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Journal articles on the topic 'Linear accelerators in medicine'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Vorogushin, M. F., Yu N. Gavrish, M. I. Demskii, V. M. Nikolaev, Yu V. Myasnikov, V. I. Petrunin, and S. A. Ogorodnikov. "Linear electron accelerators for industry and medicine." Atomic Energy 87, no. 2 (August 1999): 596–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02673225.

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2

Kalinić, Venera, Dragan Babić, Inga Marijanović, and Darjan Franjić. "LINEAR ACCELERATORS IN TELERADIOTHERAPY." Zdravstveni glasnik, no. 16 (November 30, 2022): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47960/2303-8616.2022.16.67.

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3

Vretenar, M., A. Mamaras, G. Bisoffi, and P. Foka. "Production of radioisotopes for cancer imaging and treatment with compact linear accelerators." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2420, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2420/1/012104.

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Abstract Accelerator-produced radioisotopes are widely used in modern medicine, for imaging, for cancer therapy, and for combinations of therapy and diagnostics (theragnostics). Clinical trials are well advanced for several radioisotope-based treatments that might open the way to a strong request of specific accelerator systems dedicated to radioisotope production. While cyclotrons are the standard tool in this domain, we explore here alternative options using linear accelerators. Compared to cyclotrons, linacs have the advantage of modularity, compactness, and reduced beam loss with lower shielding requirements. Although in general more expensive than cyclotrons, linacs are competitive in cost for production of low-energy proton beams, or of intense beams of heavier particles. After a review of radioisotopes of potential interest, in particular produced with low-energy protons or helium, this paper presents two linac-based isotope production systems. The first is a compact RFQ-based system for PET (Positron Emission Tomography) isotopes, and the second is an alpha-particle linac for production of alpha-emitters. The accelerator systems are described, together with calculations of production yields for different targets.

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4

Vladimir Kuzmich Shilov, Aleksandr Nikolaevich Filatov, and Aleksandr Evgenevich Novozhilov. "High frequency power supply to improve operation stability of linear electron accelerator." Nexo Revista Científica 34, no. 04 (October 28, 2021): 1515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v34i04.12697.

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The use of linear electron accelerators in medicine and industry is explained by the simplicity of the input and output of accelerated electrons and adjusting the energy and dose rate, as well as the high dose rate of bremsstrahlung. The purpose of this work is to increase the stability of their work. A standing wave accelerator containing a high-frequency generator, a phase shifter, a waveguide bridge, a high-frequency load, and an accelerating system of two accelerating sections is equipped with two waveguide tees. Their inputs are connected to the output arms of the waveguide bridge, and the first and second output arms of each tee are connected to the first and last accelerating cells of each section, respectively. In this system, due to the introduction of several elements that do not require large costs for manufacturing and tuning, a significantly greater frequency separation of the operating mode of oscillations from neighboring ones is ensured, or even a single-frequency excitation mode is implemented, which makes it possible to significantly increase the stability of the accelerator operation. This technique can be used to increase the stability of operation in the design and calculation of linear accelerators of electrons with a standing wave.

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5

Bradshaw, A. L. "Linear Accelerators for Radiation Therapy." Physics Bulletin 37, no. 4 (April 1986): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9112/37/4/032.

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6

Shilov, Vladimir Kuz'mich, Aleksandr Nikolaevich Filatov, and Aleksandr Evgen'evich Novozhilov. "Focusing Properties of a Modified Retarding Structure for Linear Electron Accelerators." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i2.pp741-747.

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When using accelerators in industry and medicine, important are the dimensions of the device used, especially the radial ones. In the linear electron accelerators based on a biperiodic retarding structure, which operates in the standing wave mode, there is a possibility to provide focusing of the accelerated particles with the help of high-frequency fields without the use of external focusing elements. In the accelerating cell, due to the presence of the far protruding drift sleeves, the electric field lines become strongly curved, which leads to the appearance in the regions adjacent to these sleeves of a substantial in magnitude radial component of the electric field. The particles entering the accelerating gap experience the action of a force directed toward the axis of the system, and at the exit, of a force directed away from the axis. Under certain conditions, alternation of the focusing and defocusing fields can lead to a general focusing effect. In the paper we study the focusing properties of a modified biperiodic structure with standing wave. The main attention is paid to the possibility of using the focusing properties of the electromagnetic accelerating field for guiding the electron beam through the aperture of the accelerating system, which will lead to a significant reduction in the accelerator sizes. The proposed method can be applied in the calculation and design of linear electron accelerators.

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7

Greene, D., and P. Fallas. "Long-term performance of linear accelerators." British Journal of Radiology 58, no. 690 (June 1985): 556–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-58-690-556.

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8

McDermott, Patrick N. "Photon skyshine from medical linear accelerators." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics 21, no. 3 (March 2020): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acm2.12833.

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9

Konefał, Adam, Andrzej Orlef, and Maria Sokół. "Application of therapeutic linear accelerators for the production of radioisotopes used in nuclear medicine." Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering 28, no. 3 (July 28, 2022): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjmpe-2022-0013.

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Abstract This review paper summarizes the possibilities of the use of therapeutic linear electron accelerators for the production of radioisotopes for nuclear medicine. This work is based on our published results and the thematically similar papers by other authors, directly related to five medical radioisotopes as 99Mo/99mTc, 198Au, 186Re, 188Re, 117mSn, produced using therapeutic linacs. Our unpublished data relating to the issues discussed have also been used here. In the experiments, two types of radiation were included in the analysis of the radioisotope production process, i.e. the therapeutic twenty-megavolt (20 MV) X-rays generated by Varian linacs and neutron radiation contaminating the therapeutic beam. Thus, the debated radioisotopes are produced in the photonuclear reactions and in the neutron ones. Linear therapeutic accelerators do not allow the production of radioisotopes with high specific activities, but the massive targets can be used instead. Thus, the amount of the produced radioisotopes may be increased. Apart from linear accelerators, more and more often, the production of radioisotopes is carried out in small medical cyclotrons. More such cyclotrons are developed, built, and sold commercially than for scientific research. The radioisotopes produced with the use of therapeutic linacs or cyclotrons can be successfully applied in various laboratory tests and in research.

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10

Velten, Christian, Yi‐Fang Wang, John Adamovics, and Cheng‐Shie Wuu. "3D isocentricity analysis for clinical linear accelerators." Medical Physics 47, no. 4 (February 14, 2020): 1460–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mp.14039.

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11

Shamsi, Qurat-ul-ain, Maria Atiq, Atia Atiq, Saeed Ahmad Buzdar, Khalid Iqbal, and Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal. "Dosimetric comparison of photon beam profile characteristics for different treatment parameters." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 16, no. 4 (May 10, 2017): 444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396917000292.

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AbstractPurposeTo deliver radiation doses with higher accuracy, radiation treatment through megavoltage photon beams from linear accelerators, is accepted widely for treating malignancies. Before calibrating the linear accelerators, it is essential to make a complete analysis of all photon beam profile parameters. The main objective of this exploration was to investigate the 6 and 15 MV photon beam profile characteristics to improve the accuracy of radiation treatment plans.MethodsIn this exploration, treatment parameters like depth, field size and beam energy were varied to observe their effect on dosimetric characteristics of beam profiles in a water phantom, generated by linear accelerator Varian Clinac.ResultsThe results revealed thatDmaxandDmindecreased with increasing depth but increased with increasing field sizes. Both left and right penumbras increased with increasing depth, field size and energy. Homogeneity increased with field size but decreased with depth. Symmetry had no dependence on depth, energy and field size.ConclusionAll the characteristics of photon beam dosimetry were analysed and the characteristics like homogeneity and symmetry measured by an ion chamber in a water phantom came within clinically acceptable level of 3 and 103%, respectively, thus fulfilled the requirements of standard linear accelerator specifications. This exploration can be extended to the determination of beam profile characteristics of electron and photon beams of other energies at various depths and field sizes for designing optimum treatment plans.

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12

Tuohy, J. B., and A. M. Morgan. "Temporary enlargement of penumbra on linear accelerators." British Journal of Radiology 63, no. 755 (November 1990): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-63-755-911.

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13

Peach, Ken, and Carl Ekdahl. "Particle Beam Radiography." Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology 06 (January 2013): 117–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793626813300065.

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Particle beam radiography, which uses a variety of particle probes (neutrons, protons, electrons, gammas and potentially other particles) to study the structure of materials and objects noninvasively, is reviewed, largely from an accelerator perspective, although the use of cosmic rays (mainly muons but potentially also high-energy neutrinos) is briefly reviewed. Tomography is a form of radiography which uses multiple views to reconstruct a three-dimensional density map of an object. There is a very wide range of applications of radiography and tomography, from medicine to engineering and security, and advances in instrumentation, specifically the development of electronic detectors, allow rapid analysis of the resultant radiographs. Flash radiography is a diagnostic technique for large high-explosive-driven hydrodynamic experiments that is used at many laboratories. The bremsstrahlung radiation pulse from an intense relativistic electron beam incident onto a high-Z target is the source of these radiographs. The challenge is to provide radiation sources intense enough to penetrate hundreds of g/cm2 of material, in pulses short enough to stop the motion of high-speed hydrodynamic shocks, and with source spots small enough to resolve fine details. The challenge has been met with a wide variety of accelerator technologies, including pulsed-power-driven diodes, air-core pulsed betatrons and high-current linear induction accelerators. Accelerator technology has also evolved to accommodate the experimenters' continuing quest for multiple images in time and space. Linear induction accelerators have had a major role in these advances, especially in providing multiple-time radiographs of the largest hydrodynamic experiments.

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14

Burke, B., M. Lamey, S. Rathee, B. Murray, and B. G. Fallone. "Radio frequency noise from clinical linear accelerators." Physics in Medicine and Biology 54, no. 8 (April 1, 2009): 2483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/54/8/015.

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15

Barish, Robert J. "Shielding Design for Multiple-energy Linear Accelerators." Health Physics 106, no. 5 (May 2014): 614–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hp.0000000000000036.

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16

Mechalakos, James, and Jean St Germain. "Estimation of Shielding Factors for Linear Accelerators*." Health Physics 83 (November 2002): S65—S67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-200211005-00006.

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17

Hinson, William H., William T. Kearns, Allan F. deGuzman, and J. Daniel Bourland. "Photon spectral characteristics of dissimilar 6MV linear accelerators." Medical Physics 35, no. 5 (April 8, 2008): 1698–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2900001.

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18

Wang, Yi Zhen, Michael D. C. Evans, and Ervin B. Podgorsak. "Characteristics of induced activity from medical linear accelerators." Medical Physics 32, no. 9 (August 26, 2005): 2899–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2001767.

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19

Etxebarria Ecenarro, Victor, Jorge Feuchtwanger, JOAQUIN PORTILLA, JOSU JUGO, IÑIGO ARREDONDO, INARI BADILLO, ESTIBALIZ ASUA, et al. "MANUFACTURING OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL ISOTOPES THROUGH THE LINAC 7 ACCELERATOR FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS." DYNA DYNA-ACELERADO (March 16, 2022): [ 7 pp.]. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10466.

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Linac 7 consists of a new generation linear proton accelerator completely designed and built at the Beam Laboratory (IZPILab-Beam Laboratory) of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU. One of the most important health applications conceived within the Linac 7 project is the production of pharmaceuticals of various species, locally around large clinical centers. Currently, medical radioisotopes are manufactured externally to hospitals and involve the use of distant, expensive and complex infrastructures. This results in long transports, production of large doses of radioisotopes that decay rapidly over the several hours of transport, and also usually only elements with sufficient half-life for use as appropriate pharmaceuticals can be used, with no other options. Our compact Linac 7 linear accelerator allows the manufacture of multiple types of radioisotopes locally and tailored to the corresponding biomedical needs, including specific doses of pharmaceuticals for patients, on demand of the medical staff in our hospitals. Keywords: Particle accelerators, radiopharmacy, nuclear medicine

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20

Sjöström, David, Ulf Bjelkengren, Wiviann Ottosson, and Claus F. Behrens. "A beam-matching concept for medical linear accelerators." Acta Oncologica 48, no. 2 (January 2009): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841860802258794.

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21

FANG, JIN-QING, GUANRONG CHEN, and XIAO-SHU LUO. "COMPLEXITY ANALYSIS AND CONTROL STRATEGY FOR BEAM HALO-CHAOS IN ADS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 12, no. 05 (May 2002): 917–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127402004814.

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Beam halo-chaos in high-current accelerators has become a key concerned issue because it can cause excessive radioactivity from the accelerators therefore significantly limits their applications in industry, medicine, and national defense. This article reviews the complexity of accelerator driven clean nuclear power system (ADS) as well as the associate physical mechanism for beam halo-chaos formation in high-intensity proton linear accelerator. Notably, some general engineering methods for chaos control have been developed in recent years, but they are generally unsuccessful for beam halo-chaos suppression due to many technical constraints. In this article, some of these technical problems are addressed. Particles-in-Cell (PIC) simulations are described, for exploring the nature of beam halo-chaos formation. Some efficient nonlinear control methods, including wavelet function feedback control, are reported for beam halo-chaos suppression. PIC simulations show that after control is applied to the initial proton beam with water bag or full Gauss distributions, the beam halo strength factor is quickly reduced to zero, and other statistical physical quantities of beam halo-chaos are also doubly reduced. These performed PIC simulation results demonstrate that the developed methods are very effective for halo-chaos suppression. Potential applications of the beam halo-chaos control methods are finally discussed.

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22

Borzi', G. R., E. Bonanno, N. Cavalli, G. Stella, M. Pace, Z. Lucia, and C. Marino. "PO-1586 Output prediction for TrueBeam linear accelerators." Radiotherapy and Oncology 170 (May 2022): S1367—S1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(22)03550-2.

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23

Vanwelde, M., C. Hernalsteens, R. Tesse, E. Gnacadja, E. Ramoisiaux, and N. Pauly. "The Zgoubidoo python framework for ray-tracing simulations with Zgoubi: applications to fixed-field accelerators." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2420, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2420/1/012039.

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Abstract The study of beam dynamics in accelerators featuring main magnets with complex geometries such as Fixed Field Accelerators (FFAs) requires simulation codes allowing step-by-step particle tracking in complex magnetic fields, such as the Zgoubi ray-tracing code. To facilitate the use of Zgoubi and to allow readily processing the resulting tracking data, we developed a modern Python 3 interface, Zgoubidoo, using Zgoubi in the backend. In this work, the key features of Zgoubidoo are illustrated by detailing the main steps to obtain a non-scaling FFA accelerator from a scaling design. The results obtained are in excellent agreement with prior results, including the tune computation and orbit shifts. These results are enhanced by Zgoubidoo beam dynamics analysis and visualization tools, including the placement of lattice elements in a global coordinate system and the computation of linear step-by-step optics. The validation of Zgoubidoo on conventional scaling and non-scaling FFA designs paves the way for future uses in innovative FFA design studies.

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24

Facure, A. "Neutron dose rate evaluation for medical linear accelerators." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 111, no. 1 (August 1, 2004): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/nch369.

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25

Ginzton, Edward L., and Craig S. Nunan. "History of microwave electron linear accelerators for radiotherapy." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 11, no. 2 (February 1985): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(85)90141-5.

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26

O'Brien, P. F., R. B. Barnett, H. B. Michaels, and R. A. Siwek. "Measurements in high-intensity beams from medical linear accelerators." Medical Physics 14, no. 6 (November 1987): 1067–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.595987.

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27

Palta, Jatinder R., Komanduri Ayyangar, Inder Daftari, and Nagalingam Suntharalingam. "Characteristics of photon beams from Philips SL25 linear accelerators." Medical Physics 17, no. 1 (January 1990): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.596540.

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28

McParland, Brian J. "Peripheral doses of two linear accelerators employing universal wedges." British Journal of Radiology 63, no. 748 (April 1990): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-63-748-295.

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29

Varela-Lema, Leonor. "Linear Accelerator Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia." Pain Physician 18;1, no. 1;1 (January 14, 2015): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj/2015.18.15.

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Background: Stereotactic radiosurgery is accepted as an alternative for patients with refractory trigeminal neuralgia, but existing evidence is fundamentally based on the Gamma Knife, which is a specific device for intracranial neurosurgery, available in few facilities. Over the last decade it has been shown that the use of linear accelerators can achieve similar diagnostic accuracy and equivalent dose distribution. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness and safety of linear-accelerator stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of patients with refractory trigeminal neuralgia. Methods: We carried out a systematic search of the literature in the main electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Knowledge, Cochrane, Biomed Central, IBECS, IME, CRD) and reviewed grey literature. All original studies on the subject published in Spanish, French, English, and Portuguese were eligible for inclusion. The selection and critical assessment was carried out by 2 independent reviewers based on pre-defined criteria. In view of the impossibility of carrying out a pooled analysis, data were analyzed in a qualitative way. Results: Eleven case series were included. In these, satisfactory pain relief (BIN I-IIIb or reduction in pain ≥ 50) was achieved in 75% to 95.7% of the patients treated. The mean time to relief from pain ranged from 8.5 days to 3.8 months. The percentage of patients who presented with recurrences after one year of follow-up ranged from 5% to 28.8%. Facial swelling or hypoesthesia, mostly of a mild-moderate grade appeared in 7.5% – 51.9% of the patients. Complete anaesthesia dolorosa was registered in only study (5.3%). Cases of hearing loss (2.5%), brainstem edema (5.8%), and neurotrophic keratoplasty (3.5%) were also isolated. Conclusions: The results suggest that stereotactic radiosurgery with linear accelerators could constitute an effective and safe therapeutic alternative for drug-resistant trigeminal neuralgia. However, existing studies leave important doubts as to optimal treatment doses or the therapeutic target, long-term recurrence, and do not help identify which subgroups of patients could most benefit from this technique. Limitations: Paucity of literature and clear lack of clarification for clinical utilization of this technique. Key words: Radiosurgery, trigeminal neuralgia, functional radiosurgery, radiation therapy of benign diseases, stereotactic radiotherapy

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30

Martins, Juliana Cristina, Rangoli Saxena, Sebastian Neppl, Abdulaziz Alhazmi, Michael Reiner, Stella Veloza, Claus Belka, and Katia Parodi. "Optimization of Phase Space files from clinical linear accelerators." Physica Medica 64 (August 2019): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.06.007.

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31

Kouwenhoven, E., J. Van Egmond, J. Van Wingerden, M. De Goede, M. Mast, and J. Van Santvoort. "EP-1754: Isocentric accuracy of Elekta VersaHD linear accelerators." Radiotherapy and Oncology 123 (May 2017): S965—S966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(17)32117-5.

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32

Ghazal, Mohammed, Lars Södergren, Mathias Westermark, Julia Söderström, and Tobias Pommer. "Dosimetric and mechanical equivalency of Varian TrueBeam linear accelerators." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics 21, no. 12 (October 18, 2020): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acm2.13058.

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33

Sherwin, A. G., A. J. Pearson, D. J. Richards, and J. B. O'Hagan. "Measurement of Neutrons from High Energy Electron Linear Accelerators." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 23, no. 1-4 (June 1, 1988): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080192.

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34

Sherwin, A. G., A. J. Pearson, D. J. Richards, and J. B. O'Hagan. "Measurement of Neutrons from High Energy Electron Linear Accelerators." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 23, no. 1-4 (June 1, 1988): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/23.1-4.337.

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35

Yeboah, C., J. Challacombe, G. Pang, and P. O'Brien. "Po-Poster - 06: Beam spot motion of medical linear accelerators." Medical Physics 32, no. 7Part2 (June 23, 2005): 2411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2030985.

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36

Kase, Kenneth R., and G. K. Svensson. "Head scatter data for several linear accelerators (4-18 MV)." Medical Physics 13, no. 4 (July 1986): 530–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.595857.

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37

Shrock, Zachary, Suk W. Yoon, Rathnayaka Gunasingha, Mark Oldham, and Justus Adamson. "Technical Note: On maximizing Cherenkov emissions from medical linear accelerators." Medical Physics 45, no. 7 (May 3, 2018): 3315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mp.12927.

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38

McKenzie, Michael R., Luis Souhami, Ervin B. Podgorsak, André Olivier, Jean-Louis Caron, and Jean-Guy Villemure. "Photon Radiosurgery: A Clinical Review." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 19, no. 2 (May 1992): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100042293.

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ABSTRACT:The term radiosurgery has been used to describe a variety of radiotherapy techniques which deliver high doses of radiation to small, stereotactically defined intracranial targets in such a way that the dose fall-off outside the targeted volume is very sharp. Proton, charged particle, gamma unit, and linear accelerator-based techniques appear to be equivalent from the standpoint of accuracy, dose distributions, and clinical results. However, capital and operating costs associated with the use of linear accelerators in general clinical use are much lower. Radiosurgery has an established role in the treatment of arteriovenous malformations and acoustic neurinomas. Interest in these techniques is increasing in neurosurgical and radiation oncological communities, as radiosurgery is rapidly assuming a place in the management of several other conditions, including craniopharyngiomas, meningiomas, and selected malignant lesions.

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39

Kasilov, Valentin, Sergey Gokov, Sergiy Kalenik, Sergey Kochetov, Leonid Saliy, Vitaliy Tsyats'ko, Evgen Tsyats'ko, and Oleg Shopen. "Concept of Neutron Source Creation for Nuclear Medicine on the Basis of Linear Electron Accelerator." 4, no. 4 (December 10, 2021): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2312-4334-2021-4-21.

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We review the current status of the development of sources of epithermal neutrons sources based on reactors and accelerators for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), a promising method of malignant tumor treatment. The scheme is proposed of the source prototype for the production of thermal and epithermal neutrons using the delayed neutrons generated with help of linear electron accelerator at the target containing the fissile material. The results of an experiment are presented in which the half-life curves of radioactive nuclei formed during fission and emitting delayed neutrons are measured. It is shown that an activated target containing fissile material is a compact small-sized source of delayed neutrons. It can be delivered to the shaper, where, using a moderator, an absorber, and a collimator, neutrons of thermal or epithermal energies are formed over a certain period of time, after which this target is sent to the activator, and another target comes in its place. Thus, a pulsed neutron flux is formed. Such a neutron beam can be used in nuclear medicine, in particular, in neutron capture therapy in the treatment of cancer. An important task in the implementation of neutron capture therapy, when irradiating patients, is to control both the intensity and the energy spectrum of the neutron flux. To solve this problem, an earlier developed activation-type neutron ball spectrometer can be used, which will allow optimization of various parameters of the shaper, collimator and filters in order to obtain the most powerful neutron fluxes.

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40

Tana, Luigi, Riccardo Ciolini, Eva Ciuffardi, Chiara Romei, and Francesco d’Errico. "Evaluation of air photoactivation at linear accelerators for radiotherapy." Journal of Radiological Protection 35, no. 2 (March 11, 2015): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0952-4746/35/2/239.

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41

Näslund, Ingemar, Ingmar Lax, Leif Högberg, and Nils-Erik Augustsson. "Sinking Floor for Choice of Isocenter Height on Linear Accelerators." Acta Oncologica 34, no. 4 (January 1995): 544–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841869509094027.

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42

Rahman, Maryam, Gregory J. A. Murad, Frank Bova, William A. Friedman, and J. Mocco. "Stereotactic radiosurgery and the linear accelerator: accelerating electrons in neurosurgery." Neurosurgical Focus 27, no. 3 (September 2009): E13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.7.focus09116.

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The search for efficacious, minimally invasive neurosurgical treatment has led to the development of the operating microscope, endovascular treatment, and endoscopic surgery. One of the most minimally invasive and exciting discoveries is the use of targeted, high-dose radiation for neurosurgical disorders. Radiosurgery is truly minimally invasive, delivering therapeutic energy to an accurately defined target without an incision, and has been used to treat a wide variety of pathological conditions, including benign and malignant brain tumors, vascular lesions such as arteriovenous malformations, and pain syndromes such as trigeminal neuralgia. Over the last 50 years, a tremendous amount of knowledge has been garnered, both about target volume and radiation delivery. This review covers the intense study of these concepts and the development of linear accelerators to deliver stereotactic radiosurgery. The fascinating history of stereotactic neurosurgery is reviewed, and a detailed account is given of the development of linear accelerators and their subsequent modification for radiosurgery.

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Saxena, Rangoli, Juliana Cristina Martins, Abdulaziz Alhazmi, Sebastian Neppl, Michael Reiner, Claus Belka, Stella Veloza, and Katia Parodi. "[OA029] Optimization of phase space files from clinical linear accelerators." Physica Medica 52 (August 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.06.101.

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Borzi’, Giuseppina R., Elisa Bonanno, Nina Cavalli, Giuseppe Stella, Martina Pace, Lucia Zirone, and Carmelo Marino. "THE RIGHT TIMING FOR BEAMS CALIBRATION OF TRUEBEAM LINEAR ACCELERATORS." Physica Medica 104 (December 2022): S110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1120-1797(22)02376-6.

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Lamey, M., B. Burke, S. Rathee, B. Murray, and B. Fallone. "SU-FF-J-76: Radio Frequency Noise From Clinical Linear Accelerators." Medical Physics 36, no. 6Part6 (June 2009): 2493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3181368.

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Tantawi, S. "MO-D-BRD-01: Pushing the Limits of Microwave Linear Accelerators." Medical Physics 36, no. 6Part20 (June 2009): 2691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3182206.

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Jursinic, Paul A. "Measurement of head scatter factors of linear accelerators with columnar miniphantoms." Medical Physics 33, no. 6Part1 (May 17, 2006): 1720–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2201148.

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Matsumoto, Kenji, and Kazuo Tarutani. "Characteristics of Monitor Chamber for Photon Energy Mounted on Linear Accelerators." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 75, no. 10 (2019): 1135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.2019_jsrt_75.10.1135.

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Izewska, Joanna. "Shaping of photon beams from electron linear accelerators in radiation therapy." Medical Physics 20, no. 1 (January 1993): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.597133.

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Chernіavskіy, I. Yu, V. P. Starenky, A. S. Makienko, L. O. Averyanova, O. O. Petrychenko, and S. І. Poplavetz. "Control of spectral characteristics of the medical accelerator on the basis of comparison of mass weaking coefficients of different materials." Український радіологічний та онкологічний журнал 29, no. 3 (September 20, 2021): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46879/ukroj.3.2021.9-21.

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Background. Radiation protection of patients undergoing radiation therapy using linear electron accelerators is based on ensuring the constancy of the equipment parameters set during commissioning. Therefore, studying the possibility of operational assessment of the spectrum characteristics consistency of the generated bremsstrahlung is a priority along with standard dosimetric parameter control procedures. Primarily, this refers to specifying the average measured energy of bremsstrahlung which provides an impartial assessment of the constancy of the whole wave path of the accelerator. However, there is no special diagnostic equipment to determine this parameter. At the same time, the literature data represent a growing interest in the use of CdTe sensors for the analysis of high-energy radiation, including the ones in medical accelerators. Purpose – developing and testing special diagnostic equipment based on semiconductor CdTe sensors, which would implement the assessment of the average measured energy of bremsstrahlung of the medical accelerator 6 MeV via comparing the mass attenuation coefficients in lead and aluminum. Materials and Methods. The paper deals with experimental evaluation of the Varian Clinac 600C linear accelerator (USA) spectrum characteristics carried out at Radiation Oncology Department of State Organization «Grigoriev Institute for Medical Radiology and Oncology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine» via determining the average measured energy of bremsstrahlung. The assessment of the average measured energy of the bremsstrahlung of the accelerator was performed based on comparing two mass attenuation coefficients of radiation with materials having significantly different atomic numbers, i.e. Al and Pb. The assessment of the mass attenuation coefficients was performed on the basis of measuring the average amplitudes of CdTe signals of the sensor, operating in the pulse mode in conjunction with a 16-bit ADC. Pulses of bremsstrahlung from the linear accelerator were recorded by a peak detector for 10 seconds of measurement by the hardware-software complex at 400 monitor units by CdTe sensor with aluminum and lead absorber. The study was performed at a distance of «source-surface» 100 cm with an area of the irradiation field of 20x20 cm. The spectral energy profile of the generated field of bremsstrahlung was studied. Results. The developed equipment was tested by CdTe sensor, which was created taking into account the energy sensitivity of the sensor itself as well as the spectraltemporal characteristics of the pulsed radiation of the accelerator. The approach dealing with assessing the average measured energy of bremsstrahlung of the linear electron accelerator, based on the dependence of the attenuation of radiation by the absorber layer on the radiation energy, has been experimentally confirmed. The theoretical dependence of the average measured energy of bremsstrahlung of the linear accelerator on the ratio of the mass attenuation coefficients of lead and aluminum has been obtained. The energy range from 0.1 to 6 MeV corresponds to the ratio of mass absorption coefficients of lead to aluminum, varying nonlinearly from 33.8 to 1.639. The average measured energy of the linear accelerator of 0.8 MeV corresponds to a mass coefficient ratio of about 1.23 for these materials. The assessed absolute error (from the set value during commissioning the linear accelerator) of the specified measured average energy of bremsstrahlung is up to 12.5% (0.72 MeV), corresponding to the ratio of mass attenuation coefficients – 1.340. Conclusions. The special diagnostic equipment for recording the spectrum characteristics of the Varian Clinac 600C linear accelerator (USA) based on semiconductor CdTe sensors, which along with 16-bit ADC make it possible to estimate the average measured energy of bremsstrahlung via comparing mass attenuation coefficients in Al and Pb has been substantiated and reduced to practice. The assessment of mass attenuation coefficients is carried out based on measuring the average amplitudes of pulses of СdTe sensors operating in a pulse mode.

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