Journal articles on the topic 'Linguistic formal model'
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1
Paul, Michael, and Roxana Girju. "A Two-Dimensional Topic-Aspect Model for Discovering Multi-Faceted Topics." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 24, no. 1 (July 3, 2010): 545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v24i1.7669.
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This paper presents the Topic-Aspect Model (TAM), a Bayesian mixture model which jointly discovers topics and aspects. We broadly define an aspect of a document as a characteristic that spans the document, such as an underlying theme or perspective. Unlike previous models which cluster words by topic or aspect, our model can generate token assignments in both of these dimensions, rather than assuming words come from only one of two orthogonal models. We present two applications of the model. First, we model a corpus of computational linguistics abstracts, and find that the scientific topics identified in the data tend to include both a computational aspect and a linguistic aspect. For example, the computational aspect of GRAMMAR emphasizes parsing, whereas the linguistic aspect focuses on formal languages. Secondly, we show that the model can capture different viewpoints on a variety of topics in a corpus of editorials about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. We show both qualitative and quantitative improvements in TAM over two other state-of-the-art topic models.
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Hale, Mark, and Charles Reiss. "Formal and Empirical Arguments concerning Phonological Acquisition." Linguistic Inquiry 29, no. 4 (October 1998): 656–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438998553914.
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Smolensky (1996a) has proposed an ingenious solution to the well-known “comprehension/production” dilemma in phonological acquisition. In this article we argue that Smolensky's model encounters serious difficulties with respect to the parsing algorithm proposed and the learnability of underlying representations. Drawing on the generative literature in phonological acquisition, as well as the work of phoneticians and psycholinguists, we offer alternative parsing algorithms and examine their implications for learnability and the initial ranking of Optimality Theory constraints. Finally, we propose that the resolution of the comprehension/production dilemma lies not in the phonological domain (linguistic competence), but in the domain of the implementation of linguistic knowledge (performance).
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Yang, Li, Yuhui Wang, and Haixia Li. "Research on the Disease Intelligent Diagnosis Model Based on Linguistic Truth-Valued Concept Lattice." Complexity 2021 (May 13, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6630077.
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Uncertainty natural language processing has always been a research focus in the artificial intelligence field. In this paper, we continue to study the linguistic truth-valued concept lattice and apply it to the disease intelligent diagnosis by building an intelligent model to directly handle natural language. The theoretical bases of this model are the classical concept lattice and the lattice implication algebra with natural language. The model includes the case library formed by patients, attributes matching, and the matching degree calculation about the new patient. According to the characteristics of the patients, the disease attributes are firstly divided into intrinsic invariant attributes and extrinsic variable attributes. The calculation algorithm of the linguistic truth-valued formal concepts and the constructing algorithm of the linguistic truth-valued concept lattice based on the extrinsic attributes are proposed. And the disease bases of the different treatments for different patients with the same disease are established. Secondly, the matching algorithms of intrinsic attributes and extrinsic attributes are given, and all the linguistic truth-valued formal concepts that match the new patient’s extrinsic attributes are found. Lastly, by comparing the similarity between the new patients and the matching formal concepts, we calculate the best treatment options to realize the intelligent diagnosis of the disease.
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Archibald, John. "A formal model of learning L2 prosodic phonology." Second Language Research 10, no. 3 (October 1994): 215–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839401000303.
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In this article I discuss the various components necessary for a formal model of the acquisition of the prosodic phonology of a second language. I outline a model that includes an explicit theory of the representation of metrical knowledge (Dresher and Kaye, 1990; Idsardi, 1992) and the necessary learn ing theory to account for how those representations can be acquired. The learning theory which mediates the interaction between Universal Grammar (UG) and the linguistic environment is composed of such elements as appro priate cues, indirect negative evidence and a principle of lexical dependency. Empirical investigations of the acquisition of English metrical parameters by native speakers of Polish, Hungarian and Spanish are reported. Group data as well as case studies are presented. The data suggest that, in the domain of prosodic phonology, both the representations (metrical structure) and processes (learning principles) evidenced in second language learners are the same as those proposed for native speakers. Interlanguage grammars can be seen as a combination of UG principles, correct L2 parameter set tings (from resetting) and incorrect L1 parameter settings (from L1 trans fer).
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Kazymyrova, Iryna, and Yuliia Chernobrov. "History of linguistic term: lexicographic aspect." Terminological Bulletin, no. 5 (2019): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2019-5-50.
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It is stressed the importance of historical study of a term in order to trace its development and to predict further evolution. The study of the linguistic history is intended to help deepen knowledge about its terminology system, enriching terminological dictionary with “retrospective” of a given term, useful for understanding the difficult path that passes nomination during its existence. On the material of grammars, dictionaries and scientific works formal and semantic modifications of the linguistic term are presented. The model of the historical passport of a term is given, which consists of a registry term, the most ancient term fixation, its formal and semantic modifications, present term fixation and research comments according to the analyzed term. We consider it as a full source of information about its evolution and the first step before compiling the historical dictionary of linguistic terms. We conclude that the way of the proposed term history representation can be used to study the historical retrospective of any branch terminology.
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Kendon, Adam. "Semiotic diversity in utterance production and the concept of ‘language’." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1651 (September 19, 2014): 20130293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0293.
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Sign language descriptions that use an analytic model borrowed from spoken language structural linguistics have proved to be not fully appropriate. Pictorial and action-like modes of expression are integral to how signed utterances are constructed and to how they work. However, observation shows that speakers likewise use kinesic and vocal expressions that are not accommodated by spoken language structural linguistic models, including pictorial and action-like modes of expression. These, also, are integral to how speaker utterances in face-to-face interaction are constructed and to how they work. Accordingly, the object of linguistic inquiry should be revised, so that it comprises not only an account of the formal abstract systems that utterances make use of, but also an account of how the semiotically diverse resources that all languaging individuals use are organized in relation to one another. Both language as an abstract system and languaging should be the concern of linguistics.
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Moreno, Ana M. "Results of the Application of a Linguistic Approach to Object-Oriented Analysis." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 08, no. 04 (December 1998): 449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021819409800025x.
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In this paper, we present a linguistic approach in order to achieve the object oriented analysis (OOA) process in a systematic way. The approach is based on the definition of a formal correspondence between a subset of structures from linguistic world, called linguistic patterns, and a subset of structures from conceptual world, called conceptual patterns. This correspondence provides a solid basis in order to develop the conceptual models that represent the problem and its solution. One conceptual model will be used to represent the static part of the system, and another will represent system behavior.
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Bancerek, Grzegorz. "A Model of Mizar Concepts - Unification." Formalized Mathematics 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10037-010-0009-7.
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A Model of Mizar Concepts - Unification The aim of this paper is to develop a formal theory of Mizar linguistic concepts following the ideas from [6] and [7]. The theory presented is an abstraction from the existing implementation of the Mizar system and is devoted to the formalization of Mizar expressions. The concepts formalized here are: standarized constructor signature, arity-rich signatures, and the unification of Mizar expressions.
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Hieu, Nguyen Duy, Nguyen Cat Ho, and Vu Nhu Lan. "ENROLLMENT FORECASTING BASED ON LINGUISTIC TIME SERIES." Journal of Computer Science and Cybernetics 36, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1813-9663/36/2/14396.
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Dealing with the time series forecasting problem attracts much attention from the fuzzy community. Many models and methods have been proposed in the literature since the publication of the study by Song and Chissom in 1993, in which they proposed fuzzy time series together with its fuzzy forecasting model for time series data and the fuzzy formalism to handle their uncertainty. Unfortunately, the proposed method to calculate this fuzzy model was very complex. Then, in 1996, Chen proposed an efficient method to reduce the computational complexity of the mentioned formalism. Hwang et al. in 1998 proposed a new fuzzy time series forecasting model, which deals with the variations of historical data instead of these historical data themselves. Though fuzzy sets are concepts inspired by fuzzy linguistic information, there is no formal bridge to connect the fuzzy sets and the inherent quantitative semantics of linguistic words. This study proposes the so-called linguistic time series, in which words with their own semantics are used instead of fuzzy sets. By this, forecasting linguistic logical relationships can be established based on the time series variations and this is clearly useful for human users. The effect of the proposed model is justified by applying the proposed model to forecast student enrollment historical data.
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WANG, YINGXU. "ON CONCEPT ALGEBRA FOR COMPUTING WITH WORDS (CWW)." International Journal of Semantic Computing 04, no. 03 (September 2010): 331–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x10001061.
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Computing with words (CWW) is an intelligent computing methodology for processing words, linguistic variables, and their semantics, which mimics the natural-language-based reasoning mechanisms of human beings in soft computing, semantic computing, and cognitive computing. The central objects in CWW techniques are words and linguistic variables, which may be formally modeled by abstract concepts that are a basic cognitive unit to identify and model a concrete entity in the real world and an abstract object in the perceived world. Therefore, concepts are the most fundamental linguistic entities that carries certain meanings in expression, thinking, reasoning, and system modeling, which may be formally modeled as an abstract and dynamic mathematical structure in denotational mathematics. This paper presents a formal theory for concept and knowledge manipulations in CWW known as concept algebra. The mathematical models of abstract and concrete concepts are developed based on the object-attribute-relation (OAR) theory. The formal methodology for manipulating knowledge as a concept network is described. Case studies demonstrate that concept algebra provides a generic and formal knowledge manipulation means, which is capable of dealing with complex knowledge and their algebraic operations in CWW.
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CODE, DAVID J. "The Formal Rhythms of Mallarméé's Faun." Representations 86, no. 1 (2004): 73–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rep.2004.86.1.73.
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ABSTRACT The eclogue L'Aprèès-midi d'un faune has long been seen as a breakthrough to the mature ““symbolist”” phase of Mallarméé's oeuvre. Clichéés about the ““mystery”” essential to symbolist poetic style have, however, forestalled rigorous analysis of the work's structure. Exposing a formal ““rhythm”” that draws the strophic sections into a pattern of virtual ““folios and bifolios,”” this article reads the faun eclogue as a secret model of ““le Livre,”” ““the Book,”” lodestar of Mallarméé's aesthetic project. In giving new focus to the work's pointed dialogue with classical Virgilian pastoral, this reading also draws on Benveniste's writings about linguistic subjectivity to understand its enactment, through the character of the faun, of an agonistic search for voiced presence.
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Giraldin, Odair. "Creating affinity: formal friendship and matrimonial alliances among the Jê people and the Apinaje case." Vibrant: Virtual Brazilian Anthropology 8, no. 2 (December 2011): 403–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1809-43412011000200018.
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This article analyzes the link between formal friendship and a matrimonial system among the Apinaje people. Starting with an analysis of formal friendship among the Jê, it presents existing similarities and differences among various peoples in the same linguistic family. Then, after describing the Apinaje's formal friendship formed by Nimuendajú and DaMatta, a formal friendship transmission model among the Apinaje is proposed. Finally, the paper shows that formal friendship recreates a virtual system of moieties, and based on ethnographic data argues that formal friendship is used for creating affinity in social relationships, overlapping, in some cases, consanguinity.
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Vdovichenko, Andrey. "A simplified standard of the “language” in I. Stalin’s "Marxism and issues in linguistics": from the past to the present and beyond." St. Tikhons' University Review. Series III. Philology 72 (September 30, 2022): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15382/sturiii202272.9-19.
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In a number of newspaper publications by I. Stalin (summer 1950), combined in the form of a separate work “Marxism and problems of linguistics”, the interpretation of the main issues of the theory of the verbal process (“language”) is generally consistent with traditional (including modern quantitatively predominant) linguistic views, among which the main thing is the subject-instrumental perception of "linguistic unity" and attributing to it a semantic function, or the function of meaning formation. This article outlines aspects of criticism of the Stalinist and, in general, linguistic understanding of "language" from the point of view of the communicative model. The Marxist-linguistic consensus emerges from a simplistic view of the word-containing semiotic process. Stalin’s views are presented in the article as an illustration of any vulgarizing approach to sign-containing influence. A simplified (linguistic) model of a word-containing semiotic process is the result of excessive attention to the verbal substrate (“words”), an attempt to present verbal units as self-organized semantic-formal modules responsible for everything that happens in the field of communicative meaning formation. The ineffectiveness of the theoretical verbal construct "language" (and "speech") lies in the imposition of its own action on verbal "bodies", while the generation of meaning in natural word-containing communication is entirely carried out by the complex (polymodal, multichannel) personal influence of the semiotic actor.
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Baumann, Andreas, and Lotte Sommerer. "Linguistic diversification as a long-term effect of asymmetric priming." Language Dynamics and Change 8, no. 2 (October 1, 2018): 253–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00802002.
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Abstract This paper tries to narrow the gap between diachronic linguistics and research on population dynamics by presenting a mathematical model corroborating the notion that the cognitive mechanism of asymmetric priming can account for observable tendencies in language change. The asymmetric-priming hypothesis asserts that items with more substance are more likely to prime items with less substance than the reverse. Although these effects operate on a very short time scale (e.g. within an utterance) it has been argued that their long-term effect might be reductionist, unidirectional processes in language change. In this paper, we study a mathematical model of the interaction of linguistic items that differ in their formal substance, showing that, in addition to reductionist effects, asymmetric priming also results in diversification and stable coexistence of two formally related variants. The model will be applied to phenomena in the sublexical as well as the lexical domain.
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Badie, Farshad, and Luis M. Augusto. "The Form in Formal Thought Disorder: A Model of Dyssyntax in Semantic Networking." AI 3, no. 2 (April 20, 2022): 353–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ai3020022.
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Formal thought disorder (FTD) is a clinical mental condition that is typically diagnosable by the speech productions of patients. However, this has been a vexing condition for the clinical community, as it is not at all easy to determine what “formal” means in the plethora of symptoms exhibited. We present a logic-based model for the syntax–semantics interface in semantic networking that can not only explain, but also diagnose, FTD. Our model is based on description logic (DL), which is well known for its adequacy to model terminological knowledge. More specifically, we show how faulty logical form as defined in DL-based Conception Language (CL) impacts the semantic content of linguistic productions that are characteristic of FTD. We accordingly call this the dyssyntax model.
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Zhou, Yan. "Chinese Research Article Introductions: Move Analysis and Linguistic Features." International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics 8, no. 3 (September 2022): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2022.8.3.345.
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Research on academic genre has received widespread attention from linguists around the world. In the big data era, the demand of knowledge mining promotes the emergence and development of bibliometrics, and formal description of scientific knowledge is also put on the agenda. The application of RA move analysis to the field of knowledge mining is a new perspective of bibliometrics. At present, there are few studies on move analysis of Chinese RA introductions, and fewer studies are oriented to discourse computing. This study analyzes the move structures of Chinese RA introductions and finds out some linguistic features corresponding to each move. It is found that nearly half of the Chinese RA introductions follow the CARS model, but there are also unconventional structures. The linguistic features, including citation, negation, connectives and sentence subjects, are helpful for the automatic identification of move structures of Chinese RA introductions.
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Lachmudin, Moh Docmi. "REALIZATION OF LINGUISTIC POLITENESS DURING LEARNING PROCESS." IJLECR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND CULTURE REVIEW 4, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/ijlecr.041.03.
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t This research aims to figure out principles of linguistic politeness during learning process at MAN Model Gorontalo through the realization of linguistic politeness forms. To find meanings of problematic facts existing, the descriptive qualitative approach was applied. Data were collected by employing the observation method with the tapping technique consisting of data recording and writing and advanced technique that was the uninvolved conversation observation technique and analyzed using the qualitative technique with steps as follows: (1) Repetitive data reading, (2) Data identifying, (3) Data coding, (4) Data grouping, (5) Data analyzing, (6) Finding interpreting, and (7) Conclusion drawing. Results of the research show that linguistic politeness forms during learning process are realized by diction use (pronouns, addressing terms, and positive response words) and utterance use (declarative, interrogative, and imperative) with various politeness levels. The research findings point out that linguistic politeness during learning process at MAN Model Gorontalo consists of universal and formal principles
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Templin, Torsten. "Language competition modeling and language policy evaluation." Language Problems and Language Planning 44, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00055.tem.
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Abstract In this paper, we present a framework for the analysis of effects of language policies on the competition between languages. At the core of this framework is a language competition model that takes into account four pivotal factors for the evolution of the linguistic composition of a society: intergenerational language transmission, formal language education, adult language learning and migration. In contrast to the majority of models available in the literature, our model operates with parameters that can be estimated from empirical socio-linguistic data. It allows the reconstruction of past and simulate future dynamics. Language policies can be modeled as changes in model parameters. Therefore, projections derived from the model can be utilized to compare the effects of different policy options. We use Basque and Spanish within the Basque Autonomous Community in Spain to illustrate the application of the model.
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Cogill-Koez, Dorothea. "A model of signed language classifier predicates as templated visual representation." Sign Language and Linguistics 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2000): 209–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.3.2.04cog.
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A model of signed language classifier predicates is presented in which these forms are held to be a mode, not of linguistic, but of visual representation. This representation is largely schematic, combining discrete parts drawn from a finite set. Some of these parts or templates may be truly digital or undeformable in nature, but some are argued to contain elastic parameters, allowing for the conventional use of analogue or free-form representation. The model of classifier predicates as templated visual representation thus accommodates their discrete-combinatorial structure (previously interpreted as evidence of their linguistic nature), and also accounts for the mix of fixed and nonfinite elements in them, thus solving formal problems which arise in a strictly linguistic approach. Some implications of this model include issues regarding multimodality in signed communication systems, the relationships between CPs, frozen sign and iconic gesture, the integration of visual and abstract modes of representation, and metaphor. It is concluded that the TVR model may provide a useful new perspective on the design of representational systems in the human mind.
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Palagin, A. V., M. G. Petrenko, and D. G. Zelentsov. "On the problem of computer processing of natural language texts." Computer Modeling: Analysis, Control, Optimization 7, no. 1 (2020): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/2521-6406-2020-1-7-37-45.
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The present paper deals with the general approach to the problem of analyzing natural language information, including the implementation of a number of information technologies related in one way or another to language modeling. In addition to the development of the aforementioned tech-nologies, it is necessary to develop a formal theory of computer processing of knowledge extracted from natural language texts. The specific features of constructing linguistic models and the criteria for understanding natural language texts are analyzed. This raises a number of problems. The first problem comes down to the problem of analyzing textual information presented in natural language (morphological, syntactic, semantic and logical analysis) in order to extract knowledge. The second problem is associated with designing a system for searching, processing and extracting knowledge, developing and constructing its architecture, as well as tools for the user. The third problem is the development of procedures for the integration of knowledge from several subject areas to ensure the effectiveness of conducting studies of an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary nature. It is also necessary to pay special attention to the use of already developed theoretical prin-ciples and practical solutions. A formal statement of the problem of the analysis of natural language texts is proposed, in which the main subtasks are identified, associated with the calculation of typ-ing relationships of vocabulary of a natural language on a lexico-semantic continuum and the inter-pretation of some text on a given subject model. In the context of the developed architecture of the linguistic-ontological information system, a formal model for processing natural-language texts is proposed, for which an unambiguous correspondence of the processes of processing natural-language information and means (architectural blocks) of their implementation is shown. Keywords: ELRE natural language text, linguistic model, language ontological information system, analysis and understanding of natural language texts.
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Terekhova, N. V. "Etymological Analysis Model of the Chinese Hieroglyph: an Experiment." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 21, no. 1 (May 29, 2019): 270–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2019-21-1-270-284.
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The paper presents a gradual model of etymological analysis of the Chinese hieroglyph. The research was based on the game approach logic expressed in the combination of Russian and Chinese linguistic analysis of Chinese characters. The established rules include verification of the graphic paradigm according to the stages of Chinese writing development. In addition, the rules involve grammatological, structural, semantic, and ideosemantic analyses. Individual research strategy included selection of linguistic, historical, and cultural sources for verification of the graphic-semantic characteristics of the Chinese character. The author applied a combination and sequence of research approaches and introduced an authentic analysis terminology. The authentic terminology was supported by analogies from Russian linguistics, as well as by the experience of etymologization of the character in Chinese philological science. The paper features a model of etymological analysis of the Chinese character. It consists of several stages/types of etymological reconstructions: formal-graphic,grammatical or structural, and semantic (including ideosemantic).The created etymological model was tested on the example of etymologization of the Chinese hieroglyph "cart" 車 che / ju. Its paradigm was verified according to its graphic variants, which belonged to the early stages of ancient Chinese writing, namely jinwen, jiaguwen, and zhuanti. The author determined the graphic-semantic core of the character. Its graphic sensemaking form was systematically analyzed on the basis of verification of its graphic and semantic characteristics. Finally, the author conducted a semantic and ideosemantic analysis of the character, which included historical and archeological data on Chinese material culture. As a result, the study helped to define the etymological meaning of the character.
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Sharp, Randall, and Oliver Streiter. "Simplifying the Complexity of Machine Translation." Meta 37, no. 4 (September 30, 2002): 681–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/004127ar.
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Abstract A description of the CAT2 machine translation system is presented as an example of a model which stresses simplicity over complexity. The design of the formalism encompasses a minimum of formal constructs, yet is powerful enough to describe complex linguistic and translational phenomena. The paper presents an overview of the formalism, followed by examples of its usage in linguistic applications. A critical evaluation is presented, in which the authors discuss the shortcomings of the system and present the directions that are being taken to achieve a more realistic, and more simplified, model of machine translation.
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Brandowski, Alfred, Andrzej Mielewczyk, Hoang Nguyen, and Wojciech Frąckowiak. "A Fuzzy - Neuron Model of the Ship Propulsion Risk Prediction." Journal of Konbin 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10040-008-0141-4.
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A Fuzzy - Neuron Model of the Ship Propulsion Risk PredictionA prediction model is presented of the ship propulsion risk, i.e. a risk of the consequences of loss of the ship propulsion capability. This is an expert model based on opinions elicited by the ship power plant operators. The risk level depends, among other things, on the reliability state of the ship propulsion system components. This state is defined by operators in a linguistic form. The formal risk model parameters are determined by means of a neural network.
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Ahmed S. Al-Ghamdi, Naimah, and Rand Alghofaily. "Cross-Cultural Linguistic Analysis of Persuasive Techniques in Shark Tank." International Journal of English Language Education 7, no. 2 (September 9, 2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijele.v7i2.15416.
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The present study evaluates the application of William McGuire's Model of persuasion (1968) on Talk Shows from a cross-cultural view. Selected episodes from "Shark Tank" show in its two versions (the American and the Saudi) are transcribed and analyzed to identify the persuasive steps and techniques used by the participants in order to examine how persuasion works in the two different cultures. Results show that McGuire's model was 50%applied in the American version. Also, the Americans' style of persuasion was characterized by low context meaning, direct speech, linear themes, formal language, verbal techniques oriented, display feelings and creative thinking. On the other hand, McGuire's model of persuasion was 25% applied in the Saudi version. The Saudis' style of persuasion was characterized by high context meaning, indirect speech, non-linear themes, informal language, nonverbal techniques, partly conceals feelings and Simi creative thinking.
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Fitch, W. Tecumseh. "Unity and diversity in human language." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1563 (February 12, 2011): 376–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0223.
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Human language is both highly diverse—different languages have different ways of achieving the same functional goals—and easily learnable. Any language allows its users to express virtually any thought they can conceptualize. These traits render human language unique in the biological world. Understanding the biological basis of language is thus both extremely challenging and fundamentally interesting. I review the literature on linguistic diversity and language universals, suggesting that an adequate notion of ‘formal universals’ provides a promising way to understand the facts of language acquisition, offering order in the face of the diversity of human languages. Formal universals are cross-linguistic generalizations, often of an abstract or implicational nature. They derive from cognitive capacities to perceive and process particular types of structures and biological constraints upon integration of the multiple systems involved in language. Such formal universals can be understood on the model of a general solution to a set of differential equations; each language is one particular solution. An explicit formal conception of human language that embraces both considerable diversity and underlying biological unity is possible, and fully compatible with modern evolutionary theory.
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Dobrov, Aleksei, and Maria Smirnova. "From Graphematics to Phrasal, Sentential, and Textual Semantics Through Morphosyntax by Means of Corpus-Driven Grammar and Ontology: A Case Study on One Tibetan Text." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 72, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2021-0030.
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Abstract This article presents the current results of an ongoing study of the possibilities of fine-tuning automatic morphosyntactic and semantic annotation by means of improving the underlying formal grammar and ontology on the example of one Tibetan text. The ultimate purpose of work at this stage was to improve linguistic software developed for natural-language processing and understanding in order to achieve complete annotation of a specific text and such state of the formal model, in which all linguistic phenomena observed in the text would be explained. This purpose includes the following tasks: analysis of error cases in annotation of the text from the corpus; eliminating these errors in automatic annotation; development of formal grammar and updating of dictionaries. Along with the morpho-syntactic analysis, the current approach involves simultaneous semantic analysis as well. The article describes semantic annotation of the corpus, required by grammar revision and development, which was made with the use of computer ontology. The work is carried out with one of the corpus texts – a grammatical poetic treatise Sum-cu-pa (VII c.).
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Božič, Jurij. "Constraining long-distance allomorphy." Linguistic Review 36, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 485–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2019-2031.
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Abstract This paper presents a cross-linguistic survey of non-local allomorphy and it develops a formal model that accounts for the observed patterns. The distance between the trigger and target of allomorphy in non-local patterns is much more conservative than expected. A model of Vocabulary Insertion is developed, where the limited distance follows from the basic linear computational properties of the PF-interface.
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Ryder, Mary Ellen. "Bankers and blue-chippers: an account of - er formations in Present-day English." English Language and Linguistics 3, no. 2 (November 1999): 269–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674399000246.
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The nominalizing -er suffix has been extremely productive throughout the history of English, and in Present-day English it has developed a wide range of base and referent types. Yet most formal linguistic treatments account satisfactorily for only a fraction of the types of -er nominals actually found. I propose a cognitive model which not only addresses the problems with verb-based forms that are encountered in other models, but includes an account of all the nonverb-based -er nominals as well.
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Pavlík, Radoslav. "Some New Ways of Modeling T/D Deletion in English." Journal of English Linguistics 45, no. 3 (June 27, 2017): 195–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424217712358.
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The paper is concerned with the morpheme-final inter-consonantal T/D deletion in Standard British English. Its main aim is to explore some new ways of modeling this phenomenon and to test several new variables. Among the innovations suggested in the study are separate treatments of /t/ and /d/ as dependent variables, analysis of so-called neutralized contexts, testing of several previously unstudied predictors (including usage-based predictors), recategorization of most of the traditional formal linguistic predictors, and a proposition of a new articulatory-gestural model of T/D deletion. It is concluded that the strongest constraints on T/D deletion are the presence of the following consonant (a phonetic predictor) and the influence of /CC/-sequence text frequency (a usage-based predictor). The results of the study show that although the traditional (formal) linguistic predictors play a prominent role in T/D deletion, this process cannot be adequately explained without taking into account the frequency of occurrence and the mutual interplay of language patterns.
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Lowie, Wander. "Derivationele Morfologie In Tweede-Taalverwerving." TTW: De nieuwe generatie 39 (January 1, 1991): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.39.08low.
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This article deals with the influence of a learner's native language in the acquisition of L2 derivational morphology. Do learners acquire morphologically complex words like 'learnable' and 'explanation' as unanalysed units or do they acquire and store the stems ('learn'; 'explain') and generate/analyse these forms by using word formation rules? A linguistic model of the lexicon which enables both direct retrieval and generation/analysis on the basis of word formation rules is applied to second language acquisition by distinguishing formal and semantic/syntactic rules. Based on a comparative description of English and Dutch in these terms, a small scale empirical investigation was set out. The results of this research indicate that the primary determinant of the analysability of morphologically complex words is transparency, which is defined from the learner's point of view and is dependent on all prior linguistic knowledge of the learner, including L1. Furthermore, the research indicates that semantic/syntactic similarities between the languages have a greater facilitating effect than formal similarities.
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Torrens-Urrutia, Adrià, Vilém Novák, and María Dolores Jiménez-López. "Fuzzy Property Grammars for Gradience in Natural Language." Mathematics 11, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11030735.
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This paper introduces a new grammatical framework, Fuzzy Property Grammars (FPGr). This is a model based on Property Grammars and Fuzzy Natural Logic. Such grammatical framework is constraint-based and provides a new way to formally characterize gradience by representing grammaticality degrees regarding linguistic competence (without involving speakers judgments). The paper provides a formal-logical characterization of FPGr. A test of the framework is presented by implementing an FPGr for Spanish. FPGr is a formal theory that may serve linguists, computing scientists, and mathematicians since it can capture infinite grammatical structures within the variability of a language.
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Shams, Shamim Ara, and Zia Ul Haq Anwar. "Linguistic Identity Construction of Shina Speakers: An Ethnographic Study." Global Social Sciences Review IV, no. III (September 30, 2019): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2019(iv-iii).36.
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The present research intends to investigate the linguistic identity construction of Shina speakers in different contexts. The objective of the study is to study the pure Shina identity and to see how language use varies according to context. An ethnographic study was conducted to find out how Shina speakers construct their linguistic identities in different contexts. The sample for this research was purposive which included multilingual Shina speakers and the data was collected through interviews. The data was analyzed using Markedness Model by Myers- Scotton (1993). The findings of the study revealed that multilingual Shina speakers construct their linguistic identity in their interaction through code- switching and code mixing. It was found that a pure Shina identity is constructed at home and in close circles whereas a hybrid identity is constructed at the work place and formal context.
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Voss, Daniela. "Deleuze's Rethinking of the Notion of Sense." Deleuze Studies 7, no. 1 (February 2013): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/dls.2013.0092.
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Drawing on Deleuze's early works of the 1960s, this article investigates the ways in which Deleuze challenges our traditional linguistic notion of sense and notion of truth. Using Frege's account of sense and truth, this article presents our common understanding of sense and truth as two separate dimensions of the proposition where sense subsists only in a formal relation to the other. It then goes on to examine the Kantian account, which makes sense the superior transcendental condition of possibility of truth. Although both accounts define sense as merely the form of possibility of truth, a huge divide cuts across a simple formal logic of sense and a transcendental logic: transcendental logic discovered a certain genetic productivity of sense, such that a proposition always has the kind of truth that it merits according to its sense. In pursuit of this genetic productivity of sense, Deleuze applies different models of explanation: a Nietzschean genealogical model of the genetic power of sense, and in The Logic of Sense a structural model combined with elements of Stoic philosophy. This article follows Deleuze in setting up a new and very complex notion of sense, which he radically distinguishes from what he terms ‘signification’, that is, an extrinsic, linguistic or logical, condition of possibility. Rather, sense has to be conceived as both the effect and the intrinsic genetic element of an extra-propositional sense-producing machine.
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Cipriani, Enrico. "Semantics in generative grammar." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 42, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 134–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.00033.cip.
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Abstract I provide a critical survey of the role that semantics took in the several models of generative grammar, since the 1950s until the Minimalist Program. I distinguish four different periods. In the first section, I focus on the role of formal semantics in generative grammar until the 1970s. In Section 2 I present the period of linguistic wars, when the role of semantics in linguistic theory became a crucial topic of debate. In Section 3 I focus on the formulation of conditions on transformations and Binding Theory in the 1970s and 1980s, while in the last Section I discuss the role of semantics in the minimalist approach. In this section, I also propose a semantically-based model of generative grammar, which fully endorses minimalism and Chomsky’s later position concerning the primary role of the semantic interface in the Universal Grammar modelization (Strong Minimalist Thesis). In the Discussion, I point out some theoretical problems deriving from Chomsky’s internalist interpretation of model-theoretic semantics.
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Martin, Andrea E. "A Compositional Neural Architecture for Language." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 8 (August 2020): 1407–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01552.
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Hierarchical structure and compositionality imbue human language with unparalleled expressive power and set it apart from other perception–action systems. However, neither formal nor neurobiological models account for how these defining computational properties might arise in a physiological system. I attempt to reconcile hierarchy and compositionality with principles from cell assembly computation in neuroscience; the result is an emerging theory of how the brain could convert distributed perceptual representations into hierarchical structures across multiple timescales while representing interpretable incremental stages of (de)compositional meaning. The model's architecture—a multidimensional coordinate system based on neurophysiological models of sensory processing—proposes that a manifold of neural trajectories encodes sensory, motor, and abstract linguistic states. Gain modulation, including inhibition, tunes the path in the manifold in accordance with behavior and is how latent structure is inferred. As a consequence, predictive information about upcoming sensory input during production and comprehension is available without a separate operation. The proposed processing mechanism is synthesized from current models of neural entrainment to speech, concepts from systems neuroscience and category theory, and a symbolic-connectionist computational model that uses time and rhythm to structure information. I build on evidence from cognitive neuroscience and computational modeling that suggests a formal and mechanistic alignment between structure building and neural oscillations, and moves toward unifying basic insights from linguistics and psycholinguistics with the currency of neural computation.
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Yeh, Jui Feng, Cheng Hsien Lee, Yun Yun Lu, Guan Huei Wu, and Yao Yi Wang. "Spelling Check Combined Language Models and Knowledge Resources for Printer Drivers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 764-765 (May 2015): 955–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.764-765.955.
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This paper proposed a spelling error detection and correction using the linguistic features and knowledge resource. The linguistic features mainly come from language model that describes the probability of a sentence. In practice, the formal document with typos is defective and fall short of the specifications, since typos and error hidden in printed document are frequent, rework will cause the waste of paper and ink. This paper proposed an approach that addresses the spelling errors and before printing. In this method, the linguistic features are used in this research to compare and increase a new feature additionally that is a function of Internet search based on knowledge bases. Combining these research manners, this paper expect to achieve the goals of confirming, improving the detection rate of typos, and reducing the waste of resources. Experimental results shows, the proposed method is practicable and efficient for users to detect the typos in the printed documents.
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Hicks, Glyn, and Laura Domínguez. "A model for L1 grammatical attrition." Second Language Research 36, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658319862011.
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This article proposes a formal model of the human language faculty that accommodates the possibility of ‘attrition’ (modification or loss) of morphosyntactic properties in a first language. Modeling L1 grammatical attrition entails a quite fundamental paradox: if the structure of the language faculty in principle allows for attrition of morphosyntax, why is it apparently so heavily constrained and rarely attested? We demonstrate that the attrition paradox can be resolved with a model that integrates a formally explicit generative grammar (eschewing classical parameters in favor of functional feature assemblies; see Chomsky, 2000, 2001) into a generalized model of language acquisition that decouples linguistic input from acquisitional intake (following Lidz and Gagliardi, 2015). This implementation makes specific predictions about the input and intake conditions that favor and disfavor L1 attrition. We explore these predictions for one of the most widely studied areas of attrition, namely the realization of pronominals.
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Batuyshkina, Marina. "General Outlook on the Development of the Language of Law and Legislative Texts." Legal Linguistics, no. 19 (30) (April 1, 2021): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/leglin(2021)1901.
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The purpose of the article is to examine the matter of the genesis of the language of law, the development of the concept of "law" and the formation of models of legislative texts. The differentiation of types of laws, its foundations and trends are considered diachronically. The article examines the general and particular functional, formal and substantive features of laws adopted in different time periods, the phenomenon of model lawmaking, and the unification of legislative forms. Special attention is paid to the linguistic and terminological basis of laws, legal reception. It is noted that the change of terminological systems reflects various state and socio-political paradigms. The methods and approaches traditional for Russian studies and forensic linguistics have been used to write this article. The legal texts of the XI – XX centuries and modern Russian laws, as well as works of linguists, legal scholars and representatives of other sciences have served as research material.
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Johnson-Laird, Philip N., and Ruth M. J. Byrne. "Précis ofDeduction." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16, no. 2 (June 1993): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00030260.
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AbstractHow do people make deductions? The orthodox view in psychology is that they use formal rules of inference like those of a “natural deduction” system.Deductionargues that their logical competence depends, not on formal rules, but on mental models. They construct models of the situation described by the premises, using their linguistic knowledge and their general knowledge. They try to formulate a conclusion based on these models that maintains semantic information, that expresses it parsimoniously, and that makes explicit something not directly stated by any premise. They then test the validity of the conclusion by searching for alternative models that might refute the conclusion. The theory also resolves long-standing puzzles about reasoning, including how nonmonotonic reasoning occurs in daily life. The book reports experiments on all the main domains of deduction, including inferences based on prepositional connectives such as “if” and “or,” inferences based on relations such as “in the same place as,” inferences based on quantifiers such as “none,” “any,” and “only,” and metalogical inferences based on assertions about the true and the false. Where the two theories make opposite predictions, the results confirm the model theory and run counter to the formal rule theories. Without exception, all of the experiments corroborate the two main predictions of the model theory: inferences requiring only one model are easier than those requiring multiple models, and erroneous conclusions are usually the result of constructing only one of the possible models of the premises.
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Schwaiger, Thomas. "The derivational nature of reduplication: Towards a Functional Discourse Grammar account of a non-concatenative morphological process." Word Structure 11, no. 1 (March 2018): 118–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2018.0118.
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This article advances a first systematic Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) treatment of reduplication. Building on cross-linguistic arguments for reduplication's iconic motivation and non-concatenative derivational nature, principled advantages of FDG's functional-typological orientation over formal reduplicative models are programmatically demonstrated: Reduplication is differentiated from repetition in FDG's architecture, the basics for implementing reduplicative iconicity into the model are outlined, and several formalizations of the process based on existing FDG work on morphological derivation are suggested. Phonological characteristics of reduplication are mentioned briefly and mostly left for future FDG research.
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Schmid, Hans-Jörg. "How the Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization Model might enrich Diachronic Construction Grammar." Belgian Journal of Linguistics, Volume 34 (2020) 34 (December 31, 2020): 306–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00055.sch.
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Abstract Explanations of language change in terms of Diachronic Construction Grammar generalize over gradual adaptations of the linguistic behaviour of individual speakers and communities. Presenting a diachronic case study of the pattern (the) (Adj) thing (clauserel) is (is) (that), I argue that the time course of formal, semantic and pragmatic changes, of changes in frequency and of changes regarding dispersion over speakers and choices of lexical items offer a glimpse of the gradual individual and communal adaptations underlying processes such as constructionalization and constructional change. I interpret data extracted from various corpora from the perspectives of Diachronic Construction Grammar and the Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization Model (Schmid 2020) and discuss how the latter perspective might enrich the former.
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Otto, Santa Ana A. "Chicano English evidence for the exponential hypothesis: A variable rule pervades lexical phonology." Language Variation and Change 4, no. 3 (October 1992): 275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500000818.
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ABSTRACTGuy (1991) proposed a linkage between empirical linguistics, in the morphological constraints of /-t,d/ deletion, and formal linguistic theory, in lexical phonology. He hypothesized an explanation for the actual rate of deletion reported in /-t,d/ studies in the three-tier lexical phonology model (Kiparsky, 1979): namely, that an exponential relationship exists in the relative rate of deletion of /-t,d/ clusters in words, according to different morphological classes as described in the three-tier model. In this article, the hypothesis is tested in the English of 45 Chicanos from Los Angeles, which as a recently formed dialect provides an interesting test case in two respects. A major difference exists between the English of older and younger Chicanos involving the morphological classes associated with /-t,d/ deletion. Additionally, age grading of the /-t,d/ deletion process operates only among the younger speakers. Guy's model receives solid independent confirmation in the Chicano English data. These results simultaneously integrate the three-tier lexical phonology model, Guy's hypothesis, and the dialect-specific characteristics of Chicano English.
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Corrêa, Letícia Maria Sicuro, and Marina Rosa Ana Augusto. "Computação lingüística no processamento on-line: soluções formais para a incorporação de uma derivação minimalista em modelos de processamento." Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos 49, no. 2 (August 1, 2011): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/cel.v49i2.8637185.
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The possibility of a minimalist derivation being equated with on-line computation is caused into question. Formal solutions are explored, in the context of an Integrated Model of Linguistic Competence, for solving the problems that such an equation presents regarding the directionality of the derivation vis-à-vis incremental processing and costless movement operations. A mixed top-down/ bottom-up model is proposed, which relies on parallel derivational spaces. Sequential and simultaneous copies in the course of the derivation distinguish movement with and without computational cost.
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Breu, Walter. "Partitivity in Slavic-Romance language contact: The case of Molise Slavic in Italy." Linguistics 58, no. 3 (May 26, 2020): 837–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0092.
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AbstractMolise Slavic is a south Slavic micro-language, spoken in three municipalities in the Italian region of Molise. It has been in a situation of total language contact with Romance varieties for about 500 years, with strong foreign influence on all linguistic levels. This paper is intended as a contribution to two combined fields of linguistics: contact linguistics and the expression of partitivity in Slavic in different settings. The paper opens with a short description of the position of the (morphological) partitive case in Russian, followed by a comparison of the role of case in expressing partitive objects in Russian, Croatian and Molise Slavic. The subsequent section will deal with other means of rendering pure and ablativic partitivity in Italian as the dominant model language and in the Molise Slavic replica, in particular with respect to the similarities and differences in existential constructions. Special attention will be paid to the Italian partitive particle ne and its formal and functional equivalents in Molise Slavic, including the particle na/ne, partitive personal pronouns, quantifiers, the genitive and the role of intonation and word order. Finally we will test various hypotheses about the origin of the particle na/ne, whose formal variation in one of the Molise Slavic dialects causes serious problems for both loanword integration and semantic calquing.
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GIANCASPRO, DAVID, BECKY HALLORAN, and MICHAEL IVERSON. "Transfer at the initial stages of L3 Brazilian Portuguese: A look at three groups of English/Spanish bilinguals." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18, no. 2 (October 30, 2014): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728914000339.
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This study examines three formal linguistic acquisition models of third language (L3) acquisition in the context of Brazilian Portuguese (BP), specifically examining Differential Object Marking (DOM). The main goal is to determine which of the models is best able to predict and explain syntactic transfer in three experimental groups: mirror-image groups of first/second language (L1/L2) English/Spanish bilinguals (i) L1 English/L2 Spanish and (ii) L1 Spanish/L2 English, and (iii) heritage Spanish/English bilinguals. The data provide evidence to support the Typological Primacy Model (Rothman, 2010, 2011, 2013), which predicts Spanish transfer irrespective of its status as an L1, L2 or bilingual first language (2L1). Additionally, the heritage speaker and L1 English group results, taken together, provide evidence for Iverson's (2009) claim that comparing such populations adds independent supportive evidence that the acquisition of linguistic features or properties in an L2 acquired past puberty is not subject to a maturational critical period.
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BORDOGNA, GLORIA, and SERGIO CHIESA. "A FUZZY OBJECT-BASED DATA MODEL FOR IMPERFECT SPATIAL INFORMATION INTEGRATING EXACT OBJECTS AND FIELDS." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 11, no. 01 (February 2003): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021848850300193x.
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In this contribution a fuzzy object-based data model for imperfect spatial information is proposed within the formal framework of fuzzy set theory and possibility theory. The proposal integrates the two opposite views of geographic entities seen as either exact objects or continuous fields in current Geographic Information Systems. By assuming a Fuzzy Object-Oriented Data modelling approach new data types for representing geographic entities characterized by either unsharp boundaries or indeterminate boundaries and relationships are defined. Linguistic qualifiers are adopted both to express the extent by which an element of the spatial domain satisfies a gradual property, and to identify regions with indeterminate boundaries.
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Gargett, Andrew. "Incrementality and the Dynamics of Routines in Dialogue." Dialogue & Discourse 2, no. 1 (May 3, 2011): 171–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5087/dad.2011.108.
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We propose a novel dual processing model of linguistic routinisation, specifically formulaic ex- pressions (from relatively fixed idioms, all the way through to looser collocational phenomena). This model is formalised using the Dynamic Syntax (DS) formal account of language processing, whereby we make a specific extension to the core DS lexical architecture to capture the dynamics of linguistic routinisation. This extension is inspired by work within cognitive science more broadly. DS has a range of attractive modelling features, such as full incrementality, as well as recent ac- counts of using resources of the core grammar for modelling a range of dialogue phenomena, all of which we deploy in our account. This leads to not only a fully incremental model of formulaic lan- guage, but further, this straightforwardly extends to routinised dialogue phenomena. We consider this approach to be a proof of concept of how interdisciplinary work within cognitive science holds out the promise of meeting challenges faced by modellers of dialogue and discourse.
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Hsin, Lisa, and Geraldine Legendre. "Strong Integration in bilingual grammar, formalized." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 9, no. 3 (November 13, 2018): 427–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.17040.hsi.
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Abstract We present elicited production data reflecting cross-linguistic interference effects in the English wh-questions of Spanish-English bilingual children to provide a proof-of-concept for a proposed new formal analysis of such effects across cross-linguistic influence phenomena. The observed interference effects are interpreted as evidence for the Strong Integration hypothesis of bilingual grammatical architecture, in the context of independently documented facilitation and interference effects in a range of bilingual acquisition contexts. Building on an existing Optimality-Theoretic (OT) model of monolingual acquisition and a specific account of the adult grammar of wh-structures across dialects of Spanish, we propose that the individual patterns documented, in particular the sensitivity in child English to distinctions made in Spanish dialects on the basis of an argument/adjunct contrast, find a straightforward explanation in the OT model of acquisition as adapted to bilingual situations. The generalizability of the model as well as effects of exposure and dominance are discussed.
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Cimiano, P., A. Hotho, and S. Staab. "Learning Concept Hierarchies from Text Corpora using Formal Concept Analysis." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 24 (August 1, 2005): 305–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1648.
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We present a novel approach to the automatic acquisition of taxonomies or concept hierarchies from a text corpus. The approach is based on Formal Concept Analysis (FCA), a method mainly used for the analysis of data, i.e. for investigating and processing explicitly given information. We follow Harris' distributional hypothesis and model the context of a certain term as a vector representing syntactic dependencies which are automatically acquired from the text corpus with a linguistic parser. On the basis of this context information, FCA produces a lattice that we convert into a special kind of partial order constituting a concept hierarchy. The approach is evaluated by comparing the resulting concept hierarchies with hand-crafted taxonomies for two domains: tourism and finance. We also directly compare our approach with hierarchical agglomerative clustering as well as with Bi-Section-KMeans as an instance of a divisive clustering algorithm. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of using different measures weighting the contribution of each attribute as well as of applying a particular smoothing technique to cope with data sparseness.
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Szerszunowicz, Joanna. "Wieloaspektowość międzyjęzykowej ekwiwalencji stałych połączeń wyrazowych a ujęcie onomazjologiczne na przykładzie frazeologizmów typu tęga głowa." Białostockie Archiwum Językowe, no. 20 (2020): 333–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/baj.2020.20.25.
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The aim of this paper is to discuss the usefulness and reliability of the onomasiological approach in the cross-linguistic analysis of fixed multiword expressions based on the example of Polish phrases coined according to the model: ADJECTIVENOM FEM SING + GŁOWA ‘HEAD’ and their English and Italian counterparts. The three corpora are constituted by expressions registered in general and phraseological dictionaries of the respective languages to ensure that the units belong to the canon of Polish, English and Italian phraseological stock. The analysis of units collected for the purpose of the study clearly shows that in order to determine the true picture of cross-linguistic equivalence, the study should be focused on semantics of analysed phrases. Furthermore, the formal aspectmay be of minor significance in some cases due to the similarity of imagery of a source language idiom and the target language lexical item. On the other hand, stylistic value may have a great impact on the relation of cross-linguistic correspondence of the analysed units.