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Barros, Maria Candida Drumond Mendes. "Linguistica missionaria : Summer Institute of Linguistics." [s.n.], 1993. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280904.
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Orientador: Roberto Cardoso de OliveiraTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Sociais
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Doutorado
Doutor em Ciências Sociais
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Felício, Carla Patrícia [UNESP]. "A gramaticalização da conjunção concessiva embora." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86569.
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felicio_cp_me_sjrp.pdf: 1650362 bytes, checksum: 586c6cd19a45ef5c84ad2dbf2f73e9a3 (MD5)A Gramaticalização (GR) é um processo histórico e unidirecional de mudança lingüística, em que itens com conteúdo lexical ou menos gramatical passam ao longo do tempo a se comportar como itens gramaticais, tendo seu significado abstratizado e fortalecido quanto à expressividade do falante. Mecanismos cognitivos, como a metáfora e a metonímia, atuam nesse processo de mudança, visto que por esses mecanismos há abstratização do significado e recategorização sintática induzida pelo contexto lingüístico. Além disso, de acordo com Traugott (1999), há dois mecanismos envolvidos na mudança semântica que acompanha a GR, a subjetivização e intersubjetivização. Por esses dois mecanismos, significados se tornam mais centrados na crença/atitude do falante em relação ao ouvinte. Sob essa ótica, este trabalho, baseado em dados sincrônicos e diacrônicos do português, tem como principal objetivo investigar o processo de mudança responsável pelas alterações sintáticas e semânticas (pragmatização de significado) da conjunção concessiva embora, partícula que teve sua origem na locução adverbial temporal em boa hora, utilizada para desejar bom augúrio, no século XV. Por essa investigação, foi possível reconstruir os usos diacrônicos de embora ao longo da história do português, apreender o(s) contexto(s) que foi(ram) responsável(is) pelas mudanças sofridas pelo item e encontrar razões históricas para o uso na sincronia atual. Além do mais, foram checadas algumas hipóteses no que diz respeito à unidirecionalidade e às fontes para o surgimento de concessivas. Para alcançar esse objetivo maior, o trabalho também examinou os diferentes usos sincrônicos de embora no português, falado e escrito, com a finalidade de encontrar pistas do funcionamento atual que auxiliem na descrição histórica.
Grammaticalization (GR) is a unidirectional historical process of changes in linguistics in which items with lexical or less grammatical content start acting as grammatical items throughout time, abstractizing and strengthening its meaning as for the speaker’s expressiveness. Cognitive mechanisms such as metaphor and metonymy act in this process of change, whereas they cause meaning abstractization and syntactic recategorization induced by the linguistic context. Besides, according to Traugott (1999), there are two mechanisms involved in the semantic change that keeps up with the GR which are subjectivization and intersubjectivization. Meanings become more focused on the speaker’s belief/attitude in relation to the listener through both mechanisms. Considering this vision and based on synchronic and diachronic data from Portuguese, the present work aims at researching the process of change responsible for syntactic and semantic alterations (pragmatizing meaning) of the concessive conjunction embora, which is a particle originated from the adverbial clause of time em boa hora, used to wish good luck in the XV Century. By means of this research it was possible to reconstruct diachronic usages of embora throughout Portuguese history, to learn about the context(s) that was(were) responsible for changes suffered by the item, and to find historical explanations for the usage in the current synchrony. Beyond that, some hypothesis related to unidirectionality and the origins of concessive conjunctions were also checked. In order to reach this aim, the present work also verified the different synchronic usages of embora in spoken and written Portuguese to find tips about the current behavior that can help in historical description.
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Felício, Carla Patrícia. "A gramaticalização da conjunção concessiva embora /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86569.
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Orientador: Sanderléia Roberta Longhin-ThomaziBanca: Maria Célia Lima-Hernades
Banca: Sebastião Carlos Gonçalves
Resumo: A Gramaticalização (GR) é um processo histórico e unidirecional de mudança lingüística, em que itens com conteúdo lexical ou menos gramatical passam ao longo do tempo a se comportar como itens gramaticais, tendo seu significado abstratizado e fortalecido quanto à expressividade do falante. Mecanismos cognitivos, como a metáfora e a metonímia, atuam nesse processo de mudança, visto que por esses mecanismos há abstratização do significado e recategorização sintática induzida pelo contexto lingüístico. Além disso, de acordo com Traugott (1999), há dois mecanismos envolvidos na mudança semântica que acompanha a GR, a subjetivização e intersubjetivização. Por esses dois mecanismos, significados se tornam mais centrados na crença/atitude do falante em relação ao ouvinte. Sob essa ótica, este trabalho, baseado em dados sincrônicos e diacrônicos do português, tem como principal objetivo investigar o processo de mudança responsável pelas alterações sintáticas e semânticas (pragmatização de significado) da conjunção concessiva embora, partícula que teve sua origem na locução adverbial temporal em boa hora, utilizada para desejar bom augúrio, no século XV. Por essa investigação, foi possível reconstruir os usos diacrônicos de embora ao longo da história do português, apreender o(s) contexto(s) que foi(ram) responsável(is) pelas mudanças sofridas pelo item e encontrar razões históricas para o uso na sincronia atual. Além do mais, foram checadas algumas hipóteses no que diz respeito à unidirecionalidade e às fontes para o surgimento de concessivas. Para alcançar esse objetivo maior, o trabalho também examinou os diferentes usos sincrônicos de embora no português, falado e escrito, com a finalidade de encontrar pistas do funcionamento atual que auxiliem na descrição histórica.
Abstract: Grammaticalization (GR) is a unidirectional historical process of changes in linguistics in which items with lexical or less grammatical content start acting as grammatical items throughout time, abstractizing and strengthening its meaning as for the speaker's expressiveness. Cognitive mechanisms such as metaphor and metonymy act in this process of change, whereas they cause meaning abstractization and syntactic recategorization induced by the linguistic context. Besides, according to Traugott (1999), there are two mechanisms involved in the semantic change that keeps up with the GR which are subjectivization and intersubjectivization. Meanings become more focused on the speaker's belief/attitude in relation to the listener through both mechanisms. Considering this vision and based on synchronic and diachronic data from Portuguese, the present work aims at researching the process of change responsible for syntactic and semantic alterations (pragmatizing meaning) of the concessive conjunction embora, which is a particle originated from the adverbial clause of time em boa hora, used to wish good luck in the XV Century. By means of this research it was possible to reconstruct diachronic usages of embora throughout Portuguese history, to learn about the context(s) that was(were) responsible for changes suffered by the item, and to find historical explanations for the usage in the current synchrony. Beyond that, some hypothesis related to unidirectionality and the origins of concessive conjunctions were also checked. In order to reach this aim, the present work also verified the different synchronic usages of embora in spoken and written Portuguese to find tips about the current behavior that can help in historical description.
Mestre
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Penton, Dave. "Linguistic data models : presentation and representation /." Connect to thesis, 2006. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00002875.
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Atwell, Eric Steven. "Corpus linguistics and language learning : bootstrapping linguistic knowledge and resources from text." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7504/.
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This submission for the award of the degree of PhD by published work must: “make a contribution to knowledge in a coherent and related subject area; demonstrate originality and independent critical ability; satisfy the examiners that it is of sufficient merit to qualify for the award of the degree of PhD.” It includes a selection of my work as a Lecturer (and later, Senior Lecturer) at Leeds University, from 1984 to the present. The overall theme of my research has been bootstrapping linguistic knowledge and resources from text. A persistent strand of interest has been unsupervised and semi-supervised machine learning of linguistic knowledge from textual sources; the attraction of this approach is that I could start with English, but go on to apply analogous techniques to other languages, in particular Arabic. This theme covers a broad range of research over more than 20 years at Leeds University which I have divided into 8 sub-topics: A: Constituent-Likelihood statistical modelling of English grammar; B: Machine Learning of grammatical patterns from a corpus; C: Detecting grammatical errors in English text; D: Evaluation of English grammatical annotation models; E: Machine Learning of semantic language models; F: Applications in English language teaching; G: Arabic corpus linguistics; H: Applications in Computing teaching and research. The first section builds on my early years as a lecturer at Leeds University, when my research was essentially a progression from my previous work at Lancaster University on the LOB Corpus Part-of-Speech Tagging project (which resulted in the Tagged LOB Corpus, a resource for Corpus Linguistics research still in use today); I investigated a range of ideas for extending and/or applying techniques related to Part-of-Speech tagging in Corpus Linguistics. The second section covers a range of co-authored papers representing grant-funded research projects in Corpus Linguistics; in this mode of research, I had to come up with the original ideas and guide the project, but much of the detailed implementation was down to research assistant staff. Another highly productive mode of research has been supervision of research students, leading to further jointly-authored research papers. I helped formulate the research plans, and guided and advised the students; as with research-grant projects, the detailed implementation of the research has been down to the research students. The third section includes a few of the most significant of these jointly-authored Corpus Linguistics research papers. A “standard” PhD generally includes a survey of the field to put the work in context; so as a fourth section, I include some survey papers aimed at introducing new developments in corpus linguistics to a wider audience.
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STEPHENS, DEBORAH ANNE. "LINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF CODESWITCHING AMONG SPANISH/ENGLISH BILINGUAL CHILDREN (SOCIOLINGUISTICS, PSYCHOLINGUISTICS, APPLIED LINGUISTICS)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/188166.
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Codeswitching between languages is a uniquely bilingual mode of communication. The purpose of this dissertation is to enhance the current body of knowledge dealing with the phenomenon by analysing samples of speech produced by twenty-six Spanish/English bilingual children ranging in age from eight to twelve. Methods of analysis include theoretical linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and educational linguistics. A discussion of relevant codeswitching research covering the past thirty years is presented. The data were collected during a reading study focusing on miscue analysis. The children read stories in English and retold them in both Spanish and English. The analysis considers the data from the four previously mentioned points of view. The linguistic analysis looks at the locations of switched constituents within the sentence and the frequency with which those constituents are switched. The data of this study are compared with that of other researchers, and a consideration of a formal grammar of codeswitching is presented. The sociolinguistic analysis addresses the effect of social and stylistic variables on codeswitching. The psycholinguistic analysis of codeswitching covers lexical storage, editing phenomena, and developmental aspects. Finally, some aspects of the education of bilinguals are considered by analysing the effect of the printed word on language switching and dialect shifting . The application of the results of the analysis to both theoretical issues and practical concerns is explored along with suggested areas for future research. The analyses show that young children's codeswitching initially favors less complex structures and is influenced by few social variables. As they grow older, they become more comfortable with switching grammatically complex structures, and they become aware of a greater variety of social factors. A separate grammar is not necessary for a complete description of codeswitching; a modified interdependance model of the two grammars can account for the codeswitching mode. Lastly, the written language becomes part of the speech situation in the classroom and affects the choice of language or dialect spoken.
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Stegu, Martin, Dennis R. Preston, Antje Wilton, and Claudia Finkbeiner. "Panel discussion: language awareness vs. folk linguistics vs. applied linguistics." Taylor & Francis, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2018.1434921.
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Szink, Terrence L. "A computer-aided analysis of the Semitic of the Ebla tablets." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=888832061&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=48051&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Esterhuizen, H. L. "Linguistics + Mathematics = twins." Interim : Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol 7, Issue 1 :Central University of Technology Free State Bloemfontein, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/379.
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Published ArticleLanguage and Mathematics are both so-called "tools" that are used by other disciplines to explain / describe phenomena in those disciplines, but they are scientific disciplines in their own right. Language is a system of symbols, but so is Mathematics. These symbols carry meaning or value. Both originate in the human mind and are then translated into messages of logic. What is important are the relationships between units that are inherent to both disciplines. In practicing the two disciplines, there are elements that correspond. These are a vocabulary, grammar, a community and meaning. Psycholinguists and psychologists are interested in the role that language might have in enabling other functions in the human cognitive repertoire. Some argue that language is a prerequisite for a whole range of intellectual activities, including mathematics. They claim that mathematical structures are, in a way, parasitic on the human linguistic faculty. Some evidence for the language: maths connection comes from neurology. Functional imaging studies of the brain show increased activation of the language areas as certain mathematical tasks / challenges are performed. Lesions to a certain part of the brain impair both the linguistic as well as the mathematical ability. We are looking at a fundamentally shared enterprise, a deeply interwoven development of numerical and linguistic aspects. This co-evolution of number concepts and number words suggests that it is no accident that the same species that possesses the language faculty as a unique trait, should also be the one that developed a systematic concept of number.
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J'Fellers, J., and Theresa McGarry. "Language and Linguistics." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6151.
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vanCort, Tracy. "Computational Evolutionary Linguistics." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2001. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/hmc_theses/137.
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Languages and species both evolve by a process of repeated divergences, which can be described with the branching of a phylogenetic tree or phylogeny. Taking advantage of this fact, it is possible to study language change using computational tree building techniques developed for evolutionary biology. Mathematical approaches to the construction of phylogenies fall into two major categories: character based and distance based methods. Character based methods were used in prior work in the application of phylogenetic methods to the Indo-European family of languages by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania. Discussion of the limitations of character-based models leads to a similar presentation of distance based models. We present an adaptation of these methods to linguistic data, and the phylogenies generated by applying these methods to several modern Germanic languages and Spanish. We conclude that distance based for phylogenies are useful for historical linguistic reconstruction, and that it would be useful to extend existing tree drawing methods to better model the evolutionary effects of language contact.
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Edzard, Lutz Eberhard. "Polygenesis, convergence, and entropy : an alternative model of linguistic evolution applied to Semitic linguistics /." Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38925496m.
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Wong, Sydney Jing Tian. "Linguistic patterns of code switching in mainland China." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2014. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/120.
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Chinese-English code switching (CS thereafter) has become a common phenomenon in mainland China in the last decades of years. Most research focuses on sociolinguistic perspectives of CS in mainland China. However, there is rarely research aiming at exploring linguistic patterns of CS. To fill the research gap, this study attempts to perceive into the linguistic patterns of Chinese-English CS. Myers-Scotton' s Matrix Language Frame model (MLF model thereafter) is used as a framework in this study. On one hand, it can help me to classify data and explain why the data comes into being. One the other hand, CS between two typologically different languages can test the universality of the MLF model. Two hundred and seven Chinese-English bilingual utterances are quantitatively classified and qualitatively described as the basis of the analysis of this study. In this study, a whole picture of linguistic patterns of Chinese-English CS was presented. I further analyze some counterexamples against the MLF model, such as creative forms, which conform to neither the grammar of Chinese nor that of English. Thus, it is revealed that the MLF model cannot offer explanations to those innovative forms. I argue that the innovative forms in the corpus of this study belong to artistic CS. Artistic codeswitching utterances mainly exist as lyrics or buzzwords on the Internet, which are intentionally created by people. These forms are invented to be different and attract people,s attention, so usually they do not conform to grammars and common language codes. No wonder that the MLF model cannot explin the artistic CS. Other limitations of the MLF model are also discussed in this dissertation.
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Moilanen, Karo. "Compositional entity-level sentiment analysis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.559817.
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This thesis presents a computational text analysis tool called AFFECTiS (Affect Interpretation/Inference System) which focuses on the task of interpreting natural language text based on its subjective, non-factual, affective properties that go beyond the 'traditional' factual, objective dimensions of meaning that have so far been the main focus of Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics. The thesis presents a fully compositional uniform wide-coverage computational model of sentiment in text that builds on a number of fundamental compositional sentiment phenomena and processes discovered by detailed linguistic analysis of the behaviour of sentiment across key syntactic constructions in English. Driven by the Principle of Semantic Compositionality, the proposed model breaks sentiment interpretation down into strictly binary combinatory steps each of which explains the polarity of a given sentiment expression as a function of the properties of the sentiment carriers contained in it and the grammatical and semantic context(s) involved. An initial implementation of the proposed compositional sentiment model is de- scribed which attempts direct logical sentiment reasoning rather than basing compu- tational sentiment judgements on indirect data-driven evidence. Together with deep grammatical analysis and large hand-written sentiment lexica, the model is applied recursively to assign sentiment to all (sub )sentential structural constituents and to concurrently equip all individual entity mentions with gradient sentiment scores. The system was evaluated on an extensive multi-level and multi-task evaluation framework encompassing over 119,000 test cases from which detailed empirical ex- perimental evidence is drawn. The results across entity-, phrase-, sentence-, word-, and document-level data sets demonstrate that AFFECTiS is capable of human-like sentiment reasoning and can interpret sentiment in a way that is not only coherent syntactically but also defensible logically - even in the presence of the many am- biguous extralinguistic, paralogical, and mixed sentiment anomalies that so tellingly characterise the challenges involved in non-factual classification.
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Pacheco, Lucivânia Marques [UNESP]. "A referência anafórica por encapsulamento: gramática e discurso." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/110531.
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000790269.pdf: 1126811 bytes, checksum: 30c309b349d483a49005fc9ad6150993 (MD5)O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o funcionamento do encapsulamento anafórico, levando em consideração as instâncias em que esse fenômeno se processa. Com base nos postulados da Gramática Discursivo Funcional, de Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008), este trabalho pretende mostrar que há uma instância da referenciação que se marca no Componente Gramatical e outra – a da identificação da porção textual de um encapsulamento anafórico – que se resolve no Componente Contextual, postulado conforme Hengeveld e Mackenzie (Inédito). Dialogando com dos trabalhos de Connlly (2007), Cornish (2009) e Stassi-Sé (2012), esse trabalho aponta a necessidade de uma redefinição do Componente Contextual. Essa proposta se confirma por meio da análise de ocorrências de referência por encapsulamento encontradas em textos do gênero artigo de opinião que circulam em duas revistas semanais (Veja e Caros Amigos Online). A análise dessas ocorrências aponta que o fenômeno da referenciação anafórica por encapsulamento articula propriedades de natureza sociocognitiva, discursiva, semântica e morfossintática e que algumas regularidades do seu funcionamento encontram explicação por meio dos níveis e camadas da GDF
The goal of this work is to analyze the functioning of anaphoric encapsulation, taking into account the instances in which this phenomenon takes place. Based on the postulates of Functional Discourse Grammar of Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008), this study aims to show that there is an instance of referencing that is marked in grammar and another component - the identification of the textual portion of an anaphoric encapsulation - that is solved in the Contextual Component, as postulated by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (Unpublished). By means of a dialogue with the works of Connlly (2007), Cornish (2009) and Stassi-Sé (2012), this study highlights the need for a redefinition of the Contextual Component. This proposal is confirmed by the analysis of reference encapsulation occurrences found in personal opinion texts circulating in two weekly magazines (Veja and Caros Amigos Online). The analysis of those events suggests that the phenomenon of anaphoric referencing through encapsulation articulates properties of socio-cognitive, discursive, semantic and morphosyntactic nature and that some regularities of its functioning are explained through the levels and layers of the FDG
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Caravedo, Rocío. "Ch. J. Bailey. Variation and linguistic theory, Virginia (Center for Applied Linguistics) 1973, 162 pp." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/101837.
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Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo, and Peter Kaulicke. "Research in Andean Linguistics." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113289.
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Bastos, Wanderli Aparecido [UNESP]. "Relativização no português do Brasil: a sentença orientada para o discurso." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103575.
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bastos_wa_dr_arafcl.pdf: 562928 bytes, checksum: 40d58ac86ed4b696b8c98fc4cd7f2277 (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Este trabalho, de interesse teórico, analisa as construções relativas, variantes não-padrão do português do Brasil (PB) sob uma perspectiva funcional. Entende-se por “oração relativa” aquela construção lingüística que determina um núcleo nominal (um pronome ou mesmo uma outra oração que valha por uma nominalização) no qual ela se encaixa por meio do pronome relativo. A oração relativa prototípica tem seu predicado com operador de tempo. No que toca ao aspecto funcional, esse tipo de oração faz parte da estratégia de identificação do referente. A abordagem encaminhada neste trabalho propõe uma descrição teórica de formas já discutidas em trabalhos anteriores e de estruturas que, com base nos dados levantados, não haviam sido descritas ainda. Em alguns casos, propomos uma interpretação estrutural diferente da que pode ter sido proposta em outros estudos. Um aspecto central considerado nos estudos de relativização tem sido a questão da posição correferencial dentro da oração relativa. O conjunto de dados sobre o qual nos debruçamos inclui sentenças típicas de outros estudos e sentenças em que ou não vemos possibilidade de se postular uma variável anafórica ou não há necessidade disso. A descrição proposta procura priorizar fatores pragmáticos, uma vez que esse tipo de construção parece não ser regulado por restrições hierárquicas e gramaticais, mas por fatores discursivos. O material analisado constituiu-se de enunciados coletados de fontes diversas: entrevistas publicadas em jornal, artigos da Internet, programas televisivos, telenovelas, textos publicitários da televisão e da imprensa escrita, entrevistas no rádio, redações escolares (Ensino Médio e Ensino Superior) e inquéritos do NURC, do VALPB e do PEUL e esporadicamente ocorrências de falas espontâneas. Conforme a descrição aqui apresentada, as construções...
This paper, of a theoretical interest, analyses relative constructions, vernacular variants in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) under a functional perspective. One must understand “relative clause” as that linguistic construction which determines a nominal nucleus (a pronoun or even another clause whose value is the same of a nominalization) in which it’s embeded by means of a relative pronoun. The prototipical relative clause has a predicate with a tense operator. Concerning the functional aspect, this kind of clause takes part of referent’s identification strategy. The approach we advance in this paper brings a theoretical description of forms already analysed en previous papers and of structures which, based on data, hadn’t been described yet. In some cases, we’ve suggested a structural interpretation diferent from that one which may have been proposed in other aproaches. A central aspect in the relativization papers has been the matter of correferential position inside the relative clause. The set of data which we’ve analised includes tipical sentences of other works and sentences in which one could not see the possibility of postulating an anaphorical variable or there is no need for that. The description we propose here gives priority to pragmatical factors, once this kind of construction seems not to be regulated by hierarchical and gammatical constraints, but by discoursive factors. The material we’ve analysed involves utterances from various sources: interviews published in newspapers, Internet articles, television shows, soap operas, mershandising texts in television and in newspapers and magazines, interviews in the radio, scholar compositions (high school and college) and interviews from NURC, VALPB AND PEUL and sometimes spontaneous speech. According to the description presented here, vernacular constructions are, in fact, relative clauses because they help... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Røyrvik, Ellen C. "The peoples of Britain: population genetics, archaeology and linguistics : population genetics, archaeology and linguistics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669909.
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The history of peoples has always evoked a great deal of both academic and popular interest, and the peoples of Britain, with its island position and semi-mythic serial invasions, have evoked as much as any. As most of the period during which Britain has been inhabited by modern humans lies in prehistory, archaeology has long been the best method for elucidating the past. In recent years, however, genetics has come to complement the reconstruction of peoples' pasts, with its ability to trace lineal human biology instead of transferable human culture. The purpose of this thesis is to assess population genetics systems of Britain against the backdrop of archaeologically determined history, informed for later periods by linguistics, and attempt to ascertain any marked congruities or incongruities between this history and modern genetic data. The genetic datasets included in this work are the People of the British Isles Project collection, and some ancillary cohorts from surrounding countries. The genetic systems assessed include mitochondrial DNA, classical marker genes, lactase, pigmentation genes and some phenotypes, and finally a suite of candidate genes for determining normal facial variation. In a self-contained section, the principle of relating population genetic data to population histories is illustrated by a study focusing on Central Asia (a larger area), but using fewer genetic markers. The chosen markers systems overall reveal modest amounts of genetic differentiation among different groups in Britain, but consistently highlight Wales and Orkney especially as relatively distanced from the rest of Britain. This is in keeping with the historically quite isolated state of the former, and the comparatively recent heavy influx of Norse Vikings in the latter. Further details are observable from subsets of this study: all are discussed in the context of archaeological and linguistic evidence. These findings provide support and foundation for a forthcoming study from the People of the British Isles Project, using a genome-wide SNP approach rather than selected markers, which will likely increase the nuance of this initial picture and contribute further to answering specific questions regarding Britain's past.
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Law, Yee Wah Mary. "The study of register differentiation of two types of press text : opinion article & feature news." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2003. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/488.
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Lin, Tzu-Chun. "Communicative patterns in the discussion meetings of a Buddhist society." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=186212.
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The study develops an interpretative theory to explain the communicative processes underlying the Discussion Meetings of a Buddhist group, SGI-UK, in Aberdeen, using the inductive strategies of grounded theory. The primary data comprised recorded interactions among group members in the meetings. In the process of the analysis, conceptual codes and categories emerged from the data, and the relationships between them were established, thereby creating the theory. After further elaboration, the theory identified the underlying dynamic process: the continuous interaction between ritualised discourse and religious schemata. Ritualised discourse signifies convergent communicative tools and behaviours that centre on narratives. Religious schemata are individual members' mental representations which construct event in a range of social, ideological and cultural ways. Ritualised discourse both maintains and, in turn, is shaped by, these schemata, and thus manifest the ecological nature of the linguistic interactions
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樊詩琪. "漢語語篇中主位推進模式理論研究 = A study of thematic progression theory in Chinese discourse." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2009. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/980.
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Finzel, Anna Magdalena. "English in the linguistic landscape of Hong Kong : a case study of shop signs and linguistic competence." Master's thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2012. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6412/.
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Especially for the last twenty years, the studies of Linguistic Landscapes (LLs) have been gaining the status as an autonomous linguistic discipline. The LL of a (mostly) geographically limited area – which consists of e.g. billboards, posters, shop signs, material for election campaigns, etc. – gives deep insights into the presence or absence of languages in that particular area. Thus, LL not only allows to conclude from the presence of a language to its dominance, but also from its absence to the oppression of minorities, above all in areas where minority languages should – demographically seen – be visible. The LLs of big cities are fruitful research areas due to the mass of linguistic data.
The first part of this paper deals with the theoretical and practical research that has been conducted in LL studies so far. A summary of the theory, methodologies and different approaches is given.
In the second part I apply the theoretical basis to my own case study. For this, the LLs of two shopping streets in different areas of Hong Kong were examined in 2010. It seems likely that the linguistic competence of English must be rather high in Hong Kong, due to the long-lasting influence of British culture and mentality and the official status of the language. The case study's results are based on empirical data showing the objectively visible presence of English in both examined areas, as well as on two surveys. Those were conducted both openly and anonymously.
The surveys are a reinsurance measuring the level of linguistic competence of English in Hong Kong. That level was defined before by an analysis of the LL. Hence, this case study is a new approach to LL analysis which does not end with the description of its material composition (as have done most studies before), but which rather includes its creators by asking in what way people's actual linguistic competence is reflected in Hong Kong's LL.Das Forschungsfeld der Linguistic Landscape (LL) hat sich vor allem in den letzten zwanzig Jahren als autonome Disziplin im Bereich der Sprachwissenschaft emanzipiert. Die LL eines meist geografisch eingegrenzten Gebietes – die beispielsweise aus Reklametafeln, Plakaten, Ladenschildern, Wahlkampfpropaganda, etc. besteht – erlaubt tiefe Einblicke in die An- oder Abwesenheit von Sprachen auf dem jeweiligen Gebiet. Die LL lässt dadurch nicht nur Rückschlüsse auf die Dominanz einer Sprache aufgrund ihrer Anwesenheit zu, sondern auch auf die Unterdrückung einer Minderheit durch die Abwesenheit ihrer Sprache an Orten, an denen die Minderheitensprache demografisch gesehen eigentlich sichtbar sein müsste. Wegen des Überflusses an linguistischen Daten in den LLs großer Städte sind diese ergiebige Tätigkeitsfelder für die Disziplin. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich im ersten Teil mit der theoretischen und praktischen Forschung, die es bislang zu diesem Thema gab. Sie prüft den Stand der Theoriebildung, fasst Methodiken zusammen und gibt einen Überblick über verschiedene Ansätze. Im zweiten Teil wird die theoretische Basis auf eine eigene Fallstudie angewendet. Für diese wurden 2010 die LLs zweier Einkaufsstraßen in unterschiedlichen Gegenden Hong Kongs untersucht. Durch den dort lange währenden Einfluss der englischen Kultur und Mentalität und den offiziellen Status der Sprache liegt der Schluss nahe, dass die Sprachkompetenz des Englischen in Hong Kong eher hoch sein muss. Die Ergebnisse der Fallstudie basieren sowohl auf der Erhebung von statistischen Daten, die die objektive Anwesenheit des Englischen in der LL beider untersuchten Gegenden zeigt, als auch auf zwei daraus resultierenden Befragungen. Diese wurden zum einen offen, zum anderen anonym durchgeführt. Die Befragungen stellen eine Rückversicherung dar, die den Grad der Sprachkompetenz des Englischen in Hong Kong misst, welcher zuvor anhand der LL festgestellt wurde. Damit bietet die Fallstudie einen neuen Ansatz der Untersuchung einer LL, der im Gegensatz zu vorangegangenen Studien nicht bei der Beschreibung ihrer materiellen Beschaffenheit endet, sondern auch ihre Schöpfenden miteinbezieht und sich fragt, inwiefern die LL von Hong Kong die tatsächliche Sprachkompetenz der Menschen widerspiegelt.
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Wang, Qi. "Towards the built environment linguistics." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10508/.
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In the history of the built environments theoretical development, the architecture, city and landscape have all been considered as language. Differing from subjects and scholars, various built environment languages have existed, durably or ephemerally. Some stressed the structure of languages and extracted the built environment dictionaries; some emphasized the linguistic characteristics of language and compiled the built environment grammar. They are all great achievements in built environment theory; however, since the connatural difference between the tangible buildings and the intangible spoken & written languages, this concept - the built environment languages - are still esoteric and intricate for the public. Facing this problem, this research intends to probe an integrated built environment language and to uncover the essence and mechanism of the built environment language. Undoubtedly, a comprehensive literature review is the foundation before any further development. Through careful study about both the structural linguistics - semiology system and previous built environment language studies, it is conspicuous that a universal built environment linguistics framework can be established referring to the knowledge of structural linguistics and semiology. Hereinto, firstly the built environment can be looked as a 'langage' that contains the corresponding 'langue' and 'parole' then other binary linguistic concepts, including the "signifier & signified"‚ "isologic sign & non-isologic sign", "syntagmatic axis & systematic axis" and "synchronic aspect & diachronic aspect", can be introduced into this new field. Therefore, based on this framework, not only can the essence and mechanism of built environment linguistics be explained, but also all the previous studies about the languages of architecture, urban planning and landscape can be seamlessly embedded inside. After the theoretical analysis, a discreetly designed simulation test is prepared to verify the practicability of built environment linguistics. Its results can then provide strong support from pragmatic dimension. Finally, the foundation of a theory of universal built environment linguistics can be achieved, but to be same as all other scientific researches, what is completed here is just a beginning rather than an end.
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Christiansen, Morten H. "Connectionism, learning and linguistics structure." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/526.
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This thesis presents a connectionist theory of how infinite languages may fit within finite minds. Arguments are presented against the distinction between linguistic competence and observable language performance. It is suggested that certain kinds of finite state automata, i.e recurrent neural networks are likely to have suffcient computational power,and the necessary generalization capability,to serve as models for the procesing and acquisition of linguistic structure.
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McGarry, Theresa, and J. Mwinyelle. "Adverbial Clauses and Gender in English and Spanish." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6155.
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Francischini, Rosangela. "Produção de textos nas series iniciais de escolarização : analise de processos de referenciação anaforica em narrativas." [s.n.], 1998. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270775.
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Orientador: Ingedore G. Villaça KochTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-24T08:56:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francischini_Rosangela_D.pdf: 8912362 bytes, checksum: 197144387c566dce9100d223eb482458 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998
Resumo: Tendo por referenciais teóricos o Interacionismo Social e a Lingüística Textual, este trabalho procura investigar os problemas que emergem quando da construção de cadeias anafóricas em narrativas produzidas por crianças em processo formal de escolarização séries iniciais. O corpus é composto por 15 (quinze) narrativas - 8 (oito) primeiras versões e 7 (sete) segundas versões -, produzidas a partir de um livro de estórias somente com gravuras. O procedimento adotado, inspirado no conceito de Zona de Desenvolvimento Proximal, de Vygotsky, permitiu a construção de uma segunda versão das narrativas, refacção esta possibilitada por uma necessidade que se impôs à criança de refletir sobre o emprego de determinados recursos expressivos presentes na primeira versão (no nosso caso, os recursos empregados para introdução e manutenção dos personagens. Em outras palavras, na constituição de cadeias anafóricas). A análise proposta mostrou-nos que: 1.) a estratégia que consiste em empregar pronomes como formas referenciais (pessoal e possessivo, principalmente) mostrou-se a mais problemática, no sentido de que, em um número significativo de ocorrências desses pronomes, houve ou ambigüidade de referência ou impossibilidade de determinar o referente; 2.) a situação interativa mediada pela linguagem propiciou a mobilização de operações de linguagem que se materializaram em recursos expressivos mais adequados para a construção das cadeias anafóricas. Sendo assim, do ponto de vista da estruturação textual, as segundas versões das narrativas, por terem sido produzidas a partir da intervenção de um adulto mais hábil, são, indiscutivelmente, qualitativamente superiores; 3.) as crianças buscaram soluções próprias para a resolução dos problemas acima apontados. Desta forma, observamos, principalmente, as seguintes estratégias para caracterização I diferenciação dos personagens: a.) atribuição de nomes aos personagens, b.) emprego de adjetivos indicativos de cor ou gênero (masculino; feminino); c.) acréscimo de informações não constantes nas primeiras versões
Abstract: With the Social Interactionism and the Text Linguistics as theoretical references, this paper tries to investigate the problems related to the construction of anaphoric sequences in narratives produced by children in their formal process of schooling (initial grades). The corpus is composed by fifteen narratives: eight first versions and seven second versions - produced from a storybook made up with illustrations only. The procedure adopted, inspired by the concept of Zone of Proximal Development, by Vigotsky, allowed the construction of a second version of the narratives, which was made possible because the child had to look into the employment of certain expression devices present in the first version (in this case, the resources used to introduce and make reference to the characters, in other words, the devices used in the constitution of anaphoric sequences. The analysis demonstrated that: 1.) the strategy which consists of employing pronouns as reference forms (especially personal and possessive pronouns) seems to be the most troublesonie, in the sense that, when they were used, there was either ambiguity of reference or impossibility to determine the referent; 2.) the interactive situation made it possible the use of language operations, which resulted in expression devices more suitable to the construction of anaphoric sequences. Thus, from the point of view of the text structure, the second versions are undoubtedly superior in terms of quality, since they were produced from the interventions of a more experienced adult; e, 3.) the children tried, by themselves, to find solutions for the problems mentioned above. They made use of the following strategies to characterise / differentiate the characters: a) they named the characters; b) they used adjectives indicating colour or genre(masculine or feminine); c) they added information not present in the first versions
Doutorado
Doutor em Linguística
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Barreto, Eccia Alécia. "A expressão do aspecto habitual : um estudo na fala e na escrita de Itabaiana/SE." Pós-Graduação em Letras, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5771.
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This study aims at identifying the traits and the contexts that characterize the habitual aspect occurrence in a sample of speech and writing Itabaiana/SE community in order to contribute to the aspectual descriptive model and support Portuguese language teaching. We begin with a compositional point of view, predicting the interaction between grammatical and lexical components for its expression. In addition, we propose a guided approach by American cognitive functionalism (BYBEE, 2010; GIVON, 2011) combined with the notion of aspectual gradience proposed by Bybee et al. (1994). We understand that linguistic phenomena are derived from cognitive processes and human communication occurs on the basis of experiments involving participants and non-homogeneous contexts (BYBEE, 2010). In order to investigate the traits and contexts that influence the use of habitual aspect within the samples, we controlled the linguistic factors as well as formal, cognitive and discursive character: I) aspectual modifier (presence or absence); II) aspectual traits: durativity [+ / - durative], dynamism [+ / - dynamic], homogeneity [+ /- homogeneous]; III) Vendler s actional classes + cognition + (activity, status, accomplishments, achievements and cognitive); IV) tense - imperfect, past perfect; and other tenses that proved to be relevant to compose the habitual aspect; V) verb: Simple or periphrastic; VI) gradations of modality: degree 1, degree 2, degree 3 and degree 4; VII) specification of reiteration: (+ / - specifiable); VIII) type of textual sequence: narrative, opinionated, descriptive texts and essays; VIX) discourse topic: intertopic level, inter-clausal level and intratopic level; X) agentivity: active and passive subjects. For the study proposed by us, we take the corpus of analysis the following databases: Itabaiana / SE s Intellectual Speakers (ARAUJO; BARRETO; FREITAG, 2012) and Itabaiana / SE s Narrative and Opinionated Texts Writing Database (ARAUJO; PEIXOTO; FREITAG, 2012), which are linked to the Group of Studies in Language, Interaction and Society (GELINS). Data were subjected to statistical analysis, from which we noted that arrangements traits are more prototypical to the expression of habitual aspect in Itabaiana / SE, what may present a proposal for gradience. Thus, 396 contexts of habituation were analyzed. The quantitative data suggest that there were changes in trajectories, which require stages with a reduced stability of the system as there are overlapping forms (PP and IP) that can perform the same function: the expression of habitual aspect. The quantitative results suggest a continuum of shapes PP and PI for the expression of habituation. Besides presenting some peculiarities, stative aspectual modifier + verb + PP update the habitual aspect, in which the situation is seen as unique and durative, uninterrupted in its duration, but being repeated indefinitely, taking into account that its last limits are not visible. Furthermore, the structures with action verbs + PI or aspectual modifier + nonstative verb + PI also update the habitual aspect, therefore, the situation is not perceived as unique, but as repeating indefinitely. Moreover, through Vendler s (1957) decomposition of aspectual classes, developed by Bertinetto (2001), we conclude that stative verbs promote the emergence of habitual aspect in interaction with PP due to its trait [- dynamic] and the presence of aspectual modifier. In contrast, action verbs promote the interaction with PI aspect and, in some cases, with the presence of an aspectual modifier because they share the trait [+ dynamic].O presente trabalho tem por objetivo identificar os traços e contextos que caracterizam a ocorrência do aspecto habitual, em uma amostra de fala e escrita da comunidade de Itabaiana/SE, a fim de contribuir para o modelo descritivo aspectual e subsidiar aplicações para o ensino de língua portuguesa. Partimos de uma visão composicional de aspecto, prevendo a interação entre componentes gramaticais e lexicais para a sua expressão. Propomos uma abordagem guiada pelo funcionalismo cognitivista norte-americano (BYBEE, 2010; GIVÓN, 2011), articulada com a noção de gradiência aspectual, proposta por Bybee et al. (1994). Assumimos a perspectiva de que os fenômenos linguísticos derivam de processos cognitivos e que a comunicação humana ocorre em função das experiências, que envolvem participantes e contextos não homogêneos (BYBEE, 2010). Para investigarmos os traços e contextos que influenciam o uso do aspecto habitual, dentro das amostras, controlamos os fatores linguísticos, de caráter formal, cognitivo e discursivo: i) modificador aspectual (presença ou ausência); ii) traços aspectuais: duratividade [+/ - durativo], dinamismo [+ / - dinâmico], homogeneidade [+ / -homogêneo]; iii) classes acionais de Vendler + cognição (atividade, estado, accomplishments, achievements e cognitivo); iv) tempo verbal pretérito imperfeito, pretérito perfeito; e outros tempos verbais que se mostraram relevantes para compor o aspecto habitual; v) forma verbal: simples ou perifrástica; vi) gradações de modalidade: grau1, grau 2, grau 3 e grau 4; vii) especificação da reiteração: (+ / - especificável); viii) tipo de sequência textual: narrativo, opinativo, dissertativo e descritivo; vix) tópico discursivo: nível intertópico, nível inter-oracional e nível intratópico; x) agentividade: sujeito ativo e sujeito passivo. Para o estudo que propomos, tomamos como corpus de análise os bancos de dados Falantes Cultos de Itabaiana/SE (ARAUJO; BARRETO; FREITAG, 2012) e Banco de Dados de Escrita Textos Narrativos e Opinativos (ARAUJO; PEIXOTO; FREITAG, 2012), da comunidade de Itabaiana/SE, vinculados ao Grupo de Estudos em Linguagem, Interação e Sociedade (GELINS). Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística, a partir da qual evidenciamos quais arranjos de traços são mais prototípicos para a expressão do aspecto habitual na comunidade de Itabaiana/SE, podendo apresentar uma proposta de gradiência. Foram analisados 396 contextos de habitualidade. Os dados quantitativos sugerem as trajetórias de mudança que pressupõem estágios de menor estabilidade do sistema, na medida em que ocorre a sobreposição de formas (PP e PI) para o desempenho de uma mesma função: a expressão do aspecto habitual. Os resultados quantitativos sugerem um continuum das formas de PP e PI quanto à expressão da habitualidade. Além de apresentar algumas especificidades, como, por exemplo, modificador aspectual + verbo estativo + PP atualizam o aspecto habitual, em que a situação é vista como única e durativa, sem interrupções no seu tempo de duração, mas se repetindo indeterminadamente, já que os limites finais não são visíveis. Também as estruturas com verbos de atividade + PI ou modificador aspectual + verbo não estativo + PI também atualizam o aspecto habitual, fazendo com que a situação seja percebida não como única, mas como se repetindo indeterminadamente. Além disso, por meio da decomposição das classes aspectuais de Vendler (1957) elaborada por Bertinetto (2001), concluímos que os verbos estativos favorecem a emergência do aspecto habitual em interação com PP devido ao seu traço [ dinâmico] e pela presença do modificador aspectual. Em contrapartida, verbos de atividade favorecem o aspecto habitual em interação com PI e, em alguns casos, com a presença de um modificador aspectual, por compartilharem o traço [+ dinâmico].
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Bristowe, Anthea J. "The linguistic identities of multilingual adolescents involved in educational enrichment programmes in Johannesburg." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85661.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis focuses on a community of multilingual adolescents who are high performers in mathematics and science, and whose primary language of teaching and learning is English. The participants who form part of the study all attend selected educational enrichment programmes in the greater Johannesburg area. The thesis is particularly interested in how students' language repertoires feature in their learning and in how their language repertoires contribute to their identity construction. This research is informed by literature which views identity not only as complex, contradictory, multivoiced and multifaceted, but also as dynamic and subject to constant renegotiation across space and time. In seeking answers to specific questions about the linguistic identities of the teenage participants in this study, this study will establish what the full linguistic repertoire of each participant is, and whether or not participants identify themselves by means of language. While there have been a number of very authoritative studies of language repertoires, many of these have focused on indigenous minorities, migrants or refugees who need to improve their life chances in a context where their L1 is not dominant. Although this study does include a number of participants originally from outside of South Africa, the majority of the participants are South Africans whose first languages are official languages. This study uses a multimodal approach in data collection and analysis in an attempt to investigate the multi-semiotic nature of the linguistic identities of the participants. Following the work of Busch (2010), I argue, that multilingualism can no longer be seen as an abstract competency, and that "language crossing", the appropriation of elements across boundaries, becomes a competency in its own right. These competencies can thus be used as a way of constructing a speaker's linguistic identity. Finally, the thesis makes a recommendation that more multimodal studies should be conducted in order to investigate the 'performativity' of 'identity construction'.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis fokus op ʼn gemeenskap van veeltalige adolessente wie toppresteerders is in wiskunde en wetenskap en vir wie Engels die primêre taal van leer en onderrig is. Die deelnemers aan die studie woon almal geselekteerde opvoedkundige verrykingsprogramme by in die groter Johannesburg area. Die tesis is spesifiek geïnteresseerd in hoe studente hul 'taal repertoires' gebruik wanneer hulle leer en hoe dit moontlik bydra tot die konstruering van hul identiteite. Die studie gebruik as uitgangspunt literatuur wat 'identiteit' as kompleks, teenstellend, veelstemmig en dinamies beskou. Verder word 'identiteit' ook beskou as onderworpe aan konstante heronderhandeling in elke spesifieke situasie en konteks. Die studie probeer vasstel wat die volle 'taalrepertoire' van elke deelnemer is en of die deelnemers hulself d.m.v. taal identifiseer. Hoewel daar verskeie belangrike studies oor taal repertoires bestaan fokus baie van hierdie studies op inheemse minderhede, migrante of vlugtelinge wie hul lewenskanse moet verbeter in ʼn konteks waarin hulle eerstetaal (T1) nie dominant is nie. Alhoewel hierdie studie ʼn aantal deelnemers insluit wat oorspronklik van buite Suid-Afrika afkomstig is, is die meerderheid van die deelnemers aan die studie Suid-Afrikaners wie se eerstetale, amptelike tale is. Die studie gebruik ʼn multimodale manier van data insameling en analise in ʼn poging om die multisemiotiese aspekte van die 'taalidentiteite' van die deelnemers te ondersoek. In ooreenstemming met Busch (2010) stel ek voor dat veeltaligheid nie langer gesien kan word as ʼn abstrakte vermoë nie maar dat ander praktyke soos 'taal oorkruissing', die gebruik van elemente oor taalgrense, ʼn vaardigheid in eie reg is. Hierdie soorte vaardighede kan dus ook gebruik word om die 'taalidentiteit' van ʼn spreker te konstrueer. Laastens word die aanbeveling gemaak dat meer multimodale studies gebruik moet word om die 'performatiwiteit' (performativity) van identiteitskonstruksie te ondersoek.
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Krige, Jana. "Constructing victims and perpetrators of sexual violence in Drum magazine between 1984 and 2004 : a discourse analytical study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85867.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis reports on the ways in which rape perpetrated by males on females is constructed in news stories and the advice column, Dear Dolly, published in the South African publication, Drum magazine. The data collected for the study spans from 1984 to 2004, encompassing both 10 years before and 10 years after a democracy. The paper uses critical discourse analysis (Fairclough 2003) as main analytical tool and but also draws on critical feminist theory (Bourke 2007) and other strands of discourse analysis such as Van Dijk‟s (1998) socio-cognitive approach. The findings suggest that there is on the one hand a decrease in explicit victim blaming after 1994, but that subtle and opaque victim blaming is still evident in the news stories, letters to the advice column, and the responses from the columnist. These rape discourses presented in Drum magazine after 1994 are as Bakhtin (1981) suggests made up of multiple voices articulating different gendered discourses. Discourses that make women responsible for their safety and protection against rape are prevalent while at the same time rape is constructed as a “horror story” and the perpetrator as the “monster”. In this thesis, I argue that even though the use of less explicit victim blaming might seem like a positive move in the representation of rape and gender, this is not always the case. The more subtle forms of victim blaming avoid contestation and consequently often go unchecked (Fairclough 2003: 58). This makes the manufacturing of consent easier and makes it more difficult to counteract dominant discourses. I subsequently call for more studies on this underrepresented topic in discourse analysis in South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis doen verslag oor die maniere waarop verkragting met mans as oortreders en vroue as slagoffer gekonstrueer word in nuus stories en in die advies kolom Dear Dolly in die Suid-Afrikaanse publikasie, Drum magazine. Die data verteenwoordig die tydperk vanaf 1984 tot 2004 (insluitend tien jaar voor en 10 jaar na demokrasie). Die tesis gebruik kritiese diskoers analise (Fairclough 2003) as hoof analitiese instrument maar leen ook van kritiese feministiese teorie (Bourke 2007) en ander tipes diskoersanalise soos Van Dijk (1998) se sosiokognitiewe benadering. Die bevindinge van die tesis stel voor dat daar aan die een kant ‟n afname in is in die eksplisiete blamering van slagoffers na 1994, maar dat subtiele en ondeursigtige blamering van slagoffers nog steeds voorkom in die nuusstories, briewe na die advies kolom en in die antwoorde van die kolomskrywer. Die diskoerse wat in Drum magazine na 1994 gevind word bestaan soos Bakhtin (1981) voorstel uit vele verskillende stemme wat verskillende diskoerse oor geslagsverhoudinge verteenwoordig. Diskoerse wat vroue verantwoordelik hou vir hul eie veiligheid en beskerming kom wyd voor, terwyl verkragting ook gekonstrueer word as ‟n “erotiese riller” en die oortreders gekonstrueer word as monsters. In hierdie tesis stel ek voor dat hoewel die gebruik van minder eksplisiete slagoffer blamering lyk soos ʼn positiewe beweging in die representasie van verkragting en geslagsgelykheid, is dit nie noodwendig die geval nie. Subtiele vorme van slagoffer blamering is moeiliker om te bevraagteken en word dikwels nie krities beskou nie (Fairclough 2003: 58). Dit maak die produksie van konsent makliker en maak dit moeiliker om dominante diskoerse teë te gaan. Gevolglik stel ek voor dat baie meer studies oor hierdie onderverteenwoordige onderwerp in diskoersanalise in Suid-Afrika gedoen moet word.
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Hempelmann, Christian F. "Incongruity and Resolution of Humorous Narratives – Linguistic Humor Theory and the Medieval Bawdry of Rabelais, Boccaccio, and Chaucer." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu999635318.
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Nay, Garrett K. "Areal Patterns of Possessive Morphology in the Languages of Eurasia." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3780.
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The goal of this study is to confirm Eurasia as an independent linguistic area with respect to four features of possessive morphology: locus of marking, position of pronominal possessive affixes, obligatory possessive inflection, and possessive classification. Raw data on these features was taken from the WALS database and then run through an algorithm of genealogical stratification called g-sampling, in order to minimize the bias of the sample. The resulting g-units were then categorized by type and geographical area (New World vs. Old World, Eurasia vs. the rest of the world). These counts were tested for significance using Fisher's exact test. Two features, locus of marking and possessive classification, were confirmed to be significantly different in Eurasia; the other two features were not significantly different. Possible reasons for these areal patterns-primarily structural reasons-are briefly discussed.
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Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. "Reconstrução fonológica e lexical do Proto-Jê meridional." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/269216.
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Orientador: Wilmar da Rocha D'AngelisDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Esta dissertação busca reconstruir a fonologia e o léxico do Proto-Jê meridional (PJM). O Jê meridional é um dos três ramos da família jê e é composto por cinco línguas: Xokleng, Kaingang, Kaingang paulista, Ingain e Kimdá. Enquanto o foco principal dos trabalhos comparativos publicados sobre o PJM foi a fonologia, este estudo se concentra também na reconstrução de uma grande porção do seu léxico. Esta pesquisa adotou todos os trabalhos anteriores como base. Compõe-se de sete capítulos: §1 descreve alguns aspectos da origem dos povos jê meridionais e de suas línguas, baseando-se em dados históricos e arqueológicos. §2-§3 tratam essencialmente de tópicos teóricos relacionados com lingüística histórico-comparativa, modelos dinâmicos de mudança lingüística e análise fonológica numa perspectiva estruturalista. §4. descreve o sistema fonológico de cada membro do PJM; traz (i) um esboço dos segmentos fonéticos, (ii) a descrição dos fonemas vocálicos e consonantais com base nos critérios de variação livre, distribuição complementar e oposição, discriminando suas realizações nos seus diversos ambientes e (iii) a estrutura silábica e suas restrições fonotáticas. Em §5. reconstruo o sistema fonológico do PJM, detalhando as inovações ocorridas em cada língua e uma série de mudanças fonológicas inexplicáveis. Em §6. o léxico do PJM é apresentado com detalhamento morfológico. No último capítulo exponho algumas considerações léxico-estatísticas e glotocronológicas e proponho algumas questões para pesquisas futuras
Abstract: This dissertation attempts to reconstruct Proto-Southern Jê (PSJ) phonology and its lexicon. The Southern Jê is one of the three branches of the Jê family and comprises five languages: Xokleng, Kaingang, São Paulo Kaingang, Ingain and Kimdá. While other comparative works have focused mainly on PSJ phonology, this study concentrates too on the reconstruction of a wide range of its lexicon. This research acknowledged all the previous works as a start point. It has seven main chapters: §1 describes some aspects of the origin of the southern Jê peoples and languages, based on archaeological and some historical records; §2-§3 deal essentially with theoretical topics on historical linguistics, dynamic models of language change and phonological analysis in a structuralist perspective. §4. describes the phonological system of each of the members of PSJ (excepting Kimdá), encompassing: (i) a sketch of the phonetic segments; (ii) a description of the vocalic and consonantal phonemes based on criteria of free variation, complementary distribution and opposition, and (iii) their syllable structure and accentual pattern, as well as their phonemic distribution. In §5. I reconstruct the phonological system of PSJ, detailing the innovations regarded to each language as well as a series of unexplained sound changes. In §6. a lexicon of the PSJ is presented with morphological details. The last chapter features some considerations about the time depth of PSJ and fetches some questions for future research
Mestrado
Linguistica
Mestre em Linguística
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Barrios, Edison. "The foundations of linguistics : two theses." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Fitzgerald, G. "Is linguistics a part of psychology?" Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/15799/.
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Noam Chomsky, the founding father of generative grammar and the instigator of some of its core research programs, claims that linguistics is a part of psychology, concerned with a class of cognitive structures employed in speaking and understanding. In a recent book, Ignorance of Language, Michael Devitt has challenged certain core aspects of linguistics, as prominent practitioners of the science conceive of it. Among Devitt’s major conclusions is that linguistics is not a part of psychology. In this thesis I defend Chomsky’s psychological conception of grammatical theory. My case for the psychological conception involves defending a set of psychological goals for generative grammars, centring on conditions of descriptive and explanatory adequacy. I argue that generative grammar makes an explanatory commitment to a distinction between a psychological system of grammatical competence and the performance systems engaged in putting that competence to use. I then defend the view that this distinction can be investigated by probing speakers’ linguistic intuitions. Building on the psychological goals of generative grammar and its explanatory commitment to a psychological theory of grammatical competence, I argue that generative grammar neither targets nor presupposes non-psychological grammatical properties. The latter nonpsychological properties are dispensable to grammarians’ explanations because their explanatory goals can be met by the theory of grammatical competence to which they are committed. So generative grammars have psychological properties as their subject matter and linguistics is a part of psychology.
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Lennon, N. J. "Towards a game theoretic critical linguistics." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517238.
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Wang, Pengyu. "Collapsed variational inference for computational linguistics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:13c08f60-1441-4ea5-b52f-7ffd0d7a744f.
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Bayesian modelling is a natural fit for tasks in computational linguistics, since it can provide interpretable structures, useful prior controls, and coherent management of uncertainty. However, exact Bayesian inference is intractable for many models of practical interest. Developing both accurate and efficient approximate Bayesian inference algorithms remains a fundamental challenge, especially for the field of computational linguistics where datasets are large and growing and models consist of complex latent structures. Collapsed variational inference (CVI) is an important milestone that combines the efficiency of variational inference (VI) and the accuracy of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) (Teh et al., 2006). However, its previous applications were limited to bag-of-words models whose hidden variables are conditionally independent given the parameters, whereas in computational linguistics, the hidden variable dependencies are crucial for modelling the underlying syntactic and semantic relations. To enlarge the application domain of CVI as well as to address the above Bayesian inference challenge, we investigate the applications of collapsed variational inference to computational linguistics. In this thesis, our contributions are three-fold. First, we solve a number of inference challenges arising from the hidden variable dependencies and derive a set of new CVI algorithms for the two ubiquitous and foundational models in computational linguistics, namely hidden Markov models (HMMs) and probabilistic context free grammars. We also propose CVI for hierarchical Dirichlet process (HDP) HMMs that are Bayesian nonparametric extensions of HMMs. Second, along the way we propose a set of novel algorithmic techniques, which are generally applicable to a wide variety of probabilistic graphical models in the conjugate exponential family and computational linguistic models using non-conjugate HDP constructions. Therefore, our work represents one step in bridging the gap between increasingly richer Bayesian models in computational linguistics and recent advances in approximate Bayesian inference. Third, we empirically evaluate our proposed CVI algorithms and their stochastic versions in a range of computational linguistic tasks, such as part-of-speech induction, grammar induction and many others. Experimental results consistently demonstrate that, using our techniques for handling the hidden variable dependencies, the empirical advantages of both VI and MCMC can be combined in a much larger domain of CVI applications.
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Longworth, Guy Howard. "Logical form in philosophy and linguistics." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268845.
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Adelaar, Willem. "Andean Linguistics and the Interdisciplinary Challenge." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113437.
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Flynn, Michael. "Linguistics and General Process Learning Theory." University of Arizona Linguistics Circle, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/226547.
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This paper is sort of an extended footnote, with a faint Borgesian flavor. What I'm going to do is show how one rather prominent argument in the linguistics literature against one aspect of the research program of behaviorism fails to go through. But I'll also observe that this argument appears to have had no practical effect on linguistic investigations, and that many people seem to assume (tacitly, at least) that this argument fails anyway. So my remarks here don't move the field forward any, but what I hope they do is help to get us all a bit clearer about where we are. The argument I'll be examining, given by Noam Chomsky in Reflections on Language (Chomsky 1975), is against a point of view called "general process learning theory ", a view that regards one goal of psychological theorizing to be the discovery of laws of learning that hold across species and across domains of acquisition. Psychological theorizing is by no means a new development on the linguistics scene. It is true, I think, that in most cases the people who have thought about language (including but not limited to people we would call linguists) have done so against the backdrop of a psychological theory that they assumed to be at least on the right track, and the idea was often to see what you could make of language by applying the analytical tools that the given psychological theory made available. Bloomfield (1926) is an example of this. (For some discussion of Bloomfield's views on psychology, see Lyons 1978, chapter 3.) One also in this context thinks of Piaget, Skinner of course, as well as philosophers of the 17th and 18th centuries of both the continental Cartesian variety and the so-called British Empiricists. I also think it's true that Chomsky's impact on psychology is somewhat unusual in that the flow of influence is in the other direction; that is, the question is, "If human language is like this, then what must the mind be like ?" rather than the other way around. Be that as it may, Chomsky has been, by far and away, the leading expositor of the implications of linguistics for the study of the structure of the human mind. It goes without saying that the ramifications of this work have been very rich, the pivotal role of linguistics in the "cognitive sciences" being just one indication of its influence. One of the earliest engagements at discipline boundaries was Chomsky's forceful assault on B.F. Skinner's attempt to extend the domain of behaviorist psychology to human languages. It's this argument that I want to have another look at. To do this it will be useful to try to isolate several facets of the discussion. I should perhaps reiterate, for the connoisseurs of counterrevolution who I know are out there, that my conclusion will be a modest one. I will not be concluding that after all Skinner was right and Chomsky was wrong. On the contrary, I'm going to assume that this game is over, and has been for quite some time. My goal is to call attention to what I think is an Unsolved problem which acquires its interest because it bears on how we regard linguistics as influencing our judgment about the structure of the human mind.
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Senaldi, Marco Silvio Giuseppe. "Working both sides of the street: computational and psycholinguistic investigations on idiomatic variability." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/86016.
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Over the years, the original conception of idioms as semantically empty and
formally frozen units (Bobrow and Bell, 1973; Swinney and Cutler, 1979) has
been replaced by a more complex view, whereby some idioms display an analyz
able semantic structure (Nunberg, 1978) that allows for greater formal plasticity
(Nunberg et al., 1994; Gibbs and Nayak, 1989). Corpus data have anyway shown
that all types of idioms allow for a certain degree of manipulation if an appropriate
context is provided (Duffley, 2013; Vietri, 2014). On the other hand, psycholin
guistic data have revealed that the processing of idiom variants is not necessarily
harder than the processing of idiom canonical forms or that it can be similar to
the processing of literal language (McGlone et al., 1994; Geeraert et al., 2017a).
Despite this possible variability, in two computational studies we show that focus
ing on lexical fixedness is still an effective method for automatically telling apart
non-compositional idiomatic expressions and compositional non-idiomatic expres
sions by means of distributional-semantic indices of compositionality that compute
the cosine similarity between the vector of a given phrase to be classified and the
vectors of lexical variants of the same phrase that are generated distributionally
or from the Italian section of MultiWordNet (Pianta et al., 2002). Idioms all in
all result to be less similar to the vectors of their lexical variants with respect to
compositional expressions, confirming that they tend to be employed in a more
formally conservative way in language use. In two eye-tracking studies we then
compare the reading times of idioms and literals in the active form, in a passive
form with preverbal subject and in a passive form with postverbal subject, which
preserves the verb-noun order of the canonical active form. The first experiment
reveals that passives are longer to read than actives with no significant effect of
idiomaticity in passive forms. A second experiment with more ecological dialogic
stimuli reveals that preserving the surface verb-noun order of the active form fa
cilitates the processing of passive idioms, suggesting that one of the core issues
with idiom passivization could be the violation of canonical verb-noun order rather
than verb voice per se.
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Hammer, Sjobor Athon. "Face, Space, And Anxiety: An Ethnographic Study of the Kansas Historical Society's Social Media Usage." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1428009790.
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Pinard, Minola. "Non-linguistic versus linguistic processes in speech perception." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72057.
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Four studies were conducted in which three sets of tasks were devised which tapped in a standard format, progressively refined, nonlinguistic versus linguistic processes in speech processing. The third set of tasks gave the clearest results. In it, male and female franco-phone subjects of different ages and of varying degree of knowledge of English were tested. Three sets of consonant contrasts were used. A dichotomization into two separate processes was possible by finding expected differential patterns of development for the two tasks; we were able to postulate that the two processes were non-linguistic versus linguistic by finding expected specific patterns of development, specific patterns of sex by age similarities and differences, differential patterns of correlations between degree of bilingualism and consonant contrasts, and unexpectedly a different pattern of performance on one contrast, all according to task. The results are discussed mainly in relation to other experiments on "the phonetic mode".
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Fortilli, Solange de Carvalho [UNESP]. "Predicados matrizes adjetivais de orações subjetivas no Português brasileiro: gramaticalização e dessentencialização." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100097.
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Neste trabalho, analisam-se orações subjetivas encaixadas em matriz adjetival no português brasileiro. Por meio da observação de que a cópula que costuma anteceder alguns encaixadores pode não estar expressa, chegamos à ideia de que tais construções vêm passando por mudanças linguísticas tanto na fala como na escrita. À ausência de cópula na oração matriz soma-se, em alguns casos, um novo comportamento do adjetivo, que passa a ter a função de modificador, estágio alcançado quando há a perda do complementizador que une a oração principal à subjetiva. Partimos da hipótese de que, quando todas essas transformações ocorrem, o complexo oracional já se tornou uma sentença simples modificada por um parentético epistêmico, o que nos parece indicativo de dois processos específicos de mudança linguística: a Gramaticalização do adjetivo encaixador e a Dessentencialização da oração matriz. Ainda sobre o adjetivo, interessa-nos investigar seu papel semântico, partindo da observação de que aqueles que se sujeitam às transformações estão ligados a formas específicas de avaliação por parte do falante. A fim de contemplar as modalidades falada e escrita do português brasileiro, analisamos entrevistas do banco de dados Iboruna, de responsabilidade do Projeto ALIP (Amostra Linguística do Interior Paulista), e textos da versão on line do caderno Ilustrada do jornal Folha de São Paulo. Atentos ao fato de que nosso trabalho envolve um possível processo de mudança em curso, também observamos o comportamento dessas construções em outras fases da língua portuguesa, tarefa que se cumpriu pela análise de dados provenientes de textos escritos dos séculos XVIII, XIX e XX. Os resultados mostram que os processos de mudança ocorrem principalmente com construções que envolvem adjetivos epistêmicos, que sempre...
In this paper, we analyze constructions with subjective clauses in Brazilian Portuguese. Through observation that copulation which usually precedes some matrix adjectives predicates can not be expressed, we come to the idea that such constructions have undergone changes language both in speech and in writing. Besides the absence of copula verb, in some cases, there is a new behavior of the adjective, which is replaced by the modifier role, stage reached when there is loss of the complementizer that unites subjective clause to the main clause. Our hypothesis is that when all these changes occur, the complex clausal already become a simple sentence modified by a parenthetical epistemic, which seems indicative of two specific processes of linguistic change: the Grammaticalization of the adjective and the matrix predicate Dessentencialization. On the adjective, we are interested in investigating their semantic role, based on the observation that those who are subjected to transformations are linked to specific forms of evaluation by the speaker. In order to address the modalities of spoken and written Portuguese Brazilian, analyzed interviews database Iboruna, the responsibility of the Project ALIP (Sample Language of Interior Paulista), and texts of the online version of newspaper Folha de São Paulo. Our work involves a possible process of change, we also observed the behavior of these constructions in other phases of the Portuguese language, a task that is accomplished by analyzing data from written texts from XVIII, XIX and XX centuries. The results show that the processes of change occur mainly with constructions involving epistemic adjectives that always bind the embedded clauses with verb in finite form, more likely to become absolute sentences. When already grammaticalized, the modifier can occur at any... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Barotto, Alessandra. "Exemplification and categorization: the case of Japanese." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/77243.
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This research investigates the linguistic coding and functions of exemplifying constructions (i.e., linguistic constructions that signify exemplification), with a special focus on their role in constructing on-line contextually relevant categories at the cognitive level (cf. Barsalou 1983, 2010, Mauri 2016). More specifically, we argue that exemplifying constructions are used as overt strategies to make explicit the online construction of conceptual categories, allowing the hearer to identify relevant exemplars as starting points for inferential and abstraction processes.
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Pinheiro, Raquel Martins Melo. "O frame aula: uma análise sociocognitiva do discurso docente." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2009. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2758.
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Esta dissertação integra o projeto-mãe “Práticas de Oralidade e Cidadania” (MIRANDA, 2007 - FAPEMIG/CNPq) cuja discussão central converge para a crise das práticas de oralidade nas instâncias públicas da sociedade brasileira e seu reflexo na sala de aula, almejando um repensar da educação lingüística em sua equação com a educação de valores éticos e morais. Este trabalho é um estudo de caso e tem como propósito investigativo compreender como os professores conceptualizam o frame Aula, quais as práticas mais comuns realizadas por eles e seus alunos nesta cena e qual a perspectiva sobre uma aula ideal. Nosso corpus investigativo, construído a partir de um instrumento – um questionário semiaberto - é composto pelos discursos de 42 docentes do 6º. e 9º anos do ensino fundamental, da rede municipal de Juiz de Fora - MG, distribuídos por vinte e uma escolas urbanas. A metodologia utilizada para a operacionalização dos dados integra procedimentos quantitativos e qualitativos. Ferramentas computacionais disponibilizadas pela Linguística de Corpus (programa WordSmith Tools) foram usadas para fazer emergir padrões de freqüência. O aporte analítico central se funda nos pressupostos da Lingüística Cognitiva, em especial os processos de conceptualização e categorização (LAKOFF e JOHNSON, 1999; LAKOFF, 1987; FAUCONNIER e TURNER, 2002; CROFT, W. e CRUSE, 2004; SALOMÃO, 1999, 2006; MIRANDA, 2002) e a semântica de frames (FILLMORE, 1977, 1979, 1982), com destaque para o projeto lexicográfico FrameNet (www.framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu ) . Os estudos da Antropologia Evolucionista (TOMASELLO, 2003) e da Psicologia Cognitiva (CLARK, 1996) sobre o caráter cultural e interacional da cognição humana e da linguagem somam-se a este aporte teórico, também enriquecido pela perspectiva crítica de uma Linguística Aplicada comprometida com uma agenda ética (LOPES, 2006; RAJAGOPALAN, 2003; MIRANDA, 2005, 2006, 2008) e pelos estudos de ARAÚJO (2002, 2009) sobre ética, democracia escolar e educação comunitária. Como conclusões analíticas, erigem-se duas perspectivas sobre o frame Aula - aula como uma prática de TROCAS e aula como uma prática de TRANSFERENCIA. Destas projeções, emergem duas metáforas conceptuais: AULA É TROCA e AULA É TRANSFERÊNCIA. A aula como TROCA é a perspectiva majoritária no corpus. A aula é definida como uma açãoconjunta entre o professor e seus alunos no encalço de uma concepção sociointeracionista de educação, os professores se reconhecem no frame Aula como os Trocadores1, isto é, como os protagonistas da cena que detêm o objeto da troca, seja ele matéria ou experiência. Neste sentido, reafirmam sua relação assimétrica com o aluno. As ações docentes descritas pelos professores propõem a interface com as realidades dos alunos. Enquanto que metade das ações discentes descritas negligencia o frame escolar. A responsabilidade pela aula ideal, segundo os professores, reside, primeiramente, no docente e, por último na Família e no Estado. A quase ausência da família nesta cena e, por outro lado, o largo protagonismo do professor são, sem dúvida, dados merecedores de atenção. Assim, a busca por ações interventivas que resgatem os valores morais e éticos da sociedade, equacionando-os a uma educação lingüística mestiça constitui uma meta urgente.
This dissertation integrates the matrix-project “Orality, citizenship and their practices” (MIRANDA, 2007 - CNPq and FAPEMIG), which has as central discussion focus on the orality practices crisis in public instances of Brazilian society and its reflex in the classroom, and also aims a rethinking of the linguistic education in its equation with the education of ethic and moral values. This paper is a case study and has as investigative purpose to comprehend how teachers conceptualize the Class frame, which practices are most commonly used in this scene and what is the perspective of an ideal class. Our investigative corpus, built from an instrument – a semi-open questionnaire – is composed by discourses of 42 teachers from the 6th to the 9th year of elementary school, of the municipal public education system of Juiz de Fora – MG, spread over 21 urban schools. The methodology used for the operationalization of data integrates quantitative and qualitative procedures. Computational tools from the Corpus Linguistics (WordSmith Tools Programme) were used to emerge frequency models. The central analytic contribution bases on Cognitive Linguistics assumptions, specially the conceptualization and categorization processes (LAKOFF and JOHNSON, 1999; LAKOFF, 1987; FAUCONNIER and TURNER, 2002; CROFT, W. and CRUSE, 2004; SALOMÃO, 1999, 2006; MIRANDA, 2002) and the frames semantics (FILLMORE, 1977, 1979, 1982), with highlight on the lexicographic project FrameNet (www.framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu). The Evolutionist Anthropology studies (TOMASELLO, 2003) and the Cognitive Psychology (CLARK, 1996) about the cultural and interactive character of human cognition and language add up to this theoretical contribution, also enriched by the critical perspective of Applied Linguistics that is committed with an ethic agenda (LOPES, 2006; RAJAGOPALAN, 2003; MIRANDA, 2005, 2006, 2008) and by the studies from ARAÚJO (2002, 2009) about ethics, scholar democracy and communitarian education. As analytical conclusions rear two perspectives about the Class frame – class as EXCHANGES practice and class as TRANSFERENCE practice. From these projections emerge two conceptual metaphors: CLASS IS EXCHANGE and CLASS IS TRANSFERENCE. The class as EXCHANGE is a majority perspective in the corpus. The class is defined as a conjunct-action between the teacher and the students together with a sociointeractionist conception of education. Teachers recognize themselves in the Class frame as the Exchangers 1, i.e. as the protagonists of the scene that detain the exchange object, this last being matter or experience. In this sense, they reassure their asymmetric relation with the student. The teachers' actions described by themselves propose the interface with the reality of the students. Whereas half of the described student actions neglect the scholar frame. The responsibility for the the ideal class, according to the teachers, is primarily held by teachers and finally by Family and the State. The almost absence of family in this scene and, on the other hand, the broad protagonism of of the teacher are, undoubtedly, attention-worthy data. Thus, the search for interventional actions that rescue moral and ethic values of society, equating them to a hybrid linguistic education, compose an urgent goal.
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Wurm, Christian [Verfasser]. "On the metatheory of linguistics / Christian Wurm." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1073642372/34.
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Fujinami, Tsutomu. "A process algebraic approach to computational linguistics." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/521.
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The thesis presents a way to apply process algebra to computational linguistics. We are interested in how contexts can affect or contribute to language understanding and model the phenomena as a system of communicating processes to study the interaction between them in detail. For this purpose, we turn to the pie-calculus and investigate how communicating processes may be defined. While investigating the computational grounds of communication and concurrency,we devise a graphical representation for processes to capture the structure of interaction between them. Then, we develop a logic, combinatory intuitionistic linear logic with equality relation, to specify communicating processes logically. The development enables us to study Situation Semantics with process algebra. We construct semantic objects employed in Situation Semantics in the pi-calculus and then represent them in the logic. Through the construction,we also relate Situation Semantics with the research on the information flow, Channel Theory, by conceiving of linear logic as a theory of the information flow. To show how sentences can be parsed as the result of interactions between processes, we present a concurrent chart parser encoded in the pi-calculus. We also explain how a semantic representation can be generated as a process by the parser. We conclude the thesis by comparing the framework with other approaches.
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Harvey, Kevin. "Adolescent health communication: a corpus linguistics approach." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491000.
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This study reports on a corpus analysis of a one million word collection of adolescent health emails submitted to an online health forum, the Teenage Health Freak, a UK-based website which provides evidence-based health advice and information for young people. The corpus approach to linguistic analysis integrates both quantitative and qualitative techniques, affording a reliable means of identifying trends and patterns of communication. By examining the common ways in which adolescents construct their health concerns to professionals online, this study aims to describe commonalities in young people's accounts of health, specifically sexual and mental health, thereby giving voice to an age group whose subjective experiences of health and illness nave often been overlooked in favour of older generations.
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Morris, Adeline. "Mallarme and Linguistics : Towards a Perfect Language." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508398.
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