Relevant bibliographies by topics / Limited stock

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Limited stock'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 29 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Limited stock"

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Kokkalis, Alexandros, Anne Maria Eikeset, Uffe H. Thygesen, Petur Steingrund, and Ken H. Andersen. "Estimating uncertainty of data limited stock assessments." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 1 (August 22, 2016): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw145.

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Many methods exist to assess the fishing status of data-limited stocks; however, little is known about the accuracy or the uncertainty of such assessments. Here we evaluate a new size-based data-limited stock assessment method by applying it to well-assessed, data-rich fish stocks treated as data-limited. Particular emphasis is put on providing uncertainty estimates of the data-limited assessment. We assess four cod stocks in the North-East Atlantic and compare our estimates of stock status (F/Fmsy) with the official assessments. The estimated stock status of all four cod stocks followed the established stock assessments remarkably well and the official assessments fell well within the uncertainty bounds. The estimation of spawning stock biomass followed the same trends as the official assessment, but not the same levels. We conclude that the data-limited assessment method can be used for stock assessment and that the uncertainty estimates are reliable. Further work is needed to quantify the spawning biomass of the stock.
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Guan, Lisha, Yong Chen, Robert Boenish, Xianshi Jin, and Xiujuan Shan. "Improving data-limited stock assessment with sporadic stock index information in stock reduction analysis." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 77, no. 5 (May 2020): 857–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2018-0500.

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As most exploited fisheries lack a coherent time series of biomass index, development of data-limited stock assessment methods such as stock reduction analysis (SRA), is critical for fishery stock assessment due to their modest data requirements for estimating stock status and overfishing catch limits. In this study, we propose that sporadic time series of biomass indices, if available, may be fully utilized to inform priors of recent relative biomass (BT/B1) for data-limited stocks. We evaluated the performance of SRA incorporating this index-based prior by comparing two other common SRA priors (a deterministic prior set at 40% of the unfished biomass and a catch-based prior) with estimates from the likelihood-based assessments of 91 fish stocks from the RAM Legacy database. We extended our analysis by evaluating performance based on life history attributes and two depletion levels with BT/BMSY equaling 1 as the breakpoint. Results suggest index-based priors enhance accuracy for fish stocks at both depletion levels. We demonstrate that performance of SRA can be affected by three factors: the reliability of priors for BT/B1, recent depletion level, and life history.
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Guo, Hui. "Limited Stock Market Participation and Asset Prices in a Dynamic Economy." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 39, no. 3 (September 2004): 495–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109000004002.

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AbstractThis paper presents a consumption-based model that explains the equity premium puzzle through two channels. First, because of borrowing constraints, the shareholder cannot completely diversify his income risk and requires a sizable risk premium on stocks. Second, because of limited stock market participation, the precautionary saving demand lowers the risk-free rate but not stock return and generates a substantial liquidity premium. This model also replicates many other salient features of the data, including the first two moments of the risk-free rate, excess stock volatility, stock return predictability, and the unstable relation between stock volatility and the dividend yield.
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Rothenstein, Roland, and Klaus Pawelzik. "Limited profit in predictable stock markets." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 348 (March 2005): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2004.09.010.

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Fischer, Simon H., José A. A. De Oliveira, and Laurence T. Kell. "Linking the performance of a data-limited empirical catch rule to life-history traits." ICES Journal of Marine Science 77, no. 5 (June 12, 2020): 1914–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsaa054.

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Abstract Worldwide, the majorities of fish stocks are data-limited and lack fully quantitative stock assessments. Within ICES, such data-limited stocks are currently managed by setting total allowable catch without the use of target reference points. To ensure that such advice is precautionary, we used management strategy evaluation to evaluate an empirical rule that bases catch advice on recent catches, information from a biomass survey index, catch length frequencies, and MSY reference point proxies. Twenty-nine fish stocks were simulated covering a wide range of life histories. The performance of the rule varied substantially between stocks, and the risk of breaching limit reference points was inversely correlated to the von Bertalanffy growth parameter k. Stocks with k>0.32 year−1 had a high probability of stock collapse. A time series cluster analysis revealed four types of dynamics, i.e. groups with similar terminal spawning stock biomass (collapsed, BMSY, 2BMSY, 3BMSY). It was shown that a single generic catch rule cannot be applied across all life histories, and management should instead be linked to life-history traits, and in particular, the nature of the time series of stock metrics. The lessons learnt can help future work to shape scientific research into data-limited fisheries management and to ensure that fisheries are MSY compliant and precautionary.
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Chong, Lisa, Tobias K. Mildenberger, Merrill B. Rudd, Marc H. Taylor, Jason M. Cope, Trevor A. Branch, Matthias Wolff, and Moritz Stäbler. "Performance evaluation of data-limited, length-based stock assessment methods." ICES Journal of Marine Science 77, no. 1 (November 11, 2019): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz212.

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Abstract Performance evaluation of data-limited, length-based methods is instrumental in determining and quantifying their accuracy under various scenarios and in providing guidance about model applicability and limitations. We conducted a simulation–estimation analysis to compare the performance of four length-based stock assessment methods: length-based Thompson and Bell (TB), length-based spawning potential ratio (LBSPR), length-based integrated mixed effects (LIME), and length-based risk analysis (LBRA), under varying life history, exploitation status, and recruitment error scenarios. Across all scenarios, TB and LBSPR were the most consistent and accurate assessment methods. LBRA is highly biased, but precautionary, and LIME is more suitable for assessments with time-series longer than a year. All methods have difficulties when assessing short-lived species. The methods are less accurate in estimating the degree of recruitment overfishing when the stocks are severely overexploited, and inconsistent in determining growth overfishing when the stocks are underexploited. Increased recruitment error reduces precision but can decrease bias in estimations. This study highlights the importance of quantifying the accuracy of stock assessment methods and testing methods under different scenarios to determine their strengths and weaknesses and provides guidance on which methods to employ in various situations.
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Chrysafi, Anna, Jason M. Cope, and Anna Kuparinen. "Eliciting expert knowledge to inform stock status for data-limited stock assessments." Marine Policy 101 (March 2019): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.11.012.

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Pepin, Pierre. "Reconsidering the impossible — linking environmental drivers to growth, mortality, and recruitment of fish." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, no. 2 (February 2016): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0091.

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After a century of research into the drivers of early life (EL) growth and mortality, fisheries science has acquired limited capacity to predict future recruitment. A meta-analysis of stock assessment time series revealed that it may be difficult to identify stock– or environmental–recruitment drivers given limited variability in spawner biomass, recruitment, and survivorship in most populations. In nearly 50% of the stocks, there was limited information at low spawner biomass, limiting the reliability of fits to stock–recruitment models. Furthermore, variations in survivorship in 50% of year-classes resulted in less than a 2.5-fold change in recruitment. Simulations of three scenarios of change in EL growth and mortality rates demonstrated that they must covary positively to reproduce variations in survivorship consistent with observations. The potentially limited reliability of stock–recruitment relationships to predict year-class strength in many stocks and the low variability in survivorship in a large proportion of year-classes has important implications for the development of projections of stock productivity used in scientific advice. Furthermore, if a positive growth–mortality relationship underlies variations in survivorship, new research approaches are required to understand the trophic relationships that govern the dynamics of early life stages of fish and patterns of recruitment variability.
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Pulkkinen, Henni, and Samu Mäntyniemi. "Maximum survival of eggs as the key parameter of stock–recruit meta-analysis: accounting for parameter and structural uncertainty." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 70, no. 4 (April 2013): 527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2012-0268.

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Despite their name, hierarchical stock–recruit meta-analyses are often parameterized in terms of steepness, which depends not only on the assumed stock–recruitment relationship but also on the recruit–spawner relationship. This parameterization requires assumptions about the reproductive potential of the recruit that are not desirable if the focus of the study is limited to the spawning–recruitment phase instead of the full life cycle. Thus, usage of steepness should be avoided in studies that aim to produce informative priors for the stock–recruit relationship for use in studies of other salmon stocks. An alternative key parameter for stock–recruit models is the maximum survival of eggs, which is the slope at the origin of the stock–recruitment curve when spawning stock size is defined in terms of the number of eggs. Furthermore, the current widely used practices in stock–recruit modeling could be improved by taking into account the stock-specific model uncertainty. We use the method of Bayesian model averaging to build a hierarchical stock–recruit model that allows stock-specific model structures with Beverton–Holt, Ricker, and hockey stick models as alternatives, all of which can be parameterized with the maximum survival of eggs. We illustrate our approach by analyzing nine previously published datasets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
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Gomathi, M., and Dr S. Nirmala. "Analysis of Nifty Movement on Share Prices of Selected Construction Companies." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 1, no. 3 (September 27, 2012): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v1i3.1421.

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This study aims at analyzing and predicting the price movements of construction companies stocks contributing to the NIFTY50 Index. To analyze the volatility of telecom stock and understand the behavior of stock prices in construction sector stocks i.e. (JP ASSOCIATES LIMITED, DLF LIMITED, GAMMON INDIA LIMITED, PUNJ LLOYD LIMITED, HCC LIMITED). The data for these stocks are collected from magazines, newspaper and websites. The stocks are analyzed by monitoring their respective price movements using technical tools. The technical tools used in this study are Exponential moving average, Relative strength index, Rate of change, MACD. Using these tools the trend over the recent past was deciphered. The expected trend in the immediate future was also predicted. Technical Analysis studies the price and volume movement in the market and predicts the future. It helps in identifying that the best time to buy and sell equity. Technical Analysis is a method of evaluating equities by analyzing the statistics generated by market activity, such as past prices and volume.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Limited stock"

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Vissing-Jorgensen, Annette 1971. "Limited stock market participation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10119.

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Tangtatswas, Pitjaya. "ALGORITHM FOR THE CUTTING STOCK PROBLEM WITH MULTIPLE RAWS AND LIMITED NUMBER OF CUTTING KNIVES." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1486572677758349.

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Schiller, Alexander. "Essays on Asset Pricing and the Macroeconomy with Limited Stock Market Participation." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2016. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/772.

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In the first essay, I examine the role of personal and corporate income taxation on asset prices in a general equilibrium model featuring limited stock market participation. Taxes are modeled to redistribute income from stockholders, who are relatively richer, to non-stockholders. Under heavier taxation of stockholders, the equity premium rises and the risk-free rate drops. This effect is driven by an increased concentration of consumption risk among stockholders, who then demand a higher premium for bearing the aggregate equity risk. In a version of the model with a realistically calibrated proportional corporate income tax as well as a progressive personal income tax schedule, I find that the redistributive properties of the income tax system are responsible for a one percentage point increase in the after-tax equity risk premium compared to an economy without taxes. In the second essay (joint with Nam Jong Kim), we study asset prices, exchange rates, and consumption dynamics in a general equilibrium two-county macroeconomic model that features limited stock market participation as well as non-traded goods and distribution cost. The model generates a high price of risk, smooth exchange rates, and makes substantial progress towards explaining the empirically observed low consumption growth correlation between countries. We find that distribution cost play a central role for reducing international consumption co-movement while also amplifying risk premia.
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Taylor, James Conrad. "Wealth makes worship : attitudes to joint stock enterprise in British law, politics and culture, c.1800-c.1870." Thesis, University of Kent, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269146.

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Rodrigues, Irina Pereira. "Perceção e comportamento do consumidor face à indisponibilidade de um artigo de fast-fashion." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21230.

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Mestrado em Marketing
Garantir a satisfação do cliente é um desafio para as empresas sendo fundamental a prestação de um serviço distinto dos concorrentes. Para a grande parte dos retalhistas a rutura de stock do artigo pretendido gera insatisfação no consumidor e consequente perda de vendas. Porém, os retalhistas de fast-fashion utilizam como estratégia a disponibilização de um número limitado de peças resultando na indisponibilidade do artigo. O presente estudo pretende compreender qual a perceção do consumidor à indisponibilidade de um artigo de moda, quais as reações e sentimentos associados, e quais os antecedentes de compra determinantes do comportamento futuro. Para dar resposta aos objetivos do estudo foi utilizado uma abordagem qualitativa com recurso a entrevistas semiestruturadas e uma amostragem com características heterogéneas. Os resultados evidenciaram que o consumidor perceciona a indisponibilidade do artigo de fast-fashion como uma rutura de stock e não estratégia da marca. O consumidor opta maioritariamente pela mudança de artigo e perante a indisponibilidade o consumidor pode sentir indiferença ou tristeza associado à perda de oportunidade. A disponibilidade de artigos substitutos e a imagem da marca são importantes determinantes do comportamento do consumidor. Esta investigação acrescenta conteúdo académico tendo em conta que a categoria de produtos de moda foi pouco explorada nesta temática, bem como insights importantes para o universo empresarial, com a existência de consumidores cada vez mais exigentes que procuram o artigo pretendido no tempo e lugar certo. Assim, é necessário que as empresas tenham informação de quais as reações do consumidor perante a inexistência do artigo.
Guaranteeing customer satisfaction is a challenge for companies as it is essential to provide a service distinct from competitors. For most retailers, stock-out situations of the sought-after articles can provide consumer dissatisfaction and consequently loss of sales. However, fast-fashion retailers use as a strategy a limited number of items which result in possibility inaccessible articles. Therefore, the present study intends to understand what the consumer perception to an unavailable fashion item is, what the reactions and feelings associated to this situation are as well as determining what the most important purchasing antecedents are for future behaviour. To achieve the study's purposes, a qualitative approach was used with semi-structured interviews and a sampling with heterogeneous features. The results highlight that the consumer perceives the unavailability of a fast-fashion item as an out of stock situation and not a brand strategy. The consumer opts to switch the article and this lack of item makes the consumer feel indifference or sadness associated with a loss of opportunity. The availability of substitute articles and brand image are the most important factors which influence consumer behaviour. This study complements academic content considering that the product category was less explored than others within this subject as well as important insights for the business world, since the existence of increasingly demanding consumers look for the desired article at the right time and place. As a result, companies are required to have information about consumer reactions to an unavailability of the desired article.
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Alemany, Juliette. "Développement d'un cadre bayésien pour l'évaluation de stocks à données limitées et élaboration de scénarios de gestion, cas particuliers de la seiche (Sepia officinalis) et du lieu jaune (Pollachius pollachius)." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC229/document.

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L’évaluation et la gestion des stocks de poissons ont pour objectif d’atteindre une exploitation durable des ressources fournies par les océans. Si les progrès dans ce domaine sont bien réels pour certains stocks de grande importance commerciale, la situation est différente pour les stocks dits à données limitées. Souvent historiquement moins exploités, ces stocks ne bénéficient pas des mêmes ressources, tant économiques qu’humaines, pour réaliser une évaluation de stock permettant par la suite la mise en place de mesures de gestion. Ce travail s’appuie sur deux cas d’étude, le lieu jaune (Pollachius pollachius) et la seiche (Sepia officinalis), afin d’explorer des méthodologies d’évaluation de stocks adaptées aux situations de données limitées. Après une première partie introductive reprenant le contexte de l’évaluation des stocks et présentant les deux cas d’étude, une revue des méthodes d’évaluation de stocks à données limitées est proposée. Une troisième partie compare les résultats d’un modèle de biomasse à deux stades et d’un modèle multi-annuel de déplétion généralisé appliqués au stock de seiche de Manche. Une version améliorée du modèle de biomasse à deux stades codé en Bayésien est également présentée. Le travail se poursuit avec l’application d’un modèle d’analyse intégrée Stock Synthesis au stock de lieu jaune de mer Celtique. Les résultats sont comparés aux résultats de modèles plus simples nécessitant moins de données. Les résultats du modèle Stock Synthesis s’avèrent sensibles aux hypothèses sur la valeur de mortalité naturelle, dont le calcul dépend des paramètres de croissance du stock. La cinquième partie présente l’acquisition et le traitement de nouvelles données qui pourront permettre une meilleure estimation de l’état du stock de lieu jaune. Un modèle hiérarchique Bayésien est construit, permettant un transfert d’information entre trois stocks et la mise à jour des paramètres biologiques du lieu jaune. Le dernier chapitre conclut ce travail en reprenant les principaux résultats obtenus et en élargissant la discussion sur des perspectives de recherche
The assessment and the management of fish stocks aim at achieving a sustainable exploitation of the resources provided by the oceans. While progress have been made in this field for some stocks of great commercial importance, the situation is different for the so-called “data limited” stocks. Often historically less exploited, these stocks do not benefit from the same economical resources nor workforce to conduct the stock assessments required to set management measures. This work is based on two case studies, pollack (Pollachius pollachius) and cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). The aim is to investigate the stock assessment methods adapted to data-limited situations. A first introductive part presents the background of fish stock assessment as well as the two case studies. This first chapter is followed by a review of data-limited stock assessment methods. The third part compare the results of a two-stage biomass model with the results of a multi-annual generalized depletion model applied to the English Channel stock of cuttlefish. An improved version of the Bayesian two-stage biomass model is also presented. In the fourth part, a Stock Synthesis model based on integrated analysis methods is applied to the stock of pollack in the Celtic Seas Ecoregion. The results are compared to the results of simpler models which require less data. The Stock Synthesis model results are sensitive to the assumptions on the natural mortality value, which relies on the growth parameters of the stock. The fifth part presents the collection and analysis of new data which will allow a better estimate of pollack stock status. A Bayesian hierarchical model is constructed, allowing information transfer between three stocks and the update of pollack biological parameters. The last chapter concludes this work by summarizing the main results. The discussion is extended to the research perspectives
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Jacobs, Heiko [Verfasser], and Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Weber. "Empirical essays on the stock market impact of limited investor attention / Heiko Jacobs. Betreuer: Martin Weber." Mannheim : Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1034488163/34.

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Siegfried, Kate I. "Fishery management in data-limited situations : applications to stock assessment, marine reserve design and fish by catch policy /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Bacchi, Reggiani Giacomo. "Analisi e riorganizzazione dei processi aziendali e dei flussi: il caso ADS2 Limited." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.

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Questo lavoro di tesi descrive l'esperienza di tirocinio svolta a completamento del percorso degli studi magistrali nella facoltà di Ingegneria Gestionale presso l’università di Bologna – Alma Mater Studiorum. Esso descrive l’esperienza realizzata tra febbraio e giugno 2019 presso l’azienda ADS2 Limited situata a Biggleswade, in Inghilterra. Le finalità di questo lavoro sono quelle di analizzare e descrivere un caso di riorganizzazione dei processi e dei sistemi avvenuto all’interno di ADS2 Limited. Nel primo capitolo viene presentata l’azienda, il contesto societario, la sua struttura interna, le risorse di cui dispone e le motivazioni alla base di questa riorganizzazione. Successivamente vengono esposti gli obiettivi perseguiti dall’azienda e quelli del tirocinio. Nel secondo è illustrato il business realizzato, il modello teorico che inquadra le logiche industriali di ADS2 Limited. È stato preso come riferimento il modello di Wortmann e illustrato la posizione dell'azienda all’interno dello stesso. Vengono poi presentate le problematiche riscontrate all’avvio. Esse sono fondamentali per intrepretare al meglio il percorso fatto dall’azienda durante l’esperienza di tirocinio. Nel terzo capitolo si descrive lo strumento che l’azienda ha deciso di adottare per sostenere il processo di trasformazione iniziato. Successivamente sono esaminati nel dettaglio tutti gli interventi migliorativi realizzati e il ruolo che il nuovo strumento ha ricoperto in questi. Nel quarto capitolo viene analizzato in modo particolare uno di questi, ossia la riorganizzazione dell’area del magazzino. Nel quinto capitolo invece sono presentati alcuni dati che descrivono gli effetti registrati a seguito degli interventi attuati. Vengono poi fatte delle considerazioni in merito ai risultati e agli obiettivi che erano stati posti all’inizio. Infine, viene fatta un’analisi sull’esperienza nel suo complesso cercando di evidenziare gli aspetti positivi che hanno contraddistinto questo tirocinio.
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Reynolds, Noel. "Managerial decision making and stockholder wealth maximization a limited dependent variables model of the choice between dividends and stock repurchases /." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000254.

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Books on the topic "Limited stock"

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Exchange, Lusaka Stock. Corporate guide to the Lusaka Stock Exchange Limited. Lusaka: Lusaka Stock Exchange, 1994.

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Limited, Lusaka Stock Exchange. The Lusaka Stock Exchange: A comprehensive guide and handbook. Lusaka: Lusaka Stock Exchange, 2003.

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Marone, Heloisa. Small African stock markets: The case of the Lusaka Stock Exchange. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, African Department, 2003.

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Egypt. Qarār Wazīr Shuʼūn al-Istithmār wa-al-Taʻāwun al-Dawlī raqm 62 li-sanat 1984: Bi-iṣdār namūdhaj al-ʻaqd al-ibtidāʼī wa-al-niẓām al-āsāsī lil-sharikāt al-musāhamah ... 4th ed. al-Qāhirah: al-Hayʼah al-ʻĀmmah li-Shuʼūn al-Maṭābiʻ al-Amīrīyah, 1988.

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Kabushiki-gaisha Yūgen-gaishahō: Laws of stock corporations and limited liability companies. 4th ed. Tōkyō: Yūhikaku, 2005.

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Kabushiki-gaisha Yūgen-gaishahō: Laws of stock corporations and limited liability companies. 3rd ed. Tōkyō: Yūhikaku, 2004.

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Blake, Alan John. The development of a stock and project control package for QUEST ITeC Limited. [s.l: The Author], 1988.

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Egypt. Qarār Wazīr Shuʼūn al-Istithmār wa-al-Taʻāwun al-Dawlī raqm 7 li-sanat 1982: Bi-iṣdār namādhij al-ʻuqūd wa-al-anẓimah al-asāsīyah lil-sharikāt al-musāhimah wa-sharikāt al-tawṣiyah bi-al-as h́um wa-al-sharikāt dhāt al-masʼūlīyah al-maḥdūdah. 4th ed. al-Qāhirah: al-Hayʼah al-ʻĀmmah li-Shuʼūn al-Maṭābiʻ al-Amīrīyah, 1987.

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Youard, Richard Geoffrey Atkin. Consolidated Gold Fields plc: Investigation under section 442 of the Companies Act 1985. London: H.M.S.O., 1989.

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Popov, Igorʹ Genadʹevich. Organizat︠s︡iia i uchrezhdenie akt︠s︡ionernykh obshchestv i obshchestv s ogranichennoĭ otvetstvennostʹi︠u︡ : paket tipovykh uchreditelʹnykh dokumentov s kommentarii︠a︡mi. Moskva: Ėkonomika, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Limited stock"

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Lazaridou, Dimitra, Anastasios Michailidis, Stefanos Nastis, Efstratios Loizou, and Aikaterini Paltaki. "How to start or be in a Union or Coperative?" In Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche, 34. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-044-3.34.

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Cooperatives in the EU Member States are subject to the provisions of the Council Regulation 1435/2003. However, cooperative legislation is different among the EU states and most countries have specific rules applicable to cooperatives. There are some steps for setting up a cooperative, which are summarized in: Identification of a common economic goal for potential members, decision about the number of members recruited, their rights and responsibilities, determination of business feasibility, development of a business plan, preparation of legal papers and implementation of the business plan. In many European countries, cooperatives can have a legal status either as a cooperative society with limited or unlimited liability, as an economic interest grouping or as a joint-stock company. Most EU Member have no mandatory provision regarding the minimum capital stock or the minimum number of members for setting up a cooperative.
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Beyer, Dirk, Suresh P. Sethi, and Ramaswamy Sridhar. "Average-Cost Optimality of a Base-Stock Policy for a Multi-Product Inventory Model with Limited Storage." In Decision & Control in Management Science, 241–60. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3561-1_13.

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Bulgakova, Irina, and Yulia Vertakova. "Features of VMI Technology for Joint Stock Management of Products with a Limited Shelf Life in Cluster Logistics." In Current Problems and Ways of Industry Development: Equipment and Technologies, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69421-0_1.

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Antoniucci, Valentina, Adriano Bisello, and Giuliano Marella. "Urban Density and Household-Electricity Consumption: An Analysis of the Italian Residential Building Stock." In Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions, 129–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57764-3_9.

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AbstractThe influence of urban density on household electricity consumption is still scarcely investigated, despite the growing attention to building energy performance and the electrification of heating systems advocated at the European level. While the positive correlation between urban sprawl developments and the increasing of marginal costs of public infrastructures, services, amenities, public, and private transports are known, there has been little research on the relationship between urban form and electricity consumption in residential building stock. The present work aims to contribute to filling the gap in the existing literature, presenting the early results of ongoing research on the role of urban form in the household electricity consumption in Italy and, consequently, the related energy costs. The building typology and, in general, the structure of urban dwellings, is crucial to forecasting the electricity requirements, taking into account single housing units and their spatial composition in multi-family homes and neighborhoods. After a brief literature review on the topic, the contribution presents empirical research on the electricity consumption at the municipal level in 140 Italian cities, analyzing the diverse consumption patterns under different conditions of urban density to verify whether there exists a significant statistical correlation between them. The analysis confirms that there is a statistically negative correlation between urban density and the log of electricity consumption, even if its incidence is very limited. Further investigation may highlight whether there exists a threshold for which this relationship would be reversed, explaining the higher electricity consumption in dense metropolitan areas.
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Alpan, Başak. "Europeanization and EU–Turkey Relations: Three Domains, Four Periods." In EU-Turkey Relations, 107–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70890-0_5.

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AbstractEuropeanization is deservedly one of the most popular yet most volatile buzzwords for Turkish politics and EU–Turkey relations. This chapter takes stock of the Europeanization literature and examines the EU–Turkey relationship by referring to particular mechanisms and variants of Europeanization. The main argument is that Europeanization is a versatile and complex process covering vast areas of policy, politics, and polity, intertwined with larger domestic, regional, and global processes, which is not limited to Turkey’s EU accession. The analysis refers to particular mechanisms and variants of Europeanization in four different phases between 1963 and early 2020: In the first period, ‘Europeanization as rapprochement’, Turkey’s age-old Westernization project was consolidated through Europeanization. In the second period, ‘Europeanization as democratic conditionality’, there has been strong interest in the impact of Europeanization on particular aspects of domestic issues through conditionality and the EU’s role as a ‘democratization anchor’. In the third period, ‘Europeanization as retrenchment’, and the fourth period, ‘Europeanization as denial’, ‘Europe’ was no longer the lingua franca in the Turkish political landscape, a trend that is also associated with a ‘de-Europeanization’ turn in the literature. This does not mean that ‘Europe’ completely disappeared from domestic policy orientations, political debates, and identity negotiations. Rather, Ankara used ‘Europe’ strategically to justify actions that were criticized by the EU.
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Ma, Christopher K., Ramesh P. Rao, and R. Stephen Sears. "Volatility, Price Resolution, and the Effectiveness of Price Limits." In Regulatory Reform of Stock and Futures Markets, 67–101. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2193-1_7.

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Miller, Merton H. "Commentary: Volatility, Price Resolution, and the Effectiveness of Price Limits." In Regulatory Reform of Stock and Futures Markets, 103–5. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2193-1_8.

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Lehmann, Bruce N. "Commentary: Volatility, Price Resolution, and the Effectiveness of Price Limits." In Regulatory Reform of Stock and Futures Markets, 107–11. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2193-1_9.

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Saxena, Krishna G., Kottapalli S. Rao, and Rakesh K. Maikhuri. "Long-Term Tracking of Multiple Benefits of Participatory Forest Restoration in Marginal Cultural Landscapes in Himalaya." In Fostering Transformative Change for Sustainability in the Context of Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes (SEPLS), 61–75. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6761-6_4.

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AbstractThe literature is abound with references to the potential of indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) for sustainable landscape management, but empirical on-the-ground efforts that demonstrate this potential are still lacking. To identify interventions for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of forest restoration, participatory trials were set out in the Indian Himalaya, where per capita degraded land far exceeds per capita cropped/healthy forest land. Treatments were designed based on pooled indigenous and scientific knowledge taking into account farm-forest-livelihood interactions in cultural landscapes. The multipurpose tree-bamboo-medicinal herb mixed restoration plantation reached a state of economic benefit/cost ratio >1 in the eighth year and recovered 30–50% of flowering plant species and carbon stock in intact forest. The communities maintained but did not expand restoration in the absence of policies addressing their genuine needs and aspirations. Transformative change for sustainable restoration would include (1) nesting restoration in participatory, long-term, adaptive and integrated landscape development programmes, (2) formally involving communities in planning, monitoring, bioprospecting, and financial management, (3) assuring long-term funding but limited to the inputs unaffordable for local people, (4) stimulating the inquisitive minds of local people by enriching ILK and cultural heritage, (5) convincing policymakers to provide the scientific rationale behind policy stands, to support the regular interactions of communities with researchers, traders, and industrialists, to commit to genuine payment for ecosystem services in unambiguous terms at multiple spatial (household, village and village cluster) and temporal (short, medium and long-term) scales, and to support long-term participatory action research for development of “landscape restoration models” in varied socio-ecological scenarios.
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Moffitt, Terrie E. "A Review of Research on the Taxonomy of Life-Course Persistent Versus Adolescence-Limited Antisocial Behavior." In Taking Stock, 277–311. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315130620-11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Limited stock"

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Wang, Bingbing, Xinping Xia, and Hao Xiao. "Stock Price Synchronicity and Limited Arbitrage." In 2011 International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmss.2011.5998464.

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Azadeh, A., M. H. Songhori, M. Saberi, S. Hosseini, F. Salarvand, and P. Pazhoheshfar. "Deterministic bundle pricing of two products with limited stock." In 2014 Iranian Conference on Intelligent Systems (ICIS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iraniancis.2014.6802603.

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Sathirakul, Namporn, and Watson Chansajcha. "Status of japanese held public company limited listed in The Stock Exchange of Thailand." In 2018 5th International Conference on Business and Industrial Research (ICBIR). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbir.2018.8391248.

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Pater, Ingeborg de, Maria del Mar Carillo Galera, and Mihaela Mitici. "Criticality-Based Predictive Maintenance Scheduling for Aircraft Components with a Limited Stock of Spare Components." In Proceedings of the 31st European Safety and Reliability Conference. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-18-2016-8_074-cd.

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Amado, Joao, Luís Freire, and Filipe Amarante dos Santos. "Framework for the Management of a Large Stock of Earth Retaining Structures." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0780.

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<p>With a view to the development of a life-cycle approach to earth retaining walls, as well as an optimal management of the road assets as a whole, this paper presents a novel framework for the assessment of a large stock of earth retaining structures in a context of limited financial and human resources. In order to adequate the system for the number of structures to be managed a large inventory campaign was previously conducted. These results and how they helped to shape the framework are briefly discussed. Being a proposal for a systematic management of infrastructure assets it was developed according to Business Process Management discipline, namely the Business Process Model and Notation, as specified in the standard ISO/IEC 9510:2013. The developed framework is considered as a management process, with specific intervenient, interrelated activities, specific inputs, and standard outputs.</p>
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Fu, Minhang. "Discussion on Influence of Cash Dividend Policies on Stock Price by Taking MengDian HuaNeng Thermal Power Corporation Limited as an Example." In 2017 International Conference on Education, Culture and Social Development (ICECSD 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icecsd-17.2017.24.

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Arias-Cuevas, Oscar, and Zili Li. "Field Investigations on Rolling Stock Components Designed to Overcome Low Adhesion Related Problems." In 2010 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2010-36206.

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The tangential force that a braking or tractive wheel can exert on a rail is limited by the friction coefficient available at the surfaces in contact for a given normal load. In clean steel-on-steel contacts the friction coefficient is known to be higher than the adhesion requirements of the majority of the existent rolling stock. However, in the presence of contamination (e.g. leaves, water, grease, and rust) the friction level can decrease to values far below those required in normal traction and braking operations. In particular, fallen leaves have been identified by many railways to cause considerable low adhesion problems in autumn. Despite the available countermeasures the adhesion problems still seem to persist in the majority of the affected networks. This could to a large extent be due to the lack of fundamental understanding on the effectiveness of the countermeasures used under different operating conditions. In this paper, the effectiveness of two rolling stock components, namely locomotive sanders and permanent magnetic track brakes, in leaf contaminated contacts is investigated by means of full-scale tests in a stabling yard. An electrical locomotive has been used to asses the performance of the sanders, whereas the tests with permanent magnetic track brakes have been carried out with an electrical multiple unit.
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Segal-Halevi, Erel, Avinatan Hassidim, and Yonatan Aumann. "Double Auctions in Markets for Multiple Kinds of Goods." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/68.

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Motivated by applications such as stock exchanges and spectrum auctions, there is a growing interest in mechanisms for arranging trade in two-sided markets. However, existing mechanisms are either not truthful, do not guarantee an asymptotically-optimal gain-from-trade, rely on a prior on the traders' valuations, or operate in limited settings such as a single type of good. We extend the random-sampling technique used in earlier works to multi-good markets where traders have gross-substitute valuations. We show a prior free, truthful and strongly-budget-balanced mechanism which guarantees near-optimal gain from trade when the market sizes of all goods grow to infinity at a similar rate.
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Šiljak, Mile. "Application of Thermal Engineering in Building Stock, Sophisticated Thermotechnical Systems Integrated in Buildings, and Pathogenic Microorganisms." In 51st International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition. SMEITS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.020.51.1.101.

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Planned and/or unplanned developments in the setting, which are directly or indirectly in connection to a certain profession or are of multidisciplinary character, have impact on initiation and steering of the course and direction of research campaigns of “vigilant” professional analysts and/or researchers of a profession, i.e. professions. It was the occurrence of the “vicious infection - SARS CoV 2” at the territory of Planet Earth which also initiated the subject professional research in the area of applied thermal engineering within two partial units which may be in interaction with the infection, i.e. which may also be in causal connection: “applied thermal engineering in building stock (only business and residential buildings)”- “sophisticated thermotechnical system integrated in a business or residential building”- “pathogenic microorganisms”. When general, professional and/or scientific public was faced with occurrence of plentitude of information, misinformation, interpretations, misconceptions, and/or ambiguities in the “black box of SARS CoV 2 pandemic”, the subject research was initiated in an analytical and principled manner with application of methods of analysis based on the “logic of rational action” in the given area. The aspects of the approach are adapted to the subject of the research, imperatively and consecutively imposed by the need for analysis and evaluation of causality between the given partial units and pathogenic microorganisms. In relation to the accepted partial units in the stage of utilization of the existing business or residential building for the dedicated purpose, the findings point that, inter alia, if such buildings were constructed as a result of conscientious, competent, responsible, and highly professional work of multidisciplinary builders and if they comprise adequate integrated sophisticated thermotechnical systems which have systematic, functional, and operating capability and which achieve satisfactory target function of the system, they do not “generate” pathogenic microorganisms, do not participate in their transfer, do not intensify their pathogenic properties and activity, do not contribute to occurrence of pandemics, do not jeopardize human health, and do not cause their mortality, etc. but are basically also not intended to “destroy” pathogenic microorganisms reaching the system from the outside and/or treated limited closed spaced within the building frequented by people off their working activities and/or pursuing their working activities, individually or in groups. Depending on the type of the current sophisticated thermotechnical system in the building, if necessary, it is possible to perform interventions aimed at reconstruction so as to “immunize” the system in a manner which may be recognized and designed by professional, competent, experienced, and dedicated thermal engineers. It needs to be noted that the subject exploration is conducted for deontological reasons, with the aim to promote theory and practice in the given.
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Šiljak, Mile. "Application of Thermal Engineering in Building Stock, Sophisticated Thermotechnical Systems Integrated in Buildings, and Pathogenic Microorganisms." In 51st International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition. SMEITS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.020.51.1.101.

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Planned and/or unplanned developments in the setting, which are directly or indirectly in connection to a certain profession or are of multidisciplinary character, have impact on initiation and steering of the course and direction of research campaigns of “vigilant” professional analysts and/or researchers of a profession, i.e. professions. It was the occurrence of the “vicious infection - SARS CoV 2” at the territory of Planet Earth which also initiated the subject professional research in the area of applied thermal engineering within two partial units which may be in interaction with the infection, i.e. which may also be in causal connection: “applied thermal engineering in building stock (only business and residential buildings)”- “sophisticated thermotechnical system integrated in a business or residential building”- “pathogenic microorganisms”. When general, professional and/or scientific public was faced with occurrence of plentitude of information, misinformation, interpretations, misconceptions, and/or ambiguities in the “black box of SARS CoV 2 pandemic”, the subject research was initiated in an analytical and principled manner with application of methods of analysis based on the “logic of rational action” in the given area. The aspects of the approach are adapted to the subject of the research, imperatively and consecutively imposed by the need for analysis and evaluation of causality between the given partial units and pathogenic microorganisms. In relation to the accepted partial units in the stage of utilization of the existing business or residential building for the dedicated purpose, the findings point that, inter alia, if such buildings were constructed as a result of conscientious, competent, responsible, and highly professional work of multidisciplinary builders and if they comprise adequate integrated sophisticated thermotechnical systems which have systematic, functional, and operating capability and which achieve satisfactory target function of the system, they do not “generate” pathogenic microorganisms, do not participate in their transfer, do not intensify their pathogenic properties and activity, do not contribute to occurrence of pandemics, do not jeopardize human health, and do not cause their mortality, etc. but are basically also not intended to “destroy” pathogenic microorganisms reaching the system from the outside and/or treated limited closed spaced within the building frequented by people off their working activities and/or pursuing their working activities, individually or in groups. Depending on the type of the current sophisticated thermotechnical system in the building, if necessary, it is possible to perform interventions aimed at reconstruction so as to “immunize” the system in a manner which may be recognized and designed by professional, competent, experienced, and dedicated thermal engineers. It needs to be noted that the subject exploration is conducted for deontological reasons, with the aim to promote theory and practice in the given.
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Reports on the topic "Limited stock"

1

Guo, Hui. Limited Stock Market Participation and Asset Prices in a Dynamic Economy. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.2000.031.

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Muller, Leslie A., and John A. Turner. The Persistence of Employee 401(k) Contributions Over a Major Stock Market Cycle: Evidence on the Limited Power of Inertia on Savings Behavior. W.E. Upjohn Institute, April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/wp11-174.

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Coldsnow, Matthew, Prospero Uybarreta, Dennis Rippy, Alan Driver, and Christopher Kirkland. Limited Investigation of Active Feel Control Stick System (Active Stick). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada516721.

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Mouat, Beth, Mike Bergh, Richard Shelmerdine, and Kobus Leach. Scottish Inshore Fisheries Integrated Data System (SIFIDS): Work package 1 final report: Review and optimisation of shellfish data collection strategies for Scottish inshore waters. Edited by Hannah Ladd-Jones and Mark James. Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/10023.23379.

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[Extract from Executive Summary] The collection of additional data to facilitate fisheries management has been identified as a priority at the national level via the Scottish Inshore Fisheries Strategy, and at the local level in the management plans of Regional Inshore Fisheries Groups. Data collection implemented by industry offers a potentially cost effective means by which to provide additional information to enhance current stock assessment programmes, and to produce empirical indicators to inform fisheries management. The fundamental driver for data collection should be the purpose for which it is required; however, the regionalisation of fisheries management and increased, and often competing, demands, on our marine space mean that there are many potential uses for industry derived data. This report presents the findings of a single work package in the wider prototypic Scottish Inshore Fisheries Integrated Data System (SIFIDS) project; looking at ways in which inshore fisheries data collection can be improved on. The propose of this work package was to review and evaluate current inshore (shellfish) fisheries data collection and stock assessments in order to determine where it might be possible for industry derived data collection to provide a positive contribution. For the purposes of this work package the focus was limited to brown crab, lobsters, and scallops.
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ADIBI, Ehsan, Mehrdad SOLEIMANI, Jürgen MANN, and Mohammad-Reza SOKOOTI. Optimizing the common diffraction surface stack method by an offset limited approach. Cogeo@oeaw-giscience, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5242/iamg.2011.0125.

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Chabot, Benjamin, Eric Ghysels, and Ravi Jagannathan. Momentum Cycles and Limits to Arbitrage Evidence from Victorian England and Post-Depression US Stock Markets. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15591.

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Adapa, Ram, and Dante Piccone. Solid-State Fault Current Limiter Development : Design and Testing Update of a 15kV SSCL Power Stack. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1043100.

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Kim, Jung-Wook, Jason Lee, and Randall Morck. Characteristics of Observed Limit Order Demand and Supply Schedules for Individual Stocks. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14733.

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Guidati, Gianfranco, and Domenico Giardini. Joint synthesis “Geothermal Energy” of the NRP “Energy”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2020.4.en.

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Near-to-surface geothermal energy with heat pumps is state of the art and is already widespread in Switzerland. In the future energy system, medium-deep to deep geothermal energy (1 to 6 kilometres) will, in addition, play an important role. To the forefront is the supply of heat for buildings and industrial processes. This form of geothermal energy utilisation requires a highly permeable underground area that allows a fluid – usually water – to absorb the naturally existing rock heat and then transport it to the surface. Sedimentary rocks are usually permeable by nature, whereas for granites and gneisses permeability must be artificially induced by injecting water. The heat gained in this way increases in line with the drilling depth: at a depth of 1 kilometre, the underground temperature is approximately 40°C, while at a depth of 3 kilometres it is around 100°C. To drive a steam turbine for the production of electricity, temperatures of over 100°C are required. As this requires greater depths of 3 to 6 kilometres, the risk of seismicity induced by the drilling also increases. Underground zones are also suitable for storing heat and gases, such as hydrogen or methane, and for the definitive storage of CO2. For this purpose, such zones need to fulfil similar requirements to those applicable to heat generation. In addition, however, a dense top layer is required above the reservoir so that the gas cannot escape. The joint project “Hydropower and geo-energy” of the NRP “Energy” focused on the question of where suitable ground layers can be found in Switzerland that optimally meet the requirements for the various uses. A second research priority concerned measures to reduce seismicity induced by deep drilling and the resulting damage to buildings. Models and simulations were also developed which contribute to a better understanding of the underground processes involved in the development and use of geothermal resources. In summary, the research results show that there are good conditions in Switzerland for the use of medium-deep geothermal energy (1 to 3 kilometres) – both for the building stock and for industrial processes. There are also grounds for optimism concerning the seasonal storage of heat and gases. In contrast, the potential for the definitive storage of CO2 in relevant quantities is rather limited. With respect to electricity production using deep geothermal energy (> 3 kilometres), the extent to which there is potential to exploit the underground economically is still not absolutely certain. In this regard, industrially operated demonstration plants are urgently needed in order to boost acceptance among the population and investors.
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Carrasquilla-Barrera, Alberto, Arturo José Galindo-Andrade, Gerardo Hernández-Correa, Ana Fernanda Maiguashca-Olano, Carolina Soto, Roberto Steiner-Sampedro, and Juan José Echavarría-Soto. Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia - July 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.07-2020.

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In Colombia, as well as in the rest of the world, the Covid-19 pandemic has seriously damaged the health and well-being of the people. In order to limit the damage, local and national authorities have had to order large sectors of the population to be confined at their homes for long periods of time. An inevitable consequence of isolation has been the collapse of economic activity, expenditure, and employment, a phenomenon that has hit many countries of the world affected by the disease. It is an unprecedented crisis in modern times, not so much for its intensity (which is undoubtedly immense), but because its origin is not economic. That is what makes it so unpredictable and difficult to manage. Naturally, its economic consequences are enormous. Governments and central banks from all over the world are struggling to mitigate them, but the final solution is not in the hands of the economic authorities. Only science can provide a way out. In the meantime, the economic indicators in Colombia and in the rest of the world cause concern. The output falls, the massive loss of jobs, and the closure of businesses of all sizes have become daily news. Added to this, there is the deterioration in global financial conditions and the increase in the risk indicators. Financial volatility has increased and stock indexes have fallen. In the face of the lower global demand, export prices of raw materials have fallen, affecting the terms of trade for producing countries. Workers’ remittances have declined due to the increase of unemployment in developed countries. This crisis has also generated a strong reduction of global trade of goods and services, and effects on the global value chains. Central banks around the world have reacted decisively and quickly with strong liquidity injections and significant cuts to their interest rates. By mid-July, such determined response had succeeded to revert much of the initial deterioration in global financial conditions. The stock exchanges stopped their fall, and showed significant recovery in several countries. Risk premia, which at the beginning of the crisis took an unusual leap, recorded substantial corrections. Something similar happened with the volatility indexes of global financial markets, which exhibited significant improvement. Flexibilization of confinement measures in some economies, broad global liquidity, and fiscal policy measures have also contributed to improve global external financial conditions, albeit with indicators that still do not return to their pre-Covid levels.
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