Academic literature on the topic 'Linear Warfare'
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Journal articles on the topic "Linear Warfare"
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Schnaufer, Tad. "Redefining Hybrid Warfare: Russia’s Non-linear War against the West." Journal of Strategic Security 10, no. 1 (March 2017): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.10.1.1538.
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Valuch, Jozef, Tomáš Gábriš, and Ondrej Hamuľák. "Cyber Attacks, Information Attacks, and Postmodern Warfare." Baltic Journal of Law & Politics 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 63–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjlp-2017-0003.
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Abstract The aim of this paper is to evaluate and differentiate between the phenomena of cyberwarfare and information warfare, as manifestations of what we perceive as postmodern warfare. We describe and analyse the current examples of the use the postmodern warfare and the reactions of states and international bodies to these phenomena. The subject matter of this paper is the relationship between new types of postmodern conflicts and the law of armed conflicts (law of war). Based on ICJ case law, it is clear that under current legal rules of international law of war, cyber attacks as well as information attacks (often performed in the cyberspace as well) can only be perceived as “war” if executed in addition to classical kinetic warfare, which is often not the case. In most cases perceived “only” as a non-linear warfare (postmodern conflict), this practice nevertheless must be condemned as conduct contrary to the principles of international law and (possibly) a crime under national laws, unless this type of conduct will be recognized by the international community as a “war” proper, in its new, postmodern sense.
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Gunneriusson, Håkan Ulf. "Hybrid warfare & theory." Revista ICONO14 Revista científica de Comunicación y Tecnologías emergentes 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 15–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v19i1.1608.
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Hybrid threats use conventional and unconventional means to achieve their goals. This paper explores the cyber threat as one possible aspect of hybrid threats. It also discusses the background of the term hybrid warfare, how it emerged and travelled as the empirical situations evolved and needed new definitions. Russia aims at attaining this by applying a holistic mix of military, political and economic means to weaken the West and to strengthen its own role as a global player (with the “West” I for simplicity mean the states which constitute EU and NATO, but it is really more a cultural approach than an organizational). The Russian approach builds on a strategy of reflexive control which as such is an old method, but the outcome of the application of this approach results in hybrid warfare which as such is a new emerging concept of warfighting. This short article looks at one particular aspect of this Russian strategy, namely using Hybrid, or non-linear, Warfare against its Western direct neighbors in particular and the West in general. The cyber arena is very important in this practice. The attack of this weaponized situation is that the trust in the West. Primarily the EU (European Union) and NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), is eroded for every day which these countries challenges the international system which the western democracies say that they present and defend. This is part of what can be described as an example of reflexive control, exercised by Russia.
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Denman, Derek S. "On fortification: Military architecture, geometric power, and defensive design." Security Dialogue 51, no. 2-3 (December 13, 2019): 231–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010619889470.
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Fortification calls to mind images of high walls establishing clear lines between inside and outside and immobilizing enemies. However, even the most seemingly inert fortifications rely on subtle forms of mobility and more elaborate spatial relations. This article examines fortification as a technique of power in which warfare, the design of the built environment, and the organization of space are intertwined. Where research on fortification tends to emphasize the symbolic, sovereign aspirations of wall-building, the approach advanced here focuses on the spatial technologies and infrastructural projects of military architecture and engineering that remake space through martial means. The article follows the trajectory within military architecture by which linear fortifications became defense in depth and asks how transformations of ‘depth’ in contemporary warfare have come to integrate more complex, non-linear notions of space and time. By tracing the ways in which the curtain wall of Vauban’s bastion fortress transformed into the radar curtain, I argue that fortification constitutes a ‘becoming war’ in which ‘defensive’ war intensifies organized violence. As such, the concept of fortification proves indispensable for understanding the reinforced boundaries and delineated pathways cutting across the global space of contemporary warfare.
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Glantz, David M. "The continuing influence of non‐linear warfare on Russian force structuring." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 9, no. 2 (June 1996): 335–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518049608430237.
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Öberg, Dan. "Warfare as design: Transgressive creativity and reductive operational planning." Security Dialogue 49, no. 6 (September 19, 2018): 493–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010618795787.
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This article argues that the politics of contemporary Western warfare finds an important reference point in discourses on military design. In the 2010s, military design has become a trending topic in military discourses on command and planning methodology. Since Clausewitz, warfare has been considered a phenomenon characterized by a tension between creativity and linear planning, and the ideal commander as someone with the vision to overcome this. By mapping and analyzing tactical, operational, and strategic narratives and practices, the article illustrates how they emphasize a warfare based both on experimentation and artistry and on traditional operational planning. In so doing, military design relies on reductive military concepts to push the tension identified by Clausewitz towards its extreme end-point, idealizing creativity as an objective of warfare. The article ends by asking to what extent military design risks spilling over into other dimensions of social and political life. It concludes that in pushing creativity as part of war, military design builds on and justifies transgressive political practices with the risk of becoming a vital aspect of future governing.
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Rothem, Nitzan. "Repetition and reintegration: Van Gennep’s structure and routinized warfare." Journal of Classical Sociology 18, no. 4 (November 2018): 313–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468795x18789012.
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This article presents Arnold Van Gennep’s dynamic structure, suggesting that it depicts phenomena that are both linear and recurring. I elucidate Van Gennep’s structure by closely reading Rites de passage’s penultimate chapter. This chapter, which might seem a mere collection of “leftover” materials, is where Van Gennep’s conceptualization subverts perceptions of structure as a rigid social organization. Here, he does not envision a delimited order, bound by distinct phases of separation, liminality, and aggregation, but rather complexifies these three phases. Van Gennep portrays these phases as repeated beats and pulses, which attain modification and revitalization during events of differentiation and reintegration. This article continues to examine the utility of Van Gennep’s concepts for studying current warfare’s lingering and routinized nature, as an alternative to the study of war through the binary poles of peace and war, order and chaos, and structure and anti-structure. By discussing the 2015 Strategy Doctrine of the Israeli military, I suggest that Rites de passage’s unique formulation of structure allows considering the lingering, cyclical, and ambiguous aspects of current warfare.
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Parrott, David. "Cultures of Combat in theAncien Régime: Linear Warfare, Noble Values, and Entrepreneurship." International History Review 27, no. 3 (September 2005): 518–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2005.9641070.
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Potter, Mark. "WAR FINANCE AND ABSOLUTIST STATE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE: AN EXAMINATION OF FRENCH VENALITY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY." Journal of Early Modern History 7, no. 1 (2003): 120–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006503322487377.
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AbstractThe impact of warfare on absolutist state development in early modern Europe was more complicated than often thought by historians and theorists of the state. The competitive pressures of warfare did not always lead to linear political developments which would culminate in a centralized bureaucratic state. Instead, rulers' financial strategies along with the political effects of these strategies were conditioned by both structural and historical constraints. Political change in France over the course of the seventeenth century illustrates the impact of these two sets of constraints. Here, I trace in particular the changing property rights of office holding as a measure of political change shaped by war finance within these two sets of constraints.
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Cardillo, Emanuele, Renato Cananzi, Paolo Vita, and Alina Caddemi. "Dual-Conversion Microwave Down Converter for Nanosatellite Electronic Warfare Systems." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 30, 2022): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031524.
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In this work, a microwave down converter is proposed for nanosatellite electronic warfare applications. It provides high spurious suppression by exploiting a dual-conversion architecture and premium performance in terms of noise figure and linear dynamic range. The system design takes advantage of commercial off-the-shelf components, thus allowing for both fast and cost-effective prototyping, which are key requirements particularly concerning CubeSat systems. Since different military, commercial, radar and communication systems operate in the 2–18 GHz frequency band, the capability to integrate such kinds of receivers in CubeSats represents the new frontier of the electronic warfare systems. Moreover, due to the wide operating bandwidth, it can be successfully exploited as the receiver for different applications, e.g., satellite communication, radars, etc.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Linear Warfare"
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Schulte, Walter B. III. "The frequency response, impulse response, and transfer function of an ocean waveguide." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1516.
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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimitedIn this thesis, the ocean was modeled as a waveguide with an ideal pressure - release surface, and an ideal rigid bottom. The ocean waveguide was then treated as a linear, time - invariant, space - variant (TISV) filter or communication channel. The filter is time - invariant because no motion was modeled and because the properties of the ocean were assumed to be constant. The filter is space - variant because of the presence of the two boundaries, that is, the ocean surface and ocean bottom. This thesis investigates the ocean as a linear TISV filter by evaluating 1) the complex frequency response, 2) the impulse response, and 3) the transfer function of the ocean with respect to depth. It is shown that the TISV impulse response of the ocean contains information that can be used to help localize a target in range and whether the target is above or below the receiver. Computer simulation results were obtained by evaluating the three filter functions for several different test cases.
Ensign, United States Navy
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ABBIATI, MICHELE. "L'ESERCITO ITALIANO E LA CONQUISTA DELLA CATALOGNA (1808-1811).UNO STUDIO DI MILITARY EFFECTIVENESS NELL'EUROPA NAPOLEONICA." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/491761.
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L’esercito italiano e la conquista della Catalogna (1808-1811)
Uno studio di Military Effectiveness nell’Europa napoleonica
Settori scientifico-disciplinari SPS/03 – M-STO/02
La ricerca ha lo scopo di ricostruire e valutare l’effettività militare dell’esercito italiano al servizio di Napoleone I. In primo luogo attraverso un’analisi statistica e strategica della costruzione, e del successivo impiego, dell’istituzione militare del Regno d’Italia durante gli anni della sua esistenza (1805-14); successivamente, è stato scelto un caso di studi particolarmente significativo, come la campagna di Catalogna (1808-11, nel contesto della guerra di Indipendenza spagnola), per poter valutare il contributo operazionale e tattico dei corpi inviati dal governo di Milano e la loro integrazione con l’apparato militare complessivo del Primo Impero.
La tesi ha voluto rispondere alla mancanza di studi sul comportamento in guerra dell’esercito italiano e, allo stesso tempo, introdurre nella storiografia militare italiana la metodologia di studi, d’origine anglosassone e ormai di tradizione trentennale, di Military Effectiveness.
La ricerca si è primariamente basata, oltre che sulla copiosa memorialistica a stampa italiana e francese, sulla documentazione d’archivio della Secrétairerie d’état impériale (Archives Nationales di Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Parigi), del Ministère de la Guerre francese (Service historique de la Défence, di Vincennes, Parigi) e del Ministero della Guerra del Regno d’Italia (Archivio di Stato di Milano).
Dal punto di vista dei risultati è stato possibile verificare come l’esercito italiano abbia rappresentato, per Bonaparte, uno strumento duttile e di facile impiego, pur in un contesto di sostanziale marginalità numerica complessiva di fronte alle altre (e cospicue) forze messe in campo da parte dell’Impero e dei suoi altri Stati satellite e alleati. Per quanto riguarda la campagna di conquista della Catalogna è stato invece possibile appurare il fondamentale contributo dato dal contingente italiano, sotto i punti di vista operazionale e tattico, per la buona riuscita dell’invasione; questo primariamente grazie alle elevate caratteristiche generali mostrate dallo stesso, ma anche per peculiarità disciplinari e organizzative che resero i corpi italiani adatti a operazioni particolarmente aggressive.The Italian Army and the Conquest of Catalonia (1808-1811) A Study of Military Effectiveness in Napoleonic Europe Academic Fields and Disciplines SPS/03 – M-STO/02 The research has the purpose of reconstruct and evaluate the military effectiveness of the Italian Army existed under the reign of Napoleon I. Firstly through a statistic and strategic analysis of the development, and the following deployment, of the military institution of the Kingdom of Italy in the years of its existence (1805-14). Afterwards, a particularly significant case study was chosen, as the campaign of Catalonia (1808-11, in the context of the Peninsular War), in order to assess the operational and tactical contribution of the regiments sent by the Government of Milan and their integration in the overall military apparatus of the First Empire. The thesis wanted to respond to the lack of studies on the Italian army’s behavior in war and, at the same time, to introduce the methodology of the Military Effectiveness Studies (of British and American origin and, by now, enriched by a thirty-year old tradition) in the Italian historiography. The research is primarily based, besides the numerous memoirs of the Italian and French veterans, on the archive documentation of the Secrétairerie d’état impériale (Archives Nationales of Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Paris), of the French Ministère de la Guerre (Service historique de la Défence, of Vincennes, Paris) and of the Italian Ministero della Guerra (Archivio di Stato di Milano). About the results, it has been verified how the Italian army has become a flexible and suitable instrument for Bonaparte, albeit in a context of substantial overall numerical marginality in comparison to the heterogeneous forces available to the Empire and its others satellites and allied states. Regarding the campaign of Catalonia, instead, it was possible to ascertain the fundamental contribution of the Italian regiments, in an operational and tactical perspective, for the success of the invasion. This was primarily due to the excellent general characteristics shown by the expeditionary force, but also to disciplinary and organizational peculiarities that have made the Italian corps suitable for particularly aggressive operations.
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Wang, An-Li, and 王安利. "A Research of Generalized Linear Model in Warfarin Dosage Decisions." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04559429061938288386.
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碩士臺北市立大學
數學系數學教育碩士班統計組
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Warfarin is the anti-coagulation and it is irreplaceable. Warfarin dose is affected by many factors, such as related drugs and diseases. Using warfarin has to be careful. If patients take inadequate doses, they will be blood clots. On the other hand, if patients take excessive doses, they will be bleeding. Currently, we refer to warfarin-used guide for Europeans and Americans in Taiwan, and there are few domestic papers about warfarin dose. In addition, it has not published a study of warfarin dose which is based on Chinese case history. Therefore, this research in warfarin dose is based on case history of patints who used warfarin in a perid in a large hospital. This data is composed of 87 patints, including 45 females and 42 males. Each patient getting warfarin prescription is counted as one sample, and the data amounts to 415 samples comprisig age, INR, related drugs and related diseases. Thence, it is a repeat measurement data, so using generalized estimating equations (GEE) to estimate warfarin dose in each case. The GEE results are found that (1) all related diseases we selected reduced dose about 0.1mg, (2) related drugs bring about 0.1mg of adjustment in dose at least. (3)As other conditions remain unchanged, the INR rise 1 degree, the average of warfarin dose takes more about 0.27mg - 0.28mg.
Books on the topic "Linear Warfare"
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author, Teza Giuseppe, ed. Lungo la linea del fronte: Militari e civili nella Grande Guerra. Seren del Grappa (BL): Edizioni DBS, 2017.
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Non-Linear Science and Warfare: Chaos, Complexity and the U. S. Military in the Information Age. Routledge, 2013.
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Non-Linear Science and Warfare: Chaos, Complexity and the U. S. Military in the Information Age. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.
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Goldman, Emily O. Revolutions in Warfare. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.289.
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The term “revolution in warfare” refers to a pronounced change or discontinuity in warfare that radically alters the way a military operates and improves relative military effectiveness. Revolutions in warfare emerged as a subject of considerable debate in the 1990s in the wake of the United States’s resounding victory over Iraqi military forces in the Persian Gulf War. These debates highlight three different concepts: military revolution, military-technical revolution, and revolution in military affairs. During this period, the idea of an “information technology” revolution in military affairs became deeply embedded in American defense planning and evolved into a call for “transformation,” or more precisely transformational innovation. Two lines of critique have been leveled against the revolution in warfare concept and the revolutionaries themselves. The first, advanced by Stephen Biddle, claims that an RMA is not currently under way. Rather, what we are witnessing is the continuation of a century-long increase in the importance of skill in managing complexity. The second insists that the RMA as a policy direction is a risky path for the United States to pursue because it will undermine the country’s power and influence. There are also two schools of thought that explain the causes of revolutions in warfare: the “economic determinist” school and the “contingent innovation” school. A number of questions remain unanswered that need further consideration in research, such as whether the United States and its allies should continue to prepare for a “long war” against violent extremists, or whether transformation is dead.
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Zambernardi, Lorenzo. Life, Death, and the Western Way of War. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192858245.001.0001.
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The book traces when and how western soldiers—once regarded as simple fighting tools—became the far less expendable beings that we know today. In Kant’s terms, the study traces the process through which soldiers have been turned from mere military means into ends in themselves. The book argues that such a major transformation is largely the result of a shift in the social meaning ascribed to soldier deaths. It will be suggested that looking at death can somehow provide a privileged angle to understanding the value that societies attach to life. The narrative emerging from the empirical evidence will show that the story of attitudes towards soldier deaths is the story of a gradual, increasing process of individualization in the social meaning attached to human loss in war. Such a development, which took centuries to emerge in full, was neither simple nor linear. It was a process that the state was temporarily able to frame in the collective narrative of the nation, but which ultimately has seen the increasing importance of the life of the individual soldier. In tracing the process through which soldiers have been turned from an amorphous collective into distinct individuals, this book shows how the emphasis on the primacy of the individual has further eroded the effectiveness of western warfare as an instrument of foreign policy. In particular, the modern, liberal conception of the soldier has had the unintended consequence of jeopardizing the Clausewitzian relationship between military means and political ends.
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Martino, Gina M. Women at War in the Borderlands of the Early American Northeast. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469640990.001.0001.
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Across the borderlands of the early American northeast, New England, New France, and Native nations deployed women with surprising frequency to the front lines of wars that determined control of North America. Far from serving as passive helpmates in a private, domestic sphere, women assumed wartime roles as essential public actors, wielding muskets, hatchets, and makeshift weapons while fighting for their families, communities, and nations. Revealing the fundamental importance of martial womanhood in this era, Gina M. Martino places borderlands women in a broad context of empire, cultural exchange, violence, and nation building, demonstrating how women's war making was embedded in national and imperial strategies of expansion and resistance. As Martino shows, women's participation in warfare was not considered transgressive; rather it was integral to traditional gender ideologies of the period, supporting rather than subverting established systems of gender difference.In returning these forgotten women to the history of the northeastern borderlands, this study challenges scholars to reconsider the flexibility of gender roles and reveals how women's participation in transatlantic systems of warfare shaped institutions, polities, and ideologies in the early modern period and the centuries that followed.
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Elies, van Sliedregt. Part 1 Introduction, 1 Criminal Responsibility in International Law. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560363.003.0001.
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The reality of warfare has changed considerably over time. While most, if not all, armed conflicts were once fought between states, many are now fought within states. Particularly since the end of the Cold War the world has witnessed an outbreak of non-international armed conflicts, often of an ethnic nature. Since the laws of war are for the most part still premised on the concept of classic international armed conflict, it proved difficult to fit this law into ‘modern’ war crimes trials dealing with crimes committed during non-international armed conflicts. The criminal law process has therefore ‘updated’ the laws of war. The international criminal judge has brought the realities of modern warfare into line with the purpose of the laws of war (the prevention of unnecessary suffering and the enforcement of ‘fair play’). It is in war crimes law that international humanitarian law has been further developed. This chapter discusses the shift from war crimes law to international criminal law, the concept of state responsibility for individual liability for international crimes, and the nature and sources of international criminal law.
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Orkaby, Asher. Local Hostilities and International Diplomacy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190618445.003.0004.
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During the early months of the civil war, Yemen’s mountainous terrain was a particular challenge for the Egyptian army, which was equipped for desert warfare. By the beginning of 1963, Nasser had begun to employ a counterinsurgency strategy against royalist tribal armies that relied on Egypt’s overwhelming advantage in artillery and air power. Between 1963 and 1964, Egypt launched the Ramadan and Haradh offensives in an attempt to conquer northern territories, cut off royalist supply lines from Saudi Arabia, and create a buffer zone protecting the republic’s “strategic triangle” of Sana’a, Ta’iz and Hodeidah, Yemen’s three largest cities. Each Egyptian offensive was followed by internationally orchestrated diplomatic overtures that collectively failed as a consequence of royalist counterattacks that reversed Egyptian territorial successes and placed constraints on Nasser’s bargaining power in Yemen.
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Fisher, Linford D. Natives, Religion, and Race in Colonial America. Edited by Paul Harvey and Kathryn Gin Lum. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190221171.013.25.
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Although racial lines eventually hardened on both sides, in the opening decades of colonization European and native ideas about differences between themselves and the other were fluid and dynamic, changing on the ground in response to local developments and experiences. Over time, perceived differences were understood to be rooted in more than just environment and culture. In the eighteenth century, bodily differences became the basis for a wider range of deeper, more innate distinctions that, by the nineteenth century, hardened into what we might now understand to be racialized differences in the modern sense. Despite several centuries of dispossession, disease, warfare, and enslavement at the hands of Europeans, native peoples in the Americans almost universally believed the opposite to be true. The more indigenous Americans were exposed to Europeans, the more they believed in the vitality and superiority of their own cultures.
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Delaney, Douglas E. Frameworks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198704461.003.0002.
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Chapter 1 explains the early efforts to fix military problems that had been exposed during the South African War (1899–1902) and make the armies of Britain, India, and the dominions compatible. It traces the deficiencies identified by the Elgin commission (1903), the recommendations advanced by the Esher committee for War Office reconfiguration (1904), and the military reforms of Secretary of State for War Richard Haldane to implement Esher’s recommendations, create an expeditionary force for continental warfare, and establish a Territorial Force for home defence duties and, potentially, second-line expeditionary contingents. The British Army, which was perennially short of manpower and operating on a voluntary basis for enlistments, could not afford to ignore potential contributions from overseas. The chapter also explains how Haldane managed to sell the dominions on military standardization and a general staff for the empire.
Book chapters on the topic "Linear Warfare"
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Schmitt, Michael N. "The Principle of Discrimination in Twenty First Century Warfare." In Essays on Law and War at the Fault Lines, 131–73. The Hague, The Netherlands: T. M. C. Asser Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-740-1_4.
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Schmitt, Michael N. "Wired Warfare: Computer Network Attack and Jus in Bello." In Essays on Law and War at the Fault Lines, 483–510. The Hague, The Netherlands: T. M. C. Asser Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-740-1_9.
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Fridman, Ofer. "The Conceptual Foundations of ‘Hybrid Warfare’." In Russian "Hybrid Warfare", 11–30. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190877378.003.0002.
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In the literature produced in the West, the concept of hybrid warfare is most often associated with US military theorist Frank Hoffman, who attempted to bridge the gap between the linear characterization of (regular or irregular) warfare in the context of the twenty-first century operational environment. This chapter explores the conceptual foundations of hybrid warfare and how it was originally conceptualized and understood in the West. Since the concept is the product of US military thought, it examines the context in which it was developed, in addition to the way it has been used by US scholars and members of the military. This chapter introduces four main sources that influenced the idea of hybrid warfare: namely the concepts of unrestricted warfare, fourth generation warfare (4GW), compound warfare and the ideas outlined in the 2005 US National Defense Strategy.
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Beyerchen, Alan. "Clausewitz and the Non‐Linear Nature of Warfare: Systems of Organized Complexity." In Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century, 45–56. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232024.003.0003.
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Rondeaux, Candace, and David Sterman. "Twenty-First-Century Proxy Warfare." In Understanding the New Proxy Wars, 13–46. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197673591.003.0002.
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Abstract This chapter explores how theorists and practitioners have historically defined proxy warfare, the limits and scope of existing state-centric research into proxy warfare, and the ways that proxy conflicts have become more complex in recent years. The chapter also presents a case for a definition of proxy warfare rooted in International Humanitarian Law with proxy warfare's core characteristic being its strategic use of third parties to exact benefits from blurred lines of command responsibility.
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O’Donnell, S. Jonathon. "Introduction: Paradise Has Walls." In Passing Orders, 1–22. Fordham University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823289677.003.0001.
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Taking point from a post-9/11 spiritual warfare narrative in which models of asymmetric war are used to reconceptualize the demonic, the Introduction argues that figures of the demonic are both consolidating and deconstructive of systems of power, particularly those tied to sovereignty, identity, and empire. Weaving together two definitions of demonology, by Bruce Lincoln and Marcella Althaus-Reid, respectively, it demonstrates that demonology operates as a rubric of knowledge aimed at the classification, comprehension, and control of nonhuman and dehumanized others—the demonized—who simultaneously unsettle those rubrics of knowledge by exposing their categories as constructed and not natural. Mobilizing queer and critical race theory, it then situates the demon’s deconstructive quality in its figuration of passing and counterfeiture, which unsettle territorial boundaries, stable identities, and linear models of temporality.
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"Lineage of Electronic Warfare." In The Aircraft Designers: A Grumman Historical Perspective, 187–202. Reston ,VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/5.9781624101786.0187.0202.
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Smith, Craig. "Civilised Warfare." In Adam Ferguson and the Idea of Civil Society, 192–229. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474413275.003.0006.
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The final chapter turns to Adam Ferguson’s preoccupation with warfare and citizen militias. It argues that Ferguson saw war as a human universal and a key feature of politics. The chapter covers Ferguson’s account of the rise of nations and of the superiority of modern rule-governed warfare over that of the ancient world. It links this to his view that we can pass moral judgements on the ‘spirit’ of nations. Judging nations through moral science and in line with the values developed in moral philosophy helps us to understand the benefits of commercial society and the potential dangers to which it is subject.
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Waldman, Thomas. "Drivers." In Vicarious Warfare, 115–36. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529206999.003.0006.
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This chapter explains the phenomenon as vicarious warfare confronts us today, and studies the multiple factors driving its modern adoption. It argues that vicarious warfare has come to dominate US strategic practice over the last decade, but in its contemporary form, it emerged out of developments apparent since at least the early 1990s, and in certain areas well before that. The chapter begins by considering some of the underlying factors that make proactive, forceful US intervention appear to policymakers as both essential and feasible. These should be understood as necessary but not sufficient factors because they do not necessarily preclude alternative military approaches more in line with the prescriptions of the other traditions of conventional battle or small wars. Why predominantly vicarious methods have come to the fore will become apparent as the chapter progresses to consider more specific and circumstantial factors associated with core sections of US society: namely, the military, the wider public and the media. The chapter concludes by bringing the analysis together to explain how, due to the confluence of developments in these various spheres, vicarious warfare emerges as an especially appealing solution for defence officials and political leaders facing multiple competing pressures and exigencies.
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Li, Xiaobing. "New Standards, Strategy, and Artillery." In Building Ho's Army, 108–29. University Press of Kentucky, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813177946.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 shows that through 1951–1952, the CMAG systematically introduced Chinese military standards and regulations as the model for a regular, modern Vietnamese army. All of the PAVN divisions adopted more flexible and realistic strategies and tactics. They engaged in both offensive and defensive battles to maintain a relatively stable front line, emphasizing the role of firepower and technology, especially artillery, operating on the front and behind the enemy lines, and improving logistical support. By the summer of 1952, the People’s Army of Vietnam had completed its first transformation from a peasant force fighting guerrilla warfare to a regular army engaging in mobile warfare. This chapter examines three major campaigns from November 1951 to May 1953, including the defense of Hoa Binh, the Northwestern Offensive Campaign, and the Battle of Laos. In 1951–1952, China helped the Vietnamese establish the 316th and 325th Divisions.
Conference papers on the topic "Linear Warfare"
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FOUCAULT, Antoine, Cedric CORNU, Ali KHENCHAF, and Fabrice COMBLET. "Detection of Linear Frequency Modulation, Phase-Coded and Multicarrier Radar Waveforms in Electronic Warfare Context." In 2020 Sensor Signal Processing for Defence Conference (SSPD). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sspd47486.2020.9272129.
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Patro, B. S., J. K. Panigrahi, and Sushanta K. Mandal. "A 6–17 GHz linear wide tuning range and low power ring oscillator in 45nm CMOS process for electronic warfare." In 2012 International Conference on Communication, Information & Computing Technology (ICCICT). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccict.2012.6398198.
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Kopp, P. J., N. Fuller, and R. Sedat. "Interactions Between the Hull and Rudder During Ship Maneuvering." In SNAME 23rd American Towing Tank Conference. SNAME, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/attc-1992-004.
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Maneuvering experiments, sponsored by the U.S. Coast Guard, were performed in the rotating arm and linear towing tank facilities at the Carderock Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center. The experiments investigated the effect of the hull on the inflow to the rudder, and the effect of the rudder on the forces on the hull. A 1/24th scale model of a MARINER Class ship was used. The average inflow angle to the rudder was determined, at various yaw rates and drift angles, by an unbalanced flat plate rudder that was free to seek a neutral angle. In separate tests, the rudder inflow velocity and angle were determined by pitot tubes mounted at four spanwise locations on the leading edge of a rectangular rudder. In other tests, hull forces and moments were measured with the rudder stock passing through the hull but not attached, and compared to similar data taken without the rudder. These tests were used to quantify the hull force differential due to the presence of the rudder.
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Corder, Paul R. "Transient Dynamic Response of a Whip Antenna to a Simulated Nuclear Event." In ASME 1993 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1993-0101.
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Abstract The objective of this study was to perform analyses for the static and dynamic mechanical response of a 36 ft fiberglass whip antenna for the purpose of determining survivability under nuclear weapons effects. The static analysis was to obtain the stiffness/deflection characteristics of the antenna using material, wall-thickness, and mechanical loading history provided by the Naval Surface Warfare Center. The results of the static analysis were then to be used in a NASTRAN transient dynamic analysis. The effect of the thermal pulse associated with the blast was not directly considered in these studies. An analytical model of the whip antenna deflected by transverse loading was developed using Castigliano’s Theorem. The resulting integrals were evaluated using Mathematica™. The diameters, wall thicknesses, and mass density resulting from the static response study were then used in the linear, transient dynamic analysis. These studies concluded that the suggested modeling approach is suitable for the static and linear transient dynamic response analysis of a standard 36 foot fiberglass whip antenna to a 4 KT, 7 psi air blast (without thermal effects). The “Basic” model suggests a linear finite element model maximum deformation to be within 10% of the deflection of about 16 feet observed in the test video. Low-to-midrange stresses are expected at this deformation. A 1 MT, 7 psi air blast would probably, but not necessarily, fail the antenna. These studies support the conclusion that the dynamic response of a standard 36 ft whip antenna is “duration-dependent” within the range of overpressures considered.
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Slutsky, Jonathan, and Bryson Metcalf. "Statistical Prediction of Interference Effects on Resistance in High-Speed Trimarans." In SNAME 27th American Towing Tank Conference. SNAME, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/attc-2004-002.
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This report considers the analytically predicted interference effects in a methodical series of 378 trimarans based on Series 64 hull forms. Wave interaction effects on drag were evaluated statistically to obtain a series of algebraic expressions for interference prediction based on form-related parameters and known resistance characteristics of the component monohulls. This technique could be used in early-stage design to predict the calm water resistance of an arbitrary set of component hulls in a trimaran configuration based on their known individual monohull resistance characteristics. Five variables: side hull length, longitudinal position, transverse position, and the displacement to length ratio of the center and side component hulls (expressed in English units as D/(.01L)3), each having between two and seven values were used to define a family of 378 trimarans based on Series 64 parent hulls. Resistance for each configuration was calculated using the Total Ship Drag program developed at Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock. Interaction effects wer examined both qualitatively and through a multiple linear regression statistical treatment. The results of the regression were used to develop a method for predicting the calm water resistance of a trimaran composed of arbitrarily chose component hulls with known resistance characteristics.
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Sedat, Robert, and Jerry Gann. "Controlling Pitch to Save Fuel." In SNAME 10th Propeller and Shafting Symposium. SNAME, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/pss-2003-14.
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The United States Coast Guard R&D Center and Naval Surface Warfare Center have developed an analytical method to determine the most fuel-efficient combination of throttle and pitch settings for any desired speed through the water. Most control systems for controllable pitch propellers have a pre-determined pitch setting associated with each throttle position. This is often a somewhat arbitrary linear pitch ramp-up at lower throttle positions, followed by a constant pitch at all higher throttle positions. This pitch schedule does not generally give the best possible foe/ efficiency. Under the method recommended here, standard calculations for HP and RPM are performed at various speeds and pitches. Lines of constant speed are then plotted on an engine map, along with lines of constant fuel rate from engine bench tests. It is then possible to determine where each line of constant speed achieves the lowest fuel consumption. The corresponding throttle and pitch settings can then be programmed into a software-based control system to implement the most fuel-efficient pitch schedule. Analyses are presented for a diesel-powered US Coast Guard WLB, a USCG High Endurance Cutter operating in gas turbine mode, and for a gas turbine-powered US Navy CG-47 Guided Missile Cruiser. Fuel savings relative to current practice are presented, and the most fuel-efficient operating modes (e.g. trail shaft, split plant, and full plant) for various speed ranges are readily apparent. The method also gives some insight for non-CPP vessels on the economic implications of selecting a particular fixed-pitch propeller. The paper also includes some discussion on the selection of appropriate service margins.
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Campana, Emilio F., Daniele Peri, Yusuke Tahara, Manivannan Kandasamy, and Frederick Stern. "Numerical Optimization Methods for Ship Hydrodynamic Design." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2009-013.
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The use of computational methods in design engineering is growing rapidly at all stages of the design process, with the final goal of a substantial reduction of the cost and time for the development of a design. Simulations and optimization algorithms can be combined together into what is known as Simulation-Based Design (SBD) techniques. Using these tools the designers may find the minimum of some user defined objective functions with constraints, under the general mathematical framework of a Non-Linear Programming problem. There are problems of course: computational complexity, noise, robustness and accuracy of the numerical simulations, flexibility in the use of these tools; all these issues will have to be solved before the SBD methodology can become more widespread. In the paper, some derivative-based algorithms and methods are initially described, including efficient ways to compute the gradient of the objective function. Derivative-free methods - such as genetic algorithms and swarm methods are then described and compared on both algebraic tests and on hydrodynamic design problems. Both local and global hydrodynamic ship design optimization problems are addressed, defined in either a single- or a multi-objective formulation framework. Methods for reducing the computational expense are presented. Metamodels (or surrogated models) are a rigorous framework for optimizing expensive computer simulations through the use of inexpensive approximations of expensive analysis codes. The Variable Fidelity idea tries instead to alleviate the computational expense of relying exclusively on high-fidelity models by taking advantage of well-established engineering approximation concepts. Examples of real ship hydrodynamic design optimization cases are given, reporting results mostly collected through a series of projects funded by the Office of Naval Research. Whenever possible, an experimental check of the success of the optimization process is always advisable. Several examples of this testing activity are reported in the paper one is illustrated by the two pictures at the top of this page, which show the wave pattern close to the sonar dome of an Italian Navy Anti-Submarine Warfare corvette: left, the original design; right, the optimized one.
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Fullerton, Anne, Brian Fullerton, and Thomas Fu. "A Directional Wave Array Using Ultrasonic Sensors." In SNAME 29th American Towing Tank Conference. SNAME, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/attc-2010-008.
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A typical approach to determining wave direction is to assume that the sea surface is made up of several sinusoidal waves of various frequencies and directions. One method to determine wave direction as a function of frequency is to use an array of time-series point measurements of water elevation. These multi-element arrays can either be linear or polygonal, and utilize phase, time and path differences to determine wave direction. Typically, pressure gages or capacitance wave probes are used in a directional wave array, however, recently at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, a directional wave array was employed using five ultrasonic level sensors in an array to quantify wave direction in the Maneuvering and Seakeeping basin (MASK). Two methods were then used to calculate wave direction, a phase/path/time difference method of Esteva which yields a mean direction for each frequency bin, and the Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM), which yields a directional spectrum for each frequency bin. Testing in the MASK was performed to assess the feasibility of using the array on a moving vessel to measure directional seas in the field. The sensors' sampling rate was set at 20 Hz and the five sensors were set up in "slave-master" mode, with the “master” driving the four “slaves” to sample concurrently. This method helped to reduce cross-talk between the sensors and their subsequent dropouts and spikes. Data was collected using LabView software with custom written real-time analysis in MATLAB. Wave direction was measured with regular and irregular waves, with unidirectional and bi-directional systems ninety degrees apart. Tests were performed with the array in a stationary position, as well as with forward motion and simulated pitch and roll motions to assess the potential of using the array on a moving vessel. Results with the stationary array from the basin are good, with the array correctly measuring regular waves of a single frequency from two directions, as well as irregular waves from two directions. Results from the system undergoing motions have increased variability.
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Lall, Pradeep, Madhura Hande, Chandan Bhat, and Jeff Suhling. "Leading Prognostic Indicators for Health Management of Electronics Under Thermo-Mechanical Stresses." In ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2007-33876.
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Methodologies for prognostication and health monitoring can significantly impact electronic reliability for applications in which even minimal risk of failure may be unbearable. Presently, health monitoring approaches such as the built-in self-test (BIST) are based on reactive failure diagnostics and unable to determine residual-life or estimate residual-reliability [Allen 2003, Drees 2004, Gao 2002, Rosenthal 1990]. Prognostics health-monitoring (PHM) approach presented in this paper is different from state-of-art diagnostics and resides in the pre-failure-space of the electronic-system, in which no macro-indicators such as cracks or delamination exist. Applications for the presented PHM framework include, consumer applications such as automotive safety systems including front and rear impact protection system, chassis-control systems, x-by-wire systems; and defense applications such as avionics systems, naval electronic warfare systems. The presented PHM methodologies enable the estimation of prior damage in deployed electronics by interrogation of the system state. The presented methodologies will trigger repair or replacement, significantly prior to failure. The approach involves the use of condition monitoring devices which can be interrogated for damage proxies at finite time-intervals. The system’s residual life is computed based on residual-life computation algorithms. Previously, Lall, et. al. [2004, 2005, 2006] have developed several leading indicators of failure. In this paper a mathematical approach has been presented to calculate the prior damage in electronics subjected to cyclic and isothermal thermo-mechanical loads. Electronic components operating in a harsh environment may be subjected to both temperature variations in addition to thermal aging during use-life. Data has been collected for leading indicators of failure for 95.5Sn4Ag0.5Cu first-level interconnects under both single and sequential application of cyclic and isothermal thermo-mechanical loads. Methodology for the determination of prior damage history has been presented using non-linear least-squares method based interrogation techniques. The methodology presented used the Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm. Test vehicle includes various area-array packaging architectures soldered on Immersion Ag finish, subjected to thermal cycling in the range of −40°C to 125°C and isothermal aging at 125°C.
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Lall, Pradeep, Madhura Hande, Chandan Bhat, and Jeff Suhling. "Methodologies for System-State Interrogation for Prognostication of Electronics Under Thermo-Mechanical Loads." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42560.
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Methodologies for prognostication and health monitoring can significantly impact electronic reliability for applications in which even minimal risk of failure may be unbearable. Presently, health monitoring approaches such as the built-in self-test (BIST) are based on reactive failure diagnostics and unable to determine residual-life or estimate residual-reliability [Allen 2003, Drees 2004, Gao 2002, Rosenthal 1990]. Prognostics health-monitoring (PHM) approach presented in this paper is different from state-of-art diagnostics and resides in the pre-failure-space of the electronic-system, in which no macro-indicators such as cracks or delamination exist. Applications for the presented PHM framework include, consumer applications such as automotive safety systems including front and rear impact protection system, chassis-control systems, x-by-wire systems; and defense applications such as avionics systems, naval electronic warfare systems. The presented PHM methodologies enable the estimation of prior damage in deployed electronics by interrogation of the system state. The presented methodologies will trigger repair or replacement, significantly prior to failure. The approach involves the use of condition monitoring devices which can be interrogated for damage proxies at finite time-intervals. The system’s residual life is computed based on residual-life computation algorithms. Previously, Lall, et. al. [2004, 2005, 2006] have developed several leading indicators of failure. In this paper a mathematical approach has been presented to calculate the prior damage in electronics subjected to cyclic and isothermal thermomechanical loads. Electronic components operating in a harsh environment may be subjected to both temperature variations in addition to thermal aging during use-life. Data has been collected for leading indicators of failure for 95.5Sn4Ag0.5Cu first-level interconnects under both single and sequential application of cyclic and isothermal thermo-mechanical loads. Methodology for the determination of prior damage history has been presented using non-linear least-squares method based interrogation techniques. The methodology presented used the Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm. Test vehicle includes various area-array packaging architectures soldered on Immersion Ag finish, subjected to thermal cycling in the range of −40°C to 125°C and isothermal aging at 125°C.
Reports on the topic "Linear Warfare"
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P., BASTIAENSEN. Triage in the trenches, for the love of animals : a tribute to veterinarians in the First World War. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), October 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/bull.2018.nf.2883.
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On the occasion of the centenary of the First World War, remembered across the world from 2014 until the end of 2018, many aspects and experiences of this global conflict have been re-examined or brought to light for the first time, as we honour the memory of those estimated 16 million soldiers and civilians who perished in what was then known as the ‘Great War’, or the ‘War to End All Wars’. So many of these died on the infamous fields of Flanders, where Allied and Central Forces dug themselves into trenches for the better part of four years. Over the past few years, new research has brought to light many insights into the plight of animals in this War, which – for the younger readers amongst you – was fought at the dawn of motorised warfare, using anything powered by two or four feet or paws, from the homing pigeons delivering secret messages across enemy lines, to the traction provided by oxen and mules to pull cannons and other heavy artillery, to the horses of the cavalry. Not least among these roles was the supply of animal protein to the troops, whether this came through the specific designation of animals for this purpose or as the result of a failed attempt at delivering any of the above services. Several leading publications today have documented the role (and suffering) of animals in ‘La Grande Guerre’. Less so the role of veterinarians in the ‘War to End All Wars’. Who were they? How many? How were they organised? What did they do, on either side of the enemy lines? The present article is a humble attempt to shed some light on these veterinary colleagues, based on available, mostly grey, literature…
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Lohrenz, Maura, Michael Trenchard, and Stephanie Edwards. An On-Line Evaluation of Cockpit Moving-Map Displays to Enhance Situation Awareness in Anti-Submarine Warfare and Mine Countermeasures Operations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada390137.
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