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Journal articles on the topic 'Linear encoders'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Paredes, Ferran, Cristian Herrojo, and Ferran Martín. "Position Sensors for Industrial Applications Based on Electromagnetic Encoders." Sensors 21, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 2738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082738.

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Optical and magnetic linear/rotary encoders are well-known systems traditionally used in industry for the accurate measurement of linear/angular displacements and velocities. Recently, a different approach for the implementation of linear/rotary encoders has been proposed. Such an approach uses electromagnetic signals, and the working principle of these electromagnetic encoders is very similar to the one of optical encoders, i.e., pulse counting. Specifically, a transmission line based structure fed by a harmonic signal tuned to a certain frequency, the stator, is perturbed by encoder motion. Such encoder consists in a linear or circular chain (or chains) of inclusions (metallic, dielectric, or apertures) on a dielectric substrate, rigid or flexible, and made of different materials, including plastics, organic materials, rubber, etc. The harmonic signal is amplitude modulated by the encoder chain, and the envelope function contains the information relative to the position and velocity. The paper mainly focuses on linear encoders based on metallic and dielectric inclusions. Moreover, it is shown that synchronous electromagnetic encoders, able to provide the quasi-absolute position (plus the velocity and direction of motion in some cases), can be implemented. Several prototype examples are reviewed in the paper, including encoders implemented by means of additive process, such as 3D printed and screen-printed encoders.

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2

Wesel, R. D., Xueting Liu, J. M. Cioffi, and C. Komninakis. "Constellation labeling for linear encoders." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 47, no. 6 (2001): 2417–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/18.945255.

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3

Alejandre, I., and M. Artes. "Thermal non-linear behaviour in optical linear encoders." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 46, no. 12-13 (October 2006): 1319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2005.10.010.

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4

Yang, Shengtian, Thomas Honold, Yan Chen, Zhaoyang Zhang, and Peiliang Qiu. "Constructing Linear Encoders With Good Spectra." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 60, no. 10 (October 2014): 5950–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2014.2341560.

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5

Dong, L. X., A. Subramanian, B. J. Nelson, and Y. Sun. "Nanotube Encoders." Solid State Phenomena 121-123 (March 2007): 1363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.121-123.1363.

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Linear encoders for nanoscale position sensing based on vertical arrays of single multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are investigated from experimental, theoretical, and design perspectives. Vertically aligned single MWNTs are realized using a combination of e-beam lithography and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) growth. Field emission properties of the array are investigated inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with a 3-DOF nanorobotic manipulator with nanometer resolution functioning as a scanning anode. Lateral position of the scanning anode is sensed from the emission distribution. High resolution (best: 12.9 nm; practical: 38.0 nm) for lateral position sensing around an emitter has been realized.

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6

Merino, S., A. Retolaza, and I. Lizuain. "Linear optical encoders manufactured by imprint lithography." Microelectronic Engineering 83, no. 4-9 (April 2006): 897–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2006.01.018.

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7

Alejandre, I., and M. Artes. "REAL THERMAL COEFFICIENT IN OPTICAL LINEAR ENCODERS." Experimental Techniques 28, no. 4 (July 2004): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.2004.tb00172.x.

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8

Jovanović, Jelena, Dragan Denić, and Uglješa Jovanović. "An Improved Linearization Circuit Used for Optical Rotary Encoders." Measurement Science Review 17, no. 5 (October 1, 2017): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msr-2017-0029.

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Abstract Optical rotary encoders generate nonlinear sine and cosine signals in response to a change of angular position that is being measured. Due to the nonlinear shape of encoder output signals, encoder sensitivity to very small changes of angular position is low, causing a poor measurement accuracy level. To improve the optical encoder sensitivity and to increase its accuracy, an improved linearization circuit based on pseudo-linear signal generation and its further linearization with the two-stage piecewise linear analog-to-digital converter is presented in this paper. The proposed linearization circuit is composed of a mixed-signal circuit, which generates analog pseudo-linear signal and determines the first four bits of the final digital result, and the two-stage piecewise linear analog-to-digital converter, which performs simultaneous linearization and digitalization of the pseudo-linear signal. As a result, the maximal value of the absolute measurement error equals to 3.77168·10−5 [rad] (0.00216°) over the full measurement range of 2π [rad].

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9

Karim, Ahmad M., Hilal Kaya, Mehmet Serdar Güzel, Mehmet R. Tolun, Fatih V. Çelebi, and Alok Mishra. "A Novel Framework Using Deep Auto-Encoders Based Linear Model for Data Classification." Sensors 20, no. 21 (November 9, 2020): 6378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216378.

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This paper proposes a novel data classification framework, combining sparse auto-encoders (SAEs) and a post-processing system consisting of a linear system model relying on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. All the sensitive and high-level features are extracted by using the first auto-encoder which is wired to the second auto-encoder, followed by a Softmax function layer to classify the extracted features obtained from the second layer. The two auto-encoders and the Softmax classifier are stacked in order to be trained in a supervised approach using the well-known backpropagation algorithm to enhance the performance of the neural network. Afterwards, the linear model transforms the calculated output of the deep stacked sparse auto-encoder to a value close to the anticipated output. This simple transformation increases the overall data classification performance of the stacked sparse auto-encoder architecture. The PSO algorithm allows the estimation of the parameters of the linear model in a metaheuristic policy. The proposed framework is validated by using three public datasets, which present promising results when compared with the current literature. Furthermore, the framework can be applied to any data classification problem by considering minor updates such as altering some parameters including input features, hidden neurons and output classes.

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10

Gurauskis, Donatas, Artūras Kilikevičius, and Sergejus Borodinas. "Experimental Investigation of Linear Encoder’s Subdivisional Errors under Different Scanning Speeds." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (March 4, 2020): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051766.

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Optical encoders are widely used in applications requiring precise displacement measurement and fluent motion control. To reach high positioning accuracy and repeatability, and to create a more stable speed-control loop, essential attention must be directed to the subdivisional error (SDE) of the used encoder. This error influences the interpolation process and restricts the ability to achieve a high resolution. The SDE could be caused by various factors, such as the particular design of the reading head and the optical scanning principle, quality of the measuring scale, any kind of relative orientation changes between the optical components caused by mechanical vibrations or deformations, or scanning speed. If the distorted analog signals are not corrected before interpolation, it is very important to know the limitations of the used encoder. The methodology described in this paper could be used to determine the magnitude of an SDE and its trend. This method is based on a constant-speed test and does not require high-accuracy reference. The performed experimental investigation of the standard optical linear encoder SDE under different scanning speeds revealed the linear relationship between the tested encoder’s traversing velocity and the error value. A more detailed investigation of the obtained results was done on the basis of fast Fourier transformation (FFT) to understand the physical nature of the SDE, and to consider how to improve the performance of the encoder.

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11

Igarashi, S., T. Nonaka, F. Sato, T. Sato, and H. Matsuki. "Fundamental Study on Developing Eddy Current Linear Encoders." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 35, no. 2 (2011): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/msjmag.1102r008.

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12

Yamaguchi, Ichirou. "Linear and rotary encoders using eletronic speckle correlation." Optical Engineering 30, no. 12 (1991): 1862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.56023.

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13

Johannesson, R., and Z. x. Wan. "A linear algebra approach to minimal convolutional encoders." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 39, no. 4 (July 1993): 1219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/18.243440.

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14

Alejandre, I., and M. Artes. "Machine tool errors caused by optical linear encoders." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 218, no. 1 (January 2004): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440504772830255.

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15

Bhaskarrao, Nandapurkar Kishor, Chandrika Sreekantan Anoop, and Pranab Kumar Dutta. "A Linear Direct-Digital Converter for Sinusoidal Encoders." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 68, no. 7 (July 2019): 2570–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2018.2865050.

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16

Ye, Guo Yong, Yong Sheng Shi, Lei Yin, Hong Zhong Liu, Xuan Li, Hao Yu Yu, and Bing Heng Lu. "Analysis of Quadrature Phase-Shift Error Caused by Angular Misalignment in Moiré Linear Encoders." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 1863–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.1863.

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The influence of quadrature phase shift caused by angular misalignment on the measurement accuracy of two moiré linear encoders is analyzed. A mathematical model of quadrature phase-shift error is derived. The model is employed to analyze the quadrature phase-shift error in lateral-moiré-fringe-based and Vernier-moiré-fringe-based linear encoders respectively, and comparisons are carried out. The results show the nonlinearity of the quadrature phase-shift error and the relative insensitivity of the Vernier-moiré-fringe-based linear encoders to the angular misalignment.

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17

Lee, Jin-Fuw, Wean-Shun Tsay, and William van Altena. "Laser Interferometer Measurement System on the Yale PDS 2020G." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 109 (1986): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900076634.

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We have installed a dual-axis laser interferometer system on the Yale PDS 2020G microdensitometer to replace the linear encoders. Various diagnostic tests show that the laser interferometer is a superior encoder system for the PDS with a positional accuarcy of about 0.3 micron.

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18

Zhao, Lei, Kai Cheng, Shijin Chen, Hui Ding, and Liang Zhao. "An approach to investigate moiré patterns of a reflective linear encoder with application to accuracy improvement of a machine tool." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 233, no. 3 (January 10, 2018): 927–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405417752506.

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The accuracy of a machine tool is based on the direct position feedback from its built-in encoders which accurately measure displacements of motion axes by moiré patterns. However, the posture of an encoder is altered by errors from the machine tool, resulting in six geometric deviations. A comprehensive analysis and scientific understanding on the influences of these deviations on moiré patterns are necessary. To investigate the influences, a simulation model of a reflective encoder is constructed to obtain moiré patterns, and four new methods are developed to identify characteristic parameters of the patterns. Variations in characteristic parameters caused by four geometric deviations are simulated and experiments are designed and performed. The results prove that the approach is able to assess the influences of geometric deviations. The approach can be used as a powerful aid for estimating impacts of geometric deviations and external errors on encoders to improve the accuracy of a machine tool.

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19

Gurauskis, Donatas, Artūras Kilikevičius, and Albinas Kasparaitis. "Thermal and Geometric Error Compensation Approach for an Optical Linear Encoder." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020360.

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Linear displacement measuring systems, like optical encoders, are widely used in various precise positioning applications to form a full closed-loop control system. Thus, the performance of the machine and the quality of its technological process are highly dependent on the accuracy of the linear encoder used. Thermoelastic deformation caused by a various thermal sources and the changing ambient temperature are important factors that introduce errors in an encoder reading. This work presents an experimental realization of the real-time geometric and thermal error compensation of the optical linear encoder. The implemented compensation model is based on the approximation of the tested encoder error by a simple parametric function and calculation of a linear nature error component according to an ambient temperature variation. The calculation of a two-dimensional compensation function and the real-time correction of the investigated linear encoder position readings are realized by using a field programmable gate array (FPGA) computing platform. The results of the performed experimental research verified that the final positioning error could be reduced up to 98%.

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20

Gurauskis, Donatas, Artūras Kilikevičius, and Albinas Kasparaitis. "Thermal and Geometric Error Compensation Approach for an Optical Linear Encoder." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020360.

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Linear displacement measuring systems, like optical encoders, are widely used in various precise positioning applications to form a full closed-loop control system. Thus, the performance of the machine and the quality of its technological process are highly dependent on the accuracy of the linear encoder used. Thermoelastic deformation caused by a various thermal sources and the changing ambient temperature are important factors that introduce errors in an encoder reading. This work presents an experimental realization of the real-time geometric and thermal error compensation of the optical linear encoder. The implemented compensation model is based on the approximation of the tested encoder error by a simple parametric function and calculation of a linear nature error component according to an ambient temperature variation. The calculation of a two-dimensional compensation function and the real-time correction of the investigated linear encoder position readings are realized by using a field programmable gate array (FPGA) computing platform. The results of the performed experimental research verified that the final positioning error could be reduced up to 98%.

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21

Savu, Tom. "Data Processing for Ship Screw Propellers Measurements." Materials Science Forum 957 (June 2019): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.957.239.

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A data acquisition system was developed for measuring standardised ship propeller’s parameters. The hardware consists of two linear and one rotary encoder, all sending the data to a counter/timer data acquisition board. The software is first aligning the different coordinates systems of the propeller and of the three encoders . Data processing is initially performed for compensating the effects of different encoders’ resolutions. There are then computed the blade profile’s length and the coordinates of the points belonging to the blades’ reference lines, together with the local pitch variations on each radius and blade, the mean pitch per blade and the mean pitch of the propeller. A discussion is made about choosing the most appropriate number of points where the local pitch is computed, thus providing useful data for estimating the best way for propeller’s overhauling.

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22

Paredes, Ferran, Cristian Herrojo, and Ferran Martín. "3D-Printed Quasi-Absolute Electromagnetic Encoders for Chipless-RFID and Motion Control Applications." Electronics 10, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10101154.

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This paper presents electromagnetic encoders useful for chipless-RFID and motion control applications. The encoders consist in a pair of linear chains of rectangular apertures implemented by means of 3D printing. One of these chains is periodic and acts as a clock, whereas the other chain contains an identification (ID) code. With these two aperture chains, the ID code can be synchronously read, so that the relative velocity between the tag and the reader is irrelevant. Additionally, it is shown in the paper that by properly designing the reader, it is possible to determine the motion direction. The sensitive part of the reader is a microstrip line loaded with three complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) etched in the ground plane and fed by three harmonic signals. By encoder motion, the characteristics of the local medium surrounding the CSRRs are modified, and the harmonic signals are amplitude modulated (AM) at the output port of the line, thereby providing the clock signal (which gives the encoder velocity), the ID code (providing also the quasi-absolute position) and the direction of motion. A fabricated prototype encoder is characterized by reading it with a dedicated reader.

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23

Xie, Ling-bo, Zhi-cheng Qiu, and Xian-min Zhang. "Development of a 3-PRR Precision Tracking System with Full Closed-Loop Measurement and Control." Sensors 19, no. 8 (April 12, 2019): 1756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081756.

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A 3-PRR (three links with each link consisting of a prismatic pair and two rotating pairs) parallel platform was designed for application in a vacuum environment. To meet the requirement of high tracking accuracy of the 3-PRR parallel platform, a full closed-loop control precision tracking system with laser displacement sensors and linear grating encoders was analysed and implemented. Equally-spaced laser displacement sensors and linear grating encoders were adopted not only for measurement but also for feedback control. A feed-forward control method was applied for comparison before conducting the closed-loop feedback control experiments. The closed-loop control experiments were conducted by adopting the PI (proportion and integration) feedback control and RBF (radial basis function) neural network control algorithms. The experimental results demonstrate that the feed-forward control, PI feedback control, and RBF neural-network control algorithms all have a better control effect than that of semi-closed-loop control, which proves the validity of the designed full closed-loop control system based on the combination of laser displacement sensors and linear grating encoders.

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24

Song, Ju-Ho, Kyung-Chan Kim, and Soo Hyun Kim. "Reducing tilt errors in moiré linear encoders using phase-modulated grating." Review of Scientific Instruments 71, no. 6 (June 2000): 2296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150445.

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25

Viejo, Guillaume, Thomas Cortier, and Adrien Peyrache. "Brain-state invariant thalamo-cortical coordination revealed by non-linear encoders." PLOS Computational Biology 14, no. 3 (March 22, 2018): e1006041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006041.

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26

Piestrak, S. J., A. Dandache, and F. Monteiro. "Designing fault-secure parallel encoders for systematic linear error correcting codes." IEEE Transactions on Reliability 52, no. 4 (December 2003): 492–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tr.2003.821940.

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27

Tantau, Mathias, Paul Morantz, and Paul Shore. "Position sensor for active magnetic bearing with commercial linear optical encoders." CIRP Annals 70, no. 1 (2021): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2021.04.092.

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28

Li, Fangfang, Sergey Krivenko, and Vladimir Lukin. "TWO-STEP PROVIDING OF DESIRED QUALITY IN LOSSY IMAGE COMPRESSION BY SPIHT." RADIOELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS, no. 2 (April 26, 2020): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/reks.2020.2.02.

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Image information technology has become an important perception technology considering the task of providing lossy image compression with the desired quality using certain encoders Recent researches have shown that the use of a two-step method can perform the compression in a very simple manner and with reduced compression time under the premise of providing a desired visual quality accuracy. However, different encoders have different compression algorithms. These issues involve providing the accuracy of the desired quality. This paper considers the application of the two-step method in an encoder based on a discrete wavelet transform (DWT). In the experiment, bits per pixel (BPP) is used as the control parameter to vary and predict the compressed image quality, and three visual quality evaluation metrics (PSNR, PSNR-HVS, PSNR-HVS-M) are analyzed. In special cases, the two-step method is allowed to be modified. This modification relates to the cases when images subject to lossy compression are either too simple or too complex and linear approximation of dependences is no more valid. Experimental data prove that, compared with the single-step method, after performing the two-step compression method, the mean square error of differences between desired and provided values drops by an order of magnitude. For PSNR-HVS-M, the error of the two-step method does not exceed 3.6 dB. The experiment has been conducted for Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT), a typical image encoder based on DWT, but it can be expected that the proposed method applies to other DWT-based image compression techniques. The results show that the application range of the two-step lossy compression method has been expanded. It is not only suitable for encoders based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) but also works well for DWT-based encoders.

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29

Zhao, Guobo, Guoyong Ye, Hui Liu, Biao Lei, Xuan Li, Weiliang Han, and Hongzhong Liu. "Electronic Interpolation Interface Based on Linear Subdivision Method for Sinusoidal Optical Encoders." IEEE Sensors Journal 20, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 3646–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2019.2961177.

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30

López, J., M. Artés, and I. Alejandre. "Analysis of optical linear encoders’ errors under vibration at different mounting conditions." Measurement 44, no. 8 (October 2011): 1367–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2011.05.004.

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31

Beintema, Gerben I., Roland Toth, and Maarten Schoukens. "Non-linear State-space Model Identification from Video Data using Deep Encoders." IFAC-PapersOnLine 54, no. 7 (2021): 697–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.08.442.

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32

Fujisawa, Shoji. "Linear encoders applied high resolution technology which is compatible with high speed response." IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 121, no. 8 (2001): 887–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.121.887.

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33

Sawabe, M., F. Maeda, Y. Yamaryo, T. Simomura, Y. Saruki, T. Kubo, H. Sakai, and S. Aoyagi. "A new vacuum interferometric comparator for calibrating the fine linear encoders and scales." Precision Engineering 28, no. 3 (July 2004): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2003.11.007.

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34

Ashokaraj, Immanuel, Antonios Tsourdos, Peter Silson, and Brian White. "SENSOR BASED ROBOT LOCALISATION AND NAVIGATION: USING INTERVAL ANALYSIS AND NONLINEAR KALMAN FILTERS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 29, no. 2 (June 2005): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2005-0014.

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Multiple sensor fusion for robot localisation and navigation has attracted a lot of interest in recent years. This paper describes a sensor based navigation and localisation approach for an autonomous mobile robot using an interval analysis (IA) based adaptive mechanism for the non-linear Kalman filter namely the Extended Kalman filter (EKF). The map used for this study is two-dimensional and assumed to be known a priori. The robot is equipped with inertial sensors (INS), encoders and ultrasonic sensors. A non-linear Kalman filter is used to estimate the robots position using the inertial sensors and encoders. The ultrasonic sensors use an Interval Analysis (IA) algorithm for guaranteed robot localisation. Since the Kalman Filter estimates may be affected by bias, drift etc. we propose an adaptive mechanism using IA to correct these defects in estimates. In the presence of landmarks the complementary interval robot position information from the IA algorithm with uniform distribution using ultrasonic sensors is used to estimate and bound the errors in the non-linear Kalman filter robot position estimate with a Gaussian distribution.

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35

Li, Qi Peng, and Ping Fang. "A Linear-Encoder-Based Displacement Sensing Approach for Cost-Sensitive Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 1095–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.1095.

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A new low-cost displacement sensing approach is put forward. It employs physical multiplication by using multiple linear encoders and differential grating codestrips, and the differential phase configuration is mechanically guaranteed; furthermore, a flash signal processing circuit comprising time sequence generator, counter and D/A with no microprocessors involved is also developed. Theoretical analysis is presented, and a test system using Heds-9730 as the detecting unit is built, and then experiments on an electromagnetic actuator are carried out. The measured results agreed well with the original, and the results prove that the sensing approach can achieve high sampling rate, high resolution and cost saving, thus providing an effective displacement measuring means for cost-sensitive applications.

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36

Kajima, Mariko, and Kaoru Minoshima. "Calibration of linear encoders with sub-nanometer uncertainty using an optical-zooming laser interferometer." Precision Engineering 38, no. 4 (October 2014): 769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2014.04.004.

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37

Hao, Guangbo. "A Multiaxis, Large-Output, Sensing Framework of Integrating Linear Optical Encoders for Nanopositioning Systems." IEEE Sensors Letters 1, no. 3 (June 2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsens.2017.2697074.

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38

Lee, Chih-Kung, Chyan-Chyi Wu, Shih-Jui Chen, Liang-Bin Yu, You-Chia Chang, Yeong-Feng Wang, Jau-Yu Chen, and Jeremy Wen-Jong Wu. "Design and construction of linear laser encoders that possess high tolerance of mechanical runout." Applied Optics 43, no. 31 (November 1, 2004): 5754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.43.005754.

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39

Zhang, Peng, and Frans M. J. Willems. "On the Downlink Capacity of Cell-Free Massive MIMO with Constrained Fronthaul Capacity." Entropy 22, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22040418.

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We investigate the downlink of a cell-free massive multiple-in multiple-out system in which all access points (APs) are connected in a linear-topolpgy fronthaul with constrained capacity and send a common message to a single receiver. By modeling the system as an extension of the multiple-access channel with partially cooperating encoders, we derive the channel capacity of the two-AP setting and then extend the results to arbitrary N-AP scenarios. By developing a cooperating mode concept, we investigate the optimal cooperation among the encoders (APs) when we limit the total fronthaul capacity, and the total transmit power is constrained as well. It is demonstrated that achieving capacity requires a water-pouring distribution of the total available fronthaul capacity over the fronthaul links. Our study reveals that a linear growth of total fronthaul capacity results in a logarithmic growth of the beamforming capacity. Moreover, even if the number of APs would be unlimited, only a finite number of them need to be activated. We found an expression for this number.

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Han, Yaodong, Kai Ni, Xinghui Li, Guanhao Wu, Kangning Yu, Qian Zhou, and Xiaohao Wang. "An FPGA Platform for Next-Generation Grating Encoders." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 16, 2020): 2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082266.

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Among various nanometer-level displacement measurement methods, grating interferometry-based linear encoders are widely used due to their high robustness, relatively low cost, and compactness. One trend of grating encoders is multi-axis measurement capability for simultaneous precision positioning and small order error motion measurement. However, due to both lack of suitable hardware data processing platform and of a real-time displacement calculation system, meeting the requirements of real-time data processing while maintaining the nanometer order resolutions on all these axes is a challenge. To solve above-mentioned problem, in this paper we introduce a design and experimental validation of a field programmable gate array (FPGA)-cored real-time data processing platform for grating encoders. This platform includes the following functions. First, a front-end photodetector and I/V conversion analog circuit are used to realize basic analog signal filtering, while an eight-channel parallel, 16-bit precision, 200 kSPS maximum acquisition rate Analog-to-digital (ADC) is used to obtain digital signals that are easy to process. Then, an FPGA-based digital signal processing platform is implemented, which can calculate the displacement values corresponding to the phase subdivision signals in parallel and in real time at high speed. Finally, the displacement result is transferred by USB2.0 to the PC in real time through an Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) serial port to form a complete real-time displacement calculation system. The experimental results show that the system achieves real-time data processing and displacement result display while meeting the high accuracy of traditional offline data solution methods, which demonstrates the industrial potential and practicality of our absolute two-dimensional grating scale displacement measurement system.

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Kiryanov, A. V., V. P. Kiryanov, and V. V. Chukanov. "Algorithms of Interpolation of Quadrature Signals for High-Resolution Encoders of Linear and Angular Displacements." Optoelectronics, Instrumentation and Data Processing 55, no. 1 (January 2019): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s8756699019010096.

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Giniotis, Vytautas, Mindaugas Rybokas, Gintaras Dmitrijev, Deividas Sabaitis, Lauryna Šiaudinytė, and Justinas Janulevičius. "Mechatronic Elements for Measuring Systems." Solid State Phenomena 199 (March 2013): 332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.199.332.

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This presentation deals with a new application of mechatronic means for angle measuring system; it can be applied in precision instrumentation and measurement equipment. Precise angle measuring is based on usage of angle measurement standards such as polygons, precision indexing tables and circular scales. Ring lasers and precision rotary encoders can also be used for this purpose as well as test benches created for angle calibration. Many angular and linear measurement transducers or encoders are used in industry and machine engineering for the position and displacement measurement. The accuracy of angular position fixed by means of these devices reach approximately 0.3" 0.1" (arc second). Control of their accuracy parameters is complicated task consisting from some high requirements needed for rotation, positioning, signal processing, object adjustment and data processing.

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Higgott, Oscar, Matthew Wilson, James Hefford, James Dborin, Farhan Hanif, Simon Burton, and Dan E. Browne. "Optimal local unitary encoding circuits for the surface code." Quantum 5 (August 5, 2021): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-08-05-517.

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The surface code is a leading candidate quantum error correcting code, owing to its high threshold, and compatibility with existing experimental architectures. Bravyi et al. (2006) showed that encoding a state in the surface code using local unitary operations requires time at least linear in the lattice size L, however the most efficient known method for encoding an unknown state, introduced by Dennis et al. (2002), has O(L2) time complexity. Here, we present an optimal local unitary encoding circuit for the planar surface code that uses exactly 2L time steps to encode an unknown state in a distance L planar code. We further show how an O(L) complexity local unitary encoder for the toric code can be found by enforcing locality in the O(log⁡L)-depth non-local renormalisation encoder. We relate these techniques by providing an O(L) local unitary circuit to convert between a toric code and a planar code, and also provide optimal encoders for the rectangular, rotated and 3D surface codes. Furthermore, we show how our encoding circuit for the planar code can be used to prepare fermionic states in the compact mapping, a recently introduced fermion to qubit mapping that has a stabiliser structure similar to that of the surface code and is particularly efficient for simulating the Fermi-Hubbard model.

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Domajnko, Dora, and Dejan Križaj. "Lagging-Domain Model for Compensation of Hysteresis of xMR Sensors in Positioning Applications." Sensors 18, no. 7 (July 14, 2018): 2281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18072281.

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The hysteresis of magnetoresistive sensors remains a considerable cause of inaccuracy of positioning applications. The phenomena itself has been well studied and described by different physical and phenomenological models. Various biasing techniques have been proposed. However, the increased fabrication and computational price they require is undesirable. In this paper, a computational algorithm for the compensation of hysteresis of linear and rotary encoders is proposed. A lagging-domain model based on play operators is presented for prediction of hysteresis. The outlined procedure for the calibration of parameters allows the use of the algorithm for various types of encoders without knowing their exact material properties. The method was tested on different anisotropic magnetoresistive and tunneling magnetoresistive sensors. Results show that the impact of hysteresis was reduced by up to 90% without a significant increase of computational time or production costs.

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Gao, Quanxue, Huanhuan Lian, Qianqian Wang, and Gan Sun. "Cross-Modal Subspace Clustering via Deep Canonical Correlation Analysis." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 04 (April 3, 2020): 3938–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i04.5808.

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For cross-modal subspace clustering, the key point is how to exploit the correlation information between cross-modal data. However, most hierarchical and structural correlation information among cross-modal data cannot be well exploited due to its high-dimensional non-linear property. To tackle this problem, in this paper, we propose an unsupervised framework named Cross-Modal Subspace Clustering via Deep Canonical Correlation Analysis (CMSC-DCCA), which incorporates the correlation constraint with a self-expressive layer to make full use of information among the inter-modal data and the intra-modal data. More specifically, the proposed model consists of three components: 1) deep canonical correlation analysis (Deep CCA) model; 2) self-expressive layer; 3) Deep CCA decoders. The Deep CCA model consists of convolutional encoders and correlation constraint. Convolutional encoders are used to obtain the latent representations of cross-modal data, while adding the correlation constraint for the latent representations can make full use of the information of the inter-modal data. Furthermore, self-expressive layer works on latent representations and constrain it perform self-expression properties, which makes the shared coefficient matrix could capture the hierarchical intra-modal correlations of each modality. Then Deep CCA decoders reconstruct data to ensure that the encoded features can preserve the structure of the original data. Experimental results on several real-world datasets demonstrate the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.

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Sharrab, Yousef O., Mohammad Alsmirat, Bilal Hawashin, and Nabil Sarhan. "Machine learning-based energy consumption modeling and comparison of H.264/AVC and google VP8 encoders." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i2.pp1303-1310.

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Advancement of the prediction models used in a variety of fields is a result of the contribution of machine learning approaches. Utilizing such modeling in feature engineering is exceptionally imperative and required. In this research, we show how to utilize machine learning to save time in research experiments, where we save more than five thousand hours of measuring the energy consumption of encoding recordings. Since measuring the energy consumption has got to be done by humans and since we require more than eleven thousand experiments to cover all the combinations of video sequences, video bit_rate, and video encoding settings, we utilize machine learning to model the energy consumption utilizing linear regression. VP8 codec has been offered by Google as an open video encoder in an effort to replace the popular MPEG-4 Part 10, known as H.264/AVC video encoder standard. This research model energy consumption and describes the major differences between H.264/AVC and VP8 encoders in terms of energy consumption and performance through experiments that are based on machine learning modeling. Twenty-nine raw video sequences are used, offering a wide range of resolutions and contents, with the frame sizes ranging from QCIF(176x144) to 2160p(3840x2160). For fairness in comparison analysis, we use seven settings in VP8 encoder and fifteen types of tuning in H.264/AVC. The settings cover various video qualities. The performance metrics include video qualities, encoding time, and encoding energy consumption.

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Hori, Yasuaki, Satoshi Gonda, Youichi Bitou, Akihiro Watanabe, and Koutaro Nakamura. "Periodic error evaluation system for linear encoders using a homodyne laser interferometer with 10 picometer uncertainty." Precision Engineering 51 (January 2018): 388–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2017.09.009.

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Yu, Haoyu, Hongzhong Liu, Xuan Li, Guoyong Ye, Yongsheng Shi, Lei Yin, Weitao Jiang, Bangdao Chen, and Xiaokang Liu. "Calibration of non-contact incremental linear encoders using a macro–micro dual-drive high-precision comparator." Measurement Science and Technology 26, no. 9 (July 30, 2015): 095103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/26/9/095103.

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Nguyen, Ha Xuan, Thuong Ngoc-Cong Tran, Jae Wan Park, and Jae Wook Jeon. "An Adaptive Linear-Neuron-Based Third-Order PLL to Improve the Accuracy of Absolute Magnetic Encoders." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 66, no. 6 (June 2019): 4639–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2018.2866088.

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Arifoglu, Damla, Yan Wang, and Abdelhamid Bouchachia. "Detection of Dementia-Related Abnormal Behaviour Using Recursive Auto-Encoders." Sensors 21, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010260.

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Age-related health issues have been increasing with the rise of life expectancy all over the world. One of these problems is cognitive impairment, which causes elderly people to have problems performing their daily activities. Detection of cognitive impairment at an early stage would enable medical doctors to deepen diagnosis and follow-up on patient status. Recent studies show that daily activities can be used to assess the cognitive status of elderly people. Additionally, the intrinsic structure of activities and the relationships between their sub-activities are important clues for capturing the cognitive abilities of seniors. Existing methods perceive each activity as a stand-alone unit while ignoring their inner structural relationships. This study investigates such relationships by modelling activities hierarchically from their sub-activities, with the overall goal of detecting abnormal activities linked to cognitive impairment. For this purpose, recursive auto-encoders (RAE) and their linear vs. greedy and supervised vs. semi-supervised variants are adopted to model the activities. Then, abnormal activities are systematically detected using RAE’s reconstruction error. Moreover, to apply RAEs for this problem, we introduce a new sensor representation called raw sensor measurement (RSM) that captures the intrinsic structure of activities, such as the frequency and the order of sensor activations. As real-world data are not accessible, we generated data by simulating abnormal behaviour, which reflects on cognitive impairment. Extensive experiments show that RAEs can be used as a decision-supporting tool, especially when the training set is not labelled to detect early indicators of dementia.

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