Journal articles: 'LINSEED OIL METHYL ESTER'

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Tasić, Ana, Jelena D. Rusmirović, Jovana Nikolić, Aleksandra Božić, Vladimir Pavlović, Aleksandar D. Marinković, and Petar S. Uskoković. "Effect of the vinyl modification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the performances of waste poly(ethylene terephthalate)-based nanocomposites." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 4 (July 28, 2016): 491–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316648757.

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Production of high-performance nanocomposite materials obtained from unsaturated polyester resin, based on products of the waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycling, and modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes is presented. Di-hydroxy functional glycolysates, synthesized by catalytic depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with propylene glycol, were used for the unsaturated polyester resin synthesis. The structure of the obtained glycolysis product and unsaturated polyester resin were characterized by using FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, and by acid, iodine, and hydroxyl value. Nanofillers were prepared by direct and two-step amidation of oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Direct amidation with diallylamine produced multi-walled carbon nanotube-diallylamine reactive nanofiller. Two-step modification with diamines: hexamethylenediamine and p-phenylenediamine gave multi-walled carbon nanotube-hexamethylenediamine and multi-walled carbon nanotube- p-phenylenediamine nanofiller, respectively, whose amidation with methyl ester of linseed oil fatty acids gave multi-walled carbon nanotube-hexamethylenediamine/methyl ester of linseed oil fatty acid and multi-walled carbon nanotube- p-phenylenediamine/methyl ester of linseed oil fatty acid nanofiller, respectively. Influences of vinyl functionalities on mechanical properties of nanocomposite were analyzed from tensile strength ( σb), elongation ( ɛb) and Young’s modulus ( E) determination. An increase of 97.4, 119 and 139% of σb was obtained for nanocomposites with addition of 0.25 wt.% of diallylamine, p-phenylenediamine/methyl ester of linseed oil fatty acid and hexamethylenediamine/methyl ester of linseed oil fatty acid multi-walled carbon nanotubes, respectively. Short techno-economic analysis, performed on the basis of fixed and variable unsaturated polyester resin production costs, showed satisfactory potential profit, which could be realized by the implementation of the presented technology.

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Gautam, Sunil, Sangeeta Kanakraj, and Azriel Henry. "Computational approach using machine learning modelling for optimization of transesterification process for linseed biodiesel production." AIMS Bioengineering 9, no. 4 (2022): 319–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/bioeng.2022023.

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<abstract> In this research work, various machine learning models such as linear regression (LR), KNN and MLP were created to predict the optimized synthesis of biodiesel from pre-treated and non-treated Linseed oil in base transesterification reaction mode. Three input parameters were included for modelling, reaction time, catalyst concentrated ion, and methanol/oil-molar ratio. In biodiesel transesterification reaction 180 samples run with non-Pre-treated Linseed Methyl Ester (NPLME), Water Pre-treated Linseed Methyl Ester (WPLME) and Enzymatic Pre-treated Linseed Methyl Ester (EPLME) oil as feed stocks and optimized parameters are find out for maximum biodiesel yield to be 8:1 molar ratio, 0.4% weight catalyst, 60 °C reaction temperature.To test the technique, R2 and MAPE parameters were used. The average R2 values for linear regression, KNN, and MLP are 0.7030, 0.8554 and 0.7864 respectively. Moreover, the average MAPE values for these models are 11.1886, 6.0873 and 8.0669 respectively. Hence, it is observed that the KNN model outperforms other models with higher accuracy and low MAPE score. </abstract>

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A. Jaswanth et al.,, A. Jaswanth et al ,. "Experimental Investigation on Linseed Oil Methyl Ester Fuelled Diesel Engine." International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development 9, no. 3 (2019): 1563–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24247/ijmperdjun2019165.

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Talib Hamzah, Husam, Veluru Sridevi, Santhosh Kumar, M. Tukaram Bai, and Venkat Rao Poiba. "METHYL ESTER (BIODIESEL) PRODUCTION FROM MICRO ALGAE AND LINSEED MIXING OIL." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 759–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11155.

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Nguyen Khanh Dieu, Hong, and Luong Tran Van. "Preparation and characterization of ordered mesoporous carbon based catalyst derived from sodium lignosunfonate for conversion of linseed oil to biokerosene." Vietnam Journal of Catalysis and Adsorption 9, no. 2 (July 31, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.51316/jca.2020.021.

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The study focused on preparation and characterization of ordered mesoporous carbon based catalyst derived from sodium lignosunfonate (MSL catalyst), and its application in conversion of linseed oil to biokerosene was also briefly discussed. The preparation of the catalyst was established by condensation-evaporation method where sulfonated biochar obtained from soditum lignosulfonate, CTAB were used as precursor and template, respectively. Water solvent was gradually evaporated during the preparation yielding a gel-like mixture at the end of the process. The catalyst with ordered mesoporous structure, high acidity, and stable activity sites was applied in the conversion of linseed oil to biokerosene, and the results based on the high yield and purity of the methyl ester product illustrated the catalysts high activity and selectivity. Some techniques were applied such as SAXRD, WAXRD, FT-IR, BET-BJH, NH3-TPD and GC-MS for characterizing the catalyst and determining the composition of the linseed oil and the biokerosene.

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Ullah, Faizan, Asghari Bano, and Saqib Ali. "Optimization Of Protocol For Biodiesel Production Of Linseed (Linum Usitatissimum L.) Oil." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2013-0013.

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Attempts were made to optimize variables affecting the yield of linseed oil biodiesel in a base catalyzed transesterification reaction. The variables studied were reaction temperature (40-70oC), catalyst (NaOH) concentration (0.1-1.5%) and reaction time (30-180 min). The conversion of linseed oil into methyl esters was confirmed through analytical methods like 1H NMR, gas chromatography (GC) and refractometer. The maximum biodiesel yield (97±1.045% w/w) was obtained at 0.5% catalyst concentration, 65oC temperature, 180 min reaction time and 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil. 1H NMR confirmed the practically obtained % conversion of triglycerides into methyl esters which was further evidenced by refractometer analyses. The refractive index of biodiesel samples was lower than pure linseed oil. GC analysis confirmed the presence of linolenic acid (C18:3) as the dominant fatty acid (68 wt. %) followed by oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2) and stearic acid (C18:0) respectively. The physical properties of linseed oil biodiesel like specific gravity (0.90 g/cm3) and flash point (177oC) were higher than American Society for Testing and Materials standards (ASTM 6751) for biodiesel. However, kinematic viscosity (3.752 mm2/s) was in the range of ASTM standards.

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Manthey, Frank A., Edward F. Szelezniak, Zbigniew M. Anyszka, and John D. Nalewaja. "Foliar Absorption and Phytotoxicity of Quizalofop with Lipid Compounds." Weed Science 40, no. 4 (December 1992): 558–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500058136.

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Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of triglycerides, free fatty acids (FFA), and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) on the foliar absorption, translocation, and phytotoxicity of quizalofop. Absorption, translocation, and phytotoxicity of quizalofop in oats were greater when quizalofop was applied with FFA or FAME than with their respective triglycerides. Triglycerides and FFA generally enhanced quizalofop absorption and translocation more when they contained unsaturated than saturated fatty acids. Methylation of the fatty acids reduced differences among fatty acids, but methyl stearate and methyl linolenate enhanced absorption of quizalofop less than the other FAME for oats and yellow foxtail. Quizalofop absorption and phytotoxicity to oats were greater when applied with sunflower oil, sunflower oil FFA, and sunflower oil FAME than with the corresponding linseed oil derivatives. Emulsifier generally reduced differences between linseed oil and sunflower oil derivatives in their enhancement of absorption, translocation, and phytotoxicity of quizalofop.

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Drah, Abdusalam, Tihomir Kovačević, Jelena Rusmirović, Nataša Tomić, Saša Brzić, Marica Bogosavljavić, and Aleksandar Marinković. "Effect of surface activation of alumina particles on the performances of thermosetting-based composite materials." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 19 (March 29, 2019): 2727–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319839133.

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Two types of alumina particles, commercial (c-Al2O3) and iron doped (Fe-Al2O3), were functionalized with 3-(aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (one-step) and two-step consecutive process, i.e. firstly using 3-(aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane followed by methyl ester of linseed oil (biodiesel) to produce Al2O3ATPMS-BD reinforcement, respectively. The effect of modifier type and variable amount of alumina particles on the dynamical and mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resin–based composites was studied. The highest improvement of the tensile strength and micro Vickers hardness, 78.1 and 163%, respectively, was obtained at 1.0 wt% of Fe-Al2O3APTMS-BD addition. The obtained multifunctional composites can be potentially applied in construction and mining industries.

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Agarwal, A. K., J. Bijwe, and L. M. Das. "Wear Assessment in a Biodiesel Fueled Compression Ignition Engine." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 820–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1501079.

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Biodiesel is prepared using linseed oil and methanol by the process of transesterification. Use of linseed oil methyl ester (LOME) in a compression ignition engine was found to develop a highly compatible engine-fuel system with low emission characteristics. Two similar engines were operated using optimum biodiesel blend and mineral diesel oil, respectively. These were subjected to long-term endurance tests. Lubricating oil samples drawn from both engines after a fixed interval were subjected to elemental analysis. Quantification of various metal debris concentrations was done by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Wear metals were found to be about 30% lower for a biodiesel-operated engine system. Lubricating oil samples were also subjected to ferrography indicating lower wear debris concentrations for a biodiesel-operated engine. The additional lubricating property of LOME present in the fuel resulted in lower wear and improved life of moving components in a biodiesel-fuelled engine. However, this needed experimental verification and quantification. A series of experiments were thus conducted to compare the lubricity of various concentrations of LOME in biodiesel blends. Long duration tests were conducted using reciprocating motion in an SRV optimol wear tester to evaluate the coefficient of friction, specific wear rates, etc. The extent of damage, coefficient of friction, and specific wear rates decreased with increase in the percentage of LOME in the biodiesel blend. Scanning electron microscopy was conducted on the surfaces exposed to wear. The disk and pin using 20% biodiesel blend as the lubricating oil showed lesser damage compared to the one subjected to diesel oil as the lubricating fluid, confirming additional lubricity of biodiesel.

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Hoang, Tuan Anh, and Vang Van Le. "The Performance of A Diesel Engine Fueled With Diesel Oil, Biodiesel and Preheated Coconut Oil." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 6, no. 1 (March 22, 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.1.1-7.

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Fossil fuel crisis and depletion, environmental pollution and ever-increase in vehicle and transportation means have renewed the scientist’s interest in the world in order to look for potential alternative fuels, which are attractive such as biodiesel, bioethanol, DME and vegetable oils. Inedible vegetable oils such as coconut oil, Jatropha oil, linseed oil or animal fat are full of potential for using directly or manufacturing biodiesel. This work is carried out in order to study the four stroke diesel engine D240 performance characteristics fueled with preheated pure coconut oil (PCO), Jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) and compare with diesel oil (DO). The test diesel engine performance such as power (Ne), torque (Me), specific fuel consumption (ge) and thermal efficiency (ηe) is determined, calculated and evaluated while using JOME, preheated PCO and compared to DO. The results show that, power (Ne), torque (Me) and thermal efficiency (ηe) while engine is fueled with JOME and PCO are lower, otherwise specific fuel consumption (ge) is higher than those of diesel fuel, the test engine performance are gained the best for JOME and PCO100.Article History: Received Dec 9, 2016; Received in revised form January 28, 2017; Accepted February 4, 2017; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Hoang, T.A and Le,V. V. (2017). The Performance of A Diesel Engine Fueled With Diesel Oil, Biodiesel and Preheated Coconut Oil. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 6(1), 1-7.http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.1.1-7

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Hussien, Mubarek, Melaku Assefa, and Estifanos Ele Yaya. "Polyunsaturated verses saturated index as a reference for determining the quality of edible seed oils extracted from locally cultivated oil seeds of Ethiopia." SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 45, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v45i3.1.

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Consumption of edible oils is increasing tremendously regardless of their high prices. As a result, the global production of vegetable oils has also been growing constantly. This may be related to global population growth and associated increasing demands of the consumers. In this particular work, ten crude food seed oils of Ethiopian origin were extracted in our lab and analyzed for their chemical composition by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (gc-ms). To check their food quality, P/S index of all laboratory extracted seed oils were compared. The fatty acids (fas) concentrations of the oils were determined using decanoic acid methyl ester as internal standard and linoleic acid ethyl ester as a reference. The analysis results indicate that the P/S index for standard crude oils were 8.19 for safflower (sff), 2.58 for sesame (ses), 4.37 for Niger (nig), 5.50 for Linseed (lns), 2.04 for peanut (pnt), 5.13 for Ethiopian mustard (etm) 4.25 for sunflower (suf), 0.09 for palm (pal), 3.14 for soybean (sob), and 1.56 for cotton (cot). The maximum and minimum P/S index were obtained for SFF oil (8.19) and pal oil (0.09), respectively. Analysis of the mixtures of commercial lns and pal oils indicate the improvement of the food quality of the pal seed oil by mixing them in an appropriate ratio.

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Agarwal, A. K. "Experimental investigations of the effect of biodiesel utilization on lubricating oil tribology in diesel engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 703–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705x11239.

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Biodiesel is an alternative fuel derived from vegetable oils by modifying their molecular structure through a transesterification process. Linseed oil methyl ester (LOME) was prepared using methanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide as a catalyst. The use of LOME in compression ignition engines was found to develop a very compatible engine-fuel system with lower emission characteristics. Two identical engines were subjected to long-term endurance tests, fuelled by an optimum biodiesel blend (20 per cent LOME) and diesel oil, respectively. Various tribological studies on lubricating oil samples drawn at regular intervals from both engines were conducted in order to correlate the comparative performance of the two fuels and the effect of fuel chemistry on lubricating oil performance and life. A number of tests were conducted in order to evaluate the comparative performances of the two fuels such as density measurement, viscosity measurements, Flashpoint determination, moisture content determination, pentane and benzene insolubles, thin layer chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, etc. All these tests were used for an indirect interpretation of the comparative performance of these fuels. The performance of biodiesel fuel is found to be superior to that of diesel oil and the lubricating oil life is found to be longer while operating the engine on biodiesel

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Etim, A. O., P. Musonge, and A. C. Eloka-Eboka. "A green process synthesis of bio-composite heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of linseed-marula bi-oil methyl ester." Results in Engineering 16 (December 2022): 100645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100645.

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Sahoo, Sushanta K., Vinay Khandelwal, and Gaurav Manik. "Synthesis and characterization of low viscous and highly acrylated epoxidized methyl ester based green adhesives derived from linseed oil." International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 89 (March 2019): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2019.01.007.

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Hájek, Martin, Tomáš Hájek, David Kocián, Karel Frolich, and András Peller. "Epoxidation of Methyl Esters as Valuable Biomolecules: Monitoring of Reaction." Molecules 28, no. 6 (March 21, 2023): 2819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062819.

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The paper is focused on the epoxidation of methyl esters prepared from oil crops with various profiles of higher fatty acids, especially unsaturated, which are mainly contained in the non-edible linseed and Camelina sativa oil (second generation). The novelty consists in the separation and identification of all products with oxirane ring formed through a reaction and in the determination of time course. Through the epoxidation, many intermediates and final products were formed, i.e., epoxides with different number and/or different position of oxirane rings in carbon chain. For the determination, three main methods (infrared spectroscopy, high-pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry) were applied. Only gas chromatography enables the separation of individual epoxides, which were identified on the base of the mass spectra, molecule ion and time course of products. The determination of intermediates enables: (i) control of the epoxidation process, (ii) determination of the mixture of epoxides in detail and so the calculation of selectivity of each product. Therefore, the epoxidation will be more environmentally friendly especially for advanced applications of non-edible oil crops containing high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids.

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Martini, Denise dos Santos, Bibiana Aguiar Braga, and Dimitrios Samios. "On the curing of linseed oil epoxidized methyl esters with different cyclic dicarboxylic anhydrides." Polymer 50, no. 13 (June 2009): 2919–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2009.03.058.

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Sendžikienė, Eglė, Violeta Makarevičienė, and Svitlana Kalenska. "EXHAUST EMISSIONS FROM THE ENGINE RUNNING ON MULTI-COMPONENT FUEL." TRANSPORT 27, no. 2 (June 26, 2012): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2012.690138.

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Possible alternative raw materials for producing biodiesel fuel are as follows: Camelina sativa oil, fibre linseed oil and waste animal fat. The aim of this work was to analyse the emissions of the engine running on multi-component fuels containing fossil diesel fuel (D), linseed or Camelina sativa oil fatty acid methyl esters (LSME and CME respectively) and beef tallow (TME) fatty acid methyl esters. The concentration of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in the mixtures with fossil diesel fuel varied from 10% to 30%. The mass proportion of LSME (or CME) and TME in the mixtures was 1:4. The lowest NOxconcentration in exhaust gases was observed when the mixtures contained 10% of biofuel. For the mixtures containing CME and LSME, NOx concentrations reached 290 and 295 ppm respectively when the engine rotation speed was 1200 min−1 and 370 and 375 ppm respectively when rotation speed was 2000 min−1. CO concentration was the lowest when fuel contained 30% of the FAME mixture. HC concentration was slightly higher when the mixtures containing LSME were used relative to the mixtures containing CME. The amount of HC did not fluctuate considerably (195÷254 ppm) at rotation speeds between 1200 and 2000 min−1. Lower HC concentration was found in exhaust gas when the fuels containing 10% and 20% of biofuel were used. The lowest concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was found when the mixtures contained 30% of biofuel made of LSME or CME corresponding to 30 µg/m3 and 38 µg/m3 at a rotation speed of 1200 min−1 and 640 µg/m3 and 670 µg/m3 at a rotation speed of 2000 min−1 respectively. The greatest amount of smokiness at a high rotation speed of 2000 min−1 was observed when the mixture contained 30% of multi-component biodiesel fuel. It was found that the fuel containing a mixture of 30% of LSME biofuel and 20% of CME biofuel had a small advantage.

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K., Udaya Sri, B. S. N. Murthy, and N. Mohan Rao. "Monitoring Exhaust Emissions of A Direct Injection Diesel Engine Fueled With Linseed Oil Biodiesel - Hydrogen Dual Fuel." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 6 (April 30, 2021): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.f8765.0410621.

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This study presents an experimental and analytical investigation on the effects of using methyl ester of linseed oil (MELO)-diesel blend of B10, B20, and B30 with hydrogen injection of 5%, 10%, and 15% in a VCR (Variable Compression Ratio) diesel engine, operated with the compression ratios (CRs) of 15, 16, 17, and 18 on DFM (duel fuel mode). This study also gives emphasis on the optimized emissions of CO, CO2 , NO, and smoke, when the engine was operated with MELO-diesel blends, and hydrogen injections with the variation in engine load, crank angle (CA), using response surface methodology (RSM) with the help of MINITAB programming. During the analysis it was observed that the emissions of CO, CO2 , O2 , NO, and smoke were found to be a function of biodiesel blends, compression ratios, load, and percentage of hydrogen injection. The research results report that, the dual fuel mode of diesel MELO 20% blend with hydrogen injection of about 10% gave optimized results in terms of performance and exhaust emissions, while the optimized CR was 17. The engine was smoothly operated with B20-H10-CR17 over lower emissions compared to diesel, throughout the load spectrum.

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Sidjabat, Oberlin. "Influence Of Feedstocks In Biodiesel Production On Its Physico-Chemical Properties Of Product : A Review." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 36, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.36.3.767.

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Biodiesel is attracting increasing attention worldwide as a substituted petroleum diesel fuel or a blending component in transport sector. Biodiesel also become more attractive because of its environmental benefits and the fact that it is made from renewable resources. Biodiesel feedstock can be divided into four main categories: (i). Edible vegetable oi; (ii). Non-edible vegetable oil, (iii); Waste or used cooking oil; and (iv). Animal fats. There are two major factors to take into consideration when dealing with feedstock for biodiesel production i.e the source and composition. Biodiesel feedstocks have three main types of fatty acids as the main compounds that are present in a triglyceride: saturated (Cn:0), monounsaturated (Cn:1) and polyunsaturated (Cn:2,3). The overall biodiesel physicochemical properties are strongly influenced by the properties of individual fatty acid esters in biodiesel. Fatty acid composition varies for all biodiesel feedstocks that affected the product quality. Important fuel properties of biodiesel that are influenced by the fatty acid composition are viscosity, cetane number, heating/ calorific value, cloud point,and oxidation stability. Oxidation stability is one of the major issues influencing the use of biodiesel or FAME (fatty acid methyl ester), due to the nature of biodiesel, makes it more susceptible to oxidation or auto-oxidation during long-term storage than petroleum diesel fuel. The oxidation stability values of the biodiesel range from 0.4 hr (for the most unsaturated biodiesel, linseed) to 35.5 hr (for the most saturated one, coconut).

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Agarwal, A. K., J. Bijwe, and L. M. Das. "Effect of Biodiesel Utilization of Wear of Vital Parts in Compression Ignition Engine." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 604–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1454114.

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The combustion related properties of vegetable oils are somewhat similar to diesel oil. Neat vegetable oils or their blends with diesel, however, pose various long-term problems in compression ignition engines, e.g., poor atomization characteristics, ring-sticking, injector coking, injector deposits, injector pump failure, and lube oil dilution by crank-case polymerization. These undesirable features of vegetable oils are because of their inherent properties like high viscosity, low volatility, and polyunsaturated character. Linseed oil methyl ester (LOME) was prepared using methanol for long-term engine operations. The physical and combustion-related properties of the fuels thus developed were found to be closer to that of the diesel oil. A blend of 20 percent was selected as optimum biodiesel blend. Two similar new engines were completely disassembled and subjected to dimensioning of various vital moving parts and then subjected to long-term endurance tests on 20 percent biodiesel blend and diesel oil, respectively. After completion of the test, both the engines were again disassembled for physical inspection and wear measurement of various vital parts. The physical wear of various vital parts, injector coking, carbon deposits on piston, and ring sticking were found to be substantially lower in case of 20 percent biodiesel-fuelled engine. The lubricating oil samples drawn from both engines were subjected to atomic absorption spectroscopy for measurement of various wear metal traces present. AAS tests confirmed substantially lower wear and thus improved life for biodiesel operated engines.

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Akram, Wasim, Yashvir Singh, Abhishek Sharma, and Nishant Kumar Singh. "Experimental studies on performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel-linseed oil methyl ester (LOME) blends." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 43, no. 6 (June 20, 2019): 754–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1632978.

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Iyer, Ramasubramania. "Comments on the Use of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters of Linseed and Castor Oil as Biodiesel." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 88, no. 8 (February 11, 2011): 1271–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-011-1775-2.

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Schulz, Gracélie A. S., Kelly C. da Silveira, Daniela B. Libardi, Maria do Carmo R. Peralba, and Dimitrios Samios. "Synthesis and characterization of mono-acylglycerols through the glycerolysis of methyl esters obtained from linseed oil." European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 113, no. 12 (November 3, 2011): 1533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201100079.

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Puhan, Sukumar, R. Jegan, K. Balasubbramanian, and G. Nagarajan. "Effect of injection pressure on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of high linolenic linseed oil methyl ester in a DI diesel engine." Renewable Energy 34, no. 5 (May 2009): 1227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.10.001.

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Rivis, Y. F., and O. O. Hopanenko. "Вміст неетерифікованих жирних кислот у плазмі крові кролів за гострого аргінінового панкреатиту та його корекції." Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, medicine 4, no. 1 (January 29, 2013): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021305.

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The aim of this work was to study the content of non-esterified fatty acids in plasma and liver of rabbits with acute arginine pancreatitis and its correction by linseed oil. The experiment was carried out on male rabbits breed gray giant with live weight 3.8–4.0 kg. The material for the study was sampled from blood and liver. Lipids from plasma and liver were extracted with a mixture of chloroform and methanol. After that the non-esterified fatty acids were isolated and methylated. Methyl esters of fatty acids were studied by the gas-liquid chromatography with the chromatograph ''Chrom 5'' (Prague,CzechRepublic). We have found that the content of non-esterified fatty acids decreases in the blood plasma and liver of rabbits with the acute arginine pancreatitis. It takes place at the expense of a reduce of saturated fatty acids with odd and even number of carbon atoms in a chain, monounsaturated fatty acids of the families ω-7 and ω-9 and polyunsaturated fatty acids of the families ω-3 and ω-6. That may indicate a greater use of non-esterified fatty acids for energy metabolism and esterification of lipids. We suppose that this is a consequence of the probable increase in content of non-esterified and esterified cholesterol in the rabbits’ blood plasma. Those processes provoke the cholesterol deposits in blood vessels and therefore cardiovascular diseases. We tried to influence on the processes by addition of linseed oil to the rabbits diet. We have found that in the linseed oil-fed rabbits the content of non-esterified fatty acids decreases at the expense of saturated fatty acids with odd and even number of carbon atoms in a chain and monounsaturated fatty acids of the families ω-7 and ω-9 inblood plasma and liver of the rabbits with acute arginine pancreatitis. Furthermore the levels of non-esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids of ω-3 family increase in the rabbits’ plasma and liver. As this takes place the ratio of non-esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids of ω-3 family to non-esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids of ω-6 family increased. The increase of non-esterified linolenic acid content in the rabbits’ blood plasma is apparently a result of a greater intake of linseed oil with food. In turn, the greater intensity of linolenic acid transformation in long-chain and unsaturated derivatives caused the increase of non-esterified docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids levels. Therefore, feeding with linseed oil led to normalizations of both the effective use of non-esterified fatty acids for energy processes and the level of esterified cholesterol in the blood plasma of rabbits with acute arginine pancreatitis.

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Etim, Anietie O., Paul Musonge, and Andrew C. Eloka‐Eboka. "An effective green and renewable heterogeneous catalyst derived from the fusion of bi‐component biowaste materials for the optimized transesterification of linseed oil methyl ester." Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 15, no. 5 (June 4, 2021): 1461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2252.

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Kharis, Nofal, Hary Sutjahjono, Hari Arbiantara, Digdo Listyadi Setyawan, and Nasrul Ilminnafik. "Karakteristik Biodiesel dari Minyak Biji Randu (Ceiba Pentandra) dengan Proses Transesterifikasi Menggunkan Katalis NaoH." Jurnal Energi Dan Manufaktur 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jem.2019.v12.i01.p07.

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Indonesia sangat berpotensi untuk produksi bahan bakar biodiesel yang berbahan nabati dengan keunggulan yaitu bisa diperbaharui. Banyak sumber bahan bakar alternatif yang mudah ditemukan di Indonesia untuk dijadikan bahan pembuatan biodiesel salah satunya biji randu. Pembuatan biodiesel dari bahan minyak biji randu yang diperoleh dengan cara biji randu dikeringkan terlebih dahulu kemudian biji dihancurkan dan haluskan menggunakan mesin penggiling, kemudian setelah biji halus hasil dari penggilingan dipress untuk mendapatkan minyaknya. Ektraksi biji kapuk menghasilkan 16-25 % ml minyak biji randu dari berat biji. Proses degumming dengan cara minyak ditimbang kemudian dipanaskan dengan suhu mencapai ±50 °C, Kemudian di tambahkan asam phospat sebanyak 0,1% dari berat minyak randu. Dengan suhu minyak dipertahankan selama 60 menit. Kemudian proses transesterifikasi dilakukan pencampuran larutan pada suhu 50 °C dengan lama pengadukan 90 menit, proses transesterifikasi menggunakan larutan metanol dan NaoH sebebagai katalis untuk menghasilkan metyl ester. Kemudian biodiesel diuji karakteristiknya dari pengujian menghasilkan nilai kalor 8641,473 kal/gram, densitas 8730 g/cm³, viskositas 6.815 cst, flash point 115 °C. Indonesia has the potential for the production of biodiesel fuels made from vegetables with many advantages, which can be renewed. There are many alternative fuel sources that are easily found in Indonesia to make biodiesel as one of the ingredients for seedling. The making of biodiesel from the ingredients of linseed oil obtained by means of litter seeds is dried first then the seeds are crushed and puree using a grinding machine, then after the fine seeds from the mill are pressed to get the oil. Extraction of kapok seeds produces 16-25% ml of seed oil from seed weight. The Degumming process by weighing the oil is then heated with temperatures reaching ± 50 ° C, then phosphate acid is added as much as 0.1% of the weight of the oil. With the oil temperature maintained for 60 minutes. Then the transesterification process was carried out by mixing the solution at 50 ° C with a stirring time of 90 minutes, the transesterification process using methanol and NaoH as a catalyst to produce metyl ester. Then the characteristics of the biodiesel tested from the test produced a heating value of 8641,473 cal / gram, density 8730 g / cm30, viscosity 6,815 cst, flash point 115 ° C.

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Nguyen, Hong Khanh Dieu, and Hai Quoc Tran. "Thermal Stability of Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Based Catalyst and Its Application in Conversion of Linseed Oil to Methyl Esters." Catalysis Letters 150, no. 4 (October 29, 2019): 1028–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10562-019-03001-4.

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Nguyen, Hong K. D., Hung V. Vo, Tuyet Anh T. Dang, and Ngo T. Dinh. "Design of novel order mesostructured superacid catalyst from rice husk for the conversion of linseed oil to methyl esters." Chemical Papers 72, no. 1 (August 4, 2017): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11696-017-0263-z.

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Stathis, Panagiotis, Dimitra Stavroulaki, Niki Kaika, Kalliopi Krommyda, and Georgios Papadogianakis. "Low trans -isomers formation in the aqueous-phase Pt/TPPTS-catalyzed partial hydrogenation of methyl esters of linseed oil." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 209 (July 2017): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.03.032.

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Silska, Grażyna. "Genetic resources of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) as very rich source of α-linolenic acid." Herba Polonica 63, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hepo-2017-0022.

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Summary Introduction: Polish oilseed and flaxseed collection is a source of genotypes containing very high amounts of α-linolenic acid. Objective: The objective of the study is to test the seeds for the fat content and fatty acids composition in the oil pressed from the 9 tested accessions of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Our goal is to promote the Polish flax collection, which seeds are unique as one of the richest sources of α-linolenic acid. Methods: Assays to determine the content of fat and fatty acids composition in linseed oil were performed at the IHAR-PIB Biochemical Laboratory in Poznań. The fat content was determined by infrared analysis (calibration performed on the basis of seed sample at IHAR-PIB in Poznań) by means of a NIRS 6500 spectrophotometer with a reflection detector within the range of 400-2500 nm. The composition of fatty acids was determined by means of a method proposed by Byczyńska and Krzymański (1969), based on gas chromatography of methyl esters of fatty acids contained in linseed oil. The following varieties of flax were investigated: Tabare (INF00111), Szegedi 30 (INF00427), Olin (INF 00444), Redwood 65 (INF00523), Dufferin (INF00540), AC Mc Duff (INF00648), Alfonso Inta (INF00683), Olinette (INF00687), Royale (INF00689). Results: The content of α-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3) in evaluated genotypes of flax ranged from 48.9 (Royale) to 59.9% (Alfonso Inta). Content of linoleic acid (LA, C18:2) in evaluated genotypes of flax ranged from 12.4 (Tabare) to 17.1% (AC Mc Duff). The content of oleic acid (OA, C18:1) of 9 accession of flax ranged from 17.1 (Alfonso Inta) to 26.7% (Royale). The content of stearic acid in evaluated genotypes of flax ranged from 2.3 (Alfonso Inta) to 5.0% (Tabare, Szegedi 30) and the content of palmitic acid ranged from 4.7 (Dufferin) to 6.0% (Olin). The content of fat ranged from 42.7 (Olin) to 52.0% (AC Mc Duff). The fatty acid ratio n-6/n-3 ranged from 0.23/1 (Tabare) to 0.32/1 (AC Mc Duff).

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Sahoo, Sushanta K., Vinay Khandelwal, and Gaurav Manik. "Corrigendum to “Synthesis and characterization of low viscous and highly acrylated epoxidized methyl ester based green adhesives derived from linseed oil” [Int. J. Adhesion Adhes. 89 (2019) 174–177]." International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 114 (April 2022): 103115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2022.103115.

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Ramezani, T., S. M. Sadrameli, A. Bayat, and A. H. Saeedi Dehaghani. "Bio-gasoline and bio-naphtha production from catalytic cracking of linseed oil methyl ester over iron- and zinc-modified HZSM-5 and γ-Al2O3 catalysts in a fixed double-beds reactor." Fuel Processing Technology 238 (December 2022): 107514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2022.107514.

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Snegireva, N. V., and M. A. Yanova. "Fatty acid composition of lipids in defatted flaxseed flour." Khleboproducty 31, no. 6 (2022): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32462/0235-2508-2022-31-6-40-43.

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The article describes the technology of producing defatted flax meal consisting in extrusion and subsequent grinding of flax cake in mills. The extrusion process improves the digestibility and availability of the nutrients of flax cake. The purpose of the study was to study the fattyacid composition of flax cake lipids. The material for the study was flax cake samples obtained by «cold» oil extraction methods of pressing flax seeds of Isilkulsky, Legur and August varieties grown on the experimental field of the State Agrarian University of Northern Trans-Urals, Tyumen. Tyumen (2020). Skimmed flour was obtained by passing it through a grain EC-100 extruder and grinding it on a laboratory mill. Fatty acid composition of lipids was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters according to GOST R ISO 5508:2010. Nineteen fatty acids were identified. Saturated fatty acids comprised 11% of the total mass, 67,5% were polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 and ω-6) and 21,5% were monounsaturated fatty acids (ω-9). Unsaturated fatty acids include a high content of palmitic acid (6,5418–7,105%) and stearic acid (4,1302–4,2686%). Essential polyunsaturated acids were dominated by α-linolenic acid (47,7785 to 49,1669%) and linoleic acid (17,2283 to 17,2410%). Monounsaturated fatty acids have a high content of oleic acid – 20,3278 to 21,8171%. The high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids determines the relevance of introducing linseed nonfat flour in the recipes of bakery and flour confectionery products.

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Garg, M. L., A. A. Wierzbicki, A. B. R. Thomson, and M. T. Clandinin. "ω–3 fatty acids increase the arachidonic acid content of liver cholesterol ester and plasma triacylglycerol fractions in the rat." Biochemical Journal 261, no. 1 (July 1, 1989): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2610011.

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Recent studies have demonstrated that dietary fish oils rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5,omega 3) lower the content of arachidonic acid and its metabolites in plasma and tissue phospholipids. The present study examined the fatty acid composition of cholesterol ester and triacylglycerol fractions from plasma and livers of rats fed diets enriched with saturated fatty acids (beef tallow), alpha-linolenic acid (linseed oil) or eicosapentaenoic acid (fish oil). Feeding diets containing linseed oil or fish oil for 28 days increased arachidonic acid (C20:4,omega 6) levels in the cholesterol ester fraction of liver and in the triacylglycerol fraction of the plasma lipids. Plasma cholesterol esters were depleted of C20:4,omega 6 after feeding of the diet containing either linseed oil or fish oil. The changes in C20:4,omega 6 content cannot be explained by alterations in cholesterol ester or triacylglycerol pools of plasma and liver. These results suggest that the decrease in phospholipid C20:4,omega 6 content generally observed after fish oil consumption may be partly due to a shift of C20:4,omega 6 from phospholipid to the triacylglycerol and/or cholesterol ester pools in the same tissue. Triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters may therefore play a buffering role in the homeostatic maintenance of tissue phospholipid levels of arachidonic acid.

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Alam, Manawwer, S. M. Ashraf, and Sharif Ahmad. "Pyridine-poly(urethane ester amide) coatings from linseed oil." Journal of Polymer Research 15, no. 5 (May 1, 2008): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10965-008-9177-3.

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Zhu, Lei, C. S. Cheung, and Zhen Huang. "A comparison of particulate emission for rapeseed oil methyl ester, palm oil methyl ester and soybean oil methyl ester in perspective of their fatty ester composition." Applied Thermal Engineering 94 (February 2016): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.10.132.

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Турсунов, О. З., А. А. Лычкина, Е. В. Карасёв, and О. В. Белозерова. "ISOPROPYL ESTER OF LINSEED OIL AS A POTENTIAL FUEL ADDITIVES." PROCEEDINGS OF UNIVERSITIES APPLIED CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 7, no. 3 (September 2017): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2017-7-3-178-182.

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Hobuss, Cristiane B., Felipe A. da Silva, Marco A. Z. dos Santos, Claudio M. P. de Pereira, Gracélie A. S. Schulz, and Daniela Bianchini. "Synthesis and characterization of monoacylglycerols through glycerolysis of ethyl esters derived from linseed oil by green processes." RSC Advances 10, no. 4 (2020): 2327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra07834g.

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The synthesis of monoacylglycerol (MAG) through the glycerolysis of ethyl ester mixture (biodiesel) was investigated in this study from linseed oil, low-cost alternative feedstock, using an alkaline catalyst with green reagent.

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Abolins, A., and V. Yakushin and D. Vilsone. "Properties of Polyurethane Coatings Based on Linseed Oil Phosphate Ester Polyol." Journal of Renewable Materials 6, no. 7 (2018): 737–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2018.00119.

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41

Burhanuddin, Ilham, Daniel Daniel, and Erwin Erwin. "PEMBUATAN SENYAWA METIL ESTER YANG DITURUNKAN DARI DARI MINYAK BIJI BINTARO (Cerbera manghas L.) SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU DASAR PEMBUATAN SURFAKTAN." JURNAL KIMIA MULAWARMAN 16, no. 2 (May 30, 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/jkm.v16i2.693.

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Synthesis methyl ester can be formed from kernel bintaro oil (Carberra Mangas L.) with two stages which is esterification and trans-esterification. The test result of methyl ester of bintaro kernel oil have iod value 92,82 g iod/100 gr oil, acid value 1,67 mg KOH/g oil with acid concentration 12,470% and saponification value 185.225 mg KOH/gr oil. From GC-MS analysis fatty acid dominant composition from methyl ester is methyl oleat with walue 45.86%. From HLB analysis show value 0,539. Result of analysis of FT-IR show methyl ester from bintaro kernel oil have typical absorbtion peak on wave number 17443.65 (C=O Ester).

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Kumar, Saket, Aarti Thakur, Nitesh Kumar, and Maen M. Husein. "A novel oil-in-water drilling mud formulated with extracts from Indian mango seed oil." Petroleum Science 17, no. 1 (September 12, 2019): 196–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12182-019-00371-7.

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Abstract Drilling muds with less environmental impact are highly desired over conventional diesel-based mud systems, especially in light of the emerging strict environmental laws. In this article, a novel oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion drilling fluid formulated with a methyl ester extracted from Indian mango seed oil was evaluated. The effect of the weight percent of different constituents of the emulsion/suspension including the oil phase, bentonite, and polyanionic cellulose polymer on the rheology and the fluid loss was examined. The methyl ester oil phase/mud system displayed superior physical, chemical, rheological and filtration properties relative to the diesel and the mango seed oil. Eco-toxicity of the methyl ester and diesel (O/W) emulsion mud systems was assessed using the acute lethal concentration test. The Indian mango methyl ester (O/W) emulsion mud displayed much less impact on fish population. Flow characteristics collected from the flow model at 85 °C suggested excellent shear thinning behavior of the Indian mango methyl ester (IMME) (O/W) emulsion mud. Moreover, the IMME (O/W) emulsion displayed strong pseudoplastic behavior, an attractive feature in a drilling mud, with increasing clay content and polymer concentration. The methyl ester mud was thermally stable over a wide range of the constituent concentrations. Furthermore, a particle size analysis revealed that engineered drilling muds targeting suspension of particles with certain size range can be formulated by changing the volume fraction of the methyl ester in the mud system.

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Ernes, Atmiral, Poppy Diana Sari, Rukmi Sari Hartati, and I. Nyoman Suprapta Winaya. "Biodiesel Production From Sardine Flour Used Cooking Oil Using One Step Transesterification Techniques." Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology 3, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32530/jaast.v3i2.109.

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Diesel oil demand as energy source at industrial, transportation and electric generating sector are increasing and it resulted with the decreasing of fossil energy source backup. Biodiesel as an alternative energy source to substitute diesel oil can be utilized from used fried oil of sardine flour. The purpose of this research was to develop the technology to convert used fried oil of sardine flour to become biodiesel using one step trans-esterification technic as an alternative of renewable energy source and also to utilize waste of used oil. Biodiesel made using one step trans-esterification technic with NaOH catalyst concentration 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 (% m/m) from total weight of oil and methanol. Trans-esterification process run for 30, 60 and 90 minutes at 65 temperature. The biodiesel obtained was analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The quality was determined by comparing its physicochemical properties and compared to the SNI standard 04-7182-2015. The result of GC-MS showed 10 peaks corresponding to ten methyl ester (biodiesel): octanoic acid methyl ester; decanoic acid methyl ester; dodecanoic methyl ester; tridecanoic acid, 12-methyl-, methyl ester; pentadecanoic acid methyl ester; hexadecatrienoic acid methyl ester, 9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester, 9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester, trans-13-octadecenoic acid methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester. The biodiesel obtained has a density of 908 kg/m3, viscosity of 3.13 mm2/s, acid value of 0.29 mg-KOH/g found in treatment 1.5% NaOH and time process of 60 minutes. Viscosity and acid value were in a good agreement with SNI standard 04-7182-2015. The research shows that used fried oil of sardine flour has possibility as biodiesel source. Keywords: Biodiesel; sardine flour used cooking oil; trans-esterification

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Santoso, Aman, Abdurrohman, Anugrah Ricky Wijaya, Dedek Sukarianingsih, Sumari, and Daratu Eviana Kusuma Putri. "Synthesis of Methyl Ester from Rice Bran Oil through the Esterification Reaction." Key Engineering Materials 851 (July 2020): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.851.164.

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Vegetable oil is one of rice bran components. As triglycerides, vegetable oil can be converted to fatty acid and alkyl esters for further treatments. Synthesis of alkyl ester oil can be carried out by esterification or transesterification reaction, depending on the quality of the oil and the catalyst. The purposes of this study are 1) Rice bran oil isolation, 2) Oil esterification 3) Characterization and identification of the methyl ester that compose rice bran oil. The stages in this research are 1) Extraction of rice bran oil, 2) Synthesis of methyl ester from rice bran through esterification reaction, 3) Methyl ester characterization of rice bran oil and its potential test as biodiesel included determination of density, viscosity, refractive index, and acid number test, 4) The identification of synthesized methyl esters composition using GC-MS. The results showed that rice bran oil has a yield of 18.09%. Synthesis of methyl esters from rice bran oil through the esterification reaction with a catalyst acid yields 72.37%. The characters of the synthesized methyl ester are on the range of biodiesel quality standards, namely, the density is 0.850 g/mL, viscosity is 4.73 cSt, a refractive index is 1.45871, and an acid number is 0.76 g KOH/g methyl ester, therefore it is claimed that the synthesized methyl esters have the potential as biodiesel. The GC-MS result showed the presence of compounds methyl tetradecanoate (0.38%), methyl hexadecanoate (40.67%), methyl 9-octadecenoate (53.68%), methyl octadecanoate (5.02%), and methyl eicosanoate (0.14%).

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Bora, Bhaskor J., and Ujjwal K. Saha. "Comparative assessment of a biogas run dual fuel diesel engine with rice bran oil methyl ester, pongamia oil methyl ester and palm oil methyl ester as pilot fuels." Renewable Energy 81 (September 2015): 490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.03.019.

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Lock, A. L., and P. C. Garnsworthy. "Independent effects of dietary linoleic and linolenic fatty acids on the conjugated linoleic acid content of cows’ milk." Animal Science 74, no. 1 (February 2002): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800052334.

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AbstractIt may be desirable to increase the level of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk as a health benefit in human nutrition. The purpose of this work was to separate the effects of linoleic and linolenic acids on CLA production in dairy cows and to determine to what extent endogenous synthesis contributes to cis-9, trans-11 CLA concentration in milk fat. Eight lactating cows and four non-lactating duodenal fistulated cows were used in a 4 ✕ 4 Latin-square design. All cows received a basal diet of grass silage that was supplemented with one of four concentrates, which were designed to differ in their linoleic and linolenic acid contents. The oil components of the concentrates were produced from mixtures of olive, linseed, rape, soya and sunflower oils to produce the four treatments: low linoleic/ low linolenic acid (LL), low linoleic/high linolenic acid (LH), high linoleic/low linolenic acid (HL) and high linoleic/ high linolenic acid (HH). Milk cis-9, trans-11 CLA contents were 0·8, 0·9, 0·9 and 1·1 g/100 g fatty acid methyl esters (P < 0·05) and yields were 5, 7, 7 and 8 g/day (P < 0·05) for the LL, LH, HL and HH treatments, respectively. The yields of trans-C18:1 fatty acids in milk were 19, 22, 21 and 23 g/day (P < 0·05), respectively. Taking the data for the cis-9, trans-11 CLA content and flow of duodenal fluid from the fistulated cows and representing this in terms of dietary intake by the lactating animals, the amounts of cis-9, trans-11 CLA produced in the rumen were calculated to be 0·8, 0·9, 1·2 and 1·1 g/day (P < 0·05) and for trans-C18:1 fatty acids 58, 58, 66 and 69 g/day (P < 0·05). Increasing linoleic and/or linolenic acids in the diet can increase the cis-9, trans-11 CLA content of cows’ milk. Only diets high in linoleic acid increased cis-9, trans-11 CLA production in the rumen. On all four diets, more than 80% of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk was produced endogenously by Δ9-desaturase from trans-11 C18:1 in the mammary gland. Cows on the same diet have different milk fat cis-9, trans-11 CLA concentrations that may be partially explained by differences in Δ9-desaturase activity between cows. Increasing the activity of Δ9-desaturase in the mammary gland may offer greater potential for enhancing the cis-9, trans-11 CLA content of milk fat than increasing cis-9, trans-11 CLA production in the rumen.

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Ulusoy, Y., R. Arslan, and C. Kaplan. "Emission Characteristics of Sunflower Oil Methyl Ester." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 31, no. 11 (June 12, 2009): 906–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567030802087528.

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48

Baroutian, Saeid, Mohamed K. Aroua, Abdul A. A. Raman, and Nik Meriam N. Sulaiman. "Density of Palm Oil-Based Methyl Ester." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 53, no. 3 (March 2008): 877–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je700682d.

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Patil, Vishal V., and Ranjit S. Patil. "Effects of partial addition of n-butanol in rubber seed oil methyl ester powered diesel engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 231, no. 7 (May 17, 2017): 607–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650917708695.

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The objective of present study is to evaluate the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of refined biodiesel (biofuel) such as rubber seed oil methyl ester with the partial addition of n-butanol (butanol) in it in a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine operated at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. Various characteristics of butanol–rubber seed oil methyl ester blends with varying volume percentage of butanol such as 5, 10, 15, and 20 in butanol–rubber seed oil methyl ester blends were compared with the characteristics of neat rubber seed oil methyl ester (100%) and neat diesel (100%) at various load conditions on engine (such as 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) for the compression ratio 18. It is found that brake specific fuel consumption was increased by 17% with an increase in butanol content from 5% to 20% in butanol–rubber seed oil methyl ester blends at full load condition. Brake thermal efficiency was decreased by 14% with an increase in butanol content from 5% to 20% in butanol–rubber seed oil methyl ester blends at full load condition. Carbon monoxide and HC emissions were found to be negligible, i.e. less than 0.1% and 35 ppm, respectively, for all selected fuels. NOx emissions were decreased by 10% with an increase in butanol content from 5% to 20% in butanol–rubber seed oil methyl ester blends at full load condition. Various characteristics were compared for six fuels (neat rubber seed oil methyl ester, four renewable butanol–rubber seed oil methyl ester blends, and neat diesel) in order to finalize the promising alternate sustainable renewable fuel in place of shortly diminishing conventional diesel fuel in order to provide the solution for increase in demand and price of conventional fuel (diesel) for power generation and to reduce the serious issues concerned with environmental pollution due to usage of neat diesel.

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Nazudin, Nazudin, and Hernina Wattimena. "ANALISIS KOMPONEN ASAM LEMAK DAN MINERAL (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn) IKAN KAKAP PUTIH (Lates calcalifer)." Molluca Journal of Chemistry Education (MJoCE) 9, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/mjocevol9iss2pp109-115.

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ABSTRACT The analysis of fatty acid component and mineral composition (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn) of white snapper fish (Lates calclifer) had been done. Flesh of white snapper fish (Lates calclifer) was extracted with petroleum benzene and obtained 6.06% of oil. Oil fish was transesterified by using BF3 – methanol 20%. The result of transesterification was analysed by using and GC-MC obtained nine fatty acid component, those were myristic acid methyl ester 5.94%; pentadecanoic acid methyl ester 1,58%; palmitoleic acid methyl ester 8.73; palmi acid methyl ester 17.69; Margarate acid methyl ester 1.96%; linoleic acid methyl ester 1.56%; oleic acid methyl ester 15.83%; streaic acid methyl ester 10.41%; aracidonic acid methyl ester 5.26%. the result of minerals composition analysis used atom absorption spectrophotometer (ASS) showed that the content of calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), ferrum (Fe), zinc (Zn), were 51,1 mg/kg; 574 mg/kg; 65 mg/kg; and 10,8 mg/kg, respectively. Oil of white snapper fish (Lates calcalifer) contains esensial fatty acid that is benefit to humans body. In the another hand, it also contains mineral content which is enough that it is goof to be consumend by the people.

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Journal articles on the topic 'LINSEED OIL METHYL ESTER'

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