Journal articles on the topic 'Linguistics – history – 20th century'
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Falk, Julia S. "Turn to the history of linguistics." Historiographia Linguistica 30, no. 1-2 (September 16, 2003): 129–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.30.1.05fal.
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Summary In the 1940s and 1950s, the leading proponents of American synchronic linguistics showed little interest in the history of linguistics. Some attention to historiography occurred in subfields of linguistics closest to the humanities – linguistic anthropology, historical linguistics, modern European languages – but the ‘science of language’ developed by Leonard Bloomfield and his descriptivist followers demanded autonomy from other disciplines and from the past. Increasing American contact with European linguistics during the 1950s culminated in the 1962 Ninth International Congress of Linguists in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Here Noam Chomsky presented a plenary session paper that appeared in print in four versions between 1962 and 1964, each version incorporating an increasing amount of discussion of the early 20th-century precursors to the descriptivists and a number of 17th- and 19th-century studies of language and mind. Charles Hockett responded by organizing his 1964 presidential address to the Linguistic Society of America as a history of linguistics, emphasizing periods, figures, and ideas not included in Chomsky’s work. Historiographers of the time recognized a surge of American interest in the history of linguistics beginning in the early 1960s and most attributed it largely to Chomsky’s work. Historiographic publication increased significantly among the descriptivists; at the same time it emerged among the generativists, most of whom followed Chomsky in exploring pre-20th-century philosophical ideas or reconsidering concepts and practices of the descriptivists’ forerunners. The resulting visibility and impetus to the history of linguistics contributed to the foundation upon which linguistic historiography matured in North America in the later decades of the 20th century.
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Berezin, Fedor Mixajlovič. "Mikołaj Kruszewski and 20th-century linguistics." History of Linguistics in Poland 25, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1998): 61–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.25.1-2.06ber.
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Summary The article deals with important issues in general linguistic theory discussed by Mikołaj Habdank Kruszewski alias Nikolaj Vjačeslavovič Kruševskij (1851–1887), in the author’s view an unjustly forgotten linguist of genius of the late 19th century, who could be seen as standing at the roots of the 20th-century structuralism, long before the appearance of F. de Saussure’s lectures on general linguistics. In his major book O čerk nauki o jazyke (An outline of the science of language) of 1883, Kruszewski conceived of language as a system of signs, laying stress on the semiotic function of language. His understanding of sound alternation is in many ways close to modern principles of phonology and morphonology. His hypothesis of the universal character of the sound laws too anticipated the discovery of language universals. As a result, the author agrees with Radwańska-Williams’ (1993) characterization of Kruszewski’s theory as ‘a lost paradigm’ in the history of linguistics. Well-known linguists of the 20th century such as Roman Jakobson (1896–1982), Jerzy Kuryłowicz (1895–1978) , and others rightly argued that Kruszewski was one of the founders of modern linguistic theory.
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Hall, Robert A. "Milt Cowan, Enabler in Mid-20th century linguistics." Historiographia Linguistica 21, no. 3 (January 1, 1994): 453–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.21.3.16hal.
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Ivanov, Vyacheslav V. "Semiotics of the 20th century." Sign Systems Studies 36, no. 1 (December 31, 2008): 185–244. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2008.36.1.10.
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Semiotic and linguistic studies of the 20th century have been important mostly in two senses — (1) they have opened a road for comparative research on the origin and development of language and other systems of signs adding a new dimension to the history of culture; (2) they have shown a possibility of uniting different fields of humanities around semiotics suggesting a way to trespass separation and atomisation of different trends in investigating culture. In the 21st century one may hope for closer integration of semiotics and exact and natural sciences. The points of intersection with the mathematical logic, computer science and information theory that already exist might lead to restructuring theoretical semiotics making it a coherent and methodologically rigid discipline. At the same time, the continuation of neurosemiotic studies promises a breakthrough in understanding those parts of the work of the brain that are most intimately connected to culture. From this point of view semiotics may play an outstanding role in the synthesis of biological science and humanities. In my mind that makes it a particularly important field of future research.
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Zieniukowa, Jadwiga. "Profesor Kazimierz Nitsch i jego językoznawcze środowisko we wspomnieniach studentki z lat 50. XX w." LingVaria 14, no. 27 (May 31, 2019): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/lv.14.2019.27.22.
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Professor Kazimierz Nitsch and His Linguistic Milieu in the Memories of a Student from 1950sThe paper discusses the history of Polish and Slavic linguistics in Poland in the 20th century, with a special regard to dialectology. In the centre of its attention lies the Cracow (Cracow-Lviv) linguistic school of Professor Kazimierz Nitsch. The author describes it primarily on the basis of personal scientific contact (in the middle of the 20th century) with the father of Polish dialectology, Professor K. Nitsch, and a team of researchers from his Department of Atlas and Dictionary of Polish Dialects of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Cracow, Mikołajska street). She looks back at the seminar Nitsch held for researchers, which she attended as a Master’s student at the Jagiellonian University. She presents Professor as a researcher, organizer of team research, academic teacher, as well as a scientific guide, a scholar, and author of linguistic publications in various periods of the 20th century. She draws particular attention to Nitsch’s pioneering works on Kashubian and other Pomeranian dialects. The paper also talks about the long-term radiation of Professor Nitsch’s scientific school, and how his students from various generations – such as Zdzisław Stieber, Nitsch’s student from 1920s, his colleague, and later a creator of a linguistic school himself – as well as students of his students greatly contributed to the advancement of Polish linguistics in the 20th and early 21st century.
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ÜÇER, Gamze. "DİLBİLİM TARİHİ BAĞLAMINDA RUS DİLBİLİMİN GELİŞİM SÜRECİ." TOBIDER - International Journal of Social Sciences 6, no. 1 (May 29, 2022): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30830/tobider.sayi.10.11.
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Development of linguistics has gone through various stages until it became an independent science. The universal structure of the language, as well as the features that distinguish it from other languages, form the basis of linguistic research. Linguistics researchers have different views and fields of study on this basis. Throughout the history of linguistics, research on language and the methods used by these researches have led to the emergence of different schools. Scientists who were influenced from each others, used the same methods in the language they studied and from time to time they contributed to the expansion of linguistics by adding on these methods and studies. Similar processes exist for linguistic studies in Russia. Russian linguists, who are followers of the studies in the field of linguistics, have been the founders of new movements and schools, while operating on a similar level to the studies of other scientists. In the beginning, dictionary studies and research in the field of dictionary and grammar studies have evolved into evaluation of nature of language, comparison of languages, evaluating historical aspects, social and spiritual aspects of language. The intensity of studies in the field of linguistics in Russia increased gradually in the 19th century and formed the basis for 20th-century linguistic studies. Russian linguists who carried out their studies in the 19th-century both influenced their contemporaries and became a guided 20th-century linguists. In this respect, the aim of the study is to examine the developmental stages of linguistics in Russia based on the history of linguistics and to reveal these stages in general terms. In addition, the studies of Russian linguists and the development of Russian linguistics in the historical process are mentioned.
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Hudson, Richard. "Towards a pedagogical linguistics." Pedagogical Linguistics 1, no. 1 (February 17, 2020): 8–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pl.19011.hud.
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Abstract Pedagogical linguistics is a two-way bridge between linguistics and education, carrying information not only from linguistics to education, but also in the other direction, where linguistics needs to explore the impact of education on language. The paper reviews the history of this bridge, and especially in the 19th and 20th centuries, arguing that the bridge worked well in the 19th but that it disintegrated in the 20th with the rise of linguistics and education as distinct research fields. The challenge for the 21st century is to rebuild it in a sustainable way.
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Bijan, Amanj N. B. "Kurdish studies in Russia in the early 20th century." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 190 (2021): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2021-26-190-158-165.
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We consider the history of studying the history of Kurds in Russia in the early 20th century. The plans of cooperation between the Russians and Kurds against the Ottoman Empire are analyzed. We consider the socio-political and research activities of Russian politicians and scientists in the framework of solving the Kurdish issue. Research on Kurdistan, which began in the 19th century, continued and developed in Russia. Along with military and strategic studies, there were studies of Kurdish clans and Kurdish society. In addition to Russian scientists, Russian diplomats also contributed to the development of Kurdish studies. Before World War I, Russia tried to establish consulates and shopping centers in Kurdish cities. In the early of 20th century in Russia, Kurdish studies were developing rapidly, which was due to both the international situation and the activity of well-trained specialists-orientalists. Often they, like V.F. Minorsky and I.A. Orbeli, combined official (diplomatic) and research activities. Active role in the formation and development of Kurdish studies played N.I. Marr and A.S. Shamilov, who had no formal linguistic education and has been at the epicenter of political processes in the Soviet historiography and linguistics (repression, criticism of “marisma”). Despite the complex political processes of the early 20th cen-tury, it was during this period that the main ideas about Kurdish history and the Kurdish language were formed, and the main scientific schools were formed, which were developed after 1945.
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Auseichyk, Uladzimir. "From the History of Studies on Old Believers in Northwestern Belarus: Literature Review (Second Half of the 18th Century–1980)." Slavistica Vilnensis 67, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/slavviln.2022.67(2).101.
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The article examines the historiography and the current state of research on the Old Believers in Northwestern Belarus. Four basic stages are distinguished in the history of studies on Old Believers in the region: second half of the 18th century – beginning of the 20th century; the interwar period (1920–1930 years); the Soviet period (1950–1980 years); the modern period (1990–2000 years). The characteristic of these stages is given, the methodology of conducted research is analyzed, the value of published works in this direction is revealed. The article analyzes research conducted from the second half of the 18th century to the last two decades of the 20th century. The main attention is given to the analysis of the works published during the second half of the of 19th century and the early 20th century.
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Cienki, Alan. "19th and 20th century theories of case." Historiographia Linguistica 22, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1995): 123–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.22.1-2.06cie.
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Summary This article considers the similarities and differences between two types of semantically-based approaches to the study of grammatical case. One approach, which views the basic meanings of cases as spatial, stems from the localist hypothesis, which claims that spatial expressions serve as structural templates for other expressions. This view was most strongly espoused by certain German linguists in the 19th century, but has found support in the 20th century as well. The range of localist theories of case and the extent of the claims made by different localists are considered. These are compared and contrasted with contemporary approaches subsumed under the banner of ‘cognitive linguistics’. Research in this vein has focussed on the role of spatial notions in the semantics of case, but within a broader framework of human conceptualization. According to this view, space is only one of several domains which are basic to cognitive representation.
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McCawley, James D. "Syntactic concepts and terminology in mid-20th century American Linguistics." Historiographia Linguistica 26, no. 3 (December 31, 1999): 407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.26.3.13mcc.
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Summary This paper deals with the notions and terminology that figure in the syntactic works of Bloomfield, Fries, Hockett, Gleason, and early Chomsky. Notwithstanding Bloomfield’s commitment to constituent structure and his profound influence on syntactic research in the United States, constituency had a surprisingly peripheral role in such works as Fries (1952) “Immediate constituents” (is the last of its syntactic chapters) and notions of dependency structure a much more central role. Many false generalizations by descriptivists (e.g., treatments of Therer-insertion as inversion) result from a failure to consider complex expressions as constituents of the various constructions. Notwithstanding descriptivists’ denunciations and generativists’ endorsements of traditional grammar, it is the descriptivists whose syntactic category notions came closer to those of traditional grammar. The unusual category scheme of Fries did not deviate all that much from traditional schemes, and its innovations were not applied consistently. 1960s generative syntax shared with Fries’s approach a conception of gender features and referential indices in English as borne by Ns rather than by NPs, and a failure to treat inter- and intra-saentential anaphora uniformly. Gleason (1965) is the most honorable exception to the dismal quality of this era’s literature on parts of speech.
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Belyaeva, Irina F., and Georgy T. Khukhuni. "HIHISTORICAL, SOCIAL AND STRUCTURAL APPROACHESIN THE 20TH CENTURY LINGUISTICS: THE PARADIGMATIC INTERPRETATION OF HISTORY OF LINGUISTICS." Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University (Linguistics), no. 3 (2020): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18384/2310-712x-2020-3-6-14.
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Rybakov, Mikhail A. "Meaning and Sense of the Case Form in the Systemic-Linguistic Perspective." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 15, no. 1 (March 15, 2024): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2024-15-1-10-21.
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The question of the relationship between meaning and sense has repeatedly become the subject of both - linguistic and philosophical discussions, because of the difference in conceptual approaches, and as a typical in the history of science result of the synonymous use of these terms in some works and differentiated use in others. The systemic linguistics has drawn attention to the accuracy of linguistic terminology and the value of precisely differentiated use of synonymous terms. The relevance of the undertaken study is determined by the significance of this problem for the further development of the linguistic theory, semiotics, and semantics. The problem of meaning and sense in relation to the sign was generally discussed in the works of G. Frege and representatives of the analytical philosophy of the 20th century (R. Carnap, G. Ryle, W. Quine). The issue of the meaning of a sign as an element of a linguistic (or any other semiotic) system was firstly brought to the fore by F. de Saussure. It was the subject of active discussion in Russian linguistics - in the 19th century in the works of A.A. Potebnya, I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay, in the 20th century - in the works of V.A. Zvegintsev, A.F. Losev, Ju.M. Lotman, V.M. Solntsev, Ju.S. Stepanov. In relation to grammar, the issue of meaning and sense was posed much less frequently; its detailed analysis is available in the systemic linguistics of G.P. Melnikov, and the functional grammar of A.V. Bondarko. The purpose is to study the possibilities of using the terms “meaning” and “sense”, consistently distinguished in systemic linguistics referring to the linguistic sign, for a particular case - the analysis of the semantics of case forms as a specific type of grammatical signs.
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Osokina, Svetlana, and Olga Afanaseva. "History and Current State of the Plain English Concept in Legal Linguistics in English-Speaking Countries." Legal Linguistics, no. 29(40) (October 1, 2023): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/leglin(2023)2913.
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The article deals with the history and current state of the Plain English concept. The material presented in the article has theoretical and practical value for the development of relevant areas of research related to the Russian language. The subject under discussion is the history and theoretical provisions of the concept of Plain English, as well as an analysis of the potential for the development of the Plain Language concept in future.
The objectives of the study include investigation into the premises and origin of the Plain English concept from both perspectives – legal linguistics and other related fields – as well as the study of the linguistic content of this concept in the paradigm of contemporary research.
The article considers the interrelation between the concepts of Forensic Linguistics, Legal Linguistics, and Judicial Linguistics in American, European, and Russian linguistics, respectively. The authors reveal linguistic and extra-linguistic prerequisites for the formation of the Plain language concept in the USA and European countries in the 20th century. They describe language means of adapting legal texts into plain language texts listed in the analyzed Plain English handbooks and consider some prospects for the development of the concept in the future.
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Stalmaszczyk, Piotr. "Celtic Studies in Poland in the 20th century: a bibliography." ZCPH 54, no. 1 (April 30, 2004): 170–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zcph.2005.170.
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Introduction Celtic Studies are concerned with the languages, literature, culture, mythology, religion, art, history, and archaeology of historical and contemporary Celtic countries and traces of Celtic influences elsewhere. The historical Celtic countries include ancient Gaul, Galatia, Celtiberia, Italy, Britain and Ireland, whereas the modern Celtic territories are limited to Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Isle of Man, Cornwall and Brittany. It has to be stressed that Celtic Studies are not identical with Irish (or Scottish, Welsh, or Breton) Studies, though they are, for obvious reasons, closely connected.
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Tomalin, Marcus. "Leonard Bloomfield." Historiographia Linguistica 31, no. 1 (July 30, 2004): 105–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.31.1.06tom.
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Summary This paper considers various aspects of Leonard Bloomfield’s (1887–1949) interest in contemporaneous mathematics. Specifically, some of the sources from which he obtained his mathematical knowledge are discussed, as are his own proposals for a linguistics-based solution to the foundations crisis which preoccupied leading mathematicians during the first half of the 20th century. In addition, his attitude towards the role of meaning in linguistic theory is reassessed in the light of his knowledge of Hilbertian Formalism.
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Percival, W. Keith. "Reflections on the history of dependency notions in linguistics." Historiographia Linguistica 17, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.17.1-2.05per.
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Summary This paper outlines the history of dependency notions from Antiquity to the present century. Although the notion of syntactic dependency was unknown in Antiquity, the idea of semantic dependency was foreshadowed in early definitions of the minor parts of speech, i.e., parts of speech other than the noun and the verb. In part, this happened because logicians had originally posited only the two major parts of speech, and grammarians then formulated their definitions of the minor parts of speech in relation to those of the noun and the verb. The adverb, for instance, was defined as augmenting or diminishing the meaning of the verb. The first writer who used (if not coined) a special term to refer to the notion that some words specify or ‘determine’ the meanings of the subject noun and the verbal predicate was Boethius (ca. 500 A.D.), and in this way the notion of ‘determination’ was launched. As a result of the subsequent popularity of Boethius’s logical works, ‘determination’ was adopted and extensively utilized by Latin grammarians from the 12th century on. In the 13th century, it was complemented by the term ‘dependency’, which was the logical converse of ‘determination’. Grammarians claimed that a dependency relation exists between the members of all constructions. The vogue of ‘dependency’ declined even before the advent of Renaissance humanism, while ‘determination’ survived. In the early modern period, the terminological repertory expanded. Thus, in the 18th century, French grammarians coined the terms ‘modification’ (Buffier) and ‘complement’ (Du Marsais). The 20th century has been marked by a further increase of new terms. Inspired by Tesnière’s posthumous Elèments de syntaxe structurale (1959), some linguists have also proposed formalized dependency theories as alternatives to phrase-structure grammar.
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Isakova, Zilolakhon Zokirovna. "THE CATEGORY OF VALUE IN LINGUISTICS." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 4, no. 6 (December 29, 2020): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2020/4/6/4.
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Background. This article is about axiological relations in the process of contact which is being studied as an developing branch of cognitive linguistics. As we know, axiology was considered as a part of philosophy and logic and its concepts were studied in these subjects. At the end of the 20th century the concept of linguistic axiology was learnt in the sphere of linguistics. Methods. This article is devoted to analytical information about researches and development of axiology was studied as linguistic, logical and philosophical categories. As mentioned above, in modern linguistics, the understanding of the text in pragmatic aspect and the analysis of the role that the price category do not have a long history. In the expression of connotation, it is necessary drawing attention to the following factors: the worldview of the addressant who describes linguistic realities – the speaker and the addressee is a person who accepts linguistic realities – listener; their views on each other or situation in which they are entering into contact; what is the purpose of the addressee and the addressee of communication
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Karavayskaya, O. S. "Cognitive approach in terminology." ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ 82, no. 3 (2022): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/trnio-02-2022-132.
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This article is devoted to the consideration of one of the modern methods of terminology research – cognitive. A brief history of the development of linguistics is given, the main directions in linguistics in the second half of the 20th century are shown. The definitions of the cognitive approach in linguistics are considered. As a result, the advantages of using this approach in the study of terms are revealed.
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Bazylev, Vladimir N. "Stages of the Great journey or The Russian philosophy of language of the second half of the 20th – early 21st centuries." Alma mater. Vestnik Vysshey Shkoly, no. 3 (March 2024): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/am.03-24.075.
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The article presents the results of the analysis of domestic paradigms of the philosophy of language of the second half of the twentieth – early 21st century. The processes of sequential construction and deconstruction of a series of domestic paradigms of the twentieth century are shown — the ‘new doctrine of language’ (Japhetic theory) (1923–1950), the inter-paradigm period (1950–1956), the ‘new Marxist linguistics’ (1957–1993) and the post–paradigm period (the end of the 90s of the twentieth century – the first quarter of the XXI century). Science is pushed forward not only by the discovery of new facts, but also a new look at old facts. The philosophical, political, national and linguistic problems faced by the government and scientific processes in the twentieth century are described in connection with various aspects of the life of Soviet and post-Soviet society, primarily with language policy. The appeal to the history of the philosophy of language in Russia is intended to help realize the internal logic and continuity of the development of the modern linguistic political culture of the country.
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Graffi, Giorgio. "A survey of syntactic theories in the 20th century." Historiographia Linguistica 25, no. 3 (January 1, 1998): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.25.3.09gra.
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NAva, Andrea. "Writing in English in Italy– the ‘pre-history’ of academic writing." English for Academic Purposes (EAP): New frontiers in learning to write in English 10, no. 2 (December 21, 2023): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21283/2376905x.1.10.2.2779.
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This article aims to investigate the evolution of L2 English writing instruction in the 20th century, focusing on the ‘pre-history’ of academic writing in Italy – when writing was mainly viewed as an ancillary activity, often added to grammar/translation language classes. To shed some light on the principles underlying L2 English ‘composition’ writing instruction, the article illustrates the findings of the analysis of a sample of English writing materials published in Italy between the 1940s and the 1990s. Against the background of a mostly stagnant institutional context, English writing pedagogy appears to have evolved in Italy throughout the 20th century as a result of wider social and cultural changes, as well as developments in applied linguistics. This evolution led to a reappraisal of the role of the learner writer, who was increasingly viewed as an active agent in the process of knowledge transformation.
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Santazilia, Ekaitz. "Varia. Irigarai familiaren funtsa Nafarroako Errege Artxibo Nagusian: katalogoa." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 133 (June 30, 2022): 229–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv133.9.
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Recently, the Royal and General Archive of Navarre has received Fermin Irigaray’s and Angel Irigaray’s collection of documents as a donation. The collection reflects the outstanding contribution these two men (father and son) made in the 20th century in favour of the Basque language. Among others, it includes old texts, manuscripts, articles, press, journals, books, drafts, and notebooks, starting from the 17th century and, mostly to the 19th and 20th centuries. Since it is an interesting material to study the history of the Basque language, Fontes Linguae Vasconum will publish the cathalogue of the documentation in two parts. This first part includes published documents.
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Leontyeva, Varvara. "On the History of Studying Modal Verbs in the German Language." Nizhny Novgorod Linguistics University Bulletin, no. 51 (September 30, 2020): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47388/2072-3490/lunn2020-51-3-64-76.
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The article is an overview and a summary of the study of modal verbs in the German language in Russian and foreign linguistics, from Antiquity to the present day, in line with the holistic study of modality in world linguistics. Using the methods of generalization and systematization, the author analyzes monographs and articles by Russian and foreign experts in the field of the history of the German language, functional grammar, and morphology. While a considerable number of works by foreign and Russian linguists in the 20th century are devoted to the issues of semantics of preterite-present and modal verbs in specific historical periods of the development of the German language, there are still many open questions in this area. Throughout almost the entire 20th century, Germanists viewed modal verbs mainly as a means of expressing internal modality, i.e., the attitude of the speaker to the action being performed. However, in the late 20th and early 21st century, they began to actively study the subjective use of modal verbs. Much modern literature on the subject is devoted to the study of German modal verbs in the function of subjective (epistemic) modality. This article focuses on etymological, semantic, grammatical, and functional features of modal verbs in modern German and discusses a number of controversial issues, such as the question of whether modal verbs are a closed or open cluster of vocabulary, that is, whether it is possible, at the present stage of language history, to include other linguistic units into the category of modal units, it these other units answer certain semantic or grammatical criteria. It is also open to discussion whether there is a one-to-one corre-spondence between a modal verb and the type of modal relations that is expressed with the help of this verb in speech, and vice versa. The author highlights such significant aspects as grammaticalization of modal verbs, correlation of modal verbs with various types of modal relations, primary and secondary meanings of modal verbs, characteristics of the preterito-presentia, compatibility of modal verbs, and syntactic features of their usage. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that it gives a more comprehensive understanding of functions and pragmatics of modal verbs as a special lexical cluster in speech.
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DANYLІUK, N. O. "UKRAINIAN LINGUO-FOLKLORE STUDIES: THEIR HISTORY, CURRENT STATE, AND PERSPECTIVES." Movoznavstvo 320, no. 5 (October 28, 2021): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-320-2021-5-003.
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The article is devoted to the evolution, present state and perspectives of development of the Ukrainian linguo-folklore studies that are conducted by Sv. Yеrmolenko, N. Zhuravliova, A. Moisiienko, T. Betsenko, Y. Diadyshcheva-Rosovetska, N. Kolesnyk, R. Serdeha and others. The main aspects of the analysis of the language of the Ukrainian folk poetic texts of the period from the end of the 19th century until the middle of the 20th century were considered. They are historical linguistic, linguo-stylistic, linguo-didactic, linguo-cultural, ethnolinguistic, linguo-conceptual, linguo-semiotic. Two stages in the development of linguo-folklore studies were distinguished: 1) 60s — 80s of the 20th c., and 2) 90s of the 20th c. — the early 21st c. It was pointed out that the Ukrainian linguo-folklore studies had already evolved into a separate branch of philology and an educational course with its own object (a linguostructural, artistic-figurative organization of folkloristic texts of various genres, peculiar features of a folkloristic style formation), and subject of research, tasks and trends. There were mentioned the present day approaches to the analysis of folk poetic texts, being based on the language layers (folklore stylistics of language units), language expressive means (folklore stylistics of language expressive means), genres (folklore stylistics of genres) and separate parts of linguistics. The following perspectives of the linguo-folklore studies were defined: the analysis of understudied language units and figurative means, used in the texts of various genres (not only the traditional but new ones as well), development of a folklore lexicography, folklore dialectology, folklore linguo-cognitology, folklore linguosemiotics, folklore communication, linguo-genderology, contrastive linguo-folklore studies, and other trends, as well as a wider application of modern systems of an automatic analysis of texts, dictionaries’ compilation, and data creation.
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Dubisz, Stanisław. "Rozwój językoznawstwa polonistycznego w minionym stuleciu. Badania polszczyzny krajowej wspólnoty komunikacyjnej." Poradnik Językowy, no. 5/2022(794) (May 25, 2022): 22–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/porj.2022.5.2.
Full textAbstract:
The history of Polish linguistics of the last century should be analysed in three periods corresponding to the development stages of the Polish language: interwar period (1918–1939), second half of the 20th c. (1945–1990), contemporariness (since 1990), excluding the period of the Second World War and occupation (1939–1945), when there were no scientifi c publications in this fi eld. Polish linguistics has developed progressively, gradually achieving the status of an autonomous sub-discipline within Polish philology and developing the methods and instruments for a comprehensive analysis of the status of Polish, as regards both synchrony and diachrony.
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Thomas, Margaret. "The monolingual approach in American linguistic fieldwork." Historiographia Linguistica 47, no. 2-3 (December 31, 2020): 266–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.00078.tho.
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Summary In the first decades of the 20th century, fieldwork — collection of language data through direct interaction with a native speaker — was foundational to American linguistics. After a mid-century period of neglect, fieldwork has recently been revived as a means to address the increasing rate of language endangerment worldwide. Twenty-first century American fieldwork inherits some, but not all, of the traits of earlier fieldwork. This article examines the history of one controversial issue, whether a field worker should adopt a monolingual approach, learning and using the target language as a medium of exchange with native speakers, as opposed to relying on interpreters or a lingua franca. Although the monolingual approach is not widely practiced, modern proponents argue strongly for its value. The method has been popularized though ‘monolingual demonstrations’ to audiences of linguists, which, curiously, are not wholly consistent with the character of 21st-century fieldwork.
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Sadivakasovna, Rahimova Shaxlo. "DESCRIPTION OF GERMAN LANGUAGE DICTIONARIES." European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 4, no. 4 (April 1, 2024): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-04-04-28.
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The functioning of language is associated with the disappearance of certain words, with the emergence of new ones, with the change in the meaning or stylistic status of words. Each of the ways of developing the vocabulary of the German language has its own characteristics. The paper draws attention to these features. The paper describes verbal neoplasms not registered in dictionaries until the middle of the 20th century, selected from the texts of the German newspapers “Süddeutsche Zeitung”, “Frankfurter Allgemeine”, “Der Spiegel”, “Joe”, “Alles für die Frau”, “GEO” and others. The study considers the linguistic material of some dictionaries published in the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries, including dictionaries of colloquial youth vocabulary. So, the main idea of this article is to highlight the peculiarities of word formation in German linguistics through the history.
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Hundt, Marianne, and Benedikt Szmrecsanyi. "Animacy in early New Zealand English." English World-Wide 33, no. 3 (October 29, 2012): 241–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.33.3.01hun.
Full textAbstract:
The literature suggests that animacy effects in present-day spoken New Zealand English (NZE) differ from animacy effects in other varieties of English. We seek to determine if such differences have a history in earlier NZE writing or not. We revisit two grammatical phenomena — progressives and genitives — that are well known to be sensitive to animacy effects, and we study these phenomena in corpora sampling 19th- and early 20th-century written NZE; for reference purposes, we also study parallel samples of 19th- and early 20th-century British English and American English. We indeed find significant regional differences between early New Zealand writing and the other varieties in terms of the effect that animacy has on the frequency and probabilities of grammatical phenomena.
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Luchkanyn, Sergiy. "THE FEATURES OF IDEOLOGIZATION OF GENERAL LINGUISTICS IN UKRAINIAN AND ROMANIAN SCIENCE ABOUT LANGUAGE (THE XXST CENTURY)." Studia Linguistica, no. 14 (2019): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2019.14.107-117.
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The imposition of official state ideology (Marxism-Leninism) is characteristic for Ukrainian and Romanian theoretical linguistics of the middle and second half of the 20th century. It was the leading methodology for solving the problems of nature and essence of the human language. With its help, it was possible to study internal structure of the linguistic system and use linguistic research methods, which are the subject of general linguistics. Issues that are related to the problems of ideology and specific linguistics (Ukrainization, Russification, Romanization, Magyarization, etc.) are not considered and addressed. The subject of research is the penetration of official state ideology into linguistic questions about the nature and essence of language, its reflection in the methods of linguistic research. In Ukrainian Soviet theoretical linguistics of the 1930–1940s, Marism was officially propagated as a proletarian ideology directed against bourgeois comparative studies. Some Ukrainian linguists, following Ivan Meshchaninov (which then was the official head of Soviet linguistics), used the name Marr as a “shield”. They started with quoting Marr in their own works, but that did not affect much the language material investigation (for example, Academician Mykhailo Kalynovych (1888-1949) and others). After appearance of Stalin’s work “Marxism and Problems of Linguistics” (1950), well-known quotes from this work occured widely in Ukrainian and Romanian theoretical linguistics. They were about the class nature of the language, developed the ideas of revolutionary upheavals in it, stated the need for a dialectical combination of language learning with the history of the society. They have been quoted in the linguistic literature of Ukraine until the 22nd Congress of the CPSU (1961). In Romania, they have been quoted until the death of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (1965). Only by this time the development of linguistic structuralism had begun, because the linguistic outlook of the “leader” allowed comprehending lingual facts exclusively within the framework of comparative-historical and descriptive paradigm.
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ZHILIUK, SERGEI A. "THE NIBELUNG MYTH IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURE OF GERMANIC PEOPLES." Cherepovets State University Bulletin 2, no. 101 (2021): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/1994-0637-2021-2-101-4.
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The Lay of the Nibelungs is a prominent literature work dating back to the early 13th century. It is a result of almost 10 century evolution of the material going back into the early Middle Ages. The material was also used by other Germanic peoples for development of Scandinavian sagas, Faroese and Danish ballads. The texts representing the story of the Nibelungs mark different stages of social and cultural development of the relevant Germanic peoples and are of a special interest for the historians dealing with the social history of Europe. The Lay of the Nibelungs, however, content not only contemporary features, like courteous rituals, but also archaic ones deriving from ancient lays and tales which are left unknown to us. The 19th century saw growing influence of the myth of the Nibelungs on German society with de La Mott Fouquet and Wagner creating the most eminent works updating the ancient lay. In the 20th century the Nibelungs-mentality shaped some aspects of Nazi ideology and was widely discussed by the leaders of the Third Reich.
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Kuznetsova, N. V., and O. V. Pochtareva. "Terminological Tools to Describe the Connecting Units of the Russian Language." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 21, no. 9 (November 16, 2022): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-9-21-33.
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Purpose. The article is devoted to the dynamics of theoretical understanding of connecting elements and the development of corresponding terminology in the Russian linguistic tradition. The research analyzes classic works of the founders of traditional Russian grammar as well as the latest linguistic works.Results. The study reveals three main levels of terminology which is applied to connecting units and related to their very nature: connecting units play an important role in creating the coherence of oral and written speech, and therefore are studied in the linguistics of discourse and text; connecting units are used in the organization of simple and complex sentence, and therefore are studied in syntax; connecting units are special lexical units that receive morphological characteristics. In general, we can say that in the 20th century the part-of-speech paradigm moved to syntactic and textual ones. First linguists tried to determine the place of connecting elements among the classes of words (parts of speech), but since the middle of the 20th century the idea of the priority of syntactic function over morphological characteristic has been increasingly expressed. This tendency was clearly manifested in discursive linguistics studying coherent texts and integrating very heterogeneous phenomena on the basis of common functions.Conclusion. Despite some inconsistency of the modern Russian terminology describing connecting elements it identifies their semantic-grammatical and functional originality.
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Pelc, Jerzy. "Logic of language and philosophy of language in 20th-century Poland." History of Linguistics in Poland 25, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1998): 163–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.25.1-2.13pel.
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Summary The logic of language and the philosophy of language in 20th-century Poland ran in two mainstreams, the so-called Lvov-Warsaw school and and that of phenomenological thought. The former was dominant, the latter was represented mainly by the work of Roman Ingarden (1903–1970). Among works of the Lvov-Warsaw school, the present paper considers the most important achievements of its founder, Kazimierz Twardowski (1866–1938), and the oldest generation of his disciples: Leśniewski (1886–1939), Kotarbiński (1886–1981), Ajdukiewicz (1890–1963), and Izydora Dąmbska (1904–1983), as well as Alfred Tarski (1902–1983) who, in philosophy, was a disciple of Jan Łukasiewicz (1878–1956), Leśniewski and Kotarbiński. The paper is limited to the discussion of the most important of their reflections on natural language, in particular to what is most characteristic of them: elaborated and deep analyses of semantic sections connected with epistemological ones, and pragmatic sections connected with psychological ones, all presented with great attention to clarity, precision and comprehensibility of formulations. Major semantic conceptions of Ingarden were also mentioned: the theory of meaning as a relation between an intending object and an intentional object, as well as semantic differences between a name, verb and sentence.
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Palmié, Stephan. "Africanisms." African Diaspora 11, no. 1-2 (December 9, 2019): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18725465-01101005.
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Abstract This essay attempts to chart the career of the concept of ‘Africanisms’ in the anthropology and history of the African Diaspora in the Americas. After surveying the origins of the concept, I focus on the role of Melville J. Herskovits’ highly influential mobilisation of the concept, its major mid-20th century critiques, and a highly influential late 20th century reaction to the terms of these debates. I will conclude by indicating how Africanist historians have come to repurpose this concept around the turn of the millennium, and how more recent scholarship might indicate the end of its usefulness as an analytical category.
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Nevin, Bruce E. "A minimalist program for linguistics." Historiographia Linguistica 20, no. 2-3 (January 1, 1993): 355–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.20.2-3.06nev.
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Summary Zellig S. Harris (1909–1992) is a familiar icon of American structuralism. According to received views of the history of linguistics in the 20th century, he is an exemplar of ‘taxonomic linguistics’ seeking practical discovery procedures whereby one could mechanically derive a grammar from distributional analysis of a corpus of utterances without reference to meaning, and a proponent of empiricist and behaviorist views that have been overthrown by the revolution of Generative linguistics. An examination of what he actually wrote, however, shows a lifelong concern with the analysis and representation of meaning. Harris’ approach to the evaluation of alternative tools of analysis, alternative grammars, and alternative theories of language arises from a crucial but little acknowledged dilemma of linguistics grounded in a fundamental property of language, namely, that it contains within itself virtually unrestricted metalinguistic capacities, upon which any description of language whatever either directly or indirectly depends.
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Glushchenko, Volodymyr. "PAVLO ZHYTETSKYI: THE HISTORY OF THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE IN THE GENERAL SLAVIC CONTEXT." Studia Linguistica, no. 20 (2022): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2022.20.32-44.
Full textAbstract:
Frontal study of Slavic studies of the 19th century – 30s of XX century testified: the problem of the relationship between vocalism and consonantism in the history of Slavic languages (based on Ukrainian language material) was presented by the Ukrainian linguist Pavlo Zhytetskyi. P. Zhytetskyi put forward a concept within which each considered phonological phenomenon occupies a certain, logically justified place; it is organically included in the general concept, derives from it. According to P. Zhytetskyi, a certain phonological change (the decline of reduced vowels) is the cause of a number of other phonological changes: the decline of reduced vowels as a key process in the «prehistory» and history of the phonological systems of East Slavic languages causes a «chain reaction» in the corresponding vocal and consonant subsystems. P. Zhytetskyi’s thesis that in Slavic languages and their history «poor» vocalism is combined with «rich» consonantism and vice versa, laid the foundations of the historical typology of Slavic languages (on the phonological level) and proved to be very productive in linguistics of the 20th century. It became the basis for the division of Slavic languages into two types – vocalic and consonantal, which were interpreted both in the synchronic and in the diachronic aspect (А. Isachenko, K. Gorshkova, V. Ivanov, V. Kolesov). P. Zhytetskyi reconstructed systems of archetypes and systems of phonetic laws with a similar mechanism (united by a common cause). Thanks to this, the history of the phonetic system of the Ukrainian language in the interpretation of P. Zhytetskyi appears as a chain of causally connected phonetic processes at the level of subsystems (vocalism and consonantism) and signs of sounds (strength and weakness, deafness and sonority, hardness and softness of consonants). This led to the fact that the concept of the connection between vocalism and consonantism in the history of the Ukrainian language by P. Zhytetskyi retained its relevance in comparative-historical and typological linguistics of the 20th century – the beginning of the 21st century.
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Mukhtarov, Timur, and Firdaus Khisamitdinova. "History and Sociology of Bashkir: Archival Dialect Materials from Ufa Federal Research Centre of the RAS (Scientific Archive, Collections of Rare Books and Manuscripts)." Бюллетень Калмыцкого научного центра Российской академии наук 3, no. 19 (December 28, 2021): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2587-6503-2021-3-19-114-125.
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Introduction. The article examines early-to-mid 20th century Bashkir dialect materials stored at archival collections of Ufa Federal Research Centre (RAS). Goals. The study aims at interpreting and identifying the dialect materials for available documents related to history and sociology of the Bashkir language. Materials and methods. The work analyzes reports and other documents of 1920s–1930s dialect and comprehensive research expeditions supervised by N. Dmitriev, as well as old printed books, dictionaries and other 18th–19th century materials from the Scientific Library and collections of rare books and manuscripts. The main research methods employed are descriptive, comparative, and diachronic ones. Results. The paper shows that participants of expeditions succeeded in collecting not only linguistic and folklore materials but also that dealing with sociology of Bashkir. Moreover, the former not only examined the language situation but also made their proposals on the language of instruction in the field, thus improving the literary language, compiling dictionaries and textbooks. Conclusions. The most valuable materials on history and sociology of the Bashkir language have been deposited in archives of Ufa Federal Research Centre (RAS). Those reflect 18th – 20th century linguistic peculiarities, specifics of language policy, state of the Bashkir language in crucial years of the 20th century
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Nerlich, Brigitte, and David D. Clarke. "Polysemy." Historiographia Linguistica 24, no. 3 (January 1, 1997): 349–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.24.3.07ner.
Full textAbstract:
Summary 40 years ago Stephen Ullmann wrote that polysemy was the pivot of semantics. He was referring then to traditional synchronic and diachronic semantics. Nowadays, some 40 years later, polysemy has again become a central topic in cognitive semantics. This article traces the history of this important concept, from Antiquity to the first half of the 20th century. Bréal’s treatment of polysemy is the pivot around which the article itself turns, as it was Bréal who invented the term ‘polysemy’ a century ago.
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Kreiner, Josef. "Brief Remarks on Paradigm Shifts in Japanese Anthropology during the 20th Century." GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON JAPAN, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 23–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.62231/gp1.160001a01.
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Anthropological thinking has a long history in Japan and had already reached a rather high level during the Edo period. For these “roots”, I refer to the very compact and up to now the best review in a Western language by the founder of folklore studies in modern Japan, Yanagita Kunio (Yanagida (sic!) 1944). In this paper, I will restrict myself, however, to the developments starting from the beginning of the modernization of Japan since the Meiji Restauration of 1868. Under the term “anthropology” I summarize here ethnology (cultural and/or social anthropology) and folklore studies (both referred to in Japanese as minzokugaku, but written with different characters), but will also include parts of neighboring sciences, such as sociology, linguistics, archaeology and prehistory, and physical anthropology, as far as they pertain to the central questions dealt with by the former.
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Selihey, P. O. "Failed language predictions: history giving lessons." Movoznavstvo 313, no. 4 (September 10, 2020): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-313-2020-4-001.
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The external history of individual languages shows attempts to predict their future. Time has shown that these predictions were both true and false. The article on the material of some languages analyzes what exactly predicted them in the past and what happened to them later. For example, in 16–17th centuries English was perceived as «backward» and «peasant», which should give way to a more perfect Latin. In the middle of the 20th century the Russian language was foretold the status of a world language after the victory of communism throughout the world. Quite often predictions about the near death of languages experiencing linguicide turned out to be false. Fr. Engels predicted the disappearance of «small» Slavic peoples and their languages (Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes). In the 18th century, the Swedish administration predicted the rapid disappearance of the «hopeless» Finnish language. Sometimes optimistic forecasts were not confirmed either. At one time, nobody could foresee the rapid decline of Yiddish. As a result of the Nazi Holocaust and the subsequent assimilation of the Jews, the demographic power of this language decreased by more than 20 times. At the same time, Hebrew has unexpectedly overcome the opposite path during the incomplete century: from a half dead book language to a universal means of communication in all communicative spheres. The history of the Ukrainian language abounds with predictions of its imminent decline. The respective forecasts were given not only by assimilators, but also by native speakers. Thus, in the 19th century one of the motives for compiling grammar and dictionaries was the fear that in the future it would be impossible to do so, as the language is doomed to death. From chauvinistic point of view the Ukrainian language was perceived as unviable, which served as a basis for administrative oppressions and prohibitions. The misconceptions about its futility and near death existed in fact until the end of the 20th century. Unfulfilled predictions about the decline of languages give reason to formulate a recommendation: even if the language is subject to linguicide, it is not necessary to be pessimistic and to lose heart. The belief in a better future, the position «not to give up under any circumstances», the guide to an uncompromising fight for the language is practically expedient and psychologically advantageous. The second conclusion: there are still no reliable forecasting methods in linguistics. This is a big gap, because, apart from cognitive function, science must also have a predictive function. Prediction of the future of the language should become a topical task of modern linguistics.
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Pecchia, Cristina, Johanna Buss, and Alaka A. Chudal. "Print Cultures in the Making in 19th- and 20th-Century South Asia: Beyond Disciplinary Boundaries." Philological Encounters 6, no. 1-2 (July 23, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519197-bja10019.
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Abstract The study of the history of print technology in South Asia is a multidisciplinary enterprise which involves attentive consideration of the cultural and linguistic diversity of the region, as well as of the historical time in which print technology was massively adopted, namely the colonial period. Here, we focus on the complex fabric of relationships between print and modes of recording and using texts in long present oral and manuscript cultures, also pointing out the limits of applying interpretative models based on the cultural history of Europe to the histories of print in South Asia. Furthermore, we present aspects of the formative stage of print cultures concerning Vedic, Limbu, Nepali, Newari, and Tamil textual traditions—which are studied in the essays of this special issue. This multi-layered perspective helps making sense of social and cultural dynamics concerning the uses of printed books, the (new) meanings associated with them, and the formation of hegemonic configurations within literary and religious traditions.
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Sharaeva, Tatyana I. "Особенности иконографии в калмыцкой вышивке: традиционные и современные практики." Oriental Studies 14, no. 2 (July 20, 2021): 314–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-54-2-314-336.
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Introduction. The Kalmyks are a Mongolic Buddhist people that arrived in the Volga region in the 17th century. The specific ethnic features of Buddhism professed by the Kalmyks took shape over centuries of Russian suzerainty and were determined by various historical factors, including prolonged remoteness from Buddhist centers, the total eradication of Buddhist monasteries and centuries-long ban on spiritual guidance experienced in the 20th century, and the official Buddhist restoration by the early 21st century. Goals. The work aims at identifying and comparing traditional and contemporary Buddhist thangka patterns as elements to mirror particular features of Kalmyk iconography, as essential objects of religious cult and cultural heritage at large. Results. The paper shows that in the pre-20th century period Kalmyks used different techniques for producing thangkas — painting, embroidery, and applique ones. In the late 18th century onwards, imports of religious attributes from Tibet and Mongolia were restricted, and the role of art workshops affiliated to local Buddhist temples increased. That resulted in further development of thangka painting schools and the shaping of somewhat ethnic style in depicting Buddhist deities characterized by certain differences from canonical images. The old thangkas from private and public collections have served a basis for the restoration of ethnic painting traditions integral to Kalmykia’s Buddhism proper. The contemporary practices of producing divine images are closely related to stages in the regional development of Buddhism from the late 20th century to the present, lay Buddhist experiences, women’s leisure-time activities, and ethnic entrepreneurship. The study concludes contemporary Kalmyk needlewomen are guided by traditional rules of religious craftsmanship.
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Lipai, Tatyana. "Лингвострановедческие параметры профессионально-отраслевой динамики современного специалиста / Linguistic and Cultural Parameters of the Professional and Industry Dynamics of a Modern Specialist." Supplement 9, no. 1 (July 24, 2021): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37710/plural.v9i1s_9.
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The relevance of the sociological problems of linguistic studies intensified in the second half of the 20th century, which was caused by social reasons, including the opportunity to use the process of mass learning of foreign languages to spread the strengthening of the policies of individual states. The author has specified the concept of “culture-oriented linguistics” for sociological consideration, since it is understood differently in different sources, and prospects of experimental studying. Within the framework of this study, an emphasis is placed on studying the influence of linguistic and cultural characteristics of communication space, including multilingualism, for the modern specialists. The priority is not just the knowledge of the language, but the development and formation of a multicultural personality. The topic of multiculturalism occupies a special place in the process of acquiring educational competencies.
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Lukin, Oleg V. "«The Outline of Universal Grammar» by L. H. Jakob: German philosophical grammar in Russia." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 1, no. 24 (2021): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2021-1-24-112-120.
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The article looks at one of the most famous philosophical grammars written in Russia by Professor L. H. Jakob, a German philosopher, economist and lawyer. The author of the article gives a detailed analysis of the scientist's life against the background of historical events in Germany and Russia at the beginning of the of the XIX century. The author also highlights the details of his scientific career, the history of creation, use and disappearance of his main and only linguistic philosophical work «The Outline of Universal Grammar», all the facts being studied from the perspective of narrative linguistic historiography. Born into a family of farmers, he becomes rector of the University in Halle. However, the Napoleon invasion of the country forces him to flee to Kharkov and start teaching and research activities at the University there. Two years later he moves to St-Petersburg and works in the Ministry of Finance. After less than ten years in Russia, he returns to his alma mater. This article refers to the facts of instability in political and educational life of Russian society during the reign of Alexander I, and highlights their negative impact on both L. H. Jakob’s personal life and his philosophical grammar. The author of the article quotes extensively both from 19thand 20th-century biographical publications and from well-known works on the history of linguistics. The author also refers to works from certain branches of linguistics, which acknowledge the scientist’s contribution to linguistics in general and Russian linguistics in particular. The reasons for both the publication and the defeat of L. H. Jakob's grammar reflected the changing national political environment and the unstable situation in public education in the Russian Empire. Nevertheless, whatever the circumstances, they in no way diminish the significance of this work among other philosophical grammars.
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Oniga, Renato, and Alessandro Re. "L’analyse synchronique des composés nominaux du latin hier et aujourd’hui." L'antiquité classique 86, no. 1 (2017): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/antiq.2017.3907.
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Synchronical Analysis of the Nominal Compounds in Latin : Yesterday and Today – The study of nominal compounds in classical antiquity shows some similarities with contemporary linguistics, especially generative grammar. Ancient grammarians wished to develop a synchronic typology based on the inflectional features of the two members of the compound and the presence of the derivation. The introduction of syntactic criteria and the identification of the special characteristics of bahuvrīhi compounds are the main achievements of the Indian grammarians. Starting from a fundamentally Sanskrit typology, Latin linguistics in the 19th and 20th century attempted to develop new theories.
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Falk, Julia S. "Turn to the History of Linguistics: Noam Chomsky and Charles Hockett in the 1960s." Historiographia Linguistica International Journal for the History of the Language Sciences 30, no. 1-2 (2003): 129–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.30.1-2.05fal.
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SUMMARY In the 1940s and 1950s, the leading proponents of American synchronic linguistics showed little interest in the history of linguistics. Some attention to historiography occurred in subfields of linguistics closest to the humanities — linguistic anthropology, historical linguistics, modern European languages — but the ‘science of language’ developed by Leonard Bloomfield and his descriptivist followers demanded autonomy from other disciplines and from the past. Increasing American contact with European linguistics during the 1950s culminated in the 1962 Ninth International Congress of Linguists in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Here Noam Chomsky presented a plenary session paper that appeared in print in four versions between 1962 and 1964, each version incorporating an increasing amount of discussion of the early 20th-century precursors to the descriptivists and a number of 17th- and 19th-century studies of language and mind. Charles Hockett responded by organizing his 1964 presidential address to the Linguistic Society of America as a history of linguistics, emphasizing periods, figures, and ideas not included in Chomsky’s work. Historiographers of the time recognized a surge of American interest in the history of linguistics beginning in the early 1960s and most attributed it largely to Chomsky’s work. Historiographic publication increased significantly among the descriptivists; at the same time it emerged among the generativists, most of whom followed Chomsky in exploring pre-20th-century philosophical ideas or reconsidering concepts and practices of the descriptivists’ forerunners. The resulting visibility and impetus to the history of linguistics contributed to the foundation upon which linguistic historiography matured in North America in the later decades of the 20th century.RÉSUMÉ Durant les années quarante et cinquante, les chercheurs les plus importants en linguistique synchronique américaine ne manifestèrent que peu d ‘intérêt envers l’histoire de la linguistique. On accorda une certaine attention à l’historiographie au sein de sous-domaines de la linguistique liés plus intimement aux sciences humaines, tels que l’anthropologie linguistique, la linguistique historique ou les langues européennes modernes, mais la ‘science du langage’ qui avait vu le jour sous Leonard Bloomfield et ses disciples descriptivistes se devait d ‘être autonome face aux autres domaines d’études comme face au passé. La croissance des liens entre linguistes américains et européens durant les années cinquante culmina lors du neuvième congrès internationaldes linguistes, à Cambridge, au Massachusetts, en 1962. Noam Chomsky y fit une présentation de session plénière qui apparaîtra en quatre versions écrites entre 1962 et 1964, chaque nouvelle version soulevant de plus en plus de points liés aux précurseurs, au début du XXe siècle, des descriptivistes, ainsi qu’à un nombre d’études, datant du XVIIe au XIXe siècle, traitant de la langue et de la pensée. En réponse à cela, Charles Hockett, dans son discours présidentielde 1964 à la Linguistic Society of America, présenta une histoire de la linguistique, soulignant les époques, les individus marquants et les idées dont ne tenait compte Chomsky dans ses travaux. Les historiographes de l’époque constatèrent un vif intérêt américain vis-à-vis l’histoire de la linguistique au début des années soixante, et, pour la plupart, l’attribuèrent aux travaux de Chomsky. De la part des descriptivistes on assista à une croissance du nombre d’écrits traitant d’historiographie, comme de la part des générativistes, dont la plupart suivirent Chomsky en ce qu’ils exploraient des idées philosophiques antérieures au vingtième siècle ou portaient un regard nouveau sur les concepts et la réalité des précurseurs des descriptivistes. La visibilité et la poussée de l’avant données ainsi à l’histoire de la linguistique ont contribué à la base d’où on verra croître l’historiographie linguistique en Amérique du Nord lors des dernières décennies du XXe siècle.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In den 1940er und 1950er Jahren zeigten die führenden Vertreter der amerikanischen synchronischen Linguistik wenig Interesse für die Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft. In einigen Nebenbereichen der Sprachforschung, die mit den Geisteswissenschaften verbunden waren, z.B. in der sprachwissenschaftlichen Anthropologie, der historischen Sprachwissenschaft oder der moderne europäischen Sprachforschung, schenkte man der Geschichtsschreibung Aufmerksamkeit, aber die von Leonard Bloomfield etablierte ‘Wissenschaft der Sprache’ und seine deskriptivistischen Nachfolger verlangten Unabhängigkeit von weiteren und älteren Wissensgebieten. Zunehmende amerikanische Beziehungen mit europäischen Sprachwissenschaftlern in den 1950er Jahren erreichten den Höhepunkt bei dem 9. Internationalem Linguisten-Kongress der in Cambridge, Massachusetts, im August 1962 statt fand. Hier hat Noam Chomsky in der Plenarsitzung seine wissenschaftliche Abhandlung vorgelegt, die zwischen 1962 und 1964 in vier verschiedenen Fassungen veröffentlicht wurde. Jede Version enthielt weitere Erörterungen der deskriptivistischen Vorläufer des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts, sowohl wie einige Studien zum Thema ‘Sprache und Geist’ des 17. und 19. Jahrhunderts. Charles Hockett erwiderte darauf, in dem er in seinem Vortrag d.J. 1964 als Präsident der Linguistic Society of America die Geschichte der Linguistik die Zeitspannen, Persönlichkeiten und Begriffe, die nicht in Chomskys Darstellung vorkamen, hervorhob. Die damaligen Historiographen erkannten hierin einen plötzlichen Anstieg des amerikanische Interesses für die Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft, das die meisten hauptsächlich auf Chomskys Abhandlung zurückführten. Historigraphische Arbeiten vermehrten sich bedeutend bei den Deskriptivisten; zur gleichen Zeit traten sie auch bei den Generativisten hervor, die Chomsky in der Untersuchung der philosophischen Gedanken der Zeit vor dem 20. Jahrhundert folgten oder die Ideeen und Arbeiten der deskriptivistischen Vorgänger von neuem erwägten. Dieses Interesse trug schließlich zur Stärkung der Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft bei, so daß die linguistische Historiographie in Nordamerika sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten des 20. Jahrhunderts voll entwickeln konnte.
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Makarenko, V. P. "The Problem of the Applicability of the Concept of Paradigm to the Philosophical Process." Политическая концептология: журнал метадисциплинарных исследований, no. 4 (December 28, 2023): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2949-0707.2023.4.611.
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Since the second half of the 20th century, Kuhn's concept has been used in philosophy of natural science, sociology and history of science, biology, medicine, political sciences, economics and history of economics, anthropology and history of anthropology, psychology and history of psychoanalysis, theory of art and literature, mathematics, linguistics. A.P. Ogurtsov and S.S. Neretina systematized the controversial issues of this concept, including the question of the qualification of philosophy as a discipline. The author joined this discussion in the process of reconstructing the political philosophy of M.K. Petrov. This article discusses several new topics related to the interpretation of T. Kuhn's concept.
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Győrffy, Erzsébet. "A svéd névtudományról és helynévkutatásról." Névtani Értesítő 29 (December 27, 2007): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29178/nevtert.2007.22.
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This paper deals with the 20th century history of Swedish onomatology, an important branch of European onomastics, with special regard to place-name studies. The author discusses the institutional background of the discipline; onomastic societes, institutions, conferences, and periodicals are enumerated. Achievements in the field of examining place-name types are presented by reviewing the most important relevant studies. The author also describes the role of onomastics in higher education.
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Joseph Ottenheimer, Harriet. "Spelling Shinzwani." Written Language and Literacy 4, no. 1 (March 19, 2001): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.4.1.03jos.
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This paper surveys the history of dictionary construction and orthographic choice in the Comoros — a former French colony in the Indian Ocean — with special reference to issues of literacy, identity, and politics. Evidence ranging from 16th century wordlists to contemporary bilingual/bidirectional dictionaries, as well as colonial, missionary, and scholarly approaches to lexicography and orthography in the Comoros, are examined and compared. While Arabic-influenced writing systems have a long history in the Comoros, the experiences of colonialism and independence in the 20th century introduced French- and phonemically-influenced systems. As the Comoros move into the 21st century, linguists and ethnographers are attempting to assist with questions of standardization, literacy, and dictionary construction. The situation remains fluid, with considerations of tradition, modernity, nationalism, and representation to be taken into account. This paper seeks to address the complex interrelationships between orthographic choice and ethnic identity in the Comoros, with special reference to the development of the first bilingual/bidirectional Shinzwani-English dictionary.
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Hung, Eva. "The Role of the Foreign Translator in the Chinese Translation Tradition, 2nd to 19th Century." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 11, no. 2 (December 31, 1999): 223–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.11.2.03hun.
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Abstract This is the first comprehensive study of the crucial role non-Chinese translators played in China's translation history. Drawing from records of three peak periods of translation activities in China, some dating back to as early as the mid-2nd century, the author presents the case of China's traditional reliance on foreign assistance in culturally important translation work, and argues that this was a direct result of the norms within mainstream Chinese culture. The article also explains how China's translation tradition underwent a dramatic change at the turn of the 20th century, and the disruptive effects this has had on translation scholarship.