitochondria, their precursor lipids and other lipids are transported from other organelles, mainly the ER. Mitochondrially synthesized lipids are re-distributed within mitochondria and to other organelles, as well. Recent studies pointed to the important roles of inter-organelle contact sites in lipid trafficking between different organelle membranes. Identification of Ups/PRELI proteins as lipid transfer proteins shuttling between the mitochondrial outer and inner membranes established a part of the molecular and structural basis of the still elusive intra-mitochondrial lipid trafficking.
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Clark, Robert B., Jorge L. Cervantes, Mark W. Maciejewski, Vahid Farrokhi, Reza Nemati, Xudong Yao, Emily Anstadt, et al. "Serine Lipids of Porphyromonas gingivalis Are Human and Mouse Toll-Like Receptor 2 Ligands." Infection and Immunity 81, no. 9 (July 8, 2013): 3479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00803-13.

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ABSTRACTThe total cellular lipids ofPorphyromas gingivalis, a known periodontal pathogen, were previously shown to promote dendritic cell activation and inhibition of osteoblasts through engagement of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). The purpose of the present investigation was to fractionate all lipids ofP. gingivalisand define which lipid classes account for the TLR2 engagement, based on bothin vitrohuman cell assays andin vivostudies in mice. Specific serine-containing lipids ofP. gingivalis, called lipid 654 and lipid 430, were identified in specific high-performance liquid chromatography fractions as the TLR2-activating lipids. The structures of these lipids were defined using tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance methods.In vitro, both lipid 654 and lipid 430 activated TLR2-expressing HEK cells, and this activation was inhibited by anti-TLR2 antibody. In contrast, TLR4-expressing HEK cells failed to be activated by either lipid 654 or lipid 430. Wild-type (WT) or TLR2-deficient (TLR2−/−) mice were injected with either lipid 654 or lipid 430, and the effects on serum levels of the chemokine CCL2 were measured 4 h later. Administration of either lipid 654 or lipid 430 to WT mice resulted in a significant increase in serum CCL2 levels; in contrast, the administration of lipid 654 or lipid 430 to TLR2−/−mice resulted in no increase in serum CCL2. These results thus identify a new class of TLR2 ligands that are produced byP. gingivalisthat likely play a significant role in mediating inflammatory responses both at periodontal sites and, potentially, in other tissues where these lipids might accumulate.
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Kobayashi, Toshihide, Feng Gu, and Jean Gruenberg. "Lipids, lipid domains and lipid–protein interactions in endocytic membrane traffic." Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 9, no. 5 (October 1998): 517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/scdb.1998.0257.

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Gretskaya, Nataliya, Mikhail Akimov, Dmitry Andreev, Anton Zalygin, Ekaterina Belitskaya, Galina Zinchenko, Elena Fomina-Ageeva, Ilya Mikhalyov, Elena Vodovozova, and Vladimir Bezuglov. "Multicomponent Lipid Nanoparticles for RNA Transfection." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 4 (April 20, 2023): 1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15041289.

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Despite the wide variety of available cationic lipid platforms for the delivery of nucleic acids into cells, the optimization of their composition has not lost its relevance. The purpose of this work was to develop multi-component cationic lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) with or without a hydrophobic core from natural lipids in order to evaluate the efficiency of LNPs with the widely used cationic lipoid DOTAP (1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-[trimethylammonium]-propane) and the previously unstudied oleoylcholine (Ol-Ch), as well as the ability of LNPs containing GM3 gangliosides to transfect cells with mRNA and siRNA. LNPs containing cationic lipids, phospholipids and cholesterol, and surfactants were prepared according to a three-stage procedure. The average size of the resulting LNPs was 176 nm (PDI 0.18). LNPs with DOTAP mesylate were more effective than those with Ol-Ch. Core LNPs demonstrated low transfection activity compared with bilayer LNPs. The type of phospholipid in LNPs was significant for the transfection of MDA-MB-231 and SW 620 cancer cells but not HEK 293T cells. LNPs with GM3 gangliosides were the most efficient for the delivery of mRNA to MDA-MB-231 cells and siRNA to SW620 cells. Thus, we developed a new lipid platform for the efficient delivery of RNA of various sizes to mammalian cells.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lipid"

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Kotland, Vojtěch. "Separace lipidů z buněčných tkání." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-401857.

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This master’s thesis is focused on lipid separation from tissue cells. Thesis is divided into theoretical and experimental part. In the theoretical part is summarized current knowledge about lipids, their properties and methods used to separate them from tissue cells. Those methods were compared and one of them was chosen to be used in the experimental part. Theoretical part is ended with reviews aimed towards the research in this area of chemistry. Experimental part describes factors affecting chosen method of lipid separation from tissue cells. The measurements were chosen so that they could be easily reproduced. Values for each factor were experimentally determined to increase the amount of fat separated. All factors were compared and based on their summarization the optimization for whole method was produced.
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Dennison, Andrew. "Neutron reflectivity studies of insulin and phosphatidylcholine floating lipid bilayers." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.574586.

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Wood, David. "Lipid Screening and Lipid Disorders in Children." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7684.

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Deeney, Jude T. "Micro lipid droplet precursors of milk lipid globules." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45673.

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The lipid in milk (milk fat) is found in the form of droplets known as milk lipid globules (MLG). These milk lipid globules are encompassed by a unit membrane known as the milk lipid globule membrane (MLGM) which is derived from the apical plasma membrane of the mammary epithelial cell during secretion. In lactating mammary epithelial cells, immediate precursors of milk lipid globules appear to be cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLD). These cytoplasmic lipid droplets have diameters >1 μm and are characterized by an electron dense, granular surface coat. A previously unrecognized group of structures with diameters <.5 μm, which resemble cytoplasmic lipid droplets in matrix and surface coat appearance, has been observed. The surface coat of these triacylglycerol containing structures, termed micro lipid droplets (μLD), was similar to that of cytoplasmic lipid droplets in enzyme and polypeptide composition. Morphological evidence suggested that these small structures may originate from rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and fuse with cytoplasmic lipid droplets. Immunochemical studies showed homology of certain proteins among the rough endoplasmic reticulum, micro lipid droplets and cytoplasmic lipid droplets, which supported the possibility of an endoplasmic reticulum origin of these droplets. The rate of incorporation of [1-¹⁴C]-palmitate and [1,2,3-³H]-glycerol into lipid of RER, μLD, CLD and MIG fractions suggested a possible translocation pathway of triacylglycerols from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to cytoplasmic lipid droplets. The micro lipid droplets seem to provide triacylglycerols to support growth of cytoplasmic lipid droplets. In addition, morphological evidence suggested that these micro lipid droplets can be secreted directly in a manner similar to cytoplasmic lipid droplets, providing for the small lipid globules in milk. Little is known concerning the biochemical processes of milk lipid secretion but it is thought that butyrophilin, a glycoprotein found in milk lipid globule membrane, may play a role. After treatment of mammary epithelial cells with tunicamycin, butyrophilin content of this membrane is reduced. Thus a method for the study of the physiological role of this glycoprotein is proposed.


Master of Science
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Bandegi, Sanaz. "INTERACTION OF FLUORESCENT LIPID DYES WITH LIPID VESICLES AND SUPPORTED LIPID BILAYERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/584744.

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Chemistry
Ph.D.
Lipophilic dye probes are widely used for labelling of cells, organelles, liposomes, viruses and lipoproteins. The lipophilic dye diffuses in the membrane and stains the cell and cells even tolerate the lipophilic dye in high concentration. The fluorescence of styryl dyes increases after insertion into the hydrophobic environment of the lipid membrane compared their fluorescence in the aqueous phase solution. The alkyl chains of the fluorescent styryl dye probe insert into membranes and are used to understand their biophysical properties and their behavior in lipid bilayers. The mechanism of incorporation of the dyes into cell membranes, or vesicle model systems, is not resolved. In this study we used a modified dialkylaminostyryl fluorescent lipid, 4-(4-(dihexadecylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide (DiA), replacing the I- counterion with the Cl- anion to make DiA-Cl increase hydration of the polar head and to enable self-assembling in water and formation of vesicles. Vesicles composed of DMPC (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine)/DiA, DPPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphatidylcholine) /DiA, DSPC (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphatidylcholine) /DiA, DMPE (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine)/DiA, DPPE (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine)/DiA and DSPE (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine)/DiA have been prepared in mole ratios between 100/0 to 0/100, in order to investigate the effects of chain length and headgroup type on chain packing and phase separation in these mixed amphiphilic systems, using nanocalorimetry, dynamic light scattering and fluorescence data, as well as confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM). In addition, we report the self-assembly of DiA-Cl, to form H-aggregates of lipid bilayers in aqueous solution, beyond a critical vesicle concentration. Lipid bilayers can be fused onto silica nanoparticles (NPs) to form supported lipid bilayer (SLB)-NPs. (SLB)-NPs have a varous interdisciplinary applications from medicine to environmental fields and agriculture sciences. Here, the lipids on the nanoparticles were used for two applications. One was to adsorb polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the environment and the other was as vehicles for foliar delivery of nutrients to plants. Silica SLB nanoparticles can increase the solubility of Benzo[a]Pyrene (BaP) in order to extract the BaP from soil for in situ biodegradation. Initial studies were begun on the effect of foliar application of silica SLBs nanoparticles on plants. The SLBs to be used were prepared using both 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) and DiA, in order to determine whether the lipid increased the entry of the silica into the plant leaves and whether the lipids also entered.
Temple University--Theses
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Oldham, Alexis Jean. "Modulation of lipid domain formation in mixed model systems by proteins and peptides." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-1/r1/oldhama/alexisoldham.pdf.

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Temprano, López Ana. "The lipin protein family in human adipocytes: lipid metabolism and obesity." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398025.

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Les lipins són una família conservada evolutivament de fosfatases de fosfatidat (PAP1) dependents de Mg2+, que generen diacilglicerol per a la síntesi de fosfolípids i triacilglicerol. En mamífers, la família consta de lipina-1, lipina-2 i lipina-3. Mentre en ratolins la mutació del gen Lpin1 causa lipodistròfia, les mutacions deletèries en el gen LPIN1 en humans no afecten la distribució del greix. No obstant, persones amb diabetis tipus 2 mostren nivells reduïts de l'expressió de LPIN1 i de l'activitat PAP1. Aquesta tesi estudia el paper de les lipins en el teixit adipós humà, la adipogènesi i la lipòlisi. Descobrim que la expressió de gens i proteïnes lipin és alterada en el teixit adipós de les persones amb diabetis tipus 2. Silenciant cada membre de la família lipin en la línia cel•lular humana de preadipòcits del síndrome Simpson-Golabi-Behmel (SGBS), mostrem que mentre que els tres membres tenen un paper en el primers estadis de l’adipogènesi, els preadipòcits silenciats de lipin es diferencien i acumulen lípids neutres, la qual cosa condueix a la hipòtesi de l'existència de vies alternatives per a la síntesi de triacilglicerol en adipòcits humans quan es reprimeix l'expressió de les lipin. Les lipin participen també en el reciclatge d'àcids grassos alliberats mitjançant la via lipolítica. Després de la inducció de la lipòlisi, les lipines són defosforilades i es desplacen a la membrana del reticle endoplasmàtic, on exerceixen la seva funció enzimàtica. Aquesta activació és induïda pels àcids grassos alliberats i s'inverteix amb la presència d’albúmina o triacsin C. La inducció d’adipòcits silenciats de cada lipina demostra el seu paper en el metabolisme dels lípids neutres. En resum, les lipin semblen no tenir un paper imprescindible en la adipogènesi humana però sí poden comprometre el reciclatge d'àcids grassos, important per a la homeòstasis lipídica.
Las lipinas son una familia de fosfatasas de fosfatidato (PAP1) dependientes de Mg2+ evolutivamente conservadas, que generan diacilglicerol para la síntesis de fosfolípidos y triacilglicerol. En mamíferos, la familia consiste en lipina-1, lipina-2, y lipina-3. Mientras en ratones la mutación del gen Lpin1 causa lipodistrofia, las mutaciones deletéreas en el gen LPIN1 en humanos no afectan a la distribución de grasa. Sin embargo, los individuos con diabetes tipo 2 manifiestan niveles reducidos de expresión de LPIN1 y de actividad PAP1. En esta tesis doctoral se estudia la función de las lipinas en el tejido adiposo humano, la adipogénesis y la lipólisis. Descubrimos que la expresión génica y proteica de las lipinas está alterada en el tejido adiposo de individuos con diabetes tipo 2. La depleción de cada miembro de las lipinas en la línea celular humana de preadipocitos del síndrome Simpson–Golabi–Behmel (SGBS), mostró que, a pesar de que los tres miembros tienen un papel en la adipogénesis temprana, los adipocitos deplecionados de lipinas se diferencian y acumulan lípidos neutros, llevándonos a la hipótesis de la existencia de vías alternativas para la síntesis de triacilglicerol en adipocitos humanos cuando la expresión de las lipinas es reprimida. Las lipinas también intervienen en el reciclaje de los ácidos grasos liberados por la vía lipolítica. Tras la inducción de la lipólisis, las lipinas son defosforiladas y se desplazan a la membrana del retículo endoplásmico, donde ejercen su función. Esta activación es inducida por los ácidos grasos liberados, y revertida con albúmina o triacsin C. La depleción de cada lipina en adipocitos SGBS y posterior inducción de la lipólisis, demuestra su papel en el metabolismo de lípidos neutros. En resumen, las lipinas parecen no tener un papel indispensable en la adipogénesis humana pero sí comprometer el reciclaje de ácidos grasos, importante para la homeostasis lipídica.
Lipins are evolutionarily conserved Mg2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphatases (PAP1) that generate diacylglycerol for phospholipid and triacylglycerol synthesis. In mammals the Lipin family consists of lipin-1, lipin-2 and lipin-3. Whereas mutations in the Lpin1 gene cause lipodystrophy in mouse models, LPIN1 deleterious mutations in humans do not affect fat distribution. However, reduced LPIN1 expression and PAP1 activity have been described in participants with type 2 diabetes. In this doctoral thesis we investigate the roles of all lipin family members in human adipose tissue, adipogenesis and lipolysis. We found that adipose tissue gene and protein expression of the lipin family is altered in type 2 diabetes. Depletion of every lipin family member in a human Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome (SGBS) pre-adipocyte cell line showed that even though all members alter early stages of adipogenesis, lipin-silenced cells differentiate and accumulate neutral lipids, pointing to the hypothesis of alternative pathways for triacylglycerol synthesis under repression of lipin expression. Lipins also have a role in the recycling of the fatty acids released by the lipolytic pathway. They become dephosphorylated upon lipolytic induction, and translocate to their active site, the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. This activation is induced by fatty acids and reversed with albumin or triacsin C. Depletion of every lipin member and subsequently stimulation of lipolysis in SGBS adipocytes revealed a role for lipins in neutral lipid metabolism. Overall, our data support that lipins may not have an indispensable role in adipogenesis, but their depletion compromise fatty acid recycling and lipid homeostasis.
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Carr, Neil Owen. "Lipid binding and lipid-protein interaction in wheat flower dough." Thesis, University of Reading, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293285.

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A study of lipid CClIplexirq in wheat floor ck:ujl has been made in an att:en¢ to explain the decrease in lipid extractability occurrin;J on dough developnent. '!be involvement of dough protein in this process has been assessa:i am new concepts have been evaluatai in the light of the known functionality of lipids in breadInakinI. PUblished W'Ork has irx:ticata:l that low IIDlecular \¥eight gluten proteins (ligolins) have a highly specific function in bin:ti.rg lipid. USl.rxJ similar fractionation methods to the plblished \¥Ork, it was possible to confirm this protein-lipid associaticn, although detergent cx:mtamination was d:JseIved followin;J the experimental procedure. It was sham that protein-lipid associaticn developed only in the preserx=e of detergent, whien led to a questionin;J of the pI'O{X)SeCi lipid bi.n::tin;J role of these low mlecular \¥eight proteins. It was also shown that the use of certain organic solvents can be unsatisfactory in the stlrly of protein-lipid interaction in dough. Fractionation by dilute acid provided evi~ that the 'baJnj' lipids of gluten were primarily in high mlecular \¥eight form, represented at least in part by a lip:JSaDal dispersion, whien were reasoned to be eri:e:tied within the gluten J'le'bvork in a oon-specific way. It was corcl.uled that interaction bet\¥een protein am such interactive lipid rmses ccW.d be responsible for the biniin:J of lipid durin;J dough develq:ment. Further sttnies are reported ~ the infll.lelDa of short:eni.n:J fat on lipid biniin;J. While there was sane in:lication that hard fat functionality was linked to an ability to maintain a critical pool of 'free' polar lipid, further work is required to investigate this early tentative CXl'd.usion. 'lhese stmies have been di srussed against a background of published WOrk, which has led to speculations al the nature and signifi~ of lipid b~ in the breadInakinI process. -
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9

Reeder, Brandon Jon. "Reactions of lipid and lipid hydroperoxides with myoglobin and lipoxygenase." Thesis, University of Essex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265191.

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PERISSINOTTO, FABIO. "Lipid raft formation and lipid-protein interactions in model membranes." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2919798.

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The biological membranes of eukaryotic organisms contain functional, highly dynamic nano-domains called "lipid rafts" (LRs) which are enriched in cholesterol, sphingolipids and GPI-anchor proteins. They are involved in several biological processes which implicate or are mediated by the plasma membrane. Moreover, LRs seem to have a critical role in the onset of some neurodegenerative diseases such as the Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Prion protein disorders. In the last two decades, the complexity of studying such domains in living cells has caused a growing interest in the use and design of artificial membrane models, which mimic the structure and composition of biological membranes. In this context, I promoted the formation and investigated the properties of lipid raft domains in artificial lipid bilayers by exploiting Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). I compared two different fabrication methods for the production of artificial lipid bilayers, the drop-casting and the direct vesicle fusion techniques. I started from one-component lipid membranes and I progressively moved towards more complex models, as binary and ternary lipid compositions, in order to study the main LRs features in relation to specific biological phenomena, such as protein-lipid interactions involved in particular pathological diseases. The direct vesicle fusion method appeared to be the most suitable approach in term of reproducibility, stability and control of lipid composition. I took advantage from this method for carrying out a morphological characterization of raft-like model membranes composed by phosphocoline (DOPC), sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol focusing in particular on lipid phase behavior. Membranes exhibited the coexistence of two lipid phases, the fluid phase made by DOPC, and the solid-ordered phase made by SM and cholesterol, the latter resembling raft-like domains. With selected 3-component lipid systems, I then investigated the distribution of GM1 ganglioside, a LR marker, into my system, demonstrating its preferential localization in the nano-domains and highlighting the feasibility and versatility of model membrane technology. For the first time, I studied the binding of synthetic full-length Prion protein (PrPc), carrying a C-terminal membrane anchor (MA), to LRs domains. The conversion of PrPc into the scrapie isoform PrPsc, which displays high propensity to aggregate leading to cytotoxicity, has been reported to take place into LRs and to be influenced by lipid-anchors. I demonstrated with this study the propensity of this protein to specifically target LR domains of my artificial systems, observing an aggregation process occurring even at low protein concentrations. A comparative analysis with PrPc lacking of MA is however required to assess the role of lipid-anchor into the protein distribution and aggregation. Finally, in the last part of my research I focused on the study of the role of iron ions in the interaction between alpha synuclein (αS) and lipid membranes. αS is the central protein of PD and the presence of amyloid αS fibrils is the main pathological hallmark of the disease. By AFM in combination with attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, I compared the structural behavior of the wild-type (wt) and a mutant form of αS (A53T) in presence of Fe2+ ions and the effect of the iron ions on the interaction with my artificial membrane, and specifically with LRs.
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Books on the topic "Lipid"

1

Feher, Michael D. Lipids and lipid disorders. London: Gower Medical, 1991.

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T, Nylander, and Lindman Björn 1942-, eds. Lipids and polymer-lipid systems. Berlin: Springer, 2002.

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3

Gurr, M. I. Lipid biochemistry. 5th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2002.

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4

Nylander, Tommy, and Björn Lindman, eds. Lipid and Polymer-Lipid Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45291-5.

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1941-, Richmond William, ed. Pocket picture guides: Lipids and lipid disorders. London: Gower Medical Pub., 1990.

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Gurr, M. I. Lipid biochemistry: An introduction. 4th ed. London: Chapman & Hall, 1991.

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1948-, Vigo-Pelfrey Carmen, ed. Membrane lipid oxidation. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1990.

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Tonkin, Andrew M. Lipid disorders. Oxford: Clinical, 2009.

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Gurr, M. I., and J. L. Harwood. Lipid Biochemistry. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3862-2.

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McIntosh, Thomas J., ed. Lipid Rafts. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-513-8.

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Book chapters on the topic "Lipid"

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Willian, Kyle. "Lipids and Lipid Oxidation." In The Science of Meat Quality, 147–75. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118530726.ch8.

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Newman, Jonathan. "Lipid." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1294–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_1272.

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Malik, Jamil A., Theresa A. Morgan, Falk Kiefer, Mustafa Al’Absi, Anna C. Phillips, Patricia Cristine Heyn, Katherine S. Hall, et al. "Lipid." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1163–64. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_1272.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Lipid." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 904. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_14126.

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Santra, Sangita, and Sanjay Das. "Lipid." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_849-1.

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Santra, Sangita, and Sanjay Das. "Lipid." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 3967–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_849.

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He, Hui, and Tao Hou. "Lipid." In Essentials of Food Chemistry, 197–253. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0610-6_5.

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Kirby, Mike. "Lipids And Lipid-Modifying Therapy." In Men's Health, 139–46. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429347238-17.

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Jones, A. Daniel, Kyria L. Boundy-Mills, G. Florin Barla, Sandeep Kumar, Bryan Ubanwa, and Venkatesh Balan. "Microbial Lipid Alternatives to Plant Lipids." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 1–32. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9484-7_1.

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Lin, Xi, Mike Azain, and Jack Odle. "Lipids and Lipid Utilization in Swine." In Sustainable Swine Nutrition, 59–79. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118491454.ch3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Lipid"

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Mienis, Esther, and Imogen Foubert. "Effect of ultrasound disruption on lipid extraction from Nannochloropsis sp." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/kvad7452.

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Photoautotrophic microalgae are a novel source of biomass rich in lipids containing nutritionally interesting n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA). However, microalgae incorporated into foods as whole biomass may lead to limited n-3 LC-PUFA uptake by the human body. Incorporation of microalgal oil instead of whole biomass is an interesting alternative. The extraction efficiency of these lipids can be enhanced by adding a cell disruption step during lipid extraction. Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) to enhance lipid recovery from microalgae has been covered in recent literature. UAE is used to speed up lipid extraction for analytical purposes or for industrially applicable lipid extraction of microalgae. In addition, the ultrasonication and lipid extraction by organic solvents of microalgal biomass has been performed in different set-ups: simultaneous ultrasonication and lipid extraction or ultrasonication and subsequent lipid extraction, ultrasonication of wet biomass or dry biomass. Often, no reference method is included to which the lipid extraction efficiency using UAE is compared and the total lipid content of the biomass is not always specified making it impossible to calculate the extraction efficiency. Therefore, the effectiveness of this cell disruption technique for industrial microalgae processing has not consistently been proven in literature. This study investigates the effect of UAE of Nannochloropsis sp. biomass on the lipid extraction efficiency and the lipid quality, expressed as free fatty acid content and peroxide value. The effect of UAE on wet and dry biomass in the absence or presence of organic solvents is compared. The effect of the solvent system, ultrasonication power and ultrasonication time is studied.The results show that the lipid extraction efficiency increases after UAE. The presence of some solvent systems leads to higher lipid extraction efficiency when UAE is performed on dry biomass compared to wet biomass while for other solvent systems, this is reversed.
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Caffrey, Martin. "Lipid Phase Behavior: Databases, Rational Design and Membrane Protein Crystallization." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192724.

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The relationship that exists between structure and function is a unifying theme in my varied biomembrane-based research activities. It applies equally well to the lipid as to the protein component of membranes. With a view to exploiting information that has been and that is currently being generated in my laboratory, as well as that which exists in the literature, a number of web-accessible, relational databases have been established over the years. These include databases dealing with lipids, detergents and membrane proteins. Those catering to lipids include i) LIPIDAT, a database of thermodynamic information on lipid phases and phase transitions, ii) LIPIDAG, a database of phase diagrams concerning lipid miscibility, and iii) LMSD, a lipid molecular structures database. CMCD is the detergent-based database. It houses critical micelle concentration information on a wide assortment of surfactants under different conditions. The membrane protein data bank (MPDB) was established to provide convenient access to the 3-D structure and related properties of membrane proteins and peptides. The utility and current status of these assorted databases will be described and recommendations will be made for extending their range and usefulness.
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Kim, Joon Heon. "Lipid and lipid-polymer mixtures at an interface." In Third tohwa university international conference on statistical physics. AIP, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1291601.

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Chathamkandath Raghuvaran, Greeshma. "Nacre Shell Inspired Self Assembly of Graphene Oxide-Lipid Nanocomposites." In SurfCoat Korea and Graphene Korea 2021 International Joint Virtual Conferences. Setcor Conferences and Events, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26799/cp-surfcoat-graphene-korea-2021/6.

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Nanoscale graphene oxide-lipid composites have shown wide applications in the field of biosensing and nanosafety. Macroscopic free-standing membranes of this combination potentially offer excellent mechanical properties which can be attributed to the inherent strength of graphene oxide(GO). Previous experimental studies have mostly dealt with monolayer or bilayer interactions of lipids with graphene and graphene oxide surfaces. In our study, we report for the first time, a simple and scalable fabrication method where Small Unilamellar Vesicles (SUVs) of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(DOPC) combine with graphene oxide to produce stable nanocomposites via self-assembly. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of the composite revealed layer-by-layer structures, reconfirmed by X-Ray Diffraction(XRD) results which show a proportional increase in the interlayer separation with an increasing ratio of lipid in graphene oxide. The nanocomposite thus fabricated mimics naturally occurring nacre shell structures where graphene oxide substitutes the strong aragonite layers, and the intermediate lipid layers provide the necessary elasticity pertaining to protein chitin in nacre. The addition of lipids to graphene-based nanocomposites also serves as a biodegradable alternative to using polymers as a popular reinforcement agent. The ease of fabrication method reported facilitates the production of stable GO-Lipid membranes in variable scales and geometries.
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Isaac, Giorgis, Hernando Olivos, and Robert Plumb. "Lipid separation and structural characterization using travelling wave cyclic ion mobility." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/snxj7960.

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The analysis and structural characterization of lipids remain challenging due to the chemical structure diversity and isobaric nature. In recent years, liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility-mass spectrometry (LC-IM-MS) for lipidomics has shown advantages in lipid identification. In particular, collision cross section (CCS) obtained from the IM measurements represents a physical property that can be used to enhance the confidence of lipid identification. Data were collected on a hybrid quadrupole cyclic IM (cIM) orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight instrument. It provides the option to perform either a single pass, or multiple passes until the desired resolution is achieved. MS and CID fragmentation data were obtained on precursor IM separated lipids followed by TOF mass measurement. Using the advanced travelling WAVE technology, a portion of the IMS separation can be selected and stored in a Pre-Array trap region. The stored ions can be re-injected to enable ion mobility analysis and by repeating this IMS to the “n” experiments can be performed. Ion mobility provides additional separation dimension that allows the separation of isobaric and isomeric compounds. The separation and structural characterization of different lipid classes using cIM is currently under study. Different lipid classes with positional isomer (Sn1/Sn2 vs Sn2/Sn1), different double bond positions, cis and trans isomers, glucosyl and galactosyl ceramide isomers, PIP and ganglioside isomers were investigated. Some of the isomers were baseline separated only after 1 pass (approximately at 65 IMS resolution) and others with 50 passes (approximately at 450 IMS resolution). In summary, cyclic IMS provides novel, scalable ion mobility resolution and the increased resolution is useful to resolve and separate isobaric and isomeric lipids species. Advanced modes of operation with ion activation followed by ion mobility separation offers new insights into lipid structural characterization.
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Reed, Scott M., Min S. Wang, and Erica L. Curello. "Electrophoretic Mobility of Lipid Coated Nanoparticles: Understanding the Influence of Size and Charge on a Lipoprotein Particle Mimic." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64158.

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Elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Although smaller LDL particles are more atherogenic, it is not clear how LDL particle size influences atherogenesis. Smaller particles may be more prone to macrophage uptake and plaque formation. Alternatively, increased rates of lipid oxidation may explain the atherogenic effects of smaller LDL. We have developed a mimic of LDL that allows independent examination of the effect of LDL size and oxidation. We have engineered LDL mimics using liposome-encapsulated gold nanoparticles, in which the size and surface charge are independently controlled during synthesis. Here we examine the effects of lipid composition on zeta potential and electrophoretic mobility of LDL mimics. Using these mimics, we explored the effect of the lipid coating on the nanoparticles including anionic lipids and oxidized lipids. Dynamic light scattering was used to determine the size of the mimics and gel electrophoresis was used to measure the mobility and calculate zeta potential. The charge of the lipid coating influenced the mobility and we anticipate this will influence how the mimics interacts with proteins.
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Khurtina, S. N., V. P. Voronin, A. M. Orlov, and S. A. Murzina. "TISSUE SPECIFICITY OF THE LIPID CONTENT OF THE ENDEMIC FISH SPECIES ANTARCTIC SILVERFISH PLEURAGRAMMA ANTARCTICUM." In NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. LLC Institute Information Technologies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-3-8.137-142.

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The paper presents data on the lipid content of certain organs and tissues of Pleuragramma antarcticum from the Antarctic Strait (Atlantic sector of Antarctica). The obtained results on the tissue specificity of lipids and biochemical adaptations at the lipid level in this fish spe-cies, which contribute to the tolerance of the organism to influence of the extreme environ-mental factors of Antarctic ecosystems, are discussed.
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Lazaridi, Eleni, and Boudewijn Hollebrands. "Selective ionization of oxidized versus non-oxidized lipid species using different solvent additives in direct infusion MS." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/uvqo5522.

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Lipid oxidation in food products is a crucial problem that causes undesirable changes in the food’s flavor, texture, nutritional value and consequently reduces shelf life. Even though lipid oxidation has been examined extensively and is rather well understood in bulk oils and fats, the processes behind it in more complex systems like emulsified foods are still largely unresolved. Oxidation reactions are believed to progress from the oil/water interface to the core of the oil droplets, making it important to understand the contribution of interfacial lipids (i.e. MAG, DAG and PL) to the lipid oxidation process. To study this, novel analytical tools are needed that allow the characterization of the highly complex mixture of oxidized species encountered in aged emulsified foods.In this study, a direct infusion mass spectrometry (MS) approach was set up to selectively ionize oxidized lipid species versus their non-oxidized precursors (DAG and TAG). Three mobile phase additives were investigated (NH4HCO2, C2H3NaO2 and NaI) at three different concentrations, and three ion source parameters (i.e. sheath gas temperature, nozzle and capillary voltage)were optimized. A fractional factorial design was conducted to examine not only the direct effect of the operating parameters on selective ionization of oxidized lipid species, but also assess their combined effect. A three level process was chosen to examine the effect of the selected parameters: (1) on the whole mass range of oxidized versus non oxidized lipid species, (2) on selected lipid species and their different oxidized forms, and (3) on the fragments of the lipid species investigated in the previous step. Selective ionization of oxidized versus non-oxidized lipid species was favored more by the use of sodium containing solvent additives. These findings will contribute to future studies on the influence of interfacial composition on lipid oxidation in complex emulsified food systems.
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Villeneuve, Pierre, Claire Bourlieu-Lacanal, David McClements, Eric Decker, and Erwann Durand. "Lipid oxidation in emulsions and bulk oils: A review of the importance of micelles." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/lzak8107.

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Lipid oxidation is a major cause of quality deterioration in food or cosmetic products. In these matrices, lipids are often present in a bulk or in emulsified forms. In both systems, the rate, extent and pathway of oxidation are highly dependent on the presence of colloidal structures and interfaces because these are the locations where oxidation normally occurs. In bulk oils, reverse micelles (association colloids) are present and are believed to play a crucial role on lipid oxidation. Conversely, in emulsions, surfactant micelles are present that also play a major role in lipid oxidation pathways. This review discusses the current understanding of the influence of micellar structures on lipid oxidation. In particular, is discussed the major impact of the presence of micelles in emulsions, or reverse micelles (association colloids) in bulk oil on the oxidative stability of both systems. Indeed, both micelles in emulsions and associate colloids in bulk oil are discussed as nanoscale structures that can serve as reservoirs of antioxidants and pro-oxidants and are involved in their transport within the concerned system. Their role as nanoreactors where lipid oxidation reactions occur is also commented. Significance of your research to the AOCS membership? The results underline the importance of a better understanding of the role of micelles in the control of lipid oxidation in food or cosmetic products.
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Berton-Carabin, Claire. "Lipid oxidation in Pickering emulsions." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/nfxb4600.

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Pickering emulsions have garnered great interest in food science lately. These systems are characterized by the use of colloidal particles as physical stabilizers, that strongly anchor at the oil-water interface, instead of conventional emulsifiers. Many biobased particles have recently been identified as useful for this application, which holds potential for revolutionizing the field of food emulsion formulation [1,2]. However, although the potential in terms of physical stabilization of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions has been thoroughly explored in the past years, how such emulsions may resist lipid oxidation, and whether particles could also be used to protect labile polyunsaturated lipids against oxidation is still questionable. This presentation aims at shedding light on this question by combining a review of the different types of food-compatible particles that have been recognized as useful to form Pickering emulsions, discussing examples of mitigation of lipid oxidation in such emulsions [3,4], and finally reflecting on the desired properties and possible targeted design of particles to achieve dual physical and oxidative stabilization of emulsions [5].[1] Berton-Carabin, C., & Schroën, K. (2015). Pickering emulsions for food applications: Background, trends and challenges. Ann. Rev. Food Sci. Technol., 6, 263–297.[2] Dickinson, E. (2020). Advances in food emulsions and foams: Reflections on research in the neo-Pickering era. Curr. Opin. Food Sci., 33, 52–60.[3] Schröder, A., Laguerre, M., Sprakel, J., Schroën, K., & Berton-Carabin, C. (2020). Pickering particles as interfacial reservoirs of antioxidants. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 575, 489–498.[4] Schröder, A., Laguerre, M., Tenon, M., Schroën, K., & Berton-Carabin, C. (2021). Natural particles can armor emulsions against lipid oxidation and coalescence. Food Chem., 347, 129003.[5] Berton-Carabin, C., Schröder, A., Schroën, K., & Laguerre, M. (2021). Lipid oxidation in Pickering emulsions. In Garcia-Moreno, P., Jacobsen, C., Sorensen, A. D., & Yesiltas, B. (Eds), Omega-3 Delivery Systems, Elsevier, Cambridge, MA., pp. 275-293.
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Reports on the topic "Lipid"

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Shewfelt, Robert, Susan Lurie, Marilyn Erickson, and Ya'acov Leshem. Modification of Plasmalemma Lipids to Mimic Changes in Lipid. United States Department of Agriculture, February 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7604317.bard.

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Hall, Andrew B., Nicholas Lancia, Christopher Gerlach, Brian Layton, Howard M. Monroe, and Mason Hunt. Omental Lipid-Coated Mesh. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada544419.

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Alving, Carl R. Lipid A and Liposomes Containing Lipid A as Adjuvants for Vaccines. Chapter 18. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada272664.

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Slade, Andrea Lynn, Gabriel P. Lopez, Linnea K. Ista, Michael J. O'Brien, Darryl Yoshio Sasaki, Paul Bisong, Reema R. Zeineldin, Julie A. Last, and Stephen R. J. Brueck. Lipid membranes on nanostructured silicon. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/920830.

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Nagumo, Mark. Molecular Dynamics of Lipid Bilayers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada211492.

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Quiroga, Ariel D., and Richard Lehner. Acylglycerol Lipases (Neutral Lipid Hydrolysis). AOCS, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/lipidlibrary.39188.

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Kanner, Joseph, Mark Richards, Ron Kohen, and Reed Jess. Improvement of quality and nutritional value of muscle foods. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7591735.bard.

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Food is an essential to our existence but under certain conditions it could become the origin to the accumulative health damages. Technological processes as heating, chopping, mincing, grounding, promote the lipid oxidation process in muscle tissues and meat foodstuffs. Lipid oxidation occurred rapidly in turkey muscle, intermediate in duck, and slowest in chicken during frozen storage. Depletion of tocopherol during frozen storage was more rapid in turkey and duck compared to chicken. These processes developed from lipid peroxides produce many cytotoxic compounds including malondialdehyde (MDA). The muscle tissue is further oxidized in stomach conditions producing additional cytotoxic compounds. Oxidized lipids that are formed during digestion of a meal possess the potential to promote reactions that incur vascular diseases. A grape seed extract (1% of the meat weight) and butylated hydroxytoluene (0.2% of the lipid weight) were each effective at preventing formation of lipid oxidation products for 3 hours during co-incubation with cooked turkey meat in simulated gastric fluid (SGF). Polyphenols in the human diet, as an integral part of the meal prevent the generation and absorption of cytotoxic compounds and the destruction of essential nutrients, eg. antioxidants vitamins during the meal. Polyphenols act as antioxidants in the gastrointestinal tract; they scavenge free radicals and may interact with reactive carbonyls, enzymes and proteins. These all reactions results in decreasing the absorption of reactive carbonyls and possible other cytotoxic compounds into the plasma. Consumptions of diet high in fat and red meat are contributory risk factors partly due to an increase production of cytotoxic oxidized lipid products eg. MDA. However, the simultaneously consumption of polyphenols rich foods reduce these factors. Locating the biological site of action of polyphenols in the in the gastrointestinal tract may explain the paradox between the protective effect of a highly polyphenols rich diet and the low bioavailability of these molecules in human plasma. It may also explain the "French paradox" and the beneficial effect of Mediterranean and Japanese diets, in which food products with high antioxidants content such as polyphenols are consumed during the meal.
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Singh, Anup K., Daniel J. Throckmorton, Jose C. Moran-Mirabal, Joshua B. Edel, Grant D. Meyer, and Harold G. Craighead. Lipid Microarray Biosensor for Biotoxin Detection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1141263.

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Gontar, I. P., O. I. Emelyanova, O. A. Rusanova, N. I. Emelyanov, and A. N. Krasilnikov. NEW METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO LIPID IMMOBILIZATION. Планета, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/978-5-907109-24-7-2018-xxxv-69-73.

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Leibovitz, Brian. Ascorbic acid, lipid peroxidation, and aging. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2896.

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