Journal articles on the topic 'Linkage'
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1
Conliffe, Alexandra. "Combating Ineffectiveness: Climate Change Bandwagoning and the UN Convention to Combat Desertification." Global Environmental Politics 11, no. 3 (August 2011): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00068.
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This article examines the role of linkage politics in revitalizing the largely ineffective UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). I argue that the UNCCD Secretariat has taken a leadership role in driving a regime linkage agenda that has focused disproportionately on linkages to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). By comparing the UNCCD Secretariat's attempts to build desertification-mitigation and desertification-adaptation linkages, I propose three criteria for predicting whether regime linkages are likely to benefit source regimes (here the UNCCD): the linkage's contribution to source governance goals; the credibility of knowledge presented by the source regime; and the linkage's political feasibility for the target regime. This analysis shows secretariats to be important actors in linkage politics whose actions can lead to both beneficial and harmful outcomes for the regimes they are intended to serve. Finally, by asking whether desertification issues that overlap with climate change might be better addressed under the UNFCCC, I question when regime overlap indicates regime redundancy and warrants regime death.
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Cheng, Yingjie, Peng Song, Yukun Lu, Wen Jie Jeremy Chew, and Ligang Liu. "Exact 3D Path Generation via 3D Cam-Linkage Mechanisms." ACM Transactions on Graphics 41, no. 6 (November 30, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3550454.3555431.
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Exact 3D path generation is a fundamental problem of designing a mechanism to make a point exactly move along a prescribed 3D path , driven by a single actuator. Existing mechanisms are insufficient to address this problem. Planar linkages and their combinations with gears and/or plate cams can only generate 2D paths while 1-DOF spatial linkages can only generate 3D paths with rather simple shapes. In this paper, we present a new 3D cam-linkage mechanism, consisting of two 3D cams and five links, for exactly generating a continuous 3D path. To design a 3D cam-linkage mechanism, we first model a 3-DOF 5-bar spatial linkage to exactly generate a prescribed 3D path and then reduce the spatial linkage's DOFs from 3 to 1 by composing the linkage with two 3D cam-follower mechanisms. Our computational approach optimizes the 3D cam-linkage mechanism's topology and geometry to minimize the mechanism's total weight while ensuring smooth, collision-free, and singularity-free motion. We show that our 3D cam-linkage mechanism is able to exactly generate a continuous 3D path with arbitrary shape and a finite number of C 0 points, evaluate the mechanism's kinematic performance with 3D printed prototypes, and demonstrate that the mechanism can be generalized for exact 3D motion generation.
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Song, C. Y., and Y. Chen. "A family of mixed double-Goldberg 6 R linkages." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 468, no. 2139 (November 23, 2011): 871–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2011.0345.
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A complete family of double-Goldberg 6 R linkages is reported in this article by combining a subtractive Goldberg 5 R linkage and a Goldberg 5 R linkage through the common link-pair or common Bennett-linkage method. A number of distinct types of overconstrained linkages are built, namely the mixed double-Goldberg 6 R linkages. They all have one degree of freedom and their closure equations are derived in detail. One of them degenerates into a Goldberg 5 R linkage. From the construction process and geometry conditions, the corresponding relationship between the newly found 6 R linkages and the double-Goldberg 6 R linkages, constructed from two Goldberg 5 R linkages or two subtractive Goldberg 5 R linkages, has been established.
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Song, Yu, Chunlu Liu, and Craig Langston. "A LINKAGE MEASURE FRAMEWORK FOR THE REAL ESTATE SECTOR." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 9, no. 3 (September 30, 2005): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2005.9637533.
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Linkage is one of the most important factors for gaining competitive advantage. Information on linkages is essential to understanding the structure of an economy, which is in turn important in formulating industry policies and business strategies. The hypothetical extraction method is used to measure the linkages by extracting a sector hypothetically from an economic system in the literature. In the previous research, however, the internal linkage (linkage within a sector) and sectoral linkages (linkage between two specific sectors) are ignored, and there is not a comprehensive framework to measure the linkages of a specific sector. Using the recently published Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development input‐output database at constant prices, this paper aims to resolve these two shortcomings and thereby propose a linkage measure framework to explore the linkages between the real estate sector and other sectors from a new angle. The relative and absolute linkages are termed and the total, backward, forward, internal and sectoral linkage indicators are formulated to investigate the linkages of the real estate sector from all directions. Empirical results show an increasing trend of these linkages, which confirms the increasing role of the real estate sector with economic maturity over the examined period. This framework also can be employed in other sectors.
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Chen, Siyu, Yawu Wang, Pan Zhang, and Chun-Yi Su. "Continuous Control Strategy of Planar 3-Linkage Underactuated Manipulator Based on Broad Neural Network." Actuators 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10100249.
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For the position control of a planar 3-linkage underactuated manipulator (PTUM) with a passive first linkage, a continuous control strategy is developed in this paper. In particular, a broad neural network (BNN)-based model is first established to accurately describe the motion coupling relationship between the passive linkage and the second linkage. Based on this model, by using the particle swarm optimization algorithm, the target angles of all linkages are calculated combining the start states of all linkages and the target position of the PTUM. Then, the target angles of the active linkages are directly achieved by their respective actuators, and that of the passive linkage is also achieved by the rotation of the second linkage. By carrying out several experiments, the effectiveness of the above strategy is verified.
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Pennock, Gordon R., and Nihar N. Raje. "Coupler Cognates for the Double Flier Eight-Bar Linkage." Journal of Mechanical Design 127, no. 6 (February 14, 2005): 1145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1992508.
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This paper presents a graphical technique to construct the coupler cognate linkages for the double flier eight-bar linkage. The technique is based on the skew pantograph construction which converts the double flier linkage into a second eight-bar linkage by applying the concepts of stretch rotation and kinematic inversion. Since a stretch-rotation operation preserves the angular velocities of corresponding links of the two linkages then the second linkage has the same input-output motion as the original double flier linkage. Another stretch rotation is performed on the intermediate eight-bar linkage and a third eight-bar linkage, which duplicates the motion of the coupler link of the original linkage, is obtained. This graphical approach, to investigating coupler cognates, is believed to be an original contribution to the study of cognate linkages. The technique can be applied in a straightforward manner, requiring few constructions, and offers significant advantages over well-known analytical techniques which use the locus equation. For the double flier eight-bar linkage, the locus equation is of a high degree and the coefficients can only be obtained from a very laborious procedure. This paper shows the existence of two coupler cognates for each of the two floating binary links of the double flier eight-bar linkage that are connected to the ternary link which is pinned to ground.
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Liu, Xiao, and Jinchuan Shi. "A New Method for Interindustry Linkage Analysis Based on Demand-Driven and Multisector Input-Output Model and Its Application in China’s Manufacturing and Producer Services." Complexity 2020 (August 20, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3857981.
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Interindustry linkage analysis is an important interdisciplinary research field of technical economic and complex systems, and the results can be used as critical bases for making strategies and policies of economic development. This study reviews the previous methods for measuring interindustry linkages and their disadvantages and puts forward a new method for interindustry linkage analysis in a complex economic system on the basis of demand-driven and multisector input-output model. Firstly, it makes a further decomposition of the Leontief inverse matrix in the economic sense and decomposes the gross output of one industrial sector or its sub-industries into three components. Then, it analyzes the structural features of output and measures the interindustry linkages between two industrial sectors with three indices: interindustry linkage effect, interindustry linkage contribution, and interindustry linkage coefficient. Compared with the previous measurements, the method in this study has three obvious advantages: it integrates the sectoral internal effect and external linkage effect at the same time; it can not only measure the interindustry linkage effects between two given industrial sectors but also clearly describe the composition ratio of the direct and indirect interindustry linkage effects; and it adopts, respectively, the absolute flow value, relative flow value, and unit relative value to measure the linkages comprehensively. Finally, this study takes China’s input and output in 2017 as an application case to analyze the structural features of output of its manufacturing and producer services and measure the interindustry linkages between them.
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Chung, Wen Yeuan. "Synthesis of Seven-Bar Linkage with Two DOF for Body Guidance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 789-790 (September 2015): 758–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.789-790.758.
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A linkage with seven links for the task of body guidance is proposed and evaluated. This linkage has two degrees of freedom and is consisted of a four-bar linkage, a dyad, and a floating link. The analysis reveals that at most eleven positions can be prescribed if the linkage is equipped with two actuators. The constituent four-bar linkage and the dyad can be separately synthesized by using well-developed techniques for synthesizing four-bar linkages. Each of them can satisfy five prescribed points together with four swing angles so that this seven-bar linkage can be driven by a single actuator after modification by adding gears. Problems of order defects, branch defects and ratios of link lengths are all considered to ensure the applicability of the synthesized linkages.
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Qi, Xiao Zhi, Zong Quan Deng, Bing Ying Ma, Bing Li, and Rong Qiang Liu. "Design of Large Deployable Networks Constructed by Myard Linkages." Key Engineering Materials 486 (July 2011): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.486.291.
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This paper investigates the possibilities of building large deployable mechanical network based on Myard linkage, a 5R overconstrained linkage. The motion configurations of a Myard linkage is first briefly introduced, and the results show that the linkage is a good candidate for forming large spatial deployable structures which can be deployed to a planar configuration and folded to a compact bundle. Three kinds of assembly ways of Myard linkages are introduced. Afterwards, two types of large spatial deployable networks based on Myard linkages with different twist angles are developed.
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Hoetoro, Arif, Deni Aditya Susanto, and . "The Improvement of Inter-Firm Linkages Within Dormant Mse Cluster: a Case of East Java." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.30 (August 24, 2018): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.30.18429.
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The stagnant development of MSE clusters might be a priority concern of the government. It has been expected that such clusters need proper policies and regulations to well develop. In East Java, for instance, policies to improve inter-firm linkages within MSE cluster has been perceived as a vital effort to activate the dormant cluster. An effective inter-firm linkages will support the clustered MSEs to overcome their isolation problems so as to augment their productive capacity and enlarge output distribution. By taking the cluster of “Wisata Panci” in Pasuruan, East Java” as research object, this research revealed that inter-firm linkages are very beneficial for the advance development of the cluster. After suffering from financial crisis in 1998, the cluster succeeded to grow and develop to be active cluster.Methodologically, this research examined factors strengthening inter-firm linkages within the cluster by employing Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). In doing so, local government and cluster entrepreneurs were deeply interviewed to formulate policy choices related the strategies of inter-firm linkage improvement.The results of this research revealed that entrepreneurs within the cluster give more stressing on forward linkage improvement. Accordingly, horizontal linkage was ranked in second place. And finally, backward linkage was ranked in third place. This study concluded that both local government and entrepreneurs have same perception to more develop the cluster to be active MSEs cluster. It seems that forward linkage, especially consumptiom linkage, plays a vital role for this purpose as clustered MSEs commonly need an effective market channel to distribute their outputs widely. However, backward and horizontal linkages are also important as the linkages support further contribution to forward linkage and spur local business
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Kitschelt, Herbert. "Linkages between Citizens and Politicians in Democratic Polities." Comparative Political Studies 33, no. 6-7 (September 2000): 845–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001041400003300607.
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Research on democratic party competition in the formal spatial tradition of Downs and the comparative-historical tradition of Lipset and Rokkan assumes that linkages of accountability and responsiveness between voters and political elites work through politicians’ programmatic appeals and policy achievements. This ignores, however, alternative voter-elite linkages through the personal charisma of political leaders and, more important, selective material incentives in networks of direct exchange (clientelism). In light of the diversity of linkage mechanisms appearing in new democracies and changing linkages in established democracies, this article explores theories of linkage choice. It first develops conceptual definitions of charismatic, clientelist, and programmatic linkages between politicians and electoral constituencies. It then asks whether politicians face a trade-off or mutual reinforcement in employing linkage mechanisms. The core section of the article details developmentalist, statist, institutional, political-economic, and cultural-ideological theories of citizen-elite linkage formation in democracies, showing that none of the theories is fully encompassing. The final section considers empirical measurement problems in comparative research on linkage.
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Tuan, Dao Hoang. "Determinants of linkages between foreign direct investment firms and domestic firms in Vietnam." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 8, no. 6 (June 2021): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2021.06.011.
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Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an important sector of many developing economies in general and of Vietnam in particular. In Vietnam, the FDI sector contributed up to 27.7% of the average economic growth rate of 6.0% per year from 2010 to 2018. Besides this contribution, operations of FDI in Vietnam reveal many limitations, the most noticeable of which is the weak linkage between FDI and Vietnamese firms. This article examines determinants of FDI-domestic firms linkage in Vietnam. This research looks at all three types of linkage, including horizontal linkage, vertical linkage, and supply-backward linkage. Factors that have a positive impact on linkages are provincial economic growth, firms’ technology level, regional factors, being located in industrial zones, and operating in the manufacturing sector. Macroeconomic instability has a negative impact on linkage. The quality of economic governance, as measured by the Provincial Competitiveness Index, is important for attracting FDI, but does not affect linkages.
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Mirth, J. A., and T. R. Chase. "Circuit Rectification for Four Precision Position Synthesis of Four-Bar and Watt Six-Bar Linkages." Journal of Mechanical Design 117, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 612–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826729.
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The circuit defect arises in precision position based linkage synthesis when a potential solution linkage cannot be moved between all precision positions without disassembly. Circuit rectification consists of reducing the potential solution space to include only those linkages that are free of the circuit defect. Circuit rectification for four precision position synthesis of Watt six-bar linkages is developed here. Circuit rectification of four-bar linkages is refined in the process. An example demonstrates the synthesis of a new Watt I sofa bed linkage free of the circuit defect.
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Liu, Zheng, and J. Angeles. "The Properties of Constant-Branch Four-Bar Linkages and Their Applications." Journal of Mechanical Design 114, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2917046.
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A four-bar linkage having a quadratic input-output equation can admit a constant value of the output variable for any value of the input variable. Such a linkage is termed constant-branch four-bar linkage in this paper. The general conditions governing the existence of this special class of linkages are derived through an in-depth analysis of the input-output equation. Geometric, mobility, and force-transmission properties are discussed with regard to most common types of planar, spherical, and spatial four-bar linkages. As an application example, a clutch mechanism, based on a constant-branch spatial RSSR four-bar linkage, is proposed.
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Yao, Jin, and Jorge Angeles. "THE KINEMATIC SYNTHESIS OF STEERING MECHANISMS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 24, no. 3-4 (September 2000): 453–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2000-0035.
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We propose a computational-kinematics approach based on elimination procedures to synthesize a steering four-bar linkage. In this regard, we aim at minimizing the root-mean square error of the synthesized linkage in meeting the steering condition over a number of linkage configurations within the linkage range of motion. A minimization problem is thus formulated, whose normality conditions lead to two polynomial equations in two unknown design variables. Upon eliminating one of these two variables, a monovariate polynomial equation is obtained, whose roots yield all locally-optimum linkages. From these roots, the global optimum, as well as unfeasible local optima, are readily identified. The global optimum, however, turns out to be impractical because of the large differences in its link lengths, which we refer to as dimensional unbalance. To cope with this drawback, we use a kinematically-equivalent focal mechanism, i.e., a six-bar linkage with an input-output function identical to that of the four-bar linkage. Given that the synthesized linkage requires a rotational input, as opposed to most existing steering linkages, which require a translational input, we propose a spherical four-bar linkage to drive the steering linkage. The spherical linkage is synthesized so as to yield a speed reduction as close as possible to 2:1 and to have a maximum transmission quality.
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Fix, Jonathan, Amy I. Ising, Scott K. Proescholdbell, Dennis M. Falls, Catherine S. Wolff, Antonio R. Fernandez, and Anna E. Waller. "Linking Emergency Medical Services and Emergency Department Data to Improve Overdose Surveillance in North Carolina." Public Health Reports 136, no. 1_suppl (November 2021): 54S—61S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00333549211012400.
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Introduction Linking emergency medical services (EMS) data to emergency department (ED) data enables assessing the continuum of care and evaluating patient outcomes. We developed novel methods to enhance linkage performance and analysis of EMS and ED data for opioid overdose surveillance in North Carolina. Methods We identified data on all EMS encounters in North Carolina during January 1–November 30, 2017, with documented naloxone administration and transportation to the ED. We linked these data with ED visit data in the North Carolina Disease Event Tracking and Epidemiologic Collection Tool. We manually reviewed a subset of data from 12 counties to create a gold standard that informed developing iterative linkage methods using demographic, time, and destination variables. We calculated the proportion of suspected opioid overdose EMS cases that received International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes for opioid overdose in the ED. Results We identified 12 088 EMS encounters of patients treated with naloxone and transported to the ED. The 12-county subset included 1781 linkage-eligible EMS encounters, with historical linkage of 65.4% (1165 of 1781) and 1.6% false linkages. Through iterative linkage methods, performance improved to 91.0% (1620 of 1781) with 0.1% false linkages. Among statewide EMS encounters with naloxone administration, the linkage improved from 47.1% to 91.1%. We found diagnosis codes for opioid overdose in the ED among 27.2% of statewide linked records. Practice Implications Through an iterative linkage approach, EMS–ED data linkage performance improved greatly while reducing the number of false linkages. Improved EMS–ED data linkage quality can enhance surveillance activities, inform emergency response practices, and improve quality of care through evaluating initial patient presentations, field interventions, and ultimate diagnoses.
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Han, Jianyou, and Yang Cao. "Solution Region Synthesis Methodology of RCCC Linkages for Four Poses." Mechanical Sciences 9, no. 2 (September 24, 2018): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-9-297-2018.
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Abstract. This paper presents a synthesis methodology of RCCC linkages based on the solution region methodology, R denoting a revolute joint and C denoting a cylindrical joint. The RCCC linkage is usually synthesized via its two defining dyads, RC and CC. For the four poses problem, there are double infinite solutions of the CC dyad, but there is no solution for the RC dyad. However, if a condition is imposed that leads to a coupling of the two dyads, a maximum of four poses can be visited with the RCCC linkage. Unfortunately, until now, there is no methodology to synthesize the RCCC linkage for four given poses besides optimization method. According to the coupling condition above, infinite exact solutions of RCCC linkages can be obtained. For displaying these RCCC linkages, we first build a spherical 4R linkage solution region. Then solutions with circuit and branch defects can be eliminated on this solution region, so that the feasible solution region is obtained. An RCCC linkage can be obtained by using the prescribed spatial positions and selected a value on the feasible solution region. We take values on the feasible solution region by a certain step length and many exact solutions for RCCC linkages can be obtained. Finally we display these solutions on a map, this map is the solution region for RCCC linkages.
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Foster, David E., and Gordon R. Pennock. "Graphical Methods to Locate the Secondary Instant Centers of Single-Degree-of-Freedom Indeterminate Linkages." Journal of Mechanical Design 127, no. 2 (March 1, 2005): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1829070.
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This paper presents graphical techniques to locate the unknown instantaneous centers of zero velocity of planar, single-degree-of-freedom, linkages with kinematic indeterminacy. The approach is to convert a single-degree-of-freedom indeterminate linkage into a two-degree-of-freedom linkage. Two methods are presented to perform this conversion. The first method is to remove a binary link and the second method is to replace a single link with a pair of links connected by a revolute joint. First, the paper shows that a secondary instant center of a two-degree-of-freedom linkage must lie on a unique straight line. Then this property is used to locate a secondary instant center of the single-degree-of-freedom indeterminate linkage at the intersection of two lines. The two lines are obtained from a purely graphical procedure. The graphical techniques presented in this paper are illustrated by three examples of single-degree-of-freedom linkages with kinematic indeterminacy. The examples are a ten-bar linkage with only revolute joints, the single flier eight-bar linkage, and a ten-bar linkage with revolute and prismatic joints.
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Brooks, Stanley, James M. Gilmours, and Kenneth Murrican. "The Spatial Linkages of Manufacturing in Montreal and its Surroundings." Cahiers de géographie du Québec 17, no. 40 (April 12, 2005): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/021108ar.
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It has generally been believed that the postulated agglomerative force of industrial concentrations expresses itself in economies in the transactions (linkages) between firms in the same concentration. This paper examines aspects of this long-held idea by considering material linkages of manufacturing in Montréal with a view to ascertaining the agglomerative strength of Montréal in regard to these linkages. More importantly, establishments are considered according to size and to location within the industrial complex in order to establish whether or not there is a relationship between these factors and the strength of linkage with the local economy. The overall linkage with Montréal is weak, but there is no doubt that the strength of linkage with Montréal varies inversely with the size of establishments. It was anticipated that the strength of linkage with Montréal would diminish from the centre to the edge of the industrial complex. In general, this does not prove to be true. In the case of purchase linkages the opposite occurs. Tentative explanation is given but further investigation is needed.
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Nie, Liangyi, Huafeng Ding, Kwun-Lon Ting, and Andrés Kecskeméthy. "Instant Center Identification of Single-Loop Multi-DOF Planar Linkage Using Virtual Link." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 14, 2021): 4463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104463.
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Instant center is an important kinematic characteristic which can be used for velocity and singularity analysis, configuration synthesis and dynamics modeling of multi-degree of freedom (multi-DOF) planar linkage. The Aronhold–Kennedy theorem is famous for locating instant centers of four-bar planar linkage, but for single-loop multi-DOF linkages, it fails. Increasing with the number of the links of single-loop multi-DOF planar linkages, the lack of link relationship makes the identification of instant center become a recognized difficulty. This paper proposes a virtual link method to identify instant centers of single-loop multi-DOF planar linkage. First, three types of instant centers are redefined and the instant center identification process graph is introduced. Then, based on coupled loop chain characteristic and definition of instant center, two criteria are presented to convert single-loop multi-DOF planar linkage into a two-loop virtual linkage by adding the virtual links. Subsequently, the unchanged instant centers are identified in the virtual linkage and used to acquire all the instant centers of original single-loop multi-DOF planar linkage. As a result, the instant centers of single-loop five-bar, six-bar planar linkage with several prismatic joints are systematically researched for the first time. Finally, the validity of the proposed method is demonstrated using loop equations. It is a graphical and straightforward method and the application is wide up to single-loop multi-DOF N-bar (N ≥ 5) planar linkage.
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Helal, Mahmoud, Abdulaziz H. Alghtani, Jong Wan Hu, and Hasan Eleashy. "A New Methodology for Type Synthesis of Planar Linkages for Exoskeletons up to Five Angular Outputs." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 21, 2022): 2238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12042238.
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Mechanical linkage systems are a very important issue for exoskeleton design to meet the required number of angular outputs. In this paper, a new methodology is developed for type synthesis of planar linkages to establish a complete set of one degree of freedom (DOF) planar linkages with up to five angular outputs. Modified graphical representation is introduced for a four-bar mechanism as the initial angular output linkage. Then, a computerized procedure is presented to generate multiple angular outputs graphically by adding RRR dyads with parallel and series connections using Visual C++. A complete database of planar linkages with up to five angular outputs is successfully constructed. That helps designers to select the proper linkage for a given number of angular outputs. Some case studies have been discussed to validate the importance and efficiency of the proposed methodology that can be extended to generate linkage systems with any number of angular outputs for general robotic applications.
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Nicholls, Robert A., Marcin Wojdyr, Robbie P. Joosten, Lucrezia Catapano, Fei Long, Marcus Fischer, Paul Emsley, and Garib N. Murshudov. "The missing link: covalent linkages in structural models." Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology 77, no. 6 (May 19, 2021): 727–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2059798321003934.
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Covalent linkages between constituent blocks of macromolecules and ligands have been subject to inconsistent treatment during the model-building, refinement and deposition process. This may stem from a number of sources, including difficulties with initially detecting the covalent linkage, identifying the correct chemistry, obtaining an appropriate restraint dictionary and ensuring its correct application. The analysis presented herein assesses the extent of problems involving covalent linkages in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Not only will this facilitate the remediation of existing models, but also, more importantly, it will inform and thus improve the quality of future linkages. By considering linkages of known type in the CCP4 Monomer Library (CCP4-ML), failure to model a covalent linkage is identified to result in inaccurate (systematically longer) interatomic distances. Scanning the PDB for proximal atom pairs that do not have a corresponding type in the CCP4-ML reveals a large number of commonly occurring types of unannotated potential linkages; in general, these may or may not be covalently linked. Manual consideration of the most commonly occurring cases identifies a number of genuine classes of covalent linkages. The recent expansion of the CCP4-ML is discussed, which has involved the addition of over 16 000 and the replacement of over 11 000 component dictionaries using AceDRG. As part of this effort, the CCP4-ML has also been extended using AceDRG link dictionaries for the aforementioned linkage types identified in this analysis. This will facilitate the identification of such linkage types in future modelling efforts, whilst concurrently easing the process involved in their application. The need for a universal standard for maintaining link records corresponding to covalent linkages, and references to the associated dictionaries used during modelling and refinement, following deposition to the PDB is emphasized. The importance of correctly modelling covalent linkages is demonstrated using a case study, which involves the covalent linkage of an inhibitor to the main protease in various viral species, including SARS-CoV-2. This example demonstrates the importance of properly modelling covalent linkages using a comprehensive restraint dictionary, as opposed to just using a single interatomic distance restraint or failing to model the covalent linkage at all.
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Bu, Jianwei, Wei Liu, Zhao Pan, and Kang Ling. "Comparative Study of Hydrochemical Classification Based on Different Hierarchical Cluster Analysis Methods." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 18, 2020): 9515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249515.
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Traditional methods for hydrochemical analyses are effective but less diversified, and are constrained to limited objects and conditions. Given their poor accuracy and reliability, they are often used in complement or combined with other methods to solve practical problems. Cluster analysis is a multivariate statistical technique that extracts useful information from complex data. It provides new ideas and approaches to hydrogeochemical analysis, especially for groundwater hydrochemical classification. Hierarchical cluster analysis is the most widely used method in cluster analysis. This study compared the advantages and disadvantages of six hierarchical cluster analysis methods and analyzed their objects, conditions, and scope of application. The six methods are: The single linkage, complete linkage, median linkage, centroid linkage, average linkage (including between-group linkage and within-group linkage), and Ward’s minimum-variance. Results showed that single linkage and complete linkage are unsuitable for complex practical conditions. Median and centroid linkages likely cause reversals in dendrograms. Average linkage is generally suitable for classification tasks with multiple samples and big data. However, Ward’s minimum-variance achieved better results for fewer samples and variables.
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Liang, Heding, Yifei Sun, and Zhongxi Wen. "Research on the Stimulating Points of IP Cross-domain Marketing to Consumers: A Case Study of the Genshin Impact." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 38, no. 1 (January 15, 2024): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/38/20240585.
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In recent years, to obtain greater benefits, game companies are keen to make their game IP linkage. However, in reality, many game companies have not achieved ideal results after cross-domain marketing. This paper, from the perspective of consumers, uses the questionnaire survey method and takes the Genshin Impact IP as an example to explore the stimulating points of IP cross-domain marketing to consumers. The purpose is to give some suggestions to the companies affiliated with Genshin Impact and other game companies when they carry out linkage activities in the future. The results show that consumers participate in the linkage because they are attracted by the linkage game itself, linkage prizes, and linkage roles. According to the collected questionnaire samples, this paper also found that although the Genshin Impact has cross-border linkage with brands in many fields, people's participation is not high. In addition, only a few types of linkage, such as catering linkage, can obtain high participation. In this regard, this paper gives relevant suggestions: game companies should reduce the number of linkages and reduce the frequency of linkage; both parties should seriously treat each linkage activity; game companies should seriously consider the linkage objects; linkage brands and prices should be close to the lives of consumers.
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Trachtman, Joel P. "Institutional Linkage: Transcending “Trade and …”." American Journal of International Law 96, no. 1 (January 2002): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2686126.
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“Trade and … ” linkages arise when nontrade issues are linked to trade. Thus, if the United States declines to trade with Myanmar until it complies with certain human rights or democracy standards, this is a “trade and … ” linkage. All “trade and … ” linkages are constructed, in the sense that the decision to link trade to other issues is always a political decision and is not otherwise determined by the nature of things. Governments link trade concessions to the satisfaction of other, nontrade policy interests, either politically or legally, whenever they find such linkage useful to the achievement of their goals.
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McGarva, J. R., and G. Mullineux. "A New Methodology for Rapid Synthesis of Function Generators." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 206, no. 6 (November 1992): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1992_206_146_02.
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This paper presents the application of a new methodology for the rapid synthesis of a single-degree-of-freedom function generating linkages. Harmonic analysis and normalization are used as a means of evaluating linkage performance. The performance information for a large number of linkage types and dimensional variants are stored in a software-based library. A means whereby this library can he searched for linkages to meet prescribed performance criteria is discussed. The use of an optimization technique to ‘fine tune’ the library selections is introduced. Finally, an example of the use of the methodology is given for the synthesis of a linkage required to reproduce a particular performance requirement.
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Wood, John H., and Howard E. Chapman. "Performance of linkage bars for restraint of bridge spans in earthquakes." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 46, no. 1 (March 31, 2013): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.46.1.25-39.
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Many New Zealand bridge decks consist of simply supported spans, which are interconnected with steel linkage bars. The main purpose of the bars is to restrain and prevent the bridge spans falling in an earthquake. The prediction of the forces imposed on the linkages is quite indeterminate because of the many variables that affect the response of adjacent bridge spans during strong earthquake motions. For economic reasons it is also usually not practical to make the linkages so strong that they will never fail under the strongest likely shaking. Linkage bars are therefore designed for a reasonable and practical strength, and are then detailed to yield and have large plastic extensions before failing in tension.
The paper presents the results of laboratory tensile testing of a range of linkage bar types and conclusions are made regarding the most suitable bar assemblies, taking into account tensile ductility and cold temperature fracture toughness.
Recommendations are made regarding methods of predicting earthquake loads in linkage system and on design detailing for linkage assemblies.
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Kaneko, Satoshi, Mitsue Arimoto, Misako Ohba, Hideyuki Kobayashi, Tadashi Ishii, and Isao Kusakabe. "Purification and Substrate Specificities of Two α-l-Arabinofuranosidases from Aspergillus awamori IFO 4033." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 10 (October 1, 1998): 4021–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.10.4021-4027.1998.
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ABSTRACT α-l-Arabinofuranosidases I and II were purified from the culture filtrate of Aspergillus awamori IFO 4033 and had molecular weights of 81,000 and 62,000 and pIs of 3.3 and 3.6, respectively. Both enzymes had an optimum pH of 4.0 and an optimum temperature of 60°C and exhibited stability at pH values from 3 to 7 and at temperatures up to 60°C. The enzymes released arabinose from p-nitrophenyl-α-l-arabinofuranoside,O-α-l-arabinofuranosyl-(1→3)-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-d-xylopyranose, and arabinose-containing polysaccharides but not fromO-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-α-l-arabinofuranosyl-(1→3)-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-d-xylopyranose. α-l-Arabinofuranosidase I also released arabinose fromO-β-d-xylopy-ranosyl-(1→4)-[O-α-l-arabinofuranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-d-xylopyranose. However, α-l-arabinofuranosidase II did not readily catalyze this hydrolysis reaction. α-l-Arabinofuranosidase I hydrolyzed all linkages that can occur between two α-l-arabinofuranosyl residues in the following order: (1→5) linkage > (1→3) linkage > (1→2) linkage. α-l-Arabinofuranosidase II hydrolyzed the linkages in the following order: (1→5) linkage > (1→2) linkage > (1→3) linkage. α-l-Arabinofuranosidase I preferentially hydrolyzed the (1→5) linkage of branched arabinotrisaccharide. On the other hand, α-l-arabinofuranosidase II preferentially hydrolyzed the (1→3) linkage in the same substrate. α-l-Arabinofuranosidase I released arabinose from the nonreducing terminus of arabinan, whereas α-l-arabinofuranosidase II preferentially hydrolyzed the arabinosyl side chain linkage of arabinan.
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Bajwa, Barinder, Xiaohui Xing, Stephanie A. Terry, Robert J. Gruninger, and D. Wade Abbott. "Methylation-GC-MS/FID-Based Glycosidic Linkage Analysis of Unfractionated Polysaccharides in Red Seaweeds." Marine Drugs 22, no. 5 (April 24, 2024): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md22050192.
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Glycosidic linkage analysis was conducted on the unfractionated polysaccharides in alcohol-insoluble residues (AIRs) prepared from six red seaweeds (Gracilariopsis sp., Prionitis sp., Mastocarpus papillatus, Callophyllis sp., Mazzaella splendens, and Palmaria palmata) using GC-MS/FID analysis of partially methylated alditol acetates (PMAAs). The cell walls of P. palmata primarily contained mixed-linkage xylans and small amounts of sulfated galactans and cellulose. In contrast, the unfractionated polysaccharides of the other five species were rich in galactans displaying diverse 3,6-anhydro-galactose and galactose linkages with varied sulfation patterns. Different levels of cellulose were also observed. This glycosidic linkage method offers advantages for cellulose analysis over traditional monosaccharide analysis that is known for underrepresenting glucose in crystalline cellulose. Relative linkage compositions calculated from GC-MS and GC-FID measurements showed that anhydro sugar linkages generated more responses in the latter detection method. This improved linkage workflow presents a useful tool for studying polysaccharide structural variations across red seaweed species. Furthermore, for the first time, relative linkage compositions from GC-MS and GC-FID measurements, along with normalized FID and total ion current (TIC) chromatograms without peak assignments, were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) as a proof-of-concept demonstration of the technique’s potential to differentiate various red seaweed species.
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Siti Aisyah Ya’kob, Jamal Abdul Nassir Shaari, and Nor Afiza Abu Bakar. "The Development Of An Information Sharing Linkage Scale For Service Sector." International Journal of Business and Society 18, no. 3 (December 31, 2017): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3153.2017.
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This study was done to evaluate the validity of an information sharing linkage scale which will be used for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in service sector. Content validity is evaluated by six experts in the field and quantified as content validity index (CVI). Content validity assessment is inclusive of four rating criteria which are relevance, clarity, simplicity and ambiguity. All items that fulfil the criteria of content validity index which isat least0.75 are usable for research instrument. The final version of linkages was improvised in 35 items with 3 factors for information sharing linkage i.e. customer linkage, supplier linkage, and internal linkage; 2 factors for firm performance i.e. operational performance and financial performance.
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Langley, J. D., and J. C. Alsop. "Determining First Admissions in a Hospital Discharge File via Record Linkage." Methods of Information in Medicine 37, no. 01 (1998): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634496.
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Abstract:The aim of this study was to identify first admissions in a public hospital discharge file with the greatest possible accuracy. Computerised data linkage was used to link injury events. This involved the use of “internal” data linkage (unduplication) which, in data linkage terms, is equivalent to matching two identical files. Admission status indicators obtained from deterministic and probabilistic linkages were compared with those obtained from a manual review. Small absolute reductions in error were obtained using a probabilistic linkage over a deterministic linkage. However, these reflected large relative reductions in error. A validity check confirmed initial results and discounted against possible bias due to the subjective nature of the probabilistic linking procedure.
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Larson, Thomas R., and Janet Yother. "Streptococcus pneumoniaecapsular polysaccharide is linked to peptidoglycan via a direct glycosidic bond to β-D-N-acetylglucosamine." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 22 (May 11, 2017): 5695–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620431114.
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For many bacteria, including those important in pathogenesis, expression of a surface-localized capsular polysaccharide (CPS) can be critical for survival in host environments. In Gram-positive bacteria, CPS linkage is to either the cytoplasmic membrane or the cell wall. Despite the frequent occurrence and essentiality of these polymers, the exact nature of the cell wall linkage has not been described in any bacterial species. Using theStreptococcus pneumoniaeserotype 2 CPS, which is synthesized by the widespread Wzy mechanism, we found that linkage occurs via the reducing end glucose of CPS and the β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues of peptidoglycan (PG). Hydrofluoric acid resistance,31P-NMR, and32P labeling demonstrated the lack of phosphodiester bonds, which typically occur in PG–polysaccharide linkages. Component sugar analysis of purified CPS–PG identified only CPS and PG sugars in the appropriate ratios, suggesting the absence of an oligosaccharide linker. Time of flight mass spectrometry confirmed a direct glycosidic linkage between CPS and PG and showed that a single CPS repeat unit can be transferred to PG. The linkage was acetolysis susceptible, indicative of a 1,6 glycosidic bond between CPS and the GlcNAc C-6. The acetylation state of GlcNAc did not affect linkage. A direct glycosidic linkage to PG was also demonstrated for serotypes 8 and 31, whose reducing end sugars are glucose and galactose, respectively. These results provide the most detailed descriptions of CPS–PG linkages for any microorganism. Identification of the linkage is a first step toward identifying the linking enzyme and potential inhibitors of its activity.
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Sharopova, N. R., A. A. Sozinov, and V. A. Portyanko. "Inheritance and linkage relationships of seed peroxidase loci in hexaploid oat (Avena sativa L.)." Genome 38, no. 3 (June 1, 1995): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g95-061.
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Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been used to investigate the inheritance and linkage relationships between anodal (PXA) and cathodal (PXC) seed peroxidases in hexaploid oat (Avena sativa L.). A total of 12 seed peroxidase loci (5 loci of PXA and 7 loci of PXC) were identified in three crosses. Only two Pxc loci (Pxc5 and Pxc7) were not linked to any peroxidase loci; the others were scored in three linkage groups. The order of the three loci assigned to one of the linkage groups was Pxc1–Pxa5–Pxc2. The order of loci in the other two linkages were Pxc4–Pxa1–Pxa3 and Pxc3–Pxa4–Pxa2. Also, the Pxc6 locus was shown to be linked to the Pxc3 locus. Considering that A. sativa is an allohexaploid, it can be proposed that the three peroxidase linkages represent homoeologous chromosomes.Key words: seed peroxidase, isozyme inheritance, linkage, Avena sativa.
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Dou, Xiaohong, and Kwun-Long Ting. "Branch Identification of Geared Five-Bar Chains." Journal of Mechanical Design 118, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826897.
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This paper presents the method to identify the rotatability and branch condition in linkages containing simple geared five-bar chains. The method is subsequently extended to identify the existence of dead positions. When used in the computer aided linkage synthesis, the algorithm may effectively reduce the complexity of the finite position synthesis of geared five-bar linkages to the level similar to that of four-bar linkages. The algorithm is effective for any linkage inversion, any type of synthesis problem, any input condition, and any number of discrete positions. The method can be generalized to other serially connected multiloop linkages.
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Huang, Chintien, and Chi-Chih Sun. "An Investigation of Screw Systems in the Finite Displacements of Bennett-Based 6R Linkages." Journal of Mechanical Design 122, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 426–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1319159.
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This paper investigates, via numerical simulations, the finite displacements of all the known Bennett-based 6R overconstrained linkages: Goldberg’s 6R, variant Goldberg 6R, Waldron’s hybrid 6R, and Wohlhart’s hybrid 6R linkages. An investigation of the finite displacements of nine distinct linkages reveals that every Bennett-based 6R linkage, except for the isomerization of Wohlhart’s hybrid linkage, inherits the linear properties of the Bennett mechanism. The relative finite displacement screws of some non-adjacent links of these linkages form screw systems of the second order. Thirty-one screw systems are reported in this paper. [S1050-0472(00)02204-2]
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Salman, Ayed A., Kishan Mehrotra, and Chilukuri K. Mohan. "Adaptive Linkage Crossover." Evolutionary Computation 8, no. 3 (September 2000): 341–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106365600750078817.
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Problem-specific knowledge is often implemented in search algorithms using heuristics to determine which search paths are to be explored at any given instant. As in other search methods, utilizing this knowledge will more quickly lead a genetic algorithm (GA) towards better results. In many problems, crucial knowledge is not found in individual components, but in the interrelations between those components. For such problems, we develop an interrelation (linkage) based crossover operator that has the advantage of liberating GAs from the constraints imposed by the fixed representations generally chosen for problems. The strength of linkages between components of a chromosomal structure can be explicitly represented in a linkage matrix and used in the reproduction step to generate new individuals. For some problems, such a linkage matrix is known a priorifrom the nature of the problem. In other cases, the linkage matrix may be learned by successive minor adaptations during the execution of the evolutionary algorithm. This paper demonstrates the success of such an approach for several problems.
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Liu, Jian Qin, and Ce Zhang. "A Theoretical and Experimental Study on Precision Controlling of Generated Path of an Elastic Linkage." Materials Science Forum 505-507 (January 2006): 979–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.505-507.979.
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In this paper, generated path control of an elastic linkage is first controlled using a five-bar linkage with a variable length crank. The theoretical foundation of precision control of generated path of elastic linkage is formed by application of an optimal method. Experimental study of the generated path of linkages is made on the basis of the theoretical study. The experimental results agree with the theoretical one essentially and prove the feasibility of the theory.
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Midha, A., R. J. Cipra, and K. Farhang. "Analysis and Design of Basic Linkages for Harmonic Motion Generation." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 107, no. 4 (December 1, 1985): 499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3260752.
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This paper deals with basic planar linkages driven by relatively small cranks, and as a consequence generating approximate simple harmonic motion at the output members. A unique approach is presented to yield the kinematic equations, as exemplified by planar crank-rocker and offset slider-crank linkages. The method involves the presumption of a mean linkage configuration and a small motion excursion therefrom. Its validity is demonstrated by means of several error plots, generated for varying, nondimensional linkage parameters and a constant mean transmission angle. These plots also serve to illustrate the order of approximation involved for a particular combination of parameters. Finally, the synthesis of a crank-rocker linkage for a representative set of requirements is exemplified using the equations developed herein.
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Tran Thi Truc. "THE MALAYSIA’S POLICIES ON ENCOURAGING THE LINKAGES OF FDI AND DOMESTIC FIRMS, THE LESSIONS FOR VIETNAM." International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research 5, no. 12 (December 31, 2023): 1154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v5i12.683.
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By synthesizing the literature reviews and summarizing the policies made by the Malaysian government in attracting inward FDI and improving the linkages between FDI and domestic firms, the study brings out the significant lessions for Vietnam, which include (i) linkage formation; (ii) attracting foreign investors; (iii) improving the labor quality; (iv) increasing the domestic firms’ capacity; (v) improving the linkage between FDI and domestic firms; and (vi) macroeconomic policies.
Keywords: inward FDI, Linkages, Domestic Firms, Investors.
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Geleta, Negash. "Urban- Rural Marketing Linkage Practices and Challenges Evidences from Ambo Town West Shoa Zone, Orimia Regional State, Ethiopia." International Journal of Marketing Research Innovation 4, no. 2 (August 19, 2020): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijmri.v4i2.718.
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The objective of study was to assess the practices and challenges of rural-urban marketing linkages in Ambo Town. The study may be used to show the gaps between urban and rural on the marketing of agricultural products. The study was used descriptive research design. The populations of the study were some selected retailers and farmers those participate on the marketing of agricultural products. For sample size determination Yemane Taro formula was used and accordingly 187 sample size was employed. To identify this sample random sampling was used to select the research subjects from the population. As the source of information primary data was employed using structured questionnaire. For data analysis descriptive statistics was employed. Based on the data collected the findings of the study show that the production linkages were very weak which was reflected mainly in case of poor connection in the between urban and rural. However, a strong consumption linkage was observed as farmers tend to purchase goods and services from the Town. The insufficient crop production had made the existing marketing linkage to be expressed only in the form of exchange of products. Financial linkage was further strengthened even through all are not connected with rural farmers. Finally, the research recommended that urban and rural oriented linkage must be practiced which need further strengthen for the existing financial linkages and production linkage as it provides opportunity for existing traders in the Town.
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Caulfield, T. J., C. V. C. Prasad, D. J. Delecki, C. P. Prouty, A. K. Saha, D. A. Upson, and L. I. Kruse. "Achiral internucleoside linkages 2: O-CH2-CH2 linkage." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 4, no. 12 (June 1994): 1497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80520-5.
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Prasad, C. V. C., T. J. Caulfield, C. P. Prouty, A. K. Saha, W. C. Schairer, A. Yawman, D. A. Upson, and L. I. Kruse. "Achiral internucleoside linkages 3: CH2NHCH2 linkage." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 5, no. 4 (February 1995): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-894x(95)00045-u.
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Na'iem, Mohammad, Yoshihiko Tsumura, Kohji Uchida, Toru Nakamura, and Kihachiro Ohba. "Linkage of allozyme loci in Japanese red pine (Pinusdensiflora)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 680–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-089.
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Linkage relationships among 29 polymorphic loci were investigated in Japanese red pine, Pinusdensiflora Sieb. et Zucc. Haploid megagametophytes from 12 highly heterozygous plus-tree clones were used. A total of 217 pairs of two-locus combinations were available for the linkage study. Chi-square and Akaike Information Criterion analyses identified 19 pairs of linkages. Close linkages (r = 0–0.10) were seen for Est-2, 3–Aap-2, 3, Dia-1–Acp, and Shd-1–Got-1. Strong linkages (r = 0.10–0.20) were seen for Est-2, 3–Dia-1, Est-2, 3–Acp, Aap-2, 3–Dia-1, Got-2–Lap-1, and Pgm–Aap-1. Moderate linkages (r = 0.20–0.30) were seen for Adh–Sod, Adh–Pgi-1, 2, Adh–Lap-1, G2d–G6p, and Dia-2–Amy pair of linkages. The remaining six pair combinations, namely 6Pg-1–Est-2, 3, 6Pg-1–Acp, Est-1–Acp, Est-2, 3–Shd-1, Sod–Pgi-1, 2, and Adh–Got-2 were weakly linked (r = 0.30–0.40). In all, 22 loci were classified into five linkage groups by means of three-point mapping methods.
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Aggarwal, Aastha, Ranganathan Rama, Preet K. Dhillon, Mohan Deepa, Dimple Kondal, Naveen Kaushik, Dipika Bumb, et al. "Linking population-based cohorts with cancer registries in LMIC: a case study and lessons learnt in India." BMJ Open 13, no. 3 (March 2023): e068644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068644.
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ObjectivesIn resource-constrained settings, cancer epidemiology research typically relies on self-reported diagnoses. To test a more systematic alternative approach, we assessed the feasibility of linking a cohort with a cancer registry.SettingData linkage was performed between a population-based cohort in Chennai, India, with a local population-based cancer registry.ParticipantsData set of Centre for Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction in South-Asia (CARRS) cohort participants (N=11 772) from Chennai was linked with the cancer registry data set for the period 1982–2015 (N=140 986).Methods and outcome measuresMatch*Pro, a probabilistic record linkage software, was used for computerised linkages followed by manual review of high scoring records. The variables used for linkage included participant name, gender, age, address, Postal Index Number and father’s and spouse’s name. Registry records between 2010 and 2015 and between 1982 and 2015, respectively, represented incident and all (both incident and prevalent) cases. The extent of agreement between self-reports and registry-based ascertainment was expressed as the proportion of cases found in both data sets among cases identified independently in each source.ResultsThere were 52 self-reported cancer cases among 11 772 cohort participants, but 5 cases were misreported. Of the remaining 47 eligible self-reported cases (incident and prevalent), 37 (79%) were confirmed by registry linkage. Among 29 self-reported incident cancers, 25 (86%) were found in the registry. Registry linkage also identified 24 previously not reported cancers; 12 of those were incident cases. The likelihood of linkage was higher in more recent years (2014–2015).ConclusionsAlthough linkage variables in this study had limited discriminatory power in the absence of a unique identifier, an appreciable proportion of self-reported cases were confirmed in the registry via linkages. More importantly, the linkages also identified many previously unreported cases. These findings offer new insights that can inform future cancer surveillance and research in low-income and middle-income countries.
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Zheng, Yu Kun, Xiao Hong Ge, and Lian Ge Ouyang. "Design and Simulation about Linkage of Caterpillar Beach Cleaner’s Graps." Applied Mechanics and Materials 721 (December 2014): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.721.285.
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To improve the security of linkages, it is necessary to validate the mechanism. Through the Pro/E software the link mechanism was created and carried out pre-processing in ANSYS to get a flexible linkage files, then imported to ADAMS to build rigid-flexible coupled body and proceeded dynamic simulation, finally outputted the boundary load files to ANSYS to calculate the stress and strain of linkage mechanism. The results showed that the linkages to meet the safety of the design.
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Walters, S. Alan, Nischit V. Shetty, and Todd C. Wehner. "Segregation and Linkage of Several Genes in Cucumber." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 126, no. 4 (July 2001): 442–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.126.4.442.
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Gene linkage was investigated in 11 families using 18 genes in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). The genes studied were B (black spine), B-3 (Black spine-3), B-4 (Black spine-4), bi (bitterfree cotyledons), Bt (bitter fruit), Bt-2 (bitter fruit-2), D (dull fruit skin), df (delayed flowering), de (determinate habit), F (female sex expression), gl (glabrous foliage), lh (long hypocotyl), ns (numerous spines), pm-h [powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea Schlecht.:Fr.) resistance expressed on the hypocotyl], ss (small spines), Tu (tuberculate fruit), u (uniform immature fruit color), and w (white immature fruit color). A major objective of this study was to measure linkages of genes for fruit bitterness (Bt and Bt-2), and spine color (B-3 and B-4) relative to previously studied loci: B, bi, D, de, df, F, gl, lh, ns, pm-h, ss, Tu, u, and w. The F2 progeny of LJ 90430 × PI 173889 segregated 13 bitter fruit: 3 nonbitter fruit, indicating that different genes are controlling fruit bitterness in these lines. Bt-2 is proposed as the gene controlling bitterness of fruit in LJ 90430. It is a separate locus from Bt, that causes bitter fruit in PI 173889. Several new gene linkages were found: bi—Bt, (Bt-2)—de, D—(Bt-2), D—ns, gl—F, ss—(Bt-2), Tu—(Bt-2), and u—(Bt-2). The Bt gene appears to be linked to bi and may be located on linkage group I. Bt-2 appears to be linked with several genes that could connect linkage groups I and IV. Bt-2 was linked to u, Tu, D, and ss, that are all on linkage group IV. Bt-2 was also found to be linked loosely to de, that is on linkage group I. No linkages were found between B-3 and B-4 and the genes evaluated in this study. Weak linkages (>25 cM) between several gene combinations [(Bt-2)-de, de—ns, de—ss, de—Tu, de—u, ns—F, and ss—F] provided more evidence that linkage group I and IV may be linked. Due to the weak linkages, more information needs to be obtained using larger populations and more markers to confirm these findings.
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Blechschmidt, J. L., and J. J. Uicker. "Linkage Synthesis Using Algebraic Curves." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 108, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3258767.
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A method to snythesize four-bar linkages using the algebraic curve of the motion of the coupler point on the coupler link of the four-bar linkage is developed. This method is a departure from modern synthesis methods, most of which are based upon Burmester theory. This curve, which is a planar algebraic polynomial in two variables for the four-bar linkage, is a trinodal tricircular sextic (sixth order). These properties are used to determine the coefficients of the curve given a set of points that the coupler point of the coupler link is to pass through. The coefficients of this curve are nonlinear functions of the linkage parameters. The resulting set of nonlinear equations are solved using iterative/optimization techniques for the linkage parameters.
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Mahadevan Pichandi, Mohan B, Jagadeesh S, and Balaji S. "Conventional Four-bar Linkage Steering System Adoption for Underslung Front Suspension." ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology 2, no. 3 (September 23, 2022): p249–255. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.2.3.1.
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Recirculating ball (RCB) steering gear with four-bar linkage steering system is widely used in commercial vehicles with rigid front axle and over slung suspension owing to their architectural arrangement. The usage of RCB steering gear with four-bar linkage steering system with underslung suspension is not commercialized globally due to complexity of packaging suspension and steering linkages. Few automotive OEMs have studied and implemented Y link steering system in place of four-bar linkage steering system for underslung suspension arrangement. Y link steering system has got its inherent disadvantages such as higher bump steer, poor self-centering, complex linkages, more number of parts and less tire life. Further this arrangement is comparatively costlier than four-bar linkage steering system owing to their higher number of parts. In this paper, an extensive analysis has been made to implement the four-bar linkage steering system for underslung suspension vehicle. In this arrangement, the track rod (one of the links of a four-bar linkage system) is packaged above the leaf spring unlike in vehicles with overslung spring. Due to this unique arrangement, there exists some challenges in critical parameter optimization and packaging which are addressed in this paper. A mathematical model was developed to arrive at optimum steering and suspension geometry inorder to reduce the Ackerman error for better tire life and improve vehicle handling characteristics. By solving this mathematical model, optimum hardpoints can be arrived to achieve less Ackerman error, lower steering effort, lower bump steer, better steering returnability and best in class tire life. The present paper shows a possible approach to define the optimized steering and suspension linkages from the existing complex geometry with underslung suspension. This attempt is first of its kind in automotive industry and if commercialized successfully will go a long way in improving steering performance and cost savings for the vehicles with underslung suspension.
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Hao, Guangbo, Xianwen Kong, and Xiuyun He. "A planar reconfigurable linear rigid-body motion linkage with two operation modes." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 228, no. 16 (February 11, 2014): 2985–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406214523754.
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A planar reconfigurable linear (also rectilinear) rigid-body motion linkage (RLRBML) with two operation modes, that is, linear rigid-body motion mode and lockup mode, is presented using only R (revolute) joints. The RLRBML does not require disassembly and external intervention to implement multi-task requirements. It is created via combining a Robert’s linkage and a double parallelogram linkage (with equal lengths of rocker links) arranged in parallel, which can convert a limited circular motion to a linear rigid-body motion without any reference guide way. This linear rigid-body motion is achieved since the double parallelogram linkage can guarantee the translation of the motion stage, and Robert’s linkage ensures the approximate straight line motion of its pivot joint connecting to the double parallelogram linkage. This novel RLRBML is under the linear rigid-body motion mode if the four rocker links in the double parallelogram linkage are not parallel. The motion stage is in the lockup mode if all of the four rocker links in the double parallelogram linkage are kept parallel in a tilted position (but the inner/outer two rocker links are still parallel). In the lockup mode, the motion stage of the RLRBML is prohibited from moving even under power off, but the double parallelogram linkage is still moveable for its own rotation application. It is noted that further RLRBMLs can be obtained from the above RLRBML by replacing Robert’s linkage with any other straight line motion linkage (such as Watt’s linkage). Additionally, a compact RLRBML and two single-mode linear rigid-body motion linkages are presented.
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Bennett, T. D., J. M. Dean, H. T. Keenan, M. H. McGlincy, A. M. Thomas, and L. J. Cook. "Linked Records of Children with Traumatic Brain Injury." Methods of Information in Medicine 54, no. 04 (2015): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3414/me14-01-0093.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryObjective: Record linkage may create powerful datasets with which investigators can conduct comparative effectiveness studies evaluating the impact of tests or interventions on health. All linkages of health care data files to date have used protected health information (PHI) in their linkage variables. A technique to link datasets without using PHI would be advantageous both to preserve privacy and to increase the number of potential linkages.Methods: We applied probabilistic linkage to records of injured children in the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB, N = 156,357) and the Pediatric Health Information Systems (PHIS, N = 104,049) databases from 2007 to 2010. 49 match variables without PHI were used, many of them administrative variables and indicators for procedures recorded as International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, Clinical Modification codes. We validated the accuracy of the linkage using identified data from a single center that submits to both databases.Results: We accurately linked the PHIS and NTDB records for 69% of children with any injury, and 88% of those with severe traumatic brain injury eligible for a study of intervention effectiveness (positive predictive value of 98%, specificity of 99.99%). Accurate linkage was associated with longer lengths of stay, more severe injuries, and multiple injuries.Conclusion: In populations with substantial illness or injury severity, accurate record linkage may be possible in the absence of PHI. This methodology may enable linkages and, in turn, comparative effectiveness studies that would be unlikely or impossible otherwise.