Journal articles: 'Liner surface'

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Peng, Engao, and Sheng Huang. "Wear performance of cylinder liner surface texturing on cylinder liner–piston ring assembly." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 232, no. 3 (June 15, 2017): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650117713435.

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The microgeometrical structure has a great impact on lubricating performance of the cylinder liner–piston ring assembly. Extensive investigations have been done upon the various texture types for better lubrication. However, rarely do they focus on the morphological alteration of the friction surfaces during the initial wearing process. In this study, the pits and grooves at the liner inner surface are processed and experiments are conducted to investigate the influence of the surface texturing structure on the piston ring assembly during the initial wearing process at different rotating speeds. Then, the tribology information of cylinder liner–piston ring assembly is obtained and the mechanism between surface texturing structure and lubricating performance was analyzed. Experimental results show that some pits and grooves on the inner surface of the cylinder liner can properly improve the wear performance of cylinder liner–piston ring at a high rotating speed in diesel engine, and hence reducing friction and wear. Moreover, it provides experimental data for theoretical analysis and knowledge for improving the friction surface texturing of cylinder liner.

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Yin, Bifeng, Huiqin Zhou, Bo Xu, and Hekun Jia. "The influence of roughness distribution characteristic on the lubrication performance of textured cylinder liners." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 71, no. 3 (April 8, 2019): 486–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2018-0258.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the coupling mechanism of the roughness distribution characteristic and surface textures on the cylinder liner. Design/methodology/approach The cylinder liner-piston ring lubrication model with non-Gaussian roughness distribution surface was proposed in this paper to find the optimum cylinder liner surface. The motored engine tests were carried out to verify the simulation results. Findings The calculation and experiment results show that the large negative skewness surface has the optimal lubrication performance in the un-textured liner, while in the textured liner, the small negative skewness surface is more appropriate, which means surface textures couple with small negative skewness surface can improve the lubrication performance. Originality/value Although there are some works related to liner surface roughness and textures, the combine of roughness distribution and surface textures is not usually taken into account. Therefore, this research is different from others, as the present model considers with real non-Gaussian roughness distribution liners.

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Özkan, Doğuş, and Hakan Kaleli. "Surface and Wear Analysis of Zinc Phosphate Coated Engine Oil Ring and Cylinder Liner Tested with Commercial Lubricant." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 150968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/150968.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the tribological performance through investigating protective additive layer and friction coefficient and implementing the quantitative wear measurements on the rubbed surface of the sliding pairs. The specimens of oil ring were rubbed against cast iron engine cylinder liner under boundary lubrication conditions. The ring and liner surfaces were examined by optical, scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy. The elemental analysis of surfaces was performed by using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Surface observations showed that coating was removed from the ring surface. Higher levels of Ca, Zn, P, and S elemental ratios (0.93%, 0.45%, 1.55%, and 1.60% as atomic percent) were detected on the cylinder liner surface. Wear width, length, and depth measurements were performed by optical and atomic force microscopies on the ring and cylinder liner surface. The results showed that wear widths for oil ring were 1.59 μm and 1.65 μm; wear widths for cylinder liner were 3.20 μm and 3.18 μm; wear depths for oil ring were 100 nm; and wear depths for cylinder liner were 482 nm. Wear data were taken mostly from the additive layer points detected by SEM and X-ray measurements.

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Pawlus, Pawel, Waldemar Koszela, and Rafal Reizer. "Surface Texturing of Cylinder Liners: A Review." Materials 15, no. 23 (December 3, 2022): 8629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238629.

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The effect of cylinder liners on engine performance is substantial. Typically, the cylinder surfaces were plateau honed. However, recently additional dimples or grooves were created on them. This work discusses the tribological impacts of textured cylinder liner surfaces based on a review of the literature. The results of the experimental research obtained using test rigs and fired engines were critically reviewed. In addition, the results of the modeling are shown. Circular oil pockets and grooves perpendicular to the sliding direction of piston rings of small depths were typically used. Surface texturing of the cylinder liners governs lubrication between the cylinder liner and the piston ring by an increase in oil film thickness near the reversal points leading to reductions in friction force and wear and in the fired engine to a decrease in fuel consumption and to an increase in power or torque. The correct texturing pattern ensures a decrease in the oil consumption, blow-by, and emissions of the internal combustion engine compared to plateau-honed surfaces. Considerations of future challenges are also addressed. The volume of lubricant reservoir in surface topography, called oil capacity, should be a substantial parameter characterizing textured surfaces.

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Gálik, R., and L. Boďo Š Staroňová. "Monitoring the inner surface of teat cup liners made from different materials." Research in Agricultural Engineering 61, Special Issue (June 2, 2016): S74—S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/50/2015-rae.

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The modern milking equipment consists of several rubber parts. Among these rubber parts, the most important is a teat cup liner, which provides direct contact force to teat tissue. Properties of teat cup liners directly affect the technical and technological process of milking, udder health condition and quality of obtained milk. The aim of the study is to specify the inner surface roughness of cup liners made from different materials. Roughness was measured using Surftest-301 Mitutoyo connected to a printer. Teat cup liners were monitored and evaluated at three different locations of the inner surface, every three months in primary production. The obtained results showed linear regression between the inner surface roughness of teat cup liners and exposure time. Significant differences of selected indicators of silicone liners were observed with P-value (0.029) < alpha (0.05). The model equation shows that if the value of cup liners exposure time increases by one month, inner surface roughness is likely to increase by approximately 0.039 μm.

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Fatah, Shilan H., and Radhwan H. Hasan. "Evaluation of Bond Strength and Dimensional Accuracy of Soft Liner to Microwave Cured Denture Base Material." Polytechnic Journal 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25156/ptj.v10n2y2020.pp32-37.

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Today, soft liners are being widely used in dental practices by their application to the inner surfaces of the denture with hopes to evenly distribute any potential uneven forces, and to provide a cushion effect to the oral mucosa of the patient mouth. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of (a) polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) denture base material curing technique, (b) Molloplast B soft liner curing technique, and (c) PMMA surface treatment, on the “shear bond strength” (SBS) between the Molloplast B liner and PMMA. A total of 80 samples were used in this study to evaluate the SBS performance of microwave (Nature-Cryl, Acron Gc, Japan) and conventional water bath (Ivoclar triplex, Liechtenstein) curing techniques of PMMA, and to evaluate the curing technique of soft liner material Molloplast B (DETAX,GERMANY). Surface treatment of PMMA was performed for half of the samples using neodymium:yttrium aluminum-garnet Nd:YAG laser, and the other half of the samples were surface-treated using AL2O3 sandblasting method. The results showed that the highest mean value in conventional water bath-cured soft liner was 26.69 MPa, whereas the lowest mean value for microwave-cured soft liner was 15.22 MPa. No significant difference was observed between the SBS performance regarding the PMMA surface treatment and curing techniques. Conventional water bath curing technique for soft liner treatment improved the SBS performance. Regarding the PMMA curing technique, the conventional water bath achieved higher SBS, yet the difference was not statistically significant. Finally, surface treatment using laser improved the SBS compared to sandblasted method, but the improvement here was also statistically insignificant.

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Saputra, Eko, Iwan Budiwan Anwar, Rifky Ismail, J. Jamari, and Emile van der Heide. "Study of Unipolar and Bipolar Hip Prostheses Using Finite Element Simulation: Contact Stress Analysis." Key Engineering Materials 739 (June 2017): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.739.96.

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One of phenomena which cannot be avoided in the hip prosthesis due to sliding contact as a product of human activity is wear on the surface of contact interaction Wear in the bipolar model is more complicated than the unipolar model. There are two contact interaction in the bipolar model, while the unipolar model has only one contact interaction. Wear on the liner and cup surfaces of the bipolar model itself can be early estimated by investigation the contact stresses due to their contact interactions. The contact stress on the liner surface of unipolar model can be estimated using analytical method. However, the estimation of contact stress on the liner and cup surface of the bipolar model using analytical method still need to consider. The aiming of this paper is to study the contact stresses on the liner and cup surfaces in the bipolar model of hip prosthesis using the finite element simulation. There are three model of hip prostheses which are simulated in this research, i.e. the unipolar, bipolar and big head unipolar models. The result showed that the maximum contact stress on the liner surface of bipolar model is higher than the unipolar model. The maximum contact stress on the cup surface of the bipolar model is lower than the big head unipolar model. Based on this results, it can be concluded that the contact stress on the liner and cup surfaces of the bipolar model cannot be estimated using analytical method.

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Murata, Yo, Tatsuya Ishii, Shunji Enomoto, Hideshi Oinuma, Kenichiro Nagai, Junichi Oki, and Hirofumi Daiguji. "Proposal of Acoustic Liners Combined with Fine-Perforated-Film." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 5475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-3116.

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This paper deals with a resonant type liner panel with a special surface structure. A typical resonant type liner panel generally consists of a perforated face plate, cells, and a back rigid plate. One of the technical challenges of the acoustic liners applied to the future ultra-high bypass ratio engines is to increase the sound absorption efficiency under grazing conditions because the nacelle, covering of the engine, tends to reduce its length and the lined area. It is known that the sound absorption of the conventional liners tends to deteriorate as grazing flow increases. The authors introduced a special thin acoustically transparent film over the face plate of the acoustic liner. The film, a fine perforated film (FPF), is expected to prevent the interaction of the grazing flow with the opening of the liner face plate. An experimental result with a flow duct rig in JAXA confirmed that the proposed combination of the acoustic liner and the FPF improved the absorption in acoustic energy under grazing conditions, compared with the sole acoustic liner and simple treatment of the FPF.

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Biboulet, N., H. Bouassida, J. Cavoret, and AA Lubrecht. "Determination of fundamental parameters for the cross-hatched cylinder liner micro-geometry." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 231, no. 3 (August 5, 2016): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650114548202.

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This paper is part of a project aiming at optimizing the cylinder-liner/piston-ring contact performance: oil consumption, friction and wear. The surface micro-geometry has a major influence on these characteristics. Classical cylinder-liners display cross-hatched patterns. Grooves modify contact pressure distributions and act as lubricant reservoirs and pipes redistributing oil. The load-carrying capacity is greatly influenced by the number of grooves and their geometry. An automatic groove geometry identification (depth, width, angle) is performed on cylinder-liner surface measurements. The surfaces were measured at two instants: new and after a fired engine test. The micro-geometry evolution is discussed.

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Zhu, Feng, Jiujun Xu, Xiaoguang Han, Yan Shen, and Mei Jin. "Tribological performance of three surface-modified piston rings matched with chromium-plated cylinder liner." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 69, no. 2 (March 13, 2017): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-11-2015-0164.

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Purpose The paper aims to investigate the friction and wear properties of three surface-modified piston rings matched with a chromium-plated cylinder liner. Design/methodology/approach Samples were taken from the chromium-plated cylinder liner, Cr-Al2O3 ring, CrN ring and Mo ring. Tribo-tests were conducted on a reciprocating sliding tribometer under fully formulated engine oils. Friction coefficients and wear depths of three friction pairs were tested. Surface morphologies of cylinder liners and piston rings before and after test were analyzed. Findings Experimental results show that in the Cr-Al2O3 piston ring, scuffing occurred easily when matched with the chromium-plated cylinder liner; compared with the Mo ring, the CrN ring could decrease the wear depth of the piston ring from 2.7 to 0.2 μm, and the wear depth of cylinder liner remained; however, the friction coefficient increased from 0.113 to 0.123. The tribological performances of three surface-modified piston rings were significantly different when they matched with chromium-plated cylinder liner. Originality/value Chromium-plated cylinder liner and the three kinds of surface-modified piston rings have excellent friction and wear properties, respectively. However, according to the systematic characteristics of internal combustion (IC) engine tribology, only the appropriate cylinder liner–piston ring can improve the tribological performance of the IC engine. This paper reports the tribological performance of three surface-modified piston rings matched with a chromium-plated cylinder liner. The results can be used as reference for the design of high-power-density diesel engine.

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Dias, Leonardo C., Giuseppe Pintaude, Alessandro A. O. F. Vittorino, and Henara L. Costa. "ZDDP Tribofilm Formation from a Formulated Oil on Textured Cylinder Liners." Lubricants 10, no. 6 (June 7, 2022): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10060118.

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Surface texturing can improve lubrication and entrap wear debris but increases the effective roughness of the surfaces, which can induce higher contact pressures. On the one hand, this can be detrimental, but on the other hand, the increase in contact pressure could be used to activate the formation of a ZDDP tribofilm from fully-formulated lubricants. This work investigates the synergistic effect between surface texturing via Maskless Electrochemical Texturing (MECT) and ZDDP additive. The surface texture consisted of an array of annular pockets manufactured on a gray cast iron cylinder liner. These textured surfaces were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The results indicated that surface texturing via MECT changes the chemical composition of the surfaces, by inducing a preferential dissolution of the metal matrix. Consequently, it exposed the carbon present in the material. The tribological performance was evaluated by a ring-on-cylinder-liner tribometer in reciprocating sliding under boundary lubrication conditions using both a base oil and a commercial formulated oil containing ZDDP additive. For comparison, a commercially honed liner was also tested. After the tribological tests, the surfaces were evaluated by white light interferometry and SEM/EDX. Although the textured surfaces showed higher friction, they induced more ZDDP-tribofilm formation than conventional cylinder liner finish.

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KIM, BYUNGHOON, YASUNOBU AKIYAMA, and NOBUYUKI IMAISHI. "Coverage Simulation for Non-Liner Surface Reaction." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 25, no. 3 (1999): 466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.25.466.

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Risse, Konstantin, Matthias Schorgel, Dirk Bartel, Bernhard Karpuschewski, and Florian Welzel. "Resource-efficient piston ring/cylinder liner pairing." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 71, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-06-2018-0250.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of different finish processes on the surface integrity and tribological behaviour of cylinder running surfaces for internal combustion engines. Design/methodology/approach The cutting force during finishing and the resulting surface topography was measured for a variety of cylinder running surfaces made of EN-GJL-250, EN-GJV-400 and thermal sprayed aluminium alloy. A separate conditioning tool was developed and tested. Different analysis methods (SEM, EDX, SIMS and FIB) for the characterisation of the boundary conditions were used. By an oscillating friction wear test and a single cylinder floating liner engine, the running-in and frictional behaviour was rated. Findings It was shown that honing with low cutting forces and silicon carbide cutting material decreases the friction in operation. The characteristics of the boundary layers after running-in depend on the finish machining process. A preconditioning with a separate tool can adjust the boundary layer and running-in behaviour. Based on the experimental results, a multi-body and computational fluid dynamics simulation was developed for the floating liner engine. Originality/value The results demonstrate the potential of finishing with low process forces to reduce friction and the need for a complete consideration of the tribological system piston ring/cylinder liner surface.

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Lawrence K, Deepak, and B. Ramamoorthy. "Surface topography characterization of automotive cylinder liner surfaces using fractal methods." Applied Surface Science 280 (September 2013): 332–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.04.157.

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Özkan, Doğuş, Hakan Kaleli, and Levent Yüksek. "Quantitative comparison of tribological performance of chromium- and zinc-phosphate-coated piston rings in tribotest rig." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 231, no. 1 (August 5, 2016): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650116646918.

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The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the tribological performance of the zinc-phosphate- and chromium-coated spheroidal cast iron piston rings in reciprocating tribotest rig with conventional commercial lubricant. Results of the experiments showed that tribofilm was formed both on ring and liner surfaces. Zinc phosphate coating was removed from the ring surface after the experiments. Wear rate of liner-chromium-coated ring pair was lower than the liner-phosphate-coated ring. The friction coefficient of the liner-phosphate-coated ring pair ranged from 0.104 to 0.124, lower than the liner-chromium-coated ring, which ranged from 0.114 to 0.129. Change of average surface roughness was also lower in chromium-coated ring (31%) than the phosphate-coated ring (72%). Test results showed that hard chromium-coated ring had better tribological performance and coating efficiency than the phosphate-coated ring due to wear resistance and lower change of average surface roughness.

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P., Venkateswara Babu, Ismail Syed, and Satish Ben Beera. "Influence of positive texturing on friction and wear properties of piston ring-cylinder liner tribo pair under lubricated conditions." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 71, no. 4 (May 7, 2019): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2017-0203.

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Purpose In an internal combustion engine, piston ring-cylinder liner tribo pair is one among the most critical rubbing pairs. Most of the energy produced by an internal combustion engine is dissipated as frictional losses of which major portion is contributed by the piston ring-cylinder liner tribo pair. Hence, proper design of tribological parameters of piston ring-cylinder liner pair is essential and can effectively reduce the friction and wear, thereby improving the tribological performance of the engine. This paper aims to use surface texturing, an effective and feasible method, to improve the tribological performance of piston ring-cylinder liner tribo pair. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, influence of positive texturing (protruding) on friction reduction and wear resistance of piston ring surfaces was studied. The square-shaped positive textures were fabricated on piston ring surface by chemical etching method, and the experiments were conducted with textured piston ring surfaces against un-textured cylinder liner surface on pin-on-disc apparatus by continuous supply of lubricant at the inlet of contact zone. The parameters varied in this study are area density and normal load at a constant sliding speed. A comparison was made between the tribological properties of textured and un-textured piston ring surfaces. Findings From the experimental results, the tribological performance of the textured piston ring-cylinder liner tribo pair was significantly improved over a un-textured tribo pair. A maximum friction reduction of 67.6 per cent and wear resistance of 81.6 per cent were observed with textured ring surfaces as compared to un-textured ring surfaces. Originality/value This experimental study is helpful for better understanding of the potency of positive texturing on friction reduction and wear resistance of piston ring-cylinder liner tribo pair under lubricated sliding conditions.

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Demirtas, Selman, Hakan Kaleli, Mahdi Khadem, and Dae-Eun Kim. "Characterization of the friction and wear effects of graphene nanoparticles in oil on the ring/cylinder liner of internal combustion engine." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 71, no. 5 (July 8, 2019): 642–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-05-2018-0170.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate the tribological characteristics of a Napier-type second piston ring against a cylinder liner in the presence of graphene nano-additives mixed into 5W40 fully synthetic engine oil. Design/methodology/approach Wear tests were carried out in the boundary lubrication condition using a reciprocating tribometer, and real engine tests were performed using a single spark ignition Honda GX 270 test engine for a duration of 75 h. Findings The experimental results of the tribometer tests revealed that the nano-additives formed a layer on the rubbed surfaces of both the piston ring and the cylinder liner. However, this layer was only formed at the top dead center of the cylinder liner during the engine tests. The accumulation of carbon (C) from the graphene was heavily detected on the rubbed surface of piston ring/cylinder liner, mixed with other additive elements such as Ca, Zn, S and P. Overall, the use of graphene nano-additives in engine oil was found to improve the frictional behavior in the boundary and mixed lubrication regimes. Abrasive wear was found to be the main mechanism occurring on the surface of both piston rings and cylinder liners. Originality/value Though many researchers have discussed the potential benefits of graphene as a nano-additive in oil to reduce the friction and wear in laboratory tests using tribometers, to date, no actual engine tests have been performed. In this paper, both tribometer and real engine tests were performed on a piston ring and cylinder liner using a fully formulated oil with and without graphene nano-additives in the boundary lubrication condition. It was found that a graphene nano-additive plays an active role in lowering the coefficient of friction and increasing surface protection and lubrication by forming a protective layer on the rubbing surfaces.

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Hu, Yang, Xianghui Meng, Youbai Xie, and Jiazheng Fan. "Study on the frictional performance of slide and plateau honed cylinder liners during running-in." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 69, no. 2 (March 13, 2017): 282–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-02-2016-0026.

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Purpose During running-in, the change in the honed cylinder liner surface alters the performance and efficiency of the piston ring-pack system. The present paper, thus, aims to investigate the surface topography and wear and friction evolution of a cylinder liner surface during the running-in tests on a reciprocating ring–liner tribometer under a mixed lubrication regime. After an initial period of rapid wear termed “running-in wear”, a relatively long-term steady-state surface topography can emerge. A numerical model is developed to predict the frictional performance of a piston ring-pack system at the initial and steady-state stages. Design/methodology/approach The liner surfaces are produced by slide honing (SH) and plateau honing (PH). The bearing area parameter (Rk family), commonly used in the automotive industry, is used to quantitatively characterize the surface topography change during the running-in process. A wear volume-sensitive surface roughness parameter, Rktot, is used to show the wear evolution. Findings The experimental results show that a slide-honed surface leads to reduced wear, and it reduces the costly running-in period compared to the plateau-honed surface. The simulation results show that running-in is a beneficial wear process that leads to a reduced friction mean effective pressure at the steady-state. Originality/value To simulate the mixed lubrication performance of a ring–liner system with non-Gaussian roughness, a one-dimensional homogenized mixed lubrication model was established. The real surface topography instead of its statistical properties is taken into account.

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Al Taweel, Sara Mohammad, Hanan Nejer Al-Otaibi, Nawaf Labban, Afnan AlFouzan, and Huda Al Shehri. "Soft Denture Liner Adhesion to Conventional and CAD/CAM Processed Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Acrylic Denture Resins-An In-Vitro Study." Materials 14, no. 21 (November 3, 2021): 6614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216614.

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This study aimed to evaluate the airborne-particle abrasion surface treatment effects on the tensile bond strength (TBS) between resilient denture liner and CAD/CAM or conventional heat polymerized poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) acrylic denture resins. A total of 48 dumbbell-shaped specimens (70 mm in total length, and 12 mm and 7 mm in diameter at the thickest and thinnest section, respectively) were prepared from CAD/CAM and conventional acrylic resins. Before relining with denture liner, 12 specimens from each material were surface-treated by 110 µm Al2O3 airborne-particle abrasion, and the remaining specimens served as control (no treatment). Following relining, all the specimens were aged by thermal cycling (1000 cycles, 5–55 °C). The TBS of denture liner to acrylic denture resins was tested in a universal testing apparatus at a 5 mm/min crosshead speed. The debonded surfaces were visually examined for the failure modes. ANOVA and multiple comparisons posthoc analysis tests were applied to determine the significant difference in TBS between the study groups (α = 0.05). A significant difference in TBS was observed between the control and surface treated groups (p < 0.001) for both acrylic resins materials. However, there was no statistically significant difference in bond strength between the acrylic resins materials (p = 0.739). Surface treatment with airborne-particle abrasion demonstrated increased TBS of the soft denture liners to acrylic resins. The TBS of conventional and CAD/CAM acrylic resins to soft denture liners were not considerably different.

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Bako, Sunday, Abdulkarim Nasir, Bori Ige, and Nicholas Musa. "Canvitation deterioration of diesel power plant cylinder liner." Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering 4, no. 3 (December 10, 2020): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30464/jmee.2020.4.3.239.

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The generating station in which diesel engine is used as a prime mover for generating electrical energy is known as diesel power plant. The cylinders liner are cylindrical component that are fixed inside the engine block. The function of the cylinder liners is to retain the working fluid and to guide the piston. Most diesel power plant uses wet-cylinder liners that are exposed to intensive cavitation. The paper aimed at studying the behavior of the cylinder liners that can lead to cavitation. The analysis involves, modeling and simulation in using Solidworks Software. The analysis shows that the cylinders are subjected to harmonic vibration resulting to momentary separation of the coolant from the cylinder wall, creating a pressure difference around the coolant surface which forms air bubbles. These bubbles explode at an extreme velocity. The explosion of these bubbles release surface energy known as cavitation. The energy hammers the cylinder liner surface thereby removing minute particles of metal from the surface of the vibrating cylinder leading to cavitational deterioration. The paper hereby calls on automotive designers to take critical measures in designing of; cylinder liner, water jacket and the entire cooling system, in order to control this phenomenon.

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LAZAR, VERA V. "MICROMETRY OF CYLINDER LINERS OF YAMZ ENGINES." Agricultural engineering, no. 3 (2022): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2022-3-51-55.

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The most important part that limits the engine life is the cylinder liner. Before fault finding in the cylinder liners, it is necessary to carry out the micrometry of their surface to identify the areas of greatest and least wear. For carrying out the micrometry and testing it on new and worn cylinder liners, 40 cylinder liners of YaMZ engines were used. The working surface of the cylinder liners was controlled by the inner diameter, which was measured in eight sections and two planes. The micrometry was carried out with an indicating hole gauge with a digital head of increased accuracy with a sensitivity of 0.001 mm; ten new cylinder liners met the technical requirements. The micrometry of thirty cylinder liners showed that the greatest wear was 253 μm in the connecting rod oscillation plane and 189 μm in the perpendicular plane. It was found that liner micrometry should be particularly thoroughly carried out at the top of the cylinder liners. The greatest wear occurs at the top piston ring stop at the start of the expansion stroke, with more intensive wear in the connecting rod oscillation plane due to the normal force. The uppermost part of the cylinder liners is the wear-free liner flange, the diameter of which indicates the original dimensions of the liner bore. However, it must also be measured due to the effects of high temperatures, changes in the crystal pattern of the material, oxidation and the presence of combustion products in the form of carbon deposits. The lower part of the cylinder liner is subject to wear due to the friction of the piston skirt against its surface. However, due to the lower temperature, the better lubrication, the much larger contact surface and the correspondingly lower pressure, increased wear here can only occur if there are misalignments in the crank mechanism: the misaligned crankshaft axle or the bent connecting rod.

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Shastin, V. I., and S. K. Kargapol’tsev. "Laser Modification of the "Ring-Cylinder Liner" Mating Surfaces." Key Engineering Materials 836 (March 2020): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.836.111.

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The article focuses on the topical issues of studying the microstructure, physical-and-mechanical and tribological parameters of the surface layers of a “ring-cylinder liner” friction pair subjected to laser processing. The analysis of the main defects of the elements of the cylinder-piston group of the internal combustion engine, methods for their recovery and increase of tribotechnical characteristics has been carried out. It is noted that the most effective means of increasing the wear resistance of the “ring-cylinder liner” friction pair are various types of heat and chemical-heat treatment of the working surface of the link. As a result of tribological studies, it was found that there is an increase in the wear resistance of a “ring – cylinder liner” friction pair in all the investigated laser exposure modes, taking into account the identified boundary processing conditions for one and the other interfacing elements. The maximum value of wear resistance is observed during laser thermal strengthening of both mating surfaces, at critical levels of laser energy density, which do not cause melting and microcracks in the surface layer. In this case, the wear resistance of the modified surface of the cylinder liner can increase 4.5...5 times, and more than three times for the piston rings.

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Miao, Jiazhi, Yongqing Li, Xiang Rao, Libao Zhu, Zhiwei Guo, and Chengqing Yuan. "Effects of different surface grooved cylinder liner on the tribological performance for cylinder liner-piston ring components." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 72, no. 5 (September 23, 2019): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-01-2019-0012.

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Purpose The emission from marine engines has a crucial effect on energy economy and environment pollution. One of the effective emission reduction schemes is to minimize the friction loss of main friction pairs such as cylinder liner-piston ring (CLPR). Micro-groove textures were designed to accomplish this aim. Design/methodology/approach The authors experimentally investigated the effects of micro-groove textures at different cylinder liner positions. The micro-groove texture was fabricated on samples by chemical etching and cut from the real CLPR pair. Sliding contact tests were conducted by a reciprocation test apparatus. Findings The average friction coefficient of grooves at 30° inclination were reduced up to 58.22% and produced better tribological behavior at most conditions. The operating condition was the critical factor that determined the optimum texture pattern. The surface morphology indicated that textures could produce smoother surfaces and less scratches as compared with the untextured surface. Originality/value Inclined grooves and V-grooves were designed and applied to real CLPR pairs. The knowledge obtained in this study will lead to practical basis for tribological design and manufacturing of CLPR pair in marine diesel engines.

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Grabon, Wieslaw, Waldemar Koszela, Pawel Pawlus, and Slawomir Ochwat. "Improving tribological behaviour of piston ring–cylinder liner frictional pair by liner surface texturing." Tribology International 61 (May 2013): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2012.11.027.

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Grabon, Wieslaw, Pawel Pawlus, Slawomir Wos, Waldemar Koszela, and Michal Wieczorowski. "Evolutions of cylinder liner surface texture and tribological performance of piston ring-liner assembly." Tribology International 127 (November 2018): 545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2018.07.011.

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Gu, Jing, Xiao Mei Huang, and Jian Hua Sui. "Research on Performance of MPIA/PTFE Union Fabric Used as Self-Lubricating Bearings Liner." Advanced Materials Research 796 (September 2013): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.796.225.

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Self-lubricating bearings liner is a fabric that can extend the period of use of spherical plain bearing. In this paper, the structural parameter of self-lubricating bearings liner was discussed. Taking MPIA as warp, respectively the MPIA/PTFE twisting yarn and PET/PTFE twisting yarn as weft, we obtained 12 fabrics by changing the weft surface effect of fabric structure, linear density and twist of weft. Then, the wear resistance and frictional property of the fabrics were tested, and the relationship between the factors was analyzed. The data shows that the wear resistance and frictional properties of the fabric with change of different factors. In comprehensive, more suitable self-lubricating bearings liner can be made by selecting MPIA and MPIA/PTFE twisting yarn intertwined, increasing weft surface effect, with moderate weft twist factor, and increasing weft linear density.

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Spiegelberg, Ben GI, Brent A. Lanting, James L. Howard, Matthew G. Teeter, and Douglas DR Naudie. "Surface integrity of polyethylene liners following trunnionosis of a dual modular neck total hip implant." HIP International 28, no. 6 (May 13, 2018): 629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120700018754336.

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Background: There has been a trend in the evolution of total hip arthroplasty towards increased modularity; with this increase in modularity come some potentially harmful consequences. Modularity at the neck shaft junction has been linked to corrosion, adverse reaction to metal debris and pseudotumour formation. Aim: The aim of this retrieval study is to assess whether the surface integrity of the polyethylene (PE) liner is affected by metal wear debris in a single implant design series of THA revised for trunnionosis. Methods: A retrieval analysis of thirty dual-taper modular neck hip prostheses was performed; the mean time from implantation to revision was 2.7 years (1.02–6.2). PE liners were analysed using a scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive spectrometer to assess for metal particles embedded on the liner surface. Serum metal ion levels and inflammatory markers were also analysed. Results: There were small numbers of metal particles present on the PE liners. The mean number of metal particles per liner was four and the particles varied in size from 0.5 µm to 122 µm mean 16 µm. All patients had elevated metal ion levels: cobalt 6.02 µg/l, chromium 1.22 µg/l, titanium 3.11 µg/l. The cobalt:chromium ratio was 7.55:1. Inflammatory markers were also marginally raised (ESR 17; CRP 10). Conclusion: These results suggest that retention of PE liners may be reasonable when performing isolated revision of the femoral component in cases of failure at the modular neck stem junction, especially when the inner diameter of the liner is already optimised for head size and stability.

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V. M, Abishek, Faizudeen N, Chandru S. H, and Palani R. "Design and Analysis of Cylinder Liner with Different Coatings." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 322–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46987.

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Abstract: In this project, the surface of a cylinder Liner in a diesel engine is coated with ceramiccoating powders by the plasmaspray technique using Ansys and its surface behavior is subsequently analyzed. The purpose of this study is to analyze with tribological effects of surface coating for a Liner in frictional mechanism. In, with and without coated cylinderliner was analyzed with Ansys software. The modeling and analysis of the cylinder liner is carrying by the catia and ansys software. Also, the combustion flow analysis of the cylinder liner is carried by Ansys software. From the obtained test results, it was found that the coated liner having improved properties in towards the diesel engine performance. The results show less deformation and fewer scratches due to wear on the Titania-coated Liner ascompared to uncoated one.

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Yang, Chao Zhen, Zhiwei Guo, and Changkun Xu. "Effect of grooved cylinder liner depths on the tribological performances of cylinder liner-piston ring." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 72, no. 3 (October 26, 2019): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2019-0244.

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Purpose Frictions in cylinder liner-piston ring often cause an inevitable loss of energy loss in the diesel engine. This study aims at evaluating the effect of depths in the cylinder liner groove texture on friction, wear and sealing performances. Design/methodology/approach Five depths of groove texture cylinder liners (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 µm) were fabricated, and experiments were carried out using a special-purpose diesel engine tester. Comparative analyses of cylinder liner contact resistances, piston ring wear losses and surface appearances were conducted with respect to different surface textures and applied loads. Findings Under no-load conditions, the cylinder liner with a 100 deep thread groove can significantly improve sealing and optimize its lubrication performance. On the other hand, the sealing is highly correlated with the depth of groove and the load within the cylinder liner. Under loaded conditions, the thread groove has less effect on the sealing performance. Originality/value The findings can provide feasible basis for the tribological design and production of diesel engines.

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Liu, Cheng, Yanjun Lu, Yongfang Zhang, Lujia Tang, Cheng Guo, and Norbert Müller. "Investigation on the Frictional Performance of Surface Textured Ring-Deformed Liner Conjunction in Internal Combustion Engines." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 18, 2019): 2761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142761.

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In internal combustion engines (ICEs), the frictional performance of ring-liner conjunction (RLC) has drawn special attention because it greatly affects the fuel efficiency of the engines. In recent years, surface texture (i.e., micro dimples or grooves) has emerged as a promising approach to improve the frictional performance of RLC. However, most current studies on surface textured RLC were conducted by assuming that the liner was ideally circular and the lubrication condition was either fully flooded or starved. In this study, to evaluate the frictional characteristics of an RLC with surface texture on the ring, a numerical model of lubrication is presented by considering the liner deformation, as well as the coexistence of the fully flooded and staved lubrication conditions in an engine cycle. On this basis, the frictional properties of a surface textured RLC are analyzed, and the impacts of the liner deformation and temperature on the friction-reducing effect of the surface texture are also evaluated. The results show that the surface texture on the ring can effectively reduce the power dissipation and friction dissipation of an RLC, and the reductions vary with the liner temperature and deformation. Large reductions in the power dissipation and friction dissipation of an RLC are obtained when the liner temperature is low or the liner deformation is small.

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Rosen, B.-G., C. Anderberg, and R. Ohlsson. "Parameter correlation study of cylinder liner roughness for production and quality control." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 222, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 1475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544054jem1201.

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Surface roughness plays an important role in the control of emissions and friction losses in the cylinder liner—piston ring system as well as securing economically favourable manufacturing. A number of different commercial cylinder liner types have been characterized using traditional two-dimensional stylus and ISO parameters together with the latest three-dimensional characterization. The results highlight the weak and strong correlations between different families of parameters traditionally used for liner surface specifications. The bearing curve based Rxq and Rk parameter families have been evaluated and show systematic and consistent differences when characterizing the same surface features when trying to establish independent characterization of the highly stratified, two-process cylinder liner surfaces. No significant improvement in discrimination results from using ensemble averages. Presentation of correlations in the form of topological diagrams helps to show when parameters with a high intrinsic variability can be effectively replaced by other more robust parameters with which they have a high correlation. Plateau parameters are in general more highly correlated than valley parameters. Three-dimensional parameters show high internal correlations and also correlate highly with some corresponding two-dimensional parameters.

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Anand, M., M. Hadfield, B. Thomas, and R. Cantrill. "The depletion of ZDDP additives within marine lubricants and associated cylinder liner wear in RNLI lifeboat engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 231, no. 1-2 (August 19, 2016): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420716663235.

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Previous work of authors indicated the wear of cylinder liners in marine engines of RNLI lifeboats due to the intense lubricant degradation identified by inductively coupled plasma and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy techniques. In this paper, further analysis carried out to evaluate the effects of lubricant degradation on the actual cylinder liners installed in the Trent Class Lifeboat engines is presented. Surface characterisation of actual cylinder liner’s bore surface showed maximum wear near the top dead centre region compared to rest of the piston stroke. Wear in this region of the cylinder liner surface is controlled primarily by the protective film forming anti-wear additives in the lubricant which limit the direct surface contact between the piston rings and cylinder liner. The condition of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates anti-wear additives was analysed using the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Tribology analysis was conducted to evaluate the tribological and boundary film forming performance of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates additives by simulating cylinder liner–piston ring contact near the top dead centre. To further understand the wear mechanisms of the cylinder liner, wear debris analysis (Analytical Ferrography) of lubricant samples was performed. Results revealed the depletion of phosphorus containing zinc dialkyldithiophosphates anti-wear additives as a function of the lubricant’s duty cycle within the marine engines and its effect on the tribological and boundary film forming performance of lubricants. Wear debris analysis showed the generation of ferrous debris potentially from the cylinder liners as a result of reduced anti-wear protection from the depleted zinc dialkyldithiophosphates additives during the tribological contact with piston rings and piston skirt region. These findings are useful to understand the lubricant degradation mechanisms which affect the functionality of cylinder liners, therefore allowing to plan the engine maintenance strategies.

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Maldonado, Ana Luisa P., and R. Jeremy Astley. "SwirlProp: A tool for sound propagation and attenuation in swirling flows." International Journal of Aeroacoustics 20, no. 5-7 (September 2021): 588–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475472x211052591.

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The current trends for next generation turbofan engines are towards shorter nacelles and increased distances between the fan and the outlet guide vanes. This leads to an overall reduction in lined surface areas as well as an increase in the relative importance of the interstage liner, which is the liner placed between the rotor blades and the stator vanes. So far most of the efforts have been on liners for intakes and bypass ducts. The interstage is different in that the liner is subject to a mean flow with a strong swirl component and shear. The SwirlProp code was developed to contribute to understanding and predicting the effect of the swirl on liner attenuation. The code is based on the linearized Euler equations together with the Ingard–Myers boundary condition. An eigenvalue problem is formulated and discretized using a finite difference method. The code is exhaustively compared against predicted values obtained by other methods for uniform, sheared and swirling mean flows and hard-walled and lined ducts. A cross-validation between SwirlProp and an in-house code from Rolls-Royce was carried out for a more realistic case. Also, details on the implementation of the boundary condition are proposed and details are presented.

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34

Mohamad, Salaheldin A., Qun Zheng, and Xi Qun Lu. "Improving Tribological Behavior of 2-Stroke Marine Diesel Engine Piston Ring by Cylinder Liner Surface Texturing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 620 (August 2014): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.620.278.

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Piston ring lubrication in some types of low-speed 2-stroke marine diesel engines is completely different from those in medium-or high-speed diesel engines since the inner surface of cylinder liners are textured with circular grooves in macro-scale and honing texture in micro-scale. In this paper, a numerical model has been developed to study the potential of use of cylinder bore surface texturing, in the form of circumferential oil grooves with different dimensions and densities, and their efficiency to improve the tribological properties of piston ring-cylinder liner tribo-system. The average Reynolds equation has been employed in the area of micro-scale texture and the effect of macro-scale grooves has been incorporated to improve the currently lubrication model. The results showed that the cylinder liner oil grooves can efficiently be used to maintain hydrodynamic effect. It is also shown that optimum surface texturing may substantially reduce the friction losses between piston ring and cylinder liner.

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Chandu, GS, Dayanand Ashok Huddar, MN Hombesh, B. Sandhyarani, and Girish Shankar Nanjannawar. "Effect of Denture Cleanser on Weight, Surface Roughness and Tensile Bond Strength of Two Resilient Denture Liners." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 13, no. 5 (2012): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1195.

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ABSTRACT Aim Evaluating effects of a denture cleanser on weight, surface roughness and tensile bond strength on two resilient lining materials. Materials and methods Specimens of heat cure acrylic resin were prepared to verify weight change, surface roughness and tensile bond strength. Specimens were divided into four groups: Relined with resilient liner Visco-gel, soft liner immersed in Clinsodent denture cleanser and water and evaluated immediately, 24 hours, 7 and 15 days. Weight changes, roughness and tensile bond strength were determined and data submitted to statistical analysis. Results Visco-gel specimens immersed in water (group 1) have shown significant increased surface roughness than those immersed in Clinsodent (group 3) during 24 hours, 7 and 15 days. The soft liner specimens immersed in water (group 2) have shown increased surface roughness than those immersed in Clinsodent (group 4) during 24 hours and 7 days. Visco-gel specimens immersed in water have shown significant increased tensile bond strength during 7 and 15 days than those immersed in Clinsodent. The soft liner specimens immersed in water have shown increased tensile bond strength than those immersed in Clinsodent during immediately, 24 hours and 7 days. Conclusion Within limitations of this study, specimens immersed in Clinsodent demonstrated increased weight changes compared with water. Specimens immersed in water demonstrated lesser surface roughness and tensile bond strength compared with specimens immersed in Clinsodent. Clinical significance Resilient denture liners and denture cleansers are most commonly used materials in prosthodontics. Caution should be taken while selecting the materials which cause the detrimental changes on properties of the materials. How to cite this article Huddar DA, Hombesh MN, Sandhyarani B, Chandu GS, Nanjannawar GS, Shetty R. Effect of Denture Cleanser on Weight, Surface Roughness and Tensile Bond Strength of Two Resilient Denture Liners. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(5):607-611.

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Lanzillo, Nicholas A., and Daniel C. Edelstein. "Reliability and resistance projections for rhodium and iridium interconnects from first-principles." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 40, no. 5 (September 2022): 052801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0001980.

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We apply first-principles simulations to evaluate several properties related to the resistance and reliability of rhodium and iridium interconnects. We find that both Rh and Ir have significantly higher activation energies of diffusion than state-of-the-art Cu interconnects, suggesting greatly improved resistance to electromigration failure. Since the practical integration of metal interconnects requires an adhesion liner, we calculate the metal-to-metal adhesion, surface scattering characteristics, and via resistance of four potential liner materials: TiN, TiO, TaN, and TaO. We find that TiO gives the strong metal-to-metal adhesion for both Rh and Ir, minimizing the risk of delamination. None of the four liner materials considered are found to have a significant impact on surface scattering of Rh or Ir, while the N-containing liners give lower via resistance than the O-containing liners. This work helps build a better understanding of fundamental material properties related to the practical integration of potential next-generation interconnect metals used for advanced semiconductor technology.

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37

Zhang, Yanan, Yu Tian, Yulong Zhang, Xuelong Fu, Hao Li, Zhehong Lu, Tengyue Zhang, and Yubing Hu. "Improvement in Migration Resistance of Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) Liners by Using Graphene Barriers." Polymers 14, no. 23 (November 30, 2022): 5213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235213.

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The excessive migration of plasticizers leads to debonding and cracking of a liner, which can compromise the safety of a solid propellant. Graphene oxide (GO), with a laminar structure as a filler, can effectively reduce the migration of plasticizers. In this study, we modified GO using toluene diisocyanate (TDI). The cross-link density of the substrate was increased by grafting isocyanate groups to obtain a denser liner for the purpose of preventing plasticizer migration. We also used octadecylamine (ODA) to modify GO by grafting negatively charged amide groups on the GO surface. The electrostatic repulsive effect of the amide group on the plasticizer molecules was used to prevent plasticizer migration. Two modified GOs were filled into the hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene to prepare two composite liners. We then investigated the migration resistance and migration kinetics of each modified liner using the dipping method. In addition, we explored the mechanical properties of each modified liner. Compared with the original liner, the anti-migration and mechanical properties of the modified composite liners were significantly improved. Among them, the TDI-modified liner had the most obvious improvement in migration resistance, while the ODA-modified liner had the greatest improvement in bonding properties. All types of liners met the requirements of the current propellant systems. This study provides an effective reference for improving the migration resistance and bonding properties of the composite liner.

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Ye, Jianxiong, Linwen Yu, and Yong Chen. "Study on the Mitigative Effect of Controlled Permeable Formwork (CPF) Liner on Early-Age Shrinkage of Box-Girder Concrete." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (September 10, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4150279.

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Because of its high binder content and severe construction environment, early-age cracking is one of the most important threats to concrete used in continuous box-girder bridge structures. In this study, controlled permeable formwork (CPF) liner was used to mitigate the early-age shrinkage and reduce the early-age cracking risk of box-girder concrete. Early-age shrinkage was measured by a noncontact method and started at 30 min after adding mix water until 7 d. Internal relative moisture content and pore distribution tests were also carried out to reveal the working mechanism of CPF liner. The results show that covering the concrete surface with CPF liner decreased early-age shrinkage significantly. Under the temperature of 20°C and the relative humidity of 60%, two-surface-covering and three-surface-covering CPF liner on concrete decreased the shrinkage by 44% and 48%, respectively, at 7 d compared with concrete without CPF liner covered on it. The main reason is that CPF liner enhanced the internal relative moisture content and resulted in better performance of the surface concrete.

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39

Li, Cheng-Di, Xiao Chen, Xiao-Wei Zhang, Shun-Jian Xu, Yao Hu, Hui-Hua Jian, and Jiu-Jun Xu. "Friction and wear behavior of Al–Si alloy cylinder liner prepared by surface shaping treatments." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 234, no. 9 (March 1, 2020): 1522–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650120909729.

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In order to improve the friction and wear behavior of Al–Si alloy cylinder liner, the surfaces of cylinder liner samples were prepared by three kinds of surface shaping treatments (chemical etching shaping, mechanical honing shaping, and laser ablation shaping). All the three kinds of surface shaping treatments can expose the silicon particles on the surface of Al–Si alloy cylinder liner, which prevents the contact aluminum from the counterface (piston ring). The area between the two protruding silicon particles can be stored for enhanced lubrication and reduce friction. These shaping surfaces were different. The edges of the silicon particles are made sharp by the chemical etching shaping treatment. The edges of the silicon particles are round but with burr by the mechanical honing shaping treatment. The edges of silicon particles are round but without burr by the laser ablation shaping treatment. The friction coefficient and weight loss are lowest by the laser ablation shaping in three kinds of surface shaping treatments. There are two reasons. On the one hand, the edges of silicon particles are round but without burr, which reduce the stress concentration. On the other hand, the silicon particles combine well with aluminum, which reduce the probability of falling off.

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40

Zhong, Mei Peng, Ju Long Yuan, Wei Feng Yao, and Xiang Chi. "Researcher on Manufacturing Surface of Air Compressor Cylinder by Vibration and Mechanism of Lubrication." Advanced Materials Research 842 (November 2013): 643–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.842.643.

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The method of the impacting to manufacture micro-pits is put forward in order to reduce friction between Piston ring and Cylinder liner, and improve the effective of air compressor. Method and principium of the impacting to manufacture micro-pits is recounted. The cylinder liner is set on principal axis of the rotating lathe. The tool can feed toward axis or radial direction. The micro-pits deepness is controlled by axis feeding, and distance between two micro-pits is controlled by radial feeding. The motor drives eccentricity wheel, so that the tool engender the low frequency vibration. The micro-pits are manufactured by the tools on low-frequency vibration. The effective of micro-pits processing is improved because the matrix tools were designed and manufactured. The depth of micro-pits can be controlled, so that it is even. The dynamic lubrication is built up between the cylinder and the piston, because the distributing regulation and the structural parameter can be controlled, and the micro-pits distribute evenly and independently. A theoretic model was presented to study the lubrication performance, The theory of dynamic lubrication of the honeycomb micro-pits was researched. The air compressor cylinder liners were manufactured. The tests of air compressors which cylinder liners have no micro-pits and air compressors which cylinder liners have micro-pits were done. The test result proves that friction between Piston ring and Cylinder liner is reduced, and the effective of air compressor is improved because of micro-pits.

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41

Li, Cheng-Di, Bin Li, Mei Jin, Yan Shen, and Jiu-Jun Xu. "Wear behavior of the aluminum-silicon alloy cylinder liner wear against Chrom–Keramik–Schicht piston ring." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 232, no. 2 (May 5, 2017): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650117708138.

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The aluminum–silicon alloy cylinder liner shows great potential for engine cylinder liner applications as its excellent castability, light weight, and good thermal conductivity. In order to improve the capability of the whole friction system further, the friction performance of the piston rings wear against cylinder liner should be discussed in details. In this paper, the wear behavior of the aluminum–silicon alloy cylinder liner wear against Chrom–Keramik–Schicht (CKS) piston ring was carried out by the contraposition reciprocating test rig under lubrication. The surface morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. When CKS piston ring wears against aluminum–silicon alloy cylinder liner, comparing with sprayed molybdenum piston ring, the friction coefficient reduced nearly 10%. Besides, the weight loss of cylinder liner and piston ring reduced nearly 95%. In the process of friction, aluminum was rolled repeatedly on the surface of cylinder liner. And the honing roads were still visible clearly on the worn surface. The coating of CKS piston ring is dense, lower roughness and higher hardness, and not easy to fall off. While the worn surface of CKS piston ring was smooth in the process of adhesive wear. When the aluminum–silicon alloy cylinder liner wears against CKS piston ring, the matched pair presents an excellent wear behavior.

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42

Li, Wenhua, Baihong Yu, Yutao Lv, Yan Shen, Ruoxuan Huang, and Fengming Du. "Wear Behavior of CuSn Coated Piston Ring Sliding against Nodular Cast Iron Cylinder Liner under Heavy-Duty Conditions." Metals 9, no. 2 (January 27, 2019): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9020139.

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In order to investigate the friction and wear behavior between the nodular cast iron cylinder liner (Fe) and CuSn coated piston ring under heavy-duty conditions, piston rings with chromium(Cr) coating and CuSn-Cr coating were tested using the piston ring reciprocating liner test rig at the simulated working conditions of 56 MPa, 200 r/min, 190 °C. Compared with the Cr/Fe pair, the CuSn coating consumption of the CuSn-Cr/Fe pair made friction coefficient and cylinder wear loss decrease by 2.8% and 51.5%, respectively. Different size Sn patches worn from the CuSn coated piston ring were embedded into the cylinder liner surface based on the surface topography. This process was shown to reduce the surface roughness of a cylinder liner and form flatter plateau structures. Chemical elements analysis indicated that plateau structures on the cylinder liner surface matched with CuSn-Cr coated ring are helpful to promote the tribo-chemical reaction and generate the reactive products to protect the mutually contacted asperities.

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43

Bai, Xin Li, Qian Pan, and Hai Li Su. "Finite Element Analysis of Steel Liner in the Gradual Change Segment of Downstream Dam Surface Penstock." Advanced Materials Research 219-220 (March 2011): 685–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.219-220.685.

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Taking dam body and steel liner in the gradual change segment of inlet of a hydropower station as the research target, structure analysis is carried out by use of the large finite element software. Temperature variation load and external pressure load equivalent to internal vacuum 0.2MPa pressure are considered. Stress and distribution of the dam, steel liner and the stiffener rings are obtained. The calculation results show that, steel liner structure in the gradual change segment has sufficient rigidity; the stress state of steel liner structure is very complex and the stress concentration in stiffener rings is significant; the stress value in sharp-angled area of stiffener ring structure is also very high. Anchor reinforcement with radial constraints and transverse stiffeners are suggested to add to the steel liner, so as to improve the force bearing conditions of steel liner structure in the gradual change segment of inlet. The obtained results and conclusions can be referenced for the design of steel liner structure in the gradual change segment of inlet.

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Deguchi, Akio, Hirotoshi Kitagawa, Shohji Mitsutake, and Noritaka Ooka. "Investigation on Cylinder Liner Surface Conditions by Replica Technique." JOURNAL OF THE MARINE ENGINEERING SOCIETY IN JAPAN 22, no. 10 (1987): 658–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime1966.22.658.

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Anderberg, C., Z. Dimkovski, and B.-G. Rosén. "Liner surface improvements for low friction piston ring packs." Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties 2, no. 1 (December 30, 2013): 014009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/2/1/014009.

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Dimkovski, Z., F. Cabanettes, H. Löfgren, C. Anderberg, R. Ohlsson, and B. G. Rosén. "Optimization of cylinder liner surface finish by slide honing." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 226, no. 4 (February 15, 2012): 575–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405410396154.

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47

Ma, Zheng, Naeim A. Henein, Walter Bryzik, and John Glidewell. "Cylinder Liner Surface Analysis During SI Engine Break-In." Tribology Transactions 45, no. 3 (January 2002): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402000208982565.

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Karas, I., and R. Gálik. "Non-contact thermometry in the milking stopping control system." Czech Journal of Animal Science 50, No. 5 (December 10, 2011): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4148-cjas.

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The paper deals with the detection of “idle milking” times for individual quarters of the udder in a group of dairy cows (randomly selected) in a parallel 2 × 12 milking parlour. A non-contact laser thermometer Raynger ST-6 was used to measure temperatures of the inner surfaces of liners instantly after milking. In a group of 12 dairy cows, the minimum liner temperature after milking was 15.3°C, the maximum temperature was 28.9°C. It follows from the regression correlation that an increase in the cooling time by 1 second decreases the temperature of the liner inner surface by 0.0324°C. On average, fore left quarters were milked idle 2.55 min, fore right 2.21 min, rear left 0.24 min, rear right 0.56 min. Differences in the temperatures of liner inner surfaces determined between fore and rear udder quarters were statistically significant; the negative statistically significant correlation coefficient was recorded between the total milking time and the temperature of liners in fore quarters (r = –0.7802<sup>++</sup>, resp. r = –0.6058<sup>+</sup>).    

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Jones, Michael. "A review of variable-impedance acoustic liner concepts developed at NASA." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 5 (August 1, 2021): 1633–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-1886.

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This paper presents results attained in the NASA Langley Research Center test rigs using concepts for which the impedance varies over the surface of the liner. These liners are typically designed for significant sound absorption over a wide frequency range, but it is also possible to tune the design to achieve increased absorption at selected frequencies. A brief review is provided regarding a number of variable-impedance concepts. The first is a modified version of a conventional two-layer liner, in which the embedded septum location and acoustic properties are different for adjacent core chambers. Two concepts employ core chambers with different lengths, one with bent chambers to allow packaging within a limited volume, and the other with shared inlet ports to reduce the surface porosity. The last employs a perforated facesheet in which the hole diameter and porosity are varied over the surface of the liner. Data acquired in the NASA normal incidence and grazing flow impedance tubes are used to demonstrate the capabilities of these concepts. Impedance prediction models are also presented for comparison with these measured data.

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Pusterhofer, Michael, Florian Summer, Daniel Wuketich, and Florian Grün. "Development of a Model Test System for a Piston Ring/Cylinder Liner-Contact with Focus on Near-to-Application Seizure Behaviour." Lubricants 7, no. 12 (November 22, 2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7120104.

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Physical simulations of tribo contacts in internal combustion engines can act as a supporting tool to match upcoming guidelines and emission restrictions. In particular, the scuffing resistance of the contact between the piston ring and cylinder liner suffers under decreasing oil viscosity and limitation of antiwear additives. This paper aims to provide an experimental method to simulate the scuffing of the piston ring/cylinder liner-contact and to validate this method with real engine parts and the literature from engine tests. The experimental methodology uses a linear tribometer TE77 to test specimens from original piston rings and liners under reciprocating motion. Additionally, the ring specimen is given the opportunity to perform secondary movements (ring twisting, ring turning) and to run under deficient lubrication conditions similar to the engine. A specially designed test strategy enables the reproducible creation of seizure of the tribosystem. The seizure resistance of two engine oils, tested for validation, correlates with the known engine performance. Therefore, the model test system can be seen as a reproducible tool for simulating seizure of a ring/liner-system, showing similar trends and wear mechanisms as in an engine. Surface analysis depicts similarities between the scuffed surfaces of an engine and the model and discusses the origin of seizure based on the model specimens together with the relevant literature.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Liner surface'

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