Academic literature on the topic 'Lingulodinium'

A sediment trap study was conducted in the Gulf of Venice, north-western Adriatic Sea, from April to December 2005 to assess relationships between planktonic dinoflagellates and cyst production. Every month, CTD profiles and discrete samplings for phytoplankton, nutrients and particulate matter were conducted. Cyst fluxes spanned from 90 to 127,600 cysts m-2 d-1 and major peaks were due to a small cyst attributed to cf. Biecheleria and to calcareous cysts of Scrippsiella trochoidea. A good correspondence between cyst fluxes in sediment traps and the presence of the corresponding vegetative cells in the water column was detected for Lingulodinium polyedrum, and species of the genera Spiniferites,Gonyaulax and Protoperidinium. A PCR method applied to surface sediment samples allowed the identification of a number of potentially harmful dinoflagellate cysts (Alexandrium minutum, A. tamutum, A. taylorii, Lingulodinium polyedrum and Protoceratium reticulatum).

The distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in sediments is a subject of increasing interest. There have been several approaches, of which two are relevant to this investigation. The studies of palynologists who endeavour to relate the distribution of cyst assemblages to environmental factors (for example Reid, 1972; Wall et al. 1977; Harland, 1983) and the studies of phycologists, concerned with toxic dinoflagellate blooms, who concentrate on the distributions of cysts of bloom species (for example Anderson, Kulis et al. 1982; Thayer et al. 1983). Consequently an increasing amount of information on quantitative distribution of cysts has become available. In 1976 Dale reported the investigation of sediments from Trondheimsfjord, relating the abundance of cysts to the percentage abundance of finer sediment. Wall et al. (1977) provided a more comprehensive picture of this relationship showing that cyst density (numbers of cysts per gram dry weight of sediment) increased logarithmically with increased percentage of the silt plus clay mineral fraction to a level where this comprised 50–60% of the sediment, after this no further increase occurred.

In this paper are given to know toxic species with public health importance, samples were obtained during 2010-2012 in the coast of Chiapas, México, by net (20 μm mesh) in vertical hauls (up to 15 m), fixed with Lugol’s solution and studied by light microscope bright field, Twenty-four species were documented to be present in the study área: Gymnodinium (1); Alexandrium (5); Pyrodinium (1); Phalacroma (2); Dinophysis (4);Prorocentrum (4); Karenia (4); Protoceratium (1); Gonyaulax (1); Lingulodinium (1), It was found corresponding with 64-89% of the species from coastal waters of México.

A new flavone sulfonic acid 1 named niruriflavone was isolated from the 70% ethanolic extract of the whole plant of Phyllanthus niruri (Euphorbiaceae), together with 6,10,14-trimethyl-2- pentadecanone, hypophyllanthin, gallic acid, brevifolin carboxylic acid, methyl brevifolin carboxylate, isoquercetin, quercetin-3-O-β -D-glucopyranosyl(1→ 4)-α-rhamnopyranoside, corilagin, and isocorilagin, whose structures were determined by spectroscopic methods and comparison with published data. In an ABTS cation radical reduction assay, niruriflavone (1) exhibited potent radical scavenging properties. A biological test system based on bioluminescence of the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum did not reveal any prooxidant properties of 1 at 50 μM.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed October 3, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Marine dinoflagellates are an ecologically important phytoplanktonic group that accounts for two thirds of all known harmful algal bloom (HAB) species. This study explores the population ecology of Lingulodinium polyedrum (F. Stein) J.D. Dodge, a common bloom-forming dinoflagellate species in Southern California. Lingulodinium polyedrum is not considered a HAB species, but functions as one of the main model organisms for dinoflagellate biology. As such, knowledge about this species also contributes significantly to the understanding of dinoflagellate population dynamics at a more general level. In an attempt to understand some of the complex interactions that govern L. polyedrum population ecology, laboratory experiments of life cycle control and intraspecific phenotypic diversity were linked with an in situ study of the population dynamics and the intraspecific genetic diversity of this species in coastal waters of Southern California. The life cycle experiments showed that processes such as gametogenesis and ecdysis of L. polyedrum are influenced by photon flux density (PFD) and gave a first indication for an involvement of the photosynthetic apparatus in the induction of gametogenesis in dinoflagellates. The light acclimation experiments revealed, for the first time, intraspecific phenotypic diversity in L. polyedrum. The two studied strains differed distinctly in their light requirements and light acclimation ‘strategies’. For the study of intraspecific genetic diversity in L. polyedrum a novel method was developed that allowed the genotyping of individual cells. The application of this novel approach to natural populations showed that population genetic exchange of L. polyedrum in the Southern California Bight is tied to water circulation patterns and that both habitat structure and environmental change leave their signatures in the population genetic composition of L. polyedrum. This thesis represents one of the most comprehensive studies of dinoflagellate population ecology and builds the basis for the development of a holistic concept of the population ecology of L. polyedrum and other dinoflagellate species.

Devido à necessidade de se conhecer os impactos que as diversas atividades antropogênicas exercem sobre os ecossistemas torna-se relevante o estudo dos organismos aquáticos perante os resíduos tóxicos resultantes, com o objetivo de facilitar a identificação de áreas poluiídas ou contaminadas e estudos de meios atingidos por estes agentes poluentes. Estudo da microalga em contato com o fenol em concentrações conhecidas, compreende a determinação dos efeitos tóxicos e geração de metabólitos, caracterizando uma possível utilização deste microorganismo como bioindicador para contaminações do poluente. Determinou-se as concentrações de fenol capazes de em 24 horas inibirem o crescimento das células de L. polyedrum em 20 e 50% (IC 20 e IC 50) respectivamente 40 µmol.L-1 e 120 µmol.L-1. Identificou-se a necessidade de padronização das variáveis na execução dos ensaios dose-resposta com algas, permitindo construir protocolos que auxiliariam a obtenção de legislações que assegurem os limites de compostos tóxicos aos organismos costeiros. Calculou-se que a microalga L. polyedrum possui uma taxa de biodegradação do fenol por célula na média de aproximadamente (0,02 µmol.h-1.cel-1), capaz de biotransformar 120 µmol.L-1 de fenol em um período de 16 horas. Vias de biotransformação do fenol na microalga L.polyedrum se dão pela conjugação com a glutationa, catalisada por glutationa S-transferase e pela via metabólica de fenol hidroxilase e catecol 2,3-dihidroxigenase. Identificou-se a geração do ácido 2-hidroximucônico semialdeído, 1,2-dihidroxibenzeno (Catecol) e ácido 2-oxo 4-pentenóico como metabólitos resultantes da exposição de L. polyedrum ao fenol. O composto orgânico fenol é capaz de induzir um estado de aumento na atividade antioxidante da microalga L. polyedrum, sendo as enzimas superóxido dismutase e catalase os melhores biomarcadores, por terem sua expressão até três vezes maior no grupo exposto. Determinou-se que a razão GSH/GSSG no grupo tratado com fenol é menor, devido ao aumento de 20 ng.mL-1 de GSSG, expressando o efeito oxidativo no sistema glutationa, que em condições normais possui os níveis de GSSG muito abaixo dos de GSH. A avaliação fotossintética sugeriu que o fenol interferiu relativamente na fotossíntese da microalga em um curto intervalo de tempo, demonstrando a promissora sensibilidade a este poluente presente no ambiente marinho.
Due necessity of knowing and understand the impacts of diverse anthropogenic activities exerted above ecosystems became relevant the study of aquatic organisms exposed to toxic waste, this can facilitate the identification of polluted or contaminated areas. Study of microalgae in contact with phenol at known concentrations, comprehended a determination of the toxic effects and generation metabolites of characterizing the possible use of the organism as a bioindicator to contamination of the pollutant. In this work it was determined in 24 hours those inhibitor phenol concentrations of cell growth of L.polyedrum on 20% and 50% (IC 20 and IC 50) respectively 40 µmol.L-1 and 120 µmol.L-1. Acknowledged need for standardization of variables in the implementation of dose-response tests with algae, allowing you to build protocols that would help to obtain laws that ensure the limits of toxic compounds to coastal organisms. It was assumed that the L. polyedrum microalgae has a biodegradation rate of phenol per cell on average of about (0,02 µmol.h-1.cel-1), capable of biotransformation 120 µmol.L-1 of phenol in a period of 16 hours. Biotransformation pathways of phenol in the microalgae L. polyedrum occur by conjugation with glutathione, catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase and the metabolic pathway of phenol hydroxylase and catechol 2,3-dihydroxygenase. We identified 2- hydroxy muconic semialdehyde acid, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol) and 2-oxo-4-pentenoic acid as metabolites resulting from exposure to phenol. The phenol is able to induce a high active antioxidant enzymes on L. polyhedron, and the enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase the best biomarkers since were induced three times more in the exposed group. It was determined that the GSH / GSSG ratio in the group treated with phenol, GSSG has an increase of 20 ng.mL-1. Evaluation suggested that the phenol interfered on photosynthesis of microalgae in a short time, showing promising sensitivity to this pollutant in the marine environment.

Harmful algae blooms (HABs) have caused millions dollars in annual losses to the aquaculture industry, inhibited beach recreation, and have threatened marine and human health. HABs and red tides can develop suddenly and their frequency, geographic range, and intensity have increased over the past decade. A possible source for spreading and seeding new areas expanding the geographic range of HABs is ballast water. The process of ballast water discharge has been identified as a primary vector for the translocation of non-indigenous species (NIS) and invasive species. National and international efforts are currently underway to address the impact of NIS and invasive species. Policy is being developed detailing stringent rules to kill, remove, or otherwise inactive organisms in ballast water prior to or upon discharge. Currently, vendors are developing technologies to treat ballast water and U.S. and international facilities are testing these technologies to verify their efficacy. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is commonly employed in ballast water treatment technologies. Previous studies have shown that UV light is effective for disinfecting drinking water, but the response of non-pathogenic and marine organisms is largely unknown. The purpose of this research was to measure the viability of the durable red-tide forming dinoflagellate, Lingulodinium polyedra following UV treatment. Two methods were used to measure the viability signal; manual epifluorescence microscopy with correlated viability stains and Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) fluorometry to measure the physiological state of the organism following UV treatment. The number of cysts was also enumerated. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in the number of living L. polyedra cells following a UV treatment of more than 100 mWs cm-2. The results also have showed a significant increase in the number of L. polyedra cysts following UV treatment as low as 50 mWs cm-2.

Com o aumento de atividades humanas nocivas ao meio ambiente e principalmente ao meio aquático, torna-se importante a elucidação dos mecanismos de defesa que envolvem os organismos expostos. As algas têm particular importância por serem a base da cadeia alimentar do ecossistema marinho. Ao acumular as substâncias tóxicas presentes no ambiente e servirem de alimento para outras espécies, elas podem provocar biomagnificação do agente tóxico ao longo da cadeia. A escolha da microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum deve-se à sua ampla distribuição em âmbito nacional e mundial e por ser um organismo modelo para estudos de toxicologia envolvendo metais. Este trabalho tem como objetivos padronizar as condições do meio de cultivo de forma a proporcionar o crescimento ideal da espécie, traçar a curva de crescimento e monitorar os aspectos biológicos que sofrem alterações frente a metais, tais como: taxa fotossintética, atividade da enzima antioxidante superóxido dismutase, balanço entre glutationa reduzida e oxidada, bioacumulação intracelular dos metais a que foram expostas e identificação de substâncias quelantes sintetizadas pelas algas, conhecidas como fitoquelatinas. Para alcançar estes objetivos foram utilizadas técnicas analíticas tais como espectrofotometria, espectrometria de massas e espectrometria de emissão atômica com plasma acoplado indutivamente. Dentre os resultados obtidos estão diminuição da quantidade de glutationa reduzida e oxidada quando algas são expostas a metais, diminuição da quantidade de cádmio presente no meio, aumento da atividade de superóxido dismutase e síntese de fitoquelatinas. Com os resultados obtidos podemos concluir que as fitoquelatinas podem ser usadas como biomarcadores de exposição ao cádmio e o organismo, por ser capaz de diminuir a quantidade de metais disponíveis no ambiente, tem potencial para biorremediar ambientes poluídos.
Given the increase of environmentally harmful human activities, in particular the ones injurious to the aquatic environment, it is important to elucidate the defense mechanisms utilized by organisms exposed to damaging agents. Those species can later be suggested to be used as pollution bioindicators or bioremediatiors. Algae are of particular importance because they are the basis of the marine ecosystem food chain. Given that these organisms can accumulate toxic substances from the environment and they serve as food for other species, it will cause biomagnification of the toxic agent in the chain. The choice of the microalgae Lingulodinium polyedrum was due to its wide national and global distribution and the fact that it is a model organism for toxicology studies involving metals. This work aims to standardize the medium conditions in order to provide the ideal growth of the species; plot the growth curve; and monitor the biological aspects that change in the presence of metals, such as: photosynthetic rate, antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase activity, balance between oxidized and reduced glutathione, intracellular accumulation of metals and identification of chelating substances synthesized by the alga, known as phytochelatins. To achieve these objectives there were used analytical techniques such as spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Among the obtained results there are the decrease in the amount of reduced and oxidized glutathione when algae are exposed to the metal; reduction in the quantity of cadmium in the medium; and increase in superoxide dismutase activity and phytochelatin synthesis. Based on the results it can be concluded that phytochelatins can be used as biomarkers of exposure to cadmium and the organism have potential to bioremediate polluted environments.

Les dinoflagellés sont des eucaryotes unicellulaires retrouvés dans la plupart des écosystèmes aquatiques du globe. Ces organismes amènent une contribution substantielle à la production primaire des océans, soit en tant que membre du phytoplancton, soit en tant que symbiontes des anthozoaires formant les récifs coralliens. Malheureusement, ce rôle écologique majeur est souvent négligé face à la capacité de certaines espèces de dinoflagellés à former des fleurs d'eau, parfois d'étendue et de durée spectaculaires. Ces floraisons d'algues, communément appelées "marées rouges", peuvent avoir de graves conséquences sur les écosystèmes côtiers, sur les industries de la pêche et du tourisme, ainsi que sur la santé humaine. Un des facteurs souvent corrélé avec la formation des fleurs d'eau est une augmentation dans la concentration de nutriments, notamment l’azote et le phosphore. Le nitrate est un des composants principaux retrouvés dans les eaux de ruissellement agricoles, mais également la forme d'azote bioaccessible la plus abondante dans les écosystèmes marins. Ainsi, l'agriculture humaine a contribué à magnifier significativement les problèmes associés aux marées rouges au niveau mondial. Cependant, la pollution ne peut pas expliquer à elle seule la formation et la persistance des fleurs d'eau, qui impliquent plusieurs facteurs biotiques et abiotiques. Il est particulièrement difficile d'évaluer l'importance relative qu'ont les ajouts de nitrate par rapport à ces autres facteurs, parce que le métabolisme du nitrate chez les dinoflagellés est largement méconnu. Le but principal de cette thèse vise à remédier à cette lacune. J'ai choisi Lingulodinium polyedrum comme modèle pour l'étude du métabolisme du nitrate, parce que ce dinoflagellé est facilement cultivable en laboratoire et qu'une étude transcriptomique a récemment fourni une liste de gènes pratiquement complète pour cette espèce. Il est également intéressant que certaines composantes moléculaires de la voie du nitrate chez cet organisme soient sous contrôle circadien. Ainsi, dans ce projet, j'ai utilisé des analyses physiologiques, biochimiques, transcriptomiques et bioinformatiques pour enrichir nos connaissances sur le métabolisme du nitrate des dinoflagellés et nous permettre de mieux apprécier le rôle de l'horloge circadienne dans la régulation de cette importante voie métabolique primaire. Je me suis tout d'abord penché sur les cas particuliers où des floraisons de dinoflagellés sont observées dans des conditions de carence en azote. Cette idée peut sembler contreintuitive, parce que l'ajout de nitrate plutôt que son épuisement dans le milieu est généralement associé aux floraisons d'algues. Cependant, j’ai découvert que lorsque du nitrate était ajouté à des cultures initialement carencées ou enrichies en azote, celles qui s'étaient acclimatées au stress d'azote arrivaient à survivre près de deux mois à haute densité cellulaire, alors que les cellules qui n'étaient pas acclimatées mourraient après deux semaines. En condition de carence d'azote sévère, les cellules arrivaient à survivre un peu plus de deux semaines et ce, en arrêtant leur cycle cellulaire et en diminuant leur activité photosynthétique. L’incapacité pour ces cellules carencées à synthétiser de nouveaux acides aminés dans un contexte où la photosynthèse était toujours active a mené à l’accumulation de carbone réduit sous forme de granules d’amidon et corps lipidiques. Curieusement, ces deux réserves de carbone se trouvaient à des pôles opposés de la cellule, suggérant un rôle fonctionnel à cette polarisation. La deuxième contribution de ma thèse fut d’identifier et de caractériser les premiers transporteurs de nitrate chez les dinoflagellés. J'ai découvert que Lingulodinium ne possédait que très peu de transporteurs comparativement à ce qui est observé chez les plantes et j'ai suggéré que seuls les membres de la famille des transporteurs de nitrate de haute affinité 2 (NRT2) étaient réellement impliqués dans le transport du nitrate. Le principal transporteur chez Lingulodinium était exprimé constitutivement, suggérant que l’acquisition du nitrate chez ce dinoflagellé se fondait majoritairement sur un système constitutif plutôt qu’inductible. Enfin, j'ai démontré que l'acquisition du nitrate chez Lingulodinium était régulée par la lumière et non par l'horloge circadienne, tel qu'il avait été proposé dans une étude antérieure. Finalement, j’ai utilisé une approche RNA-seq pour vérifier si certains transcrits de composantes impliquées dans le métabolisme du nitrate de Lingulodinium étaient sous contrôle circadien. Non seulement ai-je découvert qu’il n’y avait aucune variation journalière dans les niveaux des transcrits impliqués dans le métabolisme du nitrate, j’ai aussi constaté qu’il n’y avait aucune variation journalière pour n’importe quel ARN du transcriptome de Lingulodinium. Cette découverte a démontré que l’horloge de ce dinoflagellé n'avait pas besoin de transcription rythmique pour générer des rythmes physiologiques comme observé chez les autres eukaryotes.
Dinoflagellates are unicellular eukaryotes found in most aquatic ecosystems of the world. They are major contributors to carbon fixation in the oceans, either as free-living phytoplankton or as symbionts to corals. Dinoflagellates are also infamous because some species can form spectacular blooms called red tides, which can cause serious damage to ecosystems, human health, fisheries and tourism. One of the factors often correlated with algal blooms are increases in nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrate is one of the main components of agricultural runoffs, but also the most abundant bioavailable form of nitrogen in marine environments. Thus, agricultural activities have globally contributed to the magnification of the problems associated with red tides. However, bloom formation and persistence cannot be ascribed to human pollution alone, because other biotic and abiotic factors are at play. Particularly, it is difficult to assess the relative importance of nitrate addition over these other factors, because nitrate metabolism in dinoflagellate is mostly unknown. Filling part of this gap was the main goal of this thesis. I selected Lingulodinium polyedrum as a model for studying nitrate metabolism, because this dinoflagellate can easily be cultured in the lab and a recent transcriptomic survey has provided an almost complete gene catalogue for this species. It is also interesting that some molecular components of the nitrate pathway in this organism have been reported to be under circadian control. Thus, in this project, I used physiological, biochemical, transcriptomic and bioinformatic approaches to enrich our understanding of dinoflagellate nitrate metabolism and to increase our appreciation of the role of the circadian clock in regulating this important primary metabolic pathway. I first studied the particular case of dinoflagellate blooms that occur and persist in conditions of nitrogen depletion. This idea may seems counterintuitive, because nitrogen addition rather than depletion, is generally associated with algal blooms. However, I discovered that when nitrate was added to nitrogen-deficient or nitrogen-sufficient cultures, those that had been acclimated to nitrogen stress were able to survive for about two months at high cell densities, while non-acclimated cells died after two weeks. In conditions of severe nitrogen limitation, cells could survive a little bit more than two weeks by arresting cell division and reducing photosynthetic rates. The incapacity to synthesize new amino acids for these deprived cells in a context of on-going photosynthesis led to the accumulation of reduced carbon in the form of starch granules and lipid bodies. Interestingly, both of these carbon storage compounds were polarized in Lingulodinium cells, suggesting a functional role. The second contribution of my thesis was to identify and characterize the first nitrate transporters in dinoflagellates. I found that in contrast to plants, Lingulodinium had a reduced suite of nitrate transporters and only members of the high-affinity nitrate transporter 2 (NRT2) family were predicted to be functionally relevant in the transport of nitrate. The main transporter was constitutively expressed, which suggested that nitrate uptake in Lingulodinium was mostly a constitutive process rather than an inducible one. I also discovered that nitrate uptake in this organism was light-dependent and not a circadian-regulated process, as previously suggested. Finally, I used RNA-seq to verify if any transcripts involved in the nitrate metabolism of Lingulodinium were under circadian control. Not only did I discovered that there were no daily variations in the level of transcripts involved in nitrate metabolism, but also that there were no changes for any transcripts present in the whole transcriptome of Lingulodinium. This discovery showed that the circadian timer in this species did not require rhythmic transcription to generate biological rhythms, as observed in other eukaryotes.

Les Dinoflagellés sont des eucaryotes unicellulaires photosynthétiques qui participent à une production importante du phytoplancton et sont donc à la base de la chaîne alimentaire. Bien qu’ils soient des eucaryotes, leur organisation génétique présente plusieurs particularités qui leur sont singulières. Contrairement à tous les eucaryotes chez qui les chromosomes ne se condensent qu'au moment de la mitose, les chromosomes des dinoflagellés restent condensés pendant tout le cycle cellulaire. La mitose des dinoflagellés est distinguée de la mitose ordinaire des cellules eucaryotes. Le noyau de Lingulodinium polyedrum reste intact et son enveloppe nucléaire ne se brise pas pendant la mitose. Les microtubules devraient ainsi se coller à la membrane nucléaire du côté du cytoplasme pour tenter de s'accrocher aux chromosomes qui eux sont attachés à la surface interne de la membrane, le fuseau mitotique traverse donc le noyau par une ou plusieurs invaginations nucléaires ou canaux. Lingulodinium polyedrum est considéré un organisme modèle pour étudier les rythmes circadiens. Cette étude illustre les changements morphologiques des chromosomes durant les différents stades de la mitose, en utilisant le microscope électronique à transmission et microscope à fluorescence. Le transcriptôme de Lingulodinium polyedrum a été utilisé pour recenser les composants régulateurs conservés contrôlant l’entrée en phase S ou en phase M, telles que des cyclines ou des Cdks. Mots-clés : Lingulodinium polyedrum, dinoflagellé, cycle cellulaire, rythme circadien, mitose, phase S, phase M, cycline, CDK, transcriptome
Dinoflagellates are unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes comprising a major part of the phytoplankton and thus, represent the foundation of the food chain. Although dinoflagellates are eukaryotes, their genetic organization has several features which are unique to them. Unlike all eukaryotes in which the chromosomes condense only at the moment of mitosis, dinoflagellates chromosomes stay condensed throughout the cell cycle. Furthermore, the mitosis of dinoflagellates is distinguished from the ordinary mitosis of eukaryotic cells. The nucleus of Lingulodinium polyedrum remains intact and its nuclear envelope does not break down during mitosis. Microtubules stick to the nuclear membrane on the side of the cytoplasm and link to the chromosomes that are attached to the inner surface of the membrane by transmembrane proteins. The mitotic spindle therefore passes through the nucleus by one or more nuclear invaginations or channels. Lingulodinium polyedrum is considered as model organism for studying circadian rhythms among which is featured the cell cycle. This study illustrates the morphological changes of chromosomes during the various stages of mitosis, by transmission electron microscope and a fluorescence microscope. The transcriptome of Lingulodinium polyedrum was used to identify conserved regulatory components controlling entry into S-phase or M phase, such as cyclins or Cdks.