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Dankovicova, Jana. "The linguistic basis of articulation rate variation in Czech." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264551.
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Geng, Christian. "A cross-linguistic study on the phonetics of dorsal obstruents." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät II, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16077.
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Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit den artikulatorischen und perzeptiven Charakteristika der palatalen Artikulationsstelle, wobei der empirische Schwerpunkt auf der Untesuchung des ungarischen palatalen Obstruenten liegt. Die Motivation für diese Forschungsfrage ist der Tatsache geschuldet dass sich eine beträchtliche Anzahl instrumentalphonetischer Arbeiten sowohl aus dem Bereich Sprachproduktion als auch aus dem Bereich Perzeption mit den drei Hauptartikulationsstellen - labial, alveolar und velar - auseinandergesetzt hat. Im Vergleich dazu befasst sich vergleichsweise wenig Forschungsliteratur mit der der Klasse der Paltale. Der einleitende Teil der Arbeit fasst die theoretischen Ansätze zum Thema sowohl aus phonologischer als auch aus phonetischer Sicht zusammen. Die Ergebnisse des empirischen Teils der Arbeit demonstrieren einige durch palatale Segmente hervorgerufene instrusive Effekte, wenn diese als zusätzliche Antworkategorie zu den drei Hauptartikulationsstellen in Experimenten zur kategorialen Wahrnehmung präsentiert werden. Artikulatorische Studien mittels Elektormagnetischer Artikulographie (EMA) weisen den ungarischen Palatal als dorsopalatal mit diesbezügluch charakteristischen koartikulatorischen und biomechanischen Features aus.This dissertation presents articulatory and perceptual characteristics of the palatal place of articulation with the focus on the Hungarian palatal obstruent. This research question is motivated by the fact that a lot of instrumental research in perceptual but also articulatory phonetics has concentrated on the study of the three major - labial, alveolar and velar - places of articulation whereas substantially less attention has been devoted to segments from the palatal class. The introductory part summarises the relevant foundations from both phonetic and phonological perspectives. Empirical cross-linguistic work demonstrates some intrusive effects of the palatal segment when introduced in an experimental setup manipulating transitional parameters in a Categorical Perception study. Studies by means of Electromagnetic Articulography phonetically qualify the Hungarian palatal as a dorsopalatal with characteristic coarticulatory and biomechanic features.
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Cham, Hoi-yee Rebecca. "A cross-linguistic study of the development of the perception of lexical tones and phones." Click to view the E-thesis via HKU Scholars Hub, 2003. http://lookup.lib.hku.hk/lookup/bib/B38823299.
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Thesis (B.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2003."A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, April 30, 2003." Includes bibliographical references (p. 25-28) Also available in print.
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Wong, Patrick Chun Man. "Hemispheric specialization of the processing of linguistic pitch contrasts." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3037024.
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Lo, Lap-yan. "Tonal perception and its implication for linguistic relativity." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B39848978.
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Laver, J. D. M. H. "Individual features in voice quality." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376885.
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Lo, Lap-yan, and 盧立仁. "Tonal perception and its implication for linguistic relativity." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39848978.
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Graham, Calbert Rechardo. "The phonetics and phonology of late bilingual prosodic acquisition : a cross-linguistic investigation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708188.
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Dabkowski, Meghan Frances. "Variable Vowel Reduction in Mexico City Spanish." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1531994893143203.
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Mooney, Damien. "Linguistic transfer and dialect levelling : a sociophonetic analysis of contact in the regional French of Béarn." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:94335403-43f6-419a-b13a-9de0557a86b2.
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This thesis investigates the genesis and evolution of the regional variety of French spoken in Béarn, southwestern France, by considering phonetic and phonological changes taking place in two different contact situations: language contact between French and Béarnais, and dialect contact with other contemporary varieties of French. Through an examination of linguistic transfer, in a situation of bilingualism, and of levelling and diffusion during dialect contact, the thesis challenges two long-standing assumptions about regional French: that it results from ‘substrate residue’ and that this ‘residue’ is ephemeral and will therefore be lost over time. The methodology is sociophonetic, combining traditional Labovian data collection techniques with detailed acoustic phonetic analysis. The acoustic analyses focus on the mid-vowel and nasal unit systems of Béarnais and French, first examining L1-to-L2 transfer and subsequently investigating apparent-time changes taking place in regional French as a result of dialect contact. The findings show that, while this variety of regional French contains clear cases of ‘substrate residue’ from Béarnais, its formation during language contact is better accounted for by a combination of linguistic transfer, divergence and innovation, with structural correspondences between the surface phonologies of the languages influencing the outcomes of contact in each case, as predicted by Flege’s Speech Learning Model. The assumption that regional French features are transitory is refuted: the results of the apparent-time study show that young speakers in Béarn are not simply involved in the wholesale adoption of the northern French norm over time. Contemporary regional French in Béarn is shown to constitute a distinctive combination of local, supralocal and innovative features resulting primarily from the various mechanisms which constitute Kerswill’s model of Regional Dialect Levelling.
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Muxika, Loitzate Oihane. "The Role of Bilingualism in Phonological Neutralization: Sibilant Mergers in the Case of Basque-Spanish Contact." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1591977014269108.
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Fras, Jona Jan. "Linguistic practice on contemporary Jordanian radio : publics and participation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31208.
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Contemporary studies of media Arabic often pass over issues of media form and the broader relevance of language use. The present thesis addresses these issues directly by examining the language used in Jordanian non-government radio programmes. It examines recordings and transcriptions of a range of programme genres - primarily, morning talk shows and 'service programmes' (barāmiž ḳadamātiyya), and Islamic advice programmes, both of which feature significant audience input via call-ins. The data are examined through an interpretive form of discourse analysis, drawing on linguistic anthropological theory that analyses language as a form of performance, through comparison of radio programmes as 'units of interaction'. This is supported by sociolinguistic data obtained from the recordings, including phoneme frequency analysis, in addition to the author's experience of 6 months of fieldwork in Jordan in 2014-15. The analysis focuses on four major themes: (1) the influence of media context, specifically the sonic exclusivity and temporal evanescence of radio, on language use, as well as the impact of digital media; (2) the indexicality of certain locally salient sociolinguistic variables, and the use to which they are put in radio talk; (3) the role of language in constructing the identity, or persona, of broadcasters; and (4) the role of language in constructing and validating authoritative discourse, in particular that of Islamic texts and scripture in religious programming. Through its analysis of these themes, using selected recording excerpts as demonstrative case studies, this thesis shows that specific strategies of Arabic use in the radio setting crucially affect both the publics - the addressed audiences - of radio talk, as well as the frameworks of participation in this talk - how and to what extent broadcasters and members of the public can participate in mediated discourse. The results demonstrate the unique value of an interpretive study of linguistic performance for highlighting broader social issues, including the inclusion and exclusion of particular segments of the society through linguistic strategies - Jordanians versus non-Jordanians, Ammanis versus non-Ammanis, and pious Muslims versus non-believers; and the use of language to reassert, or occasionally challenge, dominant ideologies and discourses, such as those of gender, nationalism, and religion. This study thus contributes an examination of contemporary Jordanian non-government radio language in its social and political context - something which has not been attempted before, and which provides important insights regarding both the nature of contemporary Arabic media language and its broader social and cultural import.
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Wei, Peipei. "Cross-Linguistic Perception and Learning of Mandarin Chinese Sounds by Japanese Adult Learners." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/22279.
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This dissertation presents a cross-linguistic investigation of how nonnative sounds are perceived by second language (L2) learners in terms of their first language (L1) categories for an understudies language pair---Japanese and Mandarin Chinese. Category mapping experiment empirically measured the perceived phonetic distances between Chinese sounds and their most resembling Japanese categories, which generated testable predictions on discriminability of Chinese sound contrasts according to Perception Assimilation Model (PAM). Category discrimination experiment obtained data concerning L2 learners' actual performance on discrimination Chinese sounds. The discrepancy between PAM's predictions and actual performances revealed that PAM cannot be applied to L2 perceptual learning. It was suggested that the discriminability of L2 sound contrasts was not only determined by perceived phonetic distances but probably involved other factors, such as the distinctiveness of certain phonetic features, e.g. aspiration and retroflexion.
The training experiment assessed the improvement of L2 learners' performance in identifying Chinese sound contrasts with exposure to high variability stimuli and feedback. The results not only proved the effectiveness of training in shaping L2 learners' perception but showed that the training effects were generalizable to new tokens spoken by unfamiliar talkers.
In addition to perception, the production of Chinese sounds by Japanese learners was also examined from the phonetic perspective in terms of perceived foreign accentedness. Regression of L2 learners' and native speakers foreign accentedness ratings against acoustic measurements of their speech production revealed that although both segmental and suprasegmental variables contributed to the perception of foreign accent, suprasegmental variables such as total and intonation patterns were the most influential factor in predicting perceived foreign accent.
To conclude, PAM failed to accurately predict learning difficulties of nonnative sounds faced by L2 learners solely based on perceived phonetic distances. As Speech Learning Model (SLM) hypothesizes, production was found to be driven by perception, since equivalence classification of L2 sounds to L1 categories prevented the establishment of a new phonological category, thus further resulted in divergence in L2 production. Although production was hypothesized to eventually resemble perception, asynchrony between production and perception was observed due to different mechanisms involved.
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Levi, Susannah V. "The representation of underlying glides : a cross-linguistic study /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8406.
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Santos, Jeylla Salomé Barbosa dos. "As realizações de /R/ rm coda silábica na comunidade de Porto da Rua, litoral norte de Alagoas : análise lingüística e sociolinguística." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2010. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/487.
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In the light of the Theory of Variation and Change and Generative Phonology, in this study, aims to investigate the performance of a segment /R/ in the community of Porto da Rua (in the northern coast of Alagoas). The phonetic environment in which this realization occurs was determined, as well as the influence of extralinguistic factors analysed. The corpus for this research consisted of 48 informants among men and women born in the community. The categorization of data and statistical analysis were done using the package VARBRUL. Data were coded according to linguistic and social groups of factors (GF). The results indicated that the variant under study may be undergoing a process of linguistic change, since those responsible for spreading the informants are not in school and age over 50 years. Data collection was done through recordings with spontaneous narratives. The objective is thus to study the correlation between linguistic phenomena and stratified external variables (gender, age and education).Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas
À luz da Teoria da Variação e Mudança e da Fonologia gerativa, pretendeu-se, neste estudo, investigar a realização de um segmento /R/ na comunidade de Porto da Rua (litoral norte de Alagoas). Determinamos o ambiente fonético em que essa realização ocorre e verificamos a influência de fatores extralinguísticos. O corpus para a pesquisa constituiu-se de dados de fala, gravados em áudio, de textos espontâneos produzidos por 48 informantes, homens e mulheres nascidos (e que viveram sempre) na comunidade. A categorização dos dados e a análise estatística foram feitas com a utilização do pacote VARBRUL. Os dados foram codificados de acordo com grupos de fatores (GF) linguísticos e sociais. Objetivou-se, dessa forma, estudar a correlação entre fenômenos linguísticos e variáveis externas estratificadas (sexo, faixa etária e escolarização). Os resultados indicaram que a variante em estudo pode estar passando por um processo de mudança linguística, uma vez que os responsáveis pela sua realização são os informantes não escolarizados e a faixa etária com mais de 50 anos.
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Müller, Daniela. "Developments of the lateral in occitan dialects and their romance and cross-linguistic context." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00674530.
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This thesis analyses sound changes that affected the lateral approximant inherited from Latin in Occitan dialects, in the Romance languages, and in a number of other languages from around the world. Chapter 1 gives a comprehensive overview of the research carried out on the lateral approximant; it discusses articulation and acoustics as well as abstract representations of the sound. Chapters 2 to 5 are devoted to specific sound changes which occurred in Occitan dialects at different points in time. These developments are systematically compared to similar phenomena in Romance and other languages. In chapter 2, I discuss the vocalisation of the dark lateral in preconsonantal and word-final position as well as intervocalically. It is argued there that Occitan and more generally Romance followed an unexpected pathway towards vocalisation, which cannot be explained by phonetic factors alone. Chapter 3 deals with palatalisation of the lateral in onsetclusters. Rather than in articulatory assimilation, I propose that the origin of this sound change is to be sought in the frication which accompanied the obstruent + lateral onset clusters. Rhoticisation of the lateral, and its opposite, lambdacisation of the rhotic, is the topic of chapter 4. In this chapter, I discuss duration factors in these sound changes and present experimental evidence to substantiate the idea that duration plays an important role. Finally, chapter 5 looks at thedevelopments of the Latin geminate lateral in Gascon and other Romance dialects; according to common opinion, the Latin geminate lateral underwent a retroflexion process, and I discuss how this might have been possible from a phonetic point of view.
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Duran, Daniel [Verfasser], and Grzegorz [Akademischer Betreuer] Dogil. "Computer simulation experiments in phonetics and phonology : simulation technology in linguistic research on human speech / Daniel Duran. Betreuer: Grzegorz Dogil." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1045195227/34.
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Winters, Stephen James. "Empirical investigations into the perceptual and articulatory origins of cross-linguistic asymmetries in place assimilation." Connect to this title online, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1054756426.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xx, 351 p.; also includes graphics Includes bibliographical references (leaves 344-351). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Pinheiro, Isadora Massad Giani. "Aspectos fonológicos do português do sul de Goiás." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5829.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
This work presents the description of some phonological aspects in the southern region of Goiás State, in the cities of Orizona, Pires do Rio, Ipameri, Catalão, Três Ranchos, Corumbaíba, Buriti Alegre, Caldas Novas, Mineiros, Rio Verde, Jataí, Itumbiara, Cachoeira Dourada, Quirinópolis, São Simão, Edéia, Paraúna and Vianópolis. The analysis resulted from the answers given in the ALINGO (Linguistic Atlas of Goiás). For pedagogical reasons, these aspects were separated regarding the vowels, the syllables and the consonants. The observations performed about the vowels were related to the phonological possibilities for the phoneme /o/ in pretonic position, which analyzed the different productions of words like “armpit” (sovaco), “ankle” (tornozelo), “sob” (soluço) and “dew” (orvalho). The issue concerning the syllables approaches the nasalization and the oralization of the syllable “-gem” in the end of the words. In this analysis, it was used the realization of “rain drought” (estiagem), “swill” (lavagem) and “pod” (vagem). The chapter about the consonants addressed the oscillation between the employment of /g/ and /k/ in the word “corncob” (sabugo) in the south of Goiás speech. As theoretical fundamentals of the hypothesis worked in each phenomenon, it were used, mainly, the Historical Grammar and the Descriptive Linguistics. To introduce these descriptive chapters presented and explained the concepts of vowel sounds, syllable and consonantal sounds in order to facilitate the comprehension of occurred phenomena. Before the descriptive analysis, in the first chapter, there is a historical background of studies related to the sounds, which presents the development of the main theories in this scope, including the ones used as theoretical basis.
Este trabalho apresenta a descrição de alguns aspectos fonológicos na região sul do estado de Goiás, nas cidade de Orizona, Pires do Rio, Ipameri, Catalão, Três Ranchos, Corumbaíba, Buriti Alegre, Caldas Novas, Mineiros, Rio Verde, Jataí, Itumbiara, Cachoeira Dourada, Quirinópolis, São Simão, Edéia, Paraúna e Vianópolis. As análises partiram de respostas dadas ao questionário do ALINGO – Atlas linguístico de Goiás. Por questões didáticas esses aspectos foram separados quanto às vogais, às sílabas e às consoantes. As observações realizadas sobre as vogais se relacionaram às possibilidades fonológicas para o fonema /o/ em posição pré-tônica, que analisou as diferentes produções das palavras “sovaco”, “tornozelo”, “soluço” e “orvalho”. A questão referente às sílabas aborda a nasalização e a oralização da sílaba “-gem” em final de palavras. Para essa análise foram utilizadas as realizações de “estiagem”, “lavagem” e “vagem” O capítulo a respeito das consoantes tratou da oscilação entre o emprego de /g/ e /k/ na palavra “sabugo” no falar do sul de Goiás. Como fundamentação teórica das hipóteses trabalhadas em cada um dos fenômenos utilizaram-se, principalmente, aspectos da Gramática Histórica e da Linguística descritiva. Para introduzir esses capítulos descritivos, foram apresentados e explanados os conceitos dos sons vocálicos, das sílabas e dos sons consonantais, a fim de facilitar a compreensão dos fenômenos ocorridos. Antes das análises descritivas, no primeiro capítulo, há um percurso histórico dos estudos referentes aos sons, que apresenta o desenvolvimento das principais teorias desse âmbito, inclusive das que foram utilizadas como aporte teórico.
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Xavier, André Nogueira 1980. "Uma ou duas? Eis a questão! : um estudo do parâmetro número de mãos na produção de sinais da língua brasileira de sinais (Libras)." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/271137.
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Orientador: Plínio Almeida BarbosaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Os itens lexicais das línguas sinalizadas, tradicionalmente chamados de sinais, se caracterizam como sendo feitos com uma ou duas mãos. Por essa diferença articulatória ser usada contrastivamente nessas línguas, Klima e Bellugi (1979) propuseram a inclusão do número de mãos no conjunto de parâmetros sublexicais empregados na análise fonológica dos sinais. Neste trabalho, realiza-se um estudo desse parâmetro na produção de sinais da língua brasileira de sinais (libras) com foco tanto em casos nos quais sinais tipicamente articulados com uma mão são produzidos com duas (duplicação), quanto em casos em que sinais normalmente realizados com duas mãos são feitos com apenas uma (unificação) (JOHNSTON; SCHEMBRI, 1999). Além disso, analisam-se casos em que a mudança no número de mãos (de uma para duas) tem efeito sobre o significado do sinal ¿ não se caracterizando, portanto, como variação ¿, bem como casos em que a realização com uma ou duas mãos de certos sinais não altera o seu significado, constituindo, assim, variantes destes. Um dos achados deste estudo diz respeito à não-identificação de pares mínimos em que o único elemento de contraste lexical é o número de mãos. Em todos os casos levantados, a diferença no número de mãos nos sinais do par está sempre associada a diferenças em pelo menos um outro parâmetro fonológico do sinal (sua localização, seu movimento ou sua marcação não-manual). Dentre os casos em que a mudança no número de mãos altera o significado do sinal, inclui-se a expressão de intensidade, uma vez que se observa na libras a realização, com duas mãos, de sinais tipicamente articulados com uma mão quando estes têm seu significado intensificado. Os resultados do experimento realizado para eliciar formas intensificadas sugerem, no entanto, que esse processo é opcional na libras, pois sua ocorrência só foi atestada nas produções de seis dos 12 participantes do estudo e variou em relação à sua frequência e ao sinal ao qual estes o aplicaram. Este trabalho também evidenciou a ocorrência de variação livre no parâmetro número de mãos, bem como de variação motivada por fatores extra-linguísticos e pelo contexto fonético-fonológico. Em relação à variação livre, observou-se que os sinais que sofrem essa variação não formam uma classe homogênea: há casos em que a variante de uma mão é predominante e outros em que a de duas é mais frequente. Pelo menos para alguns dos sinais equilibrados (realizados com as duas mãos em movimento), parece haver uma correlação entre a variante predominante e a sua localização. Predomina a variante de uma mão para sinais equilibrados feitos na face e a de duas para sinais desse mesmo tipo feitos abaixo do pescoço, tendência já observada na língua de sinais americana (FRISHBERG, 1975). Já em relação à variação motivada por fatores extra-linguísticos, viu-se que a realização de sinais tipicamente feitos com duas mãos em situações em que uma delas está indisponível não equivale simplesmente à sua articulação com uma mão. Há casos em que outras estratégias são empregadas, tais como a substituição por um sinal sinônimo ou a mudança em sua localização, nos casos em que esta corresponde a uma região na mão indisponível. Por fim, em relação à variação motivada pelo contexto fonético-fonológico (coarticulação), observou-se que o número de mãos do sinal precedente ou seguinte pode explicar a realização com uma ou duas mãos de certos sinais. Entretanto, viu-se também que os sujeitos variam tanto em relação à sensibilidade que exibem ao contexto fonético-fonológico e à taxa de sinalização, quanto no que diz respeito ao(s) sinal(is) ao(s) qual(is) aplicam o processo
Abstract: Signed language lexical items, traditionally called signs, are characterized as one or two-handed. As this articulatory difference is used contrastively in these languages, Klima & Bellugi (1979) proposed the inclusion of the number of hands in the set of sublexical parameters used in the phonological analysis of signs. In this work, I offer an analysis of the parameter number of hands in the production of signs of Brazilian Sign Language (Libras), focusing on cases in which typical one-handed signs are produced with two hands (doubling) and others in which typical two-handed signs are realized with one hand only (singling) (Johnston & Schembri 1999). Furthermore, I analyze cases in which a change in the number of hands (from one to two) has effect on the meaning of the sign ¿ hence not characterizable as variation ¿ as well as cases in which the realization with one or two hands of certain signs does not change their meaning ¿ thus representing different variants of those signs. One of the findings of this study concerns the contrastiveness of the number of hands in Libras. No minimal pairs in which the number of hands is the only element used to contrast signs were identified. In all cases surveyed, the difference in the number of hands is always associated with differences in at least one other phonological parameter, that is, in their location, movement or nonmanual marks. Among the cases in which changing the number of hands changes the meaning of a sign is the expression of intensity, since in Libras some one-handed signs are observed to be produced with two hands when they have their meaning intensified. The results of the experiment designed to elicit the intensified forms of some signs suggest, however, that this process is optional in Libras, because its occurrence was only attested in the production of six of the 12 participants in the study and varied in relation to their frequency and the sign to which it was applied. This work has also demonstrated the occurrence of free variation in the number of hands for some Libras signs, as well as variation motivated by extra-linguistic factors and the phonetic-phonological context. Regarding free variation, the results showed that signs varying in their number of hands do not make up a homogeneous class: there are cases where the one-handed variant is predominant and others in which the two-handed one is more frequent. At least for some balanced signs, which are produced with both hands moving, there seems to be a correlation between the predominant variant and its location. The one-handed variant was more frequent for signs articulated on the face, whereas the two-handed variant occurred more frequently for signs produced in locations below the neck, a tendency already observed in American Sign Language (Frishberg 1975). As for the variation motivated by extra-linguistic factors, it was observed that the production of two-handed signs in situations where one hand is unavailable do not simply amount to their articulation with one hand. There are cases where other strategies are employed, such as the substitution of these signs for a synonym or a change in the sign location, when this location corresponds to a region in the unavailable hand. Finally, in relation to the variation motivated by the phonetic-phonological context (coarticulation), it was observed that the number of hands of the previous or following sign may influence the realization with one or two hands of certain signs. However, it was also observed that subjects vary in their sensitivity to the phonetic-phonological context and signing rate, as well as in relation to the sign to which they apply the process
Doutorado
Linguistica
Doutor em Linguística
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Pozzani, Denise 1981. "Gradientes alofônicos de oclusivas alveolares do português brasileiro em uma situação de contato dialetal." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270640.
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Orientador: Eleonora Cavalcante AlbanoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Esta pesquisa descreve aspectos gradientes de uma alofonia do português brasileiro (PB); trata-se da palatalização das oclusivas alveolares /t/ e /d/, que diante de /i/ passam a ser produzida preferencialmente como /t/ e /d/. As chamadas africadas ocorrem categoricamente em certos dialetos do PB, mas em outros estão em processo de implementação, já que são tidas como uma variedade de prestígio. São consideradas sons que apresentam certa instabilidade em suas fronteiras, além de uma estrutura temporal complexa. Sendo assim, a meta é descrever as nuances dos processos fonéticos das africadas em um grupo de falantes de Jundiaí-SP que passa pelo processo da variação, pelo fato de viajarem, diariamente, para Campinas-SP. Segundo estudos de Leite (2004, 2010), o falar da população de Campinas é considerado menos estigmatizado, e mais "intermediário" em relação ao dialeto da capital do que o modo de falar apresentado na maioria das cidades do interior de São Paulo. A partir da análise da fala de cinco estudantes do sexo masculino, verificou-se que a variação não é categórica ou irreversível, apresentando aspectos gradientes. As gravações foram feitas a partir da leitura, em diferentes taxas de elocução, de um conjunto de textos com palavras que apresentavam as oclusivas alveolares diante da vogal anterior. Além disso, também foram gravadas amostras de palavras em uma tarefa de repetição, em que controlamos as seguintes variáveis: freqüência de ocorrência na língua e posição silábica da consoante estudada. Para a análise, foram computadas as medidas de momentos espectrais (Forrest et. al. 1988). A partir da comparação dos momentos espectrais das africadas com os momentos espectrais de um conjunto de fricativas alveolares e pós-alveolares dos próprios sujeitos, estabeleceu-se, em um estudo transversal, o local de articulação das primeiras e a instabilidade das produções do grupo dos cinco sujeitos. A metodologia estatística utilizada foi a Análise de Variância (ANOVA) para medidas repetidas, seguida do teste post-hoc de Tukey, para discriminação das diferenças de local. Pelas análises estatísticas do conjunto de dados, pôde-se observar como cada parâmetro espectral se comporta e, assim, entender a mudança de lugar de articulação. Realizou-se também uma análise longitudinal com dois dos sujeitos, ao longo de um ano. Neste caso, a estatística descritiva de três coletas de dados mostrou que os dois sujeitos observados podem estar em estágios diferentes da implantação e que as estratégias de "reparar" a própria fala podem ser mais ou menos consistentes. Também foi possível verificar, pela análise da mudança de taxa de elocução, que, num caso, há mais controle do uso da variável inovadora na leitura normal do que na rápida. Para complementar as análises fonéticas, também foram feitas entrevistas com os sujeitos, a fim de verificar suas atitudes em relação ao próprio dialeto. Os resultados que investigaram a frequência de ocorrência não foram significativos e aqueles que investigaram posição tônica mostraram apenas alguns resultados com significância estatística. A Fonologia Gestual (Browman e Goldstein, 1992, 1995; Goldstein e Fowler, 2003) mostra-se adequada à descrição e ao modelamento de processos gradientes como este, porque suas postulações teóricas dão especial importância à dinâmica dos processos fonológicos. Além disso, incorporam com sucesso os fatores tempo e magnitude, diretamente relacionados à idéia de movimento dos articuladores
Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate palatalization of alveolar stops before [i] in a Brazilian Portuguese dialect, namely, that spoken in Jundiaí, a town in the state of São Paulo. Affricates occur in many dialects of Brazilian Portuguese as allophonic variation in such a context, while in others dialects alveolar stops are undergoing change towards them, as they are considered a prestige variety. Affricates present some instability in their borders, and a complex temporal structure. Thus, our goal is to describe phonetic detail in the affrication process, in a group of speakers who are implementing such a linguistic change, due to daily travels to Campinas. Studies by Leite (2004, 2010) show the dialect spoken in Campinas is considered less stigmatized and more "intermediate" than others from the same state. Encouraged by these results, we conducted five case studies with speakers from Jundiaí. Preliminary data of this five male students showed that affricates have continuous characteristics between alveolar stops and their post-alveolar counterparts. First recordings were made in a reading task. At different speech rates, subjects read a set of texts with words that had alveolar stops before the front high vowel. In addition, samples were also recorded in a word repetition task, with the following controlled variables: word frequency of occurrence in the language and syllabic stress. We measured spectral moments (FORREST et. al. 1988) and compared those measures to the spectral moments of a set of alveolar and post-alveolar fricatives. Conservative speakers were expected to prefer the alveolar productions, and less conservative ones were expected to prefer either post-alveolar or an intermediate production. The analyses were divided as follows. At first, we conducted a cross-sectional study, in witch we compared fricatives and affricates articulation of the five subjects using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures, followed by post-hoc test Tukey for discrimination of articulation place. Statistical analysis showed the behavior of each spectral parameter. Secondly, we conducted a longitudinal analysis of two subjects over a year. Descriptive statistics of spectral moments of three data session showed their speech at different stages, using different "repair" strategies; it also showed sufficient variation so as to indicate instability in affricate implementation. It also was observed, by changes in speaking rate, which subject were more consistent in the uses of innovation. To complement the phonetic analysis, interviews were conducted, in order to gather some of their attitudes toward their own dialect. Gestural Phonology (BROWMAN & GOLDSTEIN, 1992, 1995, GOLDSTEIN & FOWLER, 2003) has proven to be adequate for describing and modeling the gradient processes involved this variation. Since its theoretical postulates capture the dynamics of speech production over small stretches of time, we hope they also help illuminate the dynamics of language change
Mestrado
Linguistica
Mestre em Linguística
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Berglund, Hanna. "Stereotypes of British Accents in Movies : A Speech Analysis of Character Types in Movies with British Accents." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-33991.
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This essay deals with the use of linguistic stereotypes in three different movies with British accents, namely Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring and Narnia: The Lion the Witch and the Wardrobe, with a main focus on phonology. It investigates whether attitudes towards British accents found in studies about ideological beliefs about accent variation are reflected in the selected movies and discusses the notion of linguistic identity. The essay analyses how studies of perceived prestige and attractiveness of accents correlates to the character types males, females, main heroes, villains, comic relief and mentors in the selected movies. The essay finds a correlation between Received Pronunciation and every character type. It also finds that accents rated high on the discussed lists most often correlate to the character types mentor, villain and hero, while accents lower down on the list correlates with the character types comic relief and villains. The use of accents in these movies is probably intentional and not coincidental.
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Rost, Bagudanch Assumpció. "Variación en los procesos de palatalización de yod segunda (o cómo la sincronía permite la explicación de la diacronía)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31860.
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La evolución de Lj latina hacia el fonema /x/ del español actual ha sido descrita con gran detalle en la bibliografía especializada en diacronía. Sin embargo, en ella no se aportan razones fonéticas que permitan entender el porqué de este cambio. Por este motivo, en el presente trabajo se ha acudido a las obras de Lindblom, Ohala o Blevins (entre otros), quienes defienden que el estudio de la variación fonética sincrónica permite una extrapolación a los datos antiguos y, por lo tanto, una aproximación y posible explicación de los procesos históricos. Así pues, con el objetivo de dar cuenta tanto de las razones del cambio como de su difusión, se ha partido del análisis fonético experimental del habla y de los datos obtenidos del estudio dialectal de /l/ y /ʎ/. Los resultados obtenidos permiten comprender cómo pudo producirse la evolución que ha llevado a la aparición del fonema /x/.There has been plenty of papers which offered a description of the historical change from Lj in Latin to /x/ in current Spanish but most of them lack an explanation of its inner reasons. As a consequence, this investigation follows the theories held by authors like Lindblom, Ohala or Blevins, who suggest that the analysis of sinchronic phonetic variation may explain the nature of diachronic sound change. In order to account for the palatalization of the lateral sound in the last stages of Latin due to the arising of the glide and its evolution to /x/, we used empirical data from experimental phonetics and from dialectal studies. The combination of both makes possible to understand that the palatalization processes are attributable to inherent driving forces of the Spanish phonological system.
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Schaeffler, Felix. "Phonological Quantity in Swedish Dialects : Typological Aspects, Phonetic Variation and Diachronic Change." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Philosophy and Linguistics, Umeå University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-587.
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Valente, Tânia Sofia Gomes. "A língua portuguesa no canto lírico: um estudo de relações entre técnica vocal e fonética articulatória." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/12246.
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Esta investigação parte de um preconceito, generalizado entre a comunidade de cantores líricos, portugueses e estrangeiros, de que o português é uma língua difícil de cantar. Resolvemos tentar perceber de onde vinha este preconceito e se ele faria algum sentido em termos científicos. Tomando como ponto de partida G. R. Salvini, um prof. de canto do séc. XIX, pioneiro na preocupação com a questão do canto na Língua Portuguesa, numa época em que cantar ópera em italiano era uma prática quase instituída, olharemos para a relação entre canto e fonética portuguesa, ao longo de 4 capítulos. Cada capítulo tentará dar resposta a uma questão: 1- De onde vem o preconceito de cantar em português?2- Como funciona o aparelho fonador?3- Como funciona a língua portuguesa de um ponto de vista articulatório? 4- Como funciona o canto em língua portuguesa em termos acústicos?
Por fim, utilizando a tecnologia e os conhecimentos modernos sobre fonética e técnica vocal, que se foram desenvolvendo nos séc. XX e XXI, vamos identificar alguns sons potencialmente difíceis para o canto na Língua Portuguesa, e sugerir estratégias para os ultrapassar; ### Title: The Portuguese language in lyrical singing: a case study of relationships between phonetics and vocal technique
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The starting point of this research is a prejudice, widespread among the community of singers, both Portuguese and foreign, that Portuguese is a difficult language to sing.
We decided to try to understand the origin of this prejudice and if it would make any sense in scientific terms. Taking as a starting point G. R. Salvini, a singing teacher from the 19th Century, who was a pioneer in the concern with the issue of singing in Portuguese, at a time when singing opera in Italian was almost an established practice, we will look at the relationship between singing and Portuguese phonetics, through four chapters. Each chapter will attempt to answer a question: 1 – From where does the prejudice of singing in Portuguese come from? 2 - How does the vocal tract work? 3 - How does the Portuguese language work from the point of view of articulation ? 4 – How does singing in Portuguese work in acoustic terms?
Finally, using the technology and the modern knowledge of phonetics and vocal techniques that have been developed in the century. XX and XXI, we will identify some potentially difficult sounds for singing in Portuguese, and suggest strategies to overcome them.
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Langstrof, Christian. "Vowel Change in New Zealand English - Patterns and Implications." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Linguistics, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/930.
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This thesis investigates change in a number of phonological variables in New Zealand English (NZE) during a formative period of its development. The variables under analysis are the short front vowels /ɪ/, /ɛ/, /æ/, the front centring diphthongs /ɪə/ and /ɛə/, and the so-called 'broad A' vowel. The sample includes 30 NZE speakers born between the 1890s and the 1930s (the 'Intermediate period'). Acoustic analysis reveals that the short front vowel system develops into one with two front vowels and one central vowel over the intermediate period via a push chain shift. There is evidence for complex allophonisation in the speech of early intermediate speakers. I argue that duration plays an important role in resolving overlap between vowel distributions during this time. With regard to the front centring diphthongs there is approximation of the nuclei of the two vowels in F1/F2 space over the intermediate period as well as incipient merger in the speech of late intermediate speakers. Although the merger is mainly one of gradual approximation, it is argued that patterns of expansion of the vowel space available to both vowels are also found. The analysis carried out on the 'broad A' vowel reveals that whereas flat A was still present in the speech of the earlier speakers from the sample, broad A had become categorical toward the end of the intermediate period. It is shown that, by and large, the process involves discrete transfer of words across etymological categories. The final chapters discuss a number of theoretical implications. Processes such as the NZE front vowel shift suggest that a number of previously recognised concepts, such as 'tracks' and 'subsystems', may either have to be relaxed or abandoned altogether. It is argued that chain shifts of this type come about by rather simple mechanisms that have a strong resemblance to functional principles found in the evolution of organisms. A case for 'fitness' of variants of a given vowel will be made. Phonological optimisation, on the other hand, is not a driving force in this type of sound change.
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Bladon, R. A. W. "Auditory phonetics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354774.
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Cristino, Luciana dos Santos. "Bilingüismo e code-switching: um estudo de caso." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13934.
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Previous issue date: 2008-02-11Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This research aims at investigating the occurrence of code-switching in the speech of a late bilingual subject, under sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives. Code-switching or code alternation is a communicative strategy used by bilingual speakers in a given social situation. The word bilingual primarily describes someone who is proficient in two languages. This term can, however, also include the many people in the world who have varying degrees of proficiency in three, four or even more languages simultaneously (Wei, 2000) Adopting the parameters of qualitative research, we have done a case study of a 39-year-old Nigerian male bilingual who has lived in Brazil for about 6 years working as an English teacher and is married to a Brazilian. The data was collected by means of five different instruments: audio and video recording of an oral presentation of the subject to a group of students in a Brazilian school in a bilingual context (English/Portuguese), followed by an interview session; a closed individual interview recorded on audio tape, made by means of discrete questions; a written questionnaire in order to collect some personal data about the subject; a visual perception test to detect the preferential language in a free speech context; and an auto-confrontation or reflexive interview. Only the passages where the code-switching phenomenon occured were transcribed and analyzed. Some sentences of this corpus were selected for acoustic analysis and some charts of duration and F0 measures were made to analyze some prosody aspects of the native speaker when speaking the first language and the second language. The final results indicate that: (1) although the subject prefers the mother tongue (English), code-switching occurs in both ways: first language second language / second language first-tongue language; (2) the data analyses suggest that the subject uses different strategies for choosing lexical items, according to the context, the interlocutor, and the place, and that the change of the linguistic code appears most of the time initiated by the OK interjection. The emotional aspect is also worth mentioning: the subject is always worried about the interlocutor and wants to know whether he has made himself clear. The pronunciation of Portuguese words are heavily influenced by his first language; (3) we could observe, from the acoustic analyses , that the intonation curve of the yes/no questions produced in English bears much resemblance to English melodic patterning in that the subject keeps the the intonational aspects of the matrix language; (4) there is considerable alteration in the fonotaxe of some words used by the speaker; (5) the altered lexical item is replaced by words belonging to the same syntactic level
Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a ocorrência de code-switching na fala de um sujeito bilíngüe tardio (inglês/português), enfocando aspectos prosódicos e de uso lexical, sob uma perspectiva sociolingüística e psicolingüística. Code-switching ou alternância no código lingüístico é uma estratégia comunicativa usada pelo falante bilíngüe de acordo com a situação socialmente estabelecida. A palavra bilíngüe descreve primariamente alguém que seja proficiente em duas línguas. Este termo pode porém, ser usado para incluir muitas pessoas no mundo que tenham diversos níveis de proficiência em duas, três ou mais línguas simultaneamente (Wei, 2000). Seguindo os parâmetros da pesquisa qualitativa, fIzemos um estudo de caso de um bilíngüe do sexo masculino, com 39 anos de idade, nacionalidade Nigeriana, professor de língua inglesa, residente no Brasil há aproximadamente 6 anos e casado com uma brasileira. Os dados foram coletados por meio de cinco instrumentos distintos: gravação em áudio e vídeo de uma apresentação oral do sujeito de pesquisa acima citado a um grupo de alunos de uma escola brasileira em contexto bilíngüe (inglês/português), seguida de sessão de perguntas; uma entrevista fechada individual gravada em áudio, composta por perguntas pontuais; um questionário escrito para levantamento de dados pessoais do sujeito da pesquisa; um teste de percepção visual, para detectarmos a língua preferencialmente escolhida para o discurso livre; e uma auto-confrontação ou entrevista reflexiva. Foram transcritos e analisados apenas os trechos que ocorrem o code-switching. Foram selecionadas algumas sentenças deste corpus para a análise acústica e elaborados alguns gráficos das medidas de duração de F0 para análise dos aspectos prosódicos do falante nativo quando produz na primeira língua e na segunda língua. Os resultados obtidos indicam que: (1) embora o sujeito tenha preferência pela língua materna (inglês), o code-switching ocorre nos dois sentidos: primeira língua segunda língua / segunda língua primeira língua; (2) a análise dos dados trouxe à tona que o sujeito utiliza diferentes estratégias para escolha do léxico, de acordo com o contexto, do interlocutor, do local, e a mudança do código lingüístico aparece na maioria das vezes iniciado com a interjeição Ok . A questão emocional também aparece como um fator: o sujeito sempre se preocupa com o interlocutor, e com a compreensão das mensagens. A pronúncia das palavras do português é fortemente influenciada pela primeira língua do sujeito; (3) com o auxílio da análise acústica pudemos verificar que a curva entoacional de frases interrogativas totais produzidas em português revelam traços prosódicos do inglês, ou seja, o sujeito mantém a língua matriz nos aspectos entoacionais; (4) a fonotaxe sofre alteração em algumas palavras pelo falante utilizada; (5) o léxico alterado é substituído por palavras do mesmo nível sintático
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Teixeira, de Jesus Luis Miguel. "Acoustic phonetics of European Portuguese fricative consonants." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/426721/.
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The production of fricatives is not yet fully understood because the mechanism is particularly complex. Studies of Portuguese fricatives have been very limited, so in this thesis a novel methodology of corpus design, and temporal and spectral analysis techniques were developed to enhance our description of the acoustic properties, and to increase our understanding of the production of fricatives. The data presented in this thesis could be used to improve the naturalness of synthetic speech. Corpora were devised that included the fricatives /f, v, s, z, J, 3/ in the following contexts: sustained, repeated nonsense words of the form /PV1CV2/, Portuguese words containing fricatives in frame sentences, and the same set of words in sentences. Four subjects (two male, two female) were recorded saying the corpora, using a microphone in the acoustic far - field and a laryngograph. Temporal analysis of the fricatives revealed a large number of devoiced examples. Analysis of variance showed that devoicing was significantly more likely for word-final fricatives and posterior place of articulation. In addition to the fricatives listed above, we also noticed other fricatives occurring as allophones of / r , r / in 100 words out of 365. Durations of the fricative segments were comparable to /R, r / and thus shorter on average than fricatives / f , v, s, z, J, 3/. Some of the speech segments were continuous "noisy signals" very similar to those of fricatives. The spectral peak frequencies of the fricatives occurring in place of / a / were compared to the other fricatives, which indicated a place of articulation further back than /J, 3/, and compared to velar and uvular fricative results previously reported for other languages. These comparisons indicated that the uvular fricatives [x, k] and the voiceless tapped alveolar [r] were given the phonological role of /R/ and / r / respectively, though these fricatives have not previously been reported as phones of standard European Portuguese. The fricative spectra were parameterised in terms of our knowledge of the underlying aeroacoustics. The parameters spectral slope, frequency of maximum amplitude, and dynamic amplitude were developed to characterise fricative spectra. The parameters behaved as predicted for changes in eSbrt level, voicing, and location within the fricative. Some combinations were also useful for separating the fricatives by place or by sibilance. A preliminary cross - language study of Portuguese and English fricatives produced by two bilingual siblings is also presented. Although results for Portuguese and English fricatives seem to be very similar this maybe due to the use by bilinguals of different production strategies from monolinguals which attenuate cross - language acoustical contrasts. The English corpus developed for the bilingual subjects could be used to study monolingual English speakers.
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Sarvestani, Karl Reza. "Aspects of Sgaw Karen Phonology and Phonetics." Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10930871.
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The Sgaw Karen language remains underdocumented and underdescribed; this dissertation attempts to contribute to the understanding of Sgaw Karen phonetics and phonology by examining a variety spoken within a refugee community n Buffalo, New York. It includes an anlysis of the segmental and tonal inventories and relates these findings to previously published analyses of other Sgaw Karen varieties. Special attention is paid to the acoustic phonetics of the tone system, with particular regard to the role played by voice quality.
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Hadjipantelis, Pantelis-Zenon. "Functional data analysis in phonetics." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/62527/.
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The study of speech sounds has established itself as a distinct area of research, namely Phonetics. This is because speech production is a complex phenomenon mediated by the interaction of multiple components of a linguistic and non-linguistic nature. To investigate such phenomena, this thesis employs a Functional Data Analysis framework where speech segments are viewed as functions. FDA treats functions as its fundamental unit of analysis; the thesis takes advantage of this, both in conceptual as well as practical terms, achieving theoretical coherence as well as statistical robustness in its insights. The main techniques employed in this work are: Functional principal components analysis, Functional mixed-effects regression models and phylogenetic Gaussian process regression for functional data. As it will be shown, these techniques allow for complementary analyses of linguistic data. The thesis presents a series of novel applications of functional data analysis in Phonetics. Firstly, it investigates the influence linguistic information carries on the speech intonation patterns. It provides these insights through an analysis combining FPCA with a series of mixed effect models, through which meaningful categorical prototypes are built. Secondly, the interplay of phase and amplitude variation in functional phonetic data is investigated. A multivariate mixed effects framework is developed for jointly analysing phase and amplitude information contained in phonetic data. Lastly, the phylogenetic associations between languages within a multi-language phonetic corpus are analysed. Utilizing a small subset of related Romance languages, a phylogenetic investigation of the words' spectrograms (functional objects defined over two continua simultaneously) is conducted to showcase a proof-of-concept experiment allowing the interconnection between FDA and Evolutionary Linguistics.
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Bird, Sonya F. "The phonetics and phonology of Lheidli intervocalic consonants." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280137.
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This dissertation explores the phonetics and phonology of intervocalic consonants in Lheidli, a dialect of Dakelh (Carrier) Athapaskan spoken in the interior of British Columbia. Through a series of studies on Lheidli, I show quantitatively what has previously been noted impressionistically in the Athapaskan literature: intervocalic consonants are remarkably long. The implication of these consonants for the structure of Lheidli is approached from two perspectives. First, I investigate their role from a purely phonetic approach, focusing on their effect on the perceived rhythmic structure of Lheidli. I propose a new model of rhythm, the Enhancement/Inhibition model, in which the perception of rhythm is created by the interplay between primary and secondary correlates of rhythm. Within the proposed model, the Lheidli data show that one of the important secondary correlates is inherent segmental duration, an element that has not yet been considered in the literature. Second, I investigate the role of intervocalic consonants from a phonological approach, focusing on their effect on syllabification. I present the results of a series of studies on the distribution of vowel duration and quality, the distribution of consonant duration, native speaker syllabification intuitions, and the interaction between stress placement and intervocalic consonant duration. Together these studies lead me to analyze Lheidli intervocalic consonants as non-contrastive, moraic geminates. I conclude by discussing the implications of the Lheidli data for phonetic and phonological theory. I argue the duration of intervocalic consonants is encoded in the Lheidli grammar as part of the language-specific phonetics. Furthermore, because this duration interacts with syllabification, it is encoded in the phonology as weight. Although in Lheidli the phonetic duration of intervocalic consonants is encoded in the phonology as well as the grammar, I propose that not all language-specific phonetic properties are specified in the grammar. This is the case for rhythm, for example, which is an effect of other phonetic and phonological factors of the language rather than being a linguistic primitive itself.
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Muller, Jennifer S. "The Phonology and Phonetics of Word-Initial Geminates." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1364226371.
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Harrington, J. "The phonetic analysis of stuttering." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377223.
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Gerfen, Henry James 1962. "Topics in the phonology and phonetics of Coatzospan Mixtec." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282111.
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This dissertation examines the phonology and phonetics/phonology interface in Coatzospan Mixtec (CM). I focus on two major prosodies, glottalization and nasalization, in CM. First, I provide detailed phonological analyses of both within the context of Optimality Theory, OT (Prince and Smolensky 1993). This is important because often the treatment of a subset of data obscures more problematic aspects of a system. For example, the analysis of nasalization extends our understanding of how constraints can combine in a grammar. I motivate the conditional union of two Alignment (McCarthy and Prince 1993a) constraints to characterize attested patterns of root nasality, while ruling out impossible forms. The treatment of glottalization explores the implications of freedom of input in OT. I show that we cannot equate input with underlying; encoding the traditional sense of underlying representation requires viewing UR's as sets of optimal inputs lexical items. Regarding the phonetics/phonology interface, I pursue dual goals. Chapter 3 extends Grounding (Archangeli and Pulleyblank 1994a) to the opportunistically grounded relation between glottalization and stress. Although not inherently sympathetic to stress, glottalization is optimally realized under stress in the phonology of CM. Chapter 4 extends grounding by using sequential grounding (Smolensky 1993) to characterize the behavior of opaque consonants. Second, building on research in phonetic implementation (Pierrehumbert 1980, Keating 1990b), I show that a phonologically specified (+constricted glottis) must be implemented for only a part of the duration of the specified vowel. Similarly, orality targets in CM fricatives are also implemented at segment edges. The data support a view where targets are temporally located within segments (Huffman 1989). However, the location of targets may vary from edge to edge. Voiced fricatives implement orality upon release; voiceless fricatives do so at the onset of closure. The data also argue for a more complex notion of the relationship between phonetic data and phonological information than that of Cohn (1990). Partial implementation of a feature in a segment does not entail the phonetic rather than phonological presence of that feature. Phonetic data must be interpreted in the context of the phonological system from which they derive.
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El-Ashiry, Mohammad Riyad Mahmoud. "Some phonetic aspects of Qur'anic recitation." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339179.
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Morrish, E. C. E. "A phonetic study of glossectomized speech." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355931.
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Santos, Luciana Virgínia Prazeres Teixeira. "O papel dos padrões entoacionais na construção de sentido na leitura oral do professor em sala de aula." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2010. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=491.
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O ato de ler, para alguns, parece fácil e agradável, para outros representa um sacrifício sem perspectivas favoráveis. Nas práticas escolares, muitas vezes, não se prepara o aluno para ser um leitor proficiente, mas para cumprir um ritual da grade curricular de Língua Portuguesa. A leitura resulta do pensamento organizado, conhecimento prévio e partilhado na ação interativa ao qual se somam os recursos lingüísticos - prosódicos (alongamentos, entonações, alteração no ritmo e na altura da voz) e paralinguísticos (a repetição, a pausa, a hesitação e a interrupção). Esta pesquisa é uma análise qualitativa de leitura partilhada entre professor e aluno. Fundamenta-se na Análise do Discurso, tendo como ponto de partida a Teoria Interacional da Entonação (TIE) de Brazil (1985), que compreende que as pistas fornecidas pelo leitor/ ouvinte/ autor/ texto são constitutivas de sentido e que as escolhas tonais, feitas pelos interactantes, auxiliam na construção de sentido de texto oral, e este sentido está diretamente ligado à compreensão de texto escrito. Quando não há construção de sentido na oralidade, tem-se o reflexo da desconstrução no processo da escrita, o aluno lê, formando hipóteses de palavras que não estão no texto, estas hipóteses, por sua vez, interferem na resposta da análise compreensiva de texto escrito. O corpus para esta pesquisa é constituído a partir da leitura de dois gêneros textuais diferentes: a crônica A Descoberta (1991), escrita por Luis Fernando Veríssimo, e o poema Sobradinho, dos autores Sá e Guarabira (1973). Dois critérios foram estabelecidos para a escolha dos textos. Primeiro, porque a crônica e o poema são objeto de estudo contemplados no conteúdo programático de turmas do 7 ano do Ensino Fundamental. Segundo, porque o gênero crônica conta um episódio cativante, cuja trama envolve uma sucessão de ações, com abordagem breve e reflexiva, havendo digressões, comentários ou apontamentos dissertativos. Enquanto o poema apresenta características melódicas, ritmo e rima, produzindo harmonia, movimentação entre as sílabas átonas e tônicas. Foram verificadas escolhas distintas do padrão entoacional, bem como palavras com proeminência, e a repercussão dessas escolhas na análise compreensiva de texto. Percebeu-se que a pausa, a repetição, a hesitação, o alongamento, as trocas e supressões de palavras alteram o sentido da compreensão, e concluiu-se que os recursos linguísticos e paralinguísticos desempenham papel essencial na construção de sentido de texto. E quando o professor não faz uso destas estratégias prosódicas como ferramentas no processo interativo, dificulta a construção de sentido de texto.For some peoples, the act of reading is seem easy and pleasant for others is a sacrifice without favorable prospects. School practices often do not prepare the student to be a proficient reader, but to perform a ritual of the curriculum of Portuguese Language. The read result of organized thought, prior knowledge and shared in the interactive action to which they add the linguistic-prosodic features (stretches, tones, change the pace and the time of the voice) and (repetition, pausing, hesitation and interruption). This research is a qualitative analysis of reading shared between teacher and student. It is based on discourse analysis, taking as its starting point the Interactional Theory of Intonation (TIE) of Brazil (1985), who realizes that the clues provided by the reader / listener / author / text are constitutive of meaning and tone choices made by persons, aid in the construction of meaning in spoken language and this sense is directly linked to the understanding of written text. When there is constructionof meaning in oral language, has been a reflection of deconstruction in the writing process. The corpus for this research consists of reading from two different text types: a chronic Discovery (1991), written by Luis Fernando Verissimo, and the poem Sobradinho, of the authors Sa e Guarabira (1973). Two criteria were established for the choice of texts. First, because the chronic and the poem are the object of study covered in the syllabus of classes of the 7th year of fundamental education. Second, because the chronic kind, has a captivating episode, the plot involves a series of actions, with brief and reflective approach, with digressions, comments or notes essay. And the poem, because it has characteristics like melody, rhythm and rhyme, producing harmony, moving between the syllables and unstressed syllables. It was also evidenced the distinct choices of standard intonation, as well as words prominence and impact of those choices in the comprehensive analysis of text. It was noticed that the pause, repetition, hesitation, stretching, exchanges and deletions of words change the meaning of understanding, and concluded that the language resources and para play an essential role in the construction of meaning of text. And when the teacher does not make use of these prosodic strategies as tools in the interactive process, makes the construction of meaning of text.
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Kang, Yoonjung. "The phonetics and phonology of coronal markedness and unmarkedness." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8844.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (p. 191-202).
This thesis investigates place feature restrictions in oral and nasal stop consonants with a special focus on the asymmetrical behavior of coronal and noncoronal stops. Two conflicting patterns of place restriction in outputs are attested: coronal unmarkedness and coronal markedness. This thesis shows that coronal unmarkedness is truly a default pattern of place restriction. Coronal unmarkedness is not confined to specific segmental contexts or to languages with a particular inventory structure. In addition, the coronal unmarked pattern is attested through diverse phonological processes such as assimilation, place neutralization, segmental and featural deletion, metathesis, vowel syncope and morpheme structure constraints. This follows from the context-free place markedness hierarchy proposed by Prince and Smolensky (1993). These constraints can conjoin freely with any context-specific constraints. Such conjunction predicts neutralization to coronal place to be attested in any position where place contrast reduction is found. On the other hand, although coronal markedness is also attested through diverse phonological processes such as assimilation, place neutralization, segmental and featural deletion, metathesis and morpheme structure constraints, it is found only in nonprevocalic positions and only in languages without a sub-coronal place contrast. I propose that unlike the default markedness constraint hierarchy, the reversed markedness hierarchy is projected from a perceptibility scale of place features and is therefore context-specific. I argue that a coronal stop in nonprevocalic position in a single-coronal language is perceptually less salient than noncoronal stops in corresponding positions due to a preferential weakening of tongue body articulation for coronal stops in these positions. Also discussed in this thesis is the effect of nasality of stops on the degree of place restrictions. A nasal stop tends to allow fewer place contrasts than an oral stop and a stop followed by an oral stop tends to allow fewer place contrasts than one followed by a nasal stop. Finally, previous approaches to coronal versus noncoronal asymmetry-Coronal Underspecification, Underspecification by Constraints and Perceptually Grounded Faithfulness Constraints are discussed and their inadequacy is demonstrated.
by Yoonjung Kang.
Ph.D.
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Arvaniti, Amalia. "The phonetics of modern Greek rhythm and its phonological implications." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387110.
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Daly, Nancy Ann. "Acoustic-phonetic and linguistic analyses of spontaneous speech : implications for speech understanding." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12009.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1994.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-149).
by Nancy Ann Daly.
Ph.D.
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Gold, Erica Ashley. "Calculating likelihood ratios for forensic speaker comparisons using phonetic and linguistic parameters." Thesis, University of York, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6166/.
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The research presented in this thesis examines the calculation of numerical likelihood ratios using phonetic and linguistic parameters derived from a corpus of recordings of speakers of Southern Standard British English. The research serves as an investigation into the development of the numerical likelihood ratio as a medium for framing forensic speaker comparison conclusions. The thesis begins by investigating which parameters are claimed to be the most useful speaker discriminants according to expert opinion, and in turn examines four of these ‘selected/valued’ parameters individually in relation to intra- and inter-speaker variation, their capacities as speaker discriminants, and the potential strength of evidence they yield. The four parameters analyzed are articulation rate, fundamental frequency, long-term formant distributions, and the incidence of clicks (velaric ingressive plosives). The final portion of the thesis considers the combination of the four parameters under a numerical likelihood ratio framework in order to provide an overall likelihood ratio. The contributions of this research are threefold. Firstly, the thesis presents for the first time a comprehensive survey of current forensic speaker comparison practices around the world. Secondly, it expands the phonetic literature by providing acoustic and auditory analysis, as well as population statistics, for four phonetic and linguistic parameters that survey participants have identified as effective speaker discriminants. And thirdly, it contributes to the forensic speech science and likelihood ratios for forensics literature by considering what steps can be taken to conceptually align the area of forensic speaker comparison with more developed areas of forensic science (e.g. DNA) by creating a human-based (auditory and acoustic-phonetic) forensic speaker comparison system.
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Brewer, Jordan. "Phonetic Reflexes of Orthographic Characteristics in Lexical Representation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195213.
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A large domain of linguistic inquiry concerns the nature of words. It is widely thought that words are stored and represented in our minds in a structure termed the lexicon, in which every word has a 'lexical representation'. Researchers conduct experiments and examine intuitions about words to determine the content and structure of the lexicon. One interesting component in lexical representation, for literate speakers, is an orthographic representation for words. It has been traditionally assumed that while this orthographic information is available and useful in such tasks as visual word recognition (i.e. reading) or in writing, orthographic information about words is not necessarily involved in non-visual linguistic tasks, like auditory word perception, or speech production.There has been some research however, which has challenged this notion of the isolation of orthographic information to visual processes. In a seminal study Seidenberg and Tanenhaus (1979) found an influence of orthography in an auditory rhyming judgment task. Subjects were faster to judge as rhyming those pairs which shared an orthographic representation of the rhyme than those who shared only phonology (i.e. pie-tie vs. rye-tie). Additional recent research has confirmed these effects of orthography in auditory perception tasks (Taft & Hambly, 1985; Halle, Chereau, & Sequi, 2000; Ziegler & Ferrand, 1998). Even more surprisingly, some experiments have suggested effects of orthography in speech production (Tanenhaus, Finigan & Seidenberg, 1980; Lupker, 1982; Wheeldon & Monsell, 1992; Damion & Bowers, 2003). These experiments all show facilitated naming latencies for words which share orthographic characteristics with some prime environment. As such, these results can all be explained as effects of orthography on lexical access of words rather than affecting the production process per se.In contrast, the experiments and analyses described in this dissertation show an un-ambiguous effect of orthography on speech production. Orthographic characteristics of word-final sounds, and words themselves are shown to influence the durations of spoken productions of those sounds, and whole words. These effects are robust to the mode of lexical access, whether through experimentally elicited reading aloud of words, or through the spontaneous generation of words in a modified sociolinguistic interview format.
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Brenner, Daniel Scott. "The Phonetics of Mandarin Tones in Conversation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/578721.
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Mandarin tone categories are universally thought to center on pitch information, but previous work (Berry, 2009; Brenner, 2013) has shown that pitch cues reduce in the conversational context, as do the other concurrent cues such as duration or intensity that secondarily signal tone categories. This dissertation presents two experiments (an isolated word perception experiment, and a dictation experiment) aimed at discovering how Mandarin listeners deal with these reduced cues under everyday conversational conditions. It is found that detailed spectral information is far more useful in the perception of Mandarin tones—both in isolated words and in the perception of full conversational utterances—than pitch contours, and that the removal of pitch from the recordings does not greatly influence perception of the tone categories.
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Pennington, Mark. "The phonetics and phonology of glottal manner features." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3202900.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Linguistics, 2005.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Nov. 10, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-01, Section: A, page: 0167. Adviser: Robert F. Port.
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Flemming, Edward. "Phonetic Detail in Phonology." Department of Linguistics, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/227274.
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Assimilation and coarticulation both involve extending the duration of some property or feature. The similarities between these phenomena can be seen by comparing Basque vowel raising with vowel -to -vowel coarticulation in a language like English. In Basque the low vowel /a/ is raised to [el following a high vowel. This gives rise to alternations in the form of the definite suffix, /-a/ (de Rijk 1970): (1) sagar –a; 'apple (def.)'; mutil-e 'boy (def.)'. In an English sequence containing a low vowel preceded by a high vowel, like [-ilæ-] in 'relapse', the high vowel also conditions raising of the low vowel. But in spite of the parallels between these cases, standard analyses regard Basque vowel raising as phonological whereas the English vowel raising is regarded as non-phonological, being attributed to a phonetic process of coarticulation. In this paper, we will argue that this distinction is untenable. We will see that coarticulation can affect the distribution of contrasts, and therefore must be specified in the phonology. This opens up the possibility of giving a unified analysis of assimilation and coarticulation. Analyzing coarticulation as phonological implies that phonological representations contain far more phonetic detail than is usually assumed to be the case. Vowel-to-vowel coarticulation involves fine degrees of partial assimilation in that vowels assimilate only partially in quality, and the effects may extend through only part of the duration of a segment (e.g. Ohman 1966). This conclusion thus flies in the face of the standard assumption that the richness of phonological representations should be severely restricted in order to avoid over-predicting the range of possible phonological contrasts. So before we turn to evidence that coarticulation is phonological, we will lay the groundwork by examining the arguments for limiting the detail in phonological representations and show that they are based on very questionable assumptions.
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McCarvel, Miranda Kelly. "Allomorphic Variation of Definite Articles in Jersey: a Sonority Based Account." The University of Montana, 2010. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-03082010-102529/.
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Allomorphic variation is a common linguistic phenomenon in Jersey (Jersey Norman French). Definite articles in Jersey each have at least two allomorphs. The occurrence of each allomorph has been attributed to the composition of word initial syllable following the article (Liddicoat 1994). Instead of using a ruled-based approach, this thesis examines the variation found among Jersey definite articles and uses sonority-based principles to analyze the allomorphic variation. Using Jersey phonotactics, this thesis first puts forth a Jersey specific sonority hierarchy and then utilizes that hierarchy and principles of syllabification to syllabify phrases containing definite articles. Then using sonority based principles, such as the Sonority Sequencing Principle and Syllable Contact Law, this thesis analyzes the syllabified phrases. The analysis identifies the sonority based conditions that trigger the allomorphic variation found in the data. This thesis contributes to the field of linguistics in several ways. It supports the use of both the Universal Sonority Hierarchy and language specific sonority hierarchies. This thesis also supports the practice of using available data sources for analysis. The analysis of a described but analyzed phenomenon contributes valuable information to the general knowledge of Jersey and sonority. Finally, this thesis also serves as an important resource for the study of Norman dialects in Europe such as Guernsey, Sark and Norman, as Jersey is a member of this linguistic group. This thesis contributes to both the field of Jersey linguistics and to the field of theoretical linguistics, while accounting for the allomorphic variation of Jersey definite articles.
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Brito, Carla Maria Cavalcanti Padilha de. "Perfil entoacional do operador de telemarkenting e tipo de padrão mais aceito por clientes de operadoras de celular." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2007. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=154.
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O setor de telemarketing encontra-se em expansão no Brasil e surge como uma primeira oportunidade de emprego formal. No telemarketing ativo, o papel do teleoperador é o contato direto com o cliente é ele quem faz a ligação, enquanto que, no receptivo, ele recebe a ligação. Neste cenário, a voz torna-se uma ferramenta de trabalho essencial, pois grande parte do desempenho do teleoperador relaciona-se diretamente à comunicação verbal. A voz necessita, para uma boa comunicação, variações de pitch, loudness, velocidade de fala, entoação. Esses parâmetros estão relacionados à prosódia. A literatura apresenta poucos estudos que contemplam a entoação no telemarketing. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o perfil entoacional do operador de telemarketing, assim como identificar o tipo de padrão entoacional mais aceito pelos clientes de operadoras de telefonia celular. Para tanto, foi aplicado um questionário a 212 clientes de empresas de telefonia celular, realizado um estudo da entoação de 40 teleoperadores com base na Teoria Interacional da Entoação, desenvolvida por David Brazil, e apresentadas, a 100 clientes, gravações dos padrões mais recorrentes para que identificassem os mais aceitos. Os resultados mais representativos foram: os clientes percebem diferenças entre as formas de atendimento do telemarketing ativo do receptivo, principalmente, os de faixa etária mais jovem (20 a 30 anos); foi identificado como padrão mais recorrente, entre as 40 falas transcritas, o tom ascendente, tanto no telemarketing ativo quanto no receptivo. Contudo, no telemarketing ativo, o segundo padrão mais recorrente foi o descendente, e no telemarketing receptivo, foi o descendente-ascendente. De acordo com a avaliação de 100 clientes, os quais escutaram gravações de vozes de teleoperadores, os tons ascendentes e descendentes, independente do tipo de telemarketing, foram considerados naturais, e o tom descendente-ascendente foi considerado exagerado ou caricato. No telemarketing ativo, o padrão descendente foi mais aceito, e no telemarketing receptivo, os tons ascendentes. O padrão descendente-ascendente teve uma avaliação mais positiva pelos clientes do sexo masculino. Dessa forma, podemos concluir que é necessário conhecer o perfil do cliente que irá utilizar os serviços de telemarketing da empresa, seja ele receptivo ou ativo, para que o operador possa adequar a entoação à forma mais agradável ao clienteThe telemarketing sector is in frank expansion in Brasil, and for many it represents the initial opportunity for formal employment. In active telemarketing, the operator calls the customer whereas in receptive telemarketing the call is made by the customer. Since there is no face to face interaction performance of the operator, in both modalities, is solely dependent on his or her verbal communication skills. Thus, their voice is probably the most important component for success. For good communication there must be variations in voice pitch, loudness, speed and intonation, which are essential for good prosody. However, there are relatively few studies examining the subject of intonation in telemarketing. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to characterize the intonation profile of telemarketing operators, as well as to identify the intonation pattern more widely accepted by the customers of a cellular telephony company. For this, a questionnaire was applied to 212 customers and an analysis of the intonation of 40 telemarketing operators conducted using Brazils Interactive Theory of Intonation. 50 customers were also asked to listen to audio recordings containing the most frequent intonation patterns and requested to identify the most pleasant ones. Differences in customer service were observed between the two modalities of telemarketing (active or receptive), especially by younger customers (20-30 year olds). Of the 40 discourses evaluated, the most recurrent intonation pattern was the rise pattern both in the active and receptive telemarketing modalities. In active telemarketing, however, the second most prevalent pattern was the fall pattern, whereas in the receptive modality it was the fall-rise pattern. Based on the opinion of the 100 customers that listened to the recordings, it may be concluded that regardless of the type of telemarketing, the rise and fall patterns were considered more natural, in contrast to the fall-rise, pattern which was perceived as exagerated or caricatured. In active telemarmarketing the fall pattern was more widely accepted whereas the rise pattern was better accepted in receptive telemarketing. In addition, the rise and fall pattern was more positively evaluated by male customers. Thus, it may be concluded that, regardless of the type of telemarketing, it is necessary for the company to study the profile of its customers in order for its operators to use the most adequate voice intonation
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Giavazzi, Maria. "The phonetics of metrical prominence and its consequences on segmental phonology." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62408.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 191-199).
Only very few phonological processes are reported to be conditioned by stress. There are two major patterns of stress-sensitive processes: segments are lengthened under stress, and vowels become louder. Two other phonological patterns are reported in the presence of stress, although they don't seem to enhance prominence of the stressed position: the preservation of segmental contrast and the enhancement of acoustic properties of the releases in stress-adjacent consonants. The main question of this dissertation is why there are so few segmental processes that show sensitivity to stress. Why are the major segmental processes affecting consonants (e.g. place assimilation, nasalization and voice neutralization) not sensitive about whether their trigger or target is in a stressed position? The analysis of prosodic conditioning presented here has three components: First every stress-conditioned process is enforced by a markedness constraint requiring the perceptual prominence of a metrically strong position. Languages use two strategies to implement this prominence: increasing the duration of the stressed position, or increasing the perceptual energy of the stressed vowel. Second, increasing the loudness of the stressed vowel has side-effects on the realization of stress adjacent stop releases, which result from the subglottal mechanisms used to produce the increase in loudness. These side-effects constitute the small class of stress-conditioned segmental alternations which are not directly enhancing the prominence of the stressed position. Third, both the effects of prominence requirements and the side-effects of prominence enhancement on the phonetic realization of segments in stressed positions may affect the perceptual distinctiveness between contrasting sounds in stressed positions: if the perceptual distinctiveness between contrasting sounds is decreased in a stressed position, contrast neutralization might arise. If the perceptual distinctiveness between contrasting sounds is increased in a stressed position, stress-conditioned contrast preservation might arise. Contrast preservation in stressed positions is therefore not an effect of Positional faithfulness; it emerges as the indirect consequence of prominence enhancement. The set of segmental features which may be targeted by stress-sensitive processes is extremely limited since it is restricted to those features which can be affected by one of three processes: duration, loudness and effects of raised subglottal pressure on stop releases.
by Maria Giavazzi.
Ph.D.
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Llama, Raquel. "Cross-linguistic Syntactic, Lexical and Phonetic Influence in the Acquisition of L3 Spanish." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36217.
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The main ongoing debate within the recently-established field of Third Language (L3) Acquisition revolves around which of the previously-acquired languages prevails as a source of cross-linguistic influence (CLI) during production in the target language. Whereas several factors have been found to promote CLI, the existing body of L3 research points to a potential stronger rivalry between two of them: typology, or the relative distance among the languages involved, and second language (L2) status, also known as foreign language effect. In fact, they are at the core of two models of multilingual transfer that stem from the area of L3 morphosyntax, namely the Typology Primacy Model (TPM; Rothman, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015), and the L2 Status Factor Model (L2 SFM; Bardel & Falk, 2007, 2012).
For the most part, claims backing a more determinant role for typology come from studies investigating lexis. Whether or not typology overrides the effect of the L2 with regards to syntax and phonology as well is less clear. On the one hand, studies focusing on syntactic CLI can be divided into those whose findings suggest a crucial role either for the L1 (Na Raong & Leung, 2009) or for the L2 (Bardel & Falk, 2007), those in which findings point to typology as the deciding factor in determining a source of CLI (Rothman, 2011), and those that fail to show any influence from the L2 on the L3 (Håkansson, Pienemann, & Sayehli, 2002) even when the L2 and the L3 are typologically close (Martínez Adrián, 2005). On the other hand, results from previous research investigating phonological CLI also yield three main distinct findings: i) a more marked L2 effect (Llama, Cardoso & Collins, 2010), ii) a predominant influence from the first language (L1; Llisterri & Poch, 1987), and iii) combined CLI, that is, the L1 and the L2 concur in influencing the L3 (Wrembel, 2014). The primary goal of this dissertation is to add to the debate by looking into all three sub-areas among trilinguals at a high-intermediate to advanced level of proficiency, which has been the least targeted proficiency level until now. The selected topics, per area, are: lexical inventions, relative clause attachment preferences (RCA), and voice onset time (VOT). The secondary goal was to compare the relative influences of typology and L2 status across sub-areas, and to examine all results in light of three of the current L3 multilingual transfer models, the TPM, the L2 SFM, and the Cumulative Enhancement Model (CEM; Flynn, Foley, & Vinnitskaya, 2004). The results obtained are in clear agreement with previous reports in the area of lexis. However, the interplay of our trilinguals’ linguistic systems with regard to RCA and VOT is more complex. Findings in these areas seem to suggest that other factors (language exposure in the case of RCA, and the L1, in the case of VOT) may trump the two under investigation.