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Mosavel, H., and D. I. Cole. "Lithostratigraphy of the Prince Albert Formation (Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup)." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0035.
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Abstract The Prince Albert Formation is a mudstone-dominated unit, which is located in the central and southwestern part of the Main Karoo Basin and the southernmost part of the Kalahari Basin in South Africa. It is Early Permian (Artinskian to early Kungurian) in age and is stratigraphically located between the underlying Dwyka Group and the overlying Whitehill Formation. In the Main Karoo Basin, its regional extent is limited to the cut-off boundary of the Whitehill Formation along a line from Hertzogville in the Free State to Coffee Bay in the Eastern Cape. Northeast of this boundary, it correlates with the lower part of the undifferentiated Ecca Group known as “Ecca Shales” and in the northern part of the basin, north of a line from Bloemfontein (Free State) to Harding (KwaZulu-Natal), with the Vryheid and Pietermaritzburg formations. The Prince Albert Formation is generally between 50 and 200 m thick, including the type area around Prince Albert, where a thickness of about 145 m was measured. It is thicker (230 to 497 m) in the region between Brandvlei and Jansenville and thins northeastwards to between about 30 and 60 m in the area between Kimberley and East London. In the Kalahari Basin, the formation is only 25 to 50 m thick, due to post-Karoo erosion of its upper part. The Prince Albert Formation contains fossils of marine invertebrates, palaeoniscoid fish, sharks, sponge spicules, foraminiferans, radiolarians, acritarchs, fragments of wood and leaves, together with ichnofossils in the form of fish trails, arthropod trackways and invertebrate burrows. High Rb/K ratios in the mudstones also indicate a marine shelf environment with suspension settling of mud being the predominant depositional process. Sedimentation was initiated during a major transgressive event following final melting of Dwyka Group associated ice sheets in southern Gondwana in the Late Palaeozoic. Water depths in the basin were probably about 400 m, but shallowed northeastward. In the proximal part of the basin northeast of Kimberley, sandstones in coarsening-upward successions represent prograding deltaic deposits derived from an adjacent source area to the north.
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Velayudhan, Sanal Kumar. "Sitaram Textiles Limited." Asian Case Research Journal 05, no. 02 (December 2001): 227–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927501000111.
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Sitaram Textiles is a state-owned textile mill in India. It serves a regional market with a limited product-line of cotton fabric. The mill was set up as an integrated textile mill. Severe price-competition from the unorganised powerloom sector has restricted its operations to producing yarn and processing of grey cloth. The weaving activity is contracted out to the small powerloom units. Competition for certain types of fabric is from large players. Changes in the environment have an adverse effect on its performance. New channel arrangements, evolving consumer tastes and an increase in competition are the noticeable changes in the environment. It has not been able to fully utilise its processing capacity. This has affected its profitability. The mill is planning modernisation of its facilities and is examining the option of entry into blended fabric market. The case examines the influences on product line decisions. The product line decisions are influenced by Sitaram Textiles' ability to compete, the requirements of the market and company objectives.
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Yuriy, Y. M. "Награницесостепью:посульскийрубежпереяславскойземли." Istoricheskii vestnik, no. 24(2018) part: 24/2018 (September 29, 2019): 66–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35549/hr.2019.2018.36652.
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With the start of the Pecheneg invasions at the end of the 10th century Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich of Kiev created a line of defense, composed of timber walls, enforced by a small number of walled towns. He populated these settlements with settlers from the northern regions. Even though they could only take on patrol duty, they managed to play a significant role in the defense of the realm. The Cuman expansion in the mid11th century saw the formation of the Pereyaslavl Land, whose princes took on complex defensive measures. Its first stages saw the blocking of the Cuman passageway across the Lower Sula with a system of outlying fortresses. This derailed the nomadic routs to the north, where new defensive regions where formed to control not only the fords, but the inner roads as well. Almost parallel to this (at a slightly later period) the empty frontier was populated by another group of steppe dwellers the Pereyaslavl Torqs. These proved an invaluable asset, due to their ability to patrol the inner roads and in take part in distant raids as light cavalry, capable of competing with the Cumans. To protect their families and property the Peryaslavl Torqs constructed highly original castles. In time the Torqs began to populate not only the defensive microregions, but also numerous Russian fortresses. As a result of all these measures, the Pereyaslavl Land turned into a strong defensive shield of the Rus, with its princes claiming and assuming the Kievan throne. The defensive systems of the southern frontier radically limited the damage from Cuman raids. Yet the Cuman threat was effectively ended by a series of expeditions, led by Russian princes, into the heart of the steppe. This led to the gradual decline of the Pereyaslavl shield, made even more rapid by the feudal fragmentation which followedС началом нашествий печенегов в конце 10 века князь Владимир Святославович Киевский создал линию обороны, состоящую из деревянных стен, укрепленных небольшим количеством обнесенных стеной городов. Он заселил эти поселения переселенцами из северных областей. Даже при том, что они могли только взять на себя патрульную службу, им удалось сыграть значительную роль в обороне королевства. Куманская экспансия в середине XI века ознаменовалась образованием Переяславской Земли, князья которой предприняли сложные оборонительные меры. На первых этапах он блокировал Куманский проход через нижнюю Сулу системой отдаленных крепостей. Это сорвало кочевые маршруты на север, где образовались новые оборонительные районы, контролирующие не только Броды, но и внутренние дороги. Почти параллельно этому (в несколько более поздний период) пустому фронтиру заселялась другая группа степняков Переяславские Торки. Они оказались бесценным активом, благодаря своей способности патрулировать внутренние дороги и принимать участие в дальних рейдах в качестве легкой кавалерии, способной конкурировать с куманами. Для защиты своих семей и имущества Перяславские Торки построили весьма оригинальные замки. Со временем Торки стали заселять не только оборонительные микрорайоны, но и многочисленные русские крепости. В результате всех этих мер Переяславская Земля превратилась в мощный оборонительный щит Руси, с ее князьями, претендующими и вступающими на киевский престол. Оборонительные системы южной границы радикально ограничили ущерб от набегов куманов. И все же Куманская угроза была успешно устранена серией экспедиций, возглавляемых русскими князьями, в самое сердце степи. Это привело к постепенному упадку Переяславского щита, еще более ускоренному последовавшей феодальной раздробленностью
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Kumar Kar, Sanjay, Piyush Kumar Sinha, and Saurabh Mishra. "Sabarkantha Gas Limited: Challenges of Marketing Natural Gas." Asian Case Research Journal 20, no. 01 (June 2016): 177–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927516500073.
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This case is set in June 2012 and brings out many operational issues and challenges faced by the management of Sabarkantha Gas Limited (SGL) to efficiently, effectively, and profitably market natural gas in Mehesana, Sabarkantha, and Gandhinagar districts of Gujarat, India. The company has been able to achieve some degree of success with its growing customer base, volume, and profitability. The business environment seems to be rapidly changing and SGL acknowledges the intensive competition in the near future, especially after the expiry of marketing exclusivity as granted by the regulatory body. Currently the company operates in small geographical territories but has the opportunity to expand. For SGL, economies of scale seems to be a big challenge. In India, the markets of some competing fuels are either artificially underpriced/subsidised and are cheap without consideration of environmental externalities. Marketing natural gas was found to be a challenging task. The company also faces emerging challenges like managing customer perception, customer acquisition and retention, price volatility, customer adoption cycle, and meeting customer expectations. Efficient management of such challenges could mitigate some of the business risks and improve the top-line and bottom-line. The opportunity of resolving pressing issues faced by SGL would keep the readers interested and allow them to test their knowledge on marketing and commercial strategy along with other functional strategies.
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Liu, Mengqi, Wenjie Bi, Xiaohong Chen, and Guo Li. "Dynamic Pricing of Fashion-Like Multiproducts with Customers’ Reference Effect and Limited Memory." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/157865.
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We study a fashion retailer’s dynamic pricing problem in which consumers present reference effect and memory window. Based on the theory of Baucells et al. (2011), we propose a new reference-price updating mechanism in fashion and textile (FT) industry where consumers have a bounded memory window and anchor on the first and most recent price in any memory window. Moreover, we study the impacts of this mechanism on optimal pricing policy for a retailer selling multiple fashion-like products and analyze optimal price’s steady state, monotonicity, and convergence. For two-product case, we find that, for otherwise identical products, the steady-state price of a core product is lower than that of a noncore product. We compute the retailer’s loss of revenue if he incorrectly assumes the reference-price effect to be at the product level and prices the products individually. Further, as illustrated with numerical results, our model is a flexible way to make pricing strategy if the retailer can anticipate the length of consumers’ memory window.
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Krynicka, Tatiana. "Starożytny łaciński centon: próba przybliżenia na przykładzie „Centonu weselnego” Auzoniusza." Vox Patrum 57 (June 15, 2012): 359–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.4137.
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The term „cento” comes from the Latin cento, which means „a cloak made of patches,” „patchwork,” as the Greek does. Poems of Homer and Vergil were favorite sources for the ancient cento poets, who rearranged their fragments into totally different stories. The oldest preserved Latin cento is the tragedy „Medea” composed by Hosidius Geta from the fragments of Vergilian poetry circa 200 AD. We know, however, about other centos having been written before that date. Altogether, sixteen Virgilian and one Ovidian cento have been preserved. Thirteen of them, including the earliest and the latest of all extant Latin centos, are contained in the Codex called Salmasianus. Since the terminus ante quem for this manuscript is 534 AD, we assume that all preserved centos have been written between 200 AD, the broadly acknowledge date for Medea, and 534 AD. Ancient Virgilian centos mainly deal with well-known classical myths (8 of 13). Four of them have Christian themes, two treat trivial matters of everyday life, two are wedding-poems. The involvement of Decimus Ausonius Magnus (ca 310-394), a renowned teacher, rhetorician and poet, with the cento is not limited to being the author of a Virgilian cento, which he composed as a response to a similar poem by the Emperor Valentinian I (321-375). Ausonius is the only ancient author we know to have described cento in more detail and to have laid down the rules of the genre. In the introductory letter to the Cento nuptialis, addressed to his friend Axius Paulus, Ausonius maintains that verses of an original text, taken over to the cento, may be divided at any of the caesurae which occur in hexameter. No section longer than one line and a half should be taken over. The quotation may not be changed, although its meaning may change according to the new context. Ausonius compares activity of the cento poets to playing the game of stomachion. Doing so he emphasizes unity within cento and its playfulness as the particularly important traits of the genre. Ancient authors usually followed the technical rules put forth by Ausonius, although not all of them would have agreed with him about the similarity between writing a cento and playing a game. While some twentieth century scholars had treated cento with undeserved contempt, the research of the last decades has given it its honour back. Centos still require our attention, especially that, through their analysis, we may try to obtain a more faithful portrait of the well educated ancient reader. This reader knew his Virgil by heart, worshipped Virgil as the divinely inspired prince of Latin poetry, and preferred Virgil’s words to his own when he ventured to describe his world.
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Sangraula, Prem Prasad. "An Impact of Profitability Indicators of Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Limited (SCBL)." Damak Campus Journal 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2023): 46–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dcj.v12i1.66907.
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This study has complemented in the field of study of the dissertation research results of the study indicated the “Impact of Earning Per Share, Return on Assets, Return on Equity, Net Profit Margin and Price Earnings Ratio on Market Value Per Share of Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Limited (SCBL)” and Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Limited (SCBL) in overall financial profitability position and its statement and financial events in the real service life of service provide bank. This dissertation research report work is different from other research work as this work is on effectiveness utilization and management of profit in the expansion of bank challenges on a particular sector. The main objective of this study is to analyze the trend, structure of Earning Per Share, Return on Assets, Return on Equity, Net Profit Margin and Price Earnings Ratio on Market Value Per Share significance relation through hypothesis and the study made over the period 2017/18 to 2021/22 taken as a sample year. The statistical methods of trend analysis and descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and hypothesis test were used to analyze the study outcomes.
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Asiimwe, Hillary, Mary Nomugisha, Benon Kyabarongo, Pereez Nimusima, and John Rwakihembo. "Price Wars and Sales Performance at Century Bottling Company Ltd, Mbarara, Uganda." International Journal of Business Strategies 7, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ijbs.959.
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Purpose: Even when price war has seen massive interest among scholars, it is still unclear how it affects sales performance. This study examined the relationship between price war and sales performance among carbonated drink manufacturers in Uganda: a case of Century Bottling Company Limited.
Methodology: Mixed methods design was used in this study. The population comprised of 210 employee managers and outlet managers. With the aid of Krejie and Morgan (1970)’s table, a sample size of 169 respondents was selected. Questionnaire was used to collect primary data in line with the positivism design and obtained a response rate of 55.0%. Pilot testing however preceded the final survey and we were able to check the relevancy of the instruments which was confirmed through the validity and reliability statistics that we achieved. Zero-order Pearson correlation was used to test the hypotheses.
Findings: The study results showed a strong positive and significant relationship between promotional pricing and sales performance (r = .522, p= 0.000). Also Penetration pricing was found to have a moderate positive and significant association with sales performance(r = .369, p= 0.000). Last but not least, the study confirmed existence of a strong positive and significant relationship between Oligopoly pricing and sales performance at Century Bottling Company Limited (r = .573, p= 0.000).
Recommendations: The study recommends that century bottling company limited consider the actual situations of different manufacturers when implementing its promotional strategies in order not to suffocate them, increase the number of sales outlets to ensure increased trades and selling, since it enables the company to access many customers and also to revisit its pricing strategy where customers like low-priced commodities and offer customer discount features according to different selling contexts.
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Kumar, Vinod, and Vivek Gautam. "Maruti Suzuki India Limited: the Celerio." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 5, no. 1 (March 3, 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-03-2014-0058.
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Subject area Marketing, new product launch and innovations. Study level/applicability Postgraduate students. Case overview Maruti Suzuki India Ltd. (MSIL), established in February 1981, formerly known as MarutiUdyog Limited, is a subsidiary of Japanese automobile Manufacturer Suzuki. It has a market share of 37 per cent in passenger car segment in India. Its product portfolio ranges from entry-level Alto to hatchbacks like A-Star, Zen Estilo, etc. to sedans like SX 4 to sports utility vehicles like Grand Vitara. MSIL is always known for delivering value on these lines – low cost of acquisition, high fuel economy, less maintenance hassles and wide service network. MSIL is planning to launch its much awaited hatchback Celerio with revolutionary auto gear shift technology for the first time in India at an affordable price. Promotional campaign is yet to be completed. Online trends reflect the consumer trends of any country. During the Auto Expo Week, Maruti Suzuki Celerio became the most searched hatchback on Google in the subcontinent according to a report published by the Indian Express citing the Google Trends Report. One of the key success factor is communicating the right message to the customers so as to attract them. So, MSIL's challenge is to plan a product launch so as to spread awareness. Expected learning outcomes To discuss the ways in which the product may be differentiated, to acquaint students with the process of developing a slogan for the introduction of Celerio to the existing market, to explain the concept of segmentation to the students, to familiarize students with communication mix and to give the students an idea about need of digital communication to promote the product. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
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PACZKOWSKI, SZYMON. "THE POLISH-SAXON EPISODE IN THE LIFE OF GREGOR JOSEPH WERNER." Eighteenth Century Music 16, no. 2 (August 20, 2019): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478570619000198.
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Musicological literature devoted to the life and works of Gregor Joseph Werner (1693–1766) has remained very limited. Researchers have usually been motivated to discover more about him for two reasons: the fact that from 1728 he was Kapellmeister at the court of the Esterházy princes in Eisenstadt, and that while there he met and worked with the great Joseph Haydn. It is no exaggeration to claim that Werner is usually mentioned only because of this association: he has found his way into music history on account of his connection with Haydn. However, this approach leaves too much room for a superficial assessment of Werner's achievements as a composer. Haydn valued his music and commented on it favourably. His private music collection included Werner's Good Friday oratorios and arrangements of the Lamentations of Jeremiah. In a striking testament to the respect he had for Werner's music, Haydn also arranged six of Werner's fugues for string quartet, writing his own musical introductions, and published them with Artaria in Vienna in 1804 as VI Fugen in Quartetten auf zwey Violin, Viola und Violonzell von G. J. Werner Weyland Kapelmeister S. D. des Fürsten N. Esterházy etc. / Aus besonderer Achtung gegen diesen berühmten Meister nun herausgegeben von dessen Nachfolger J. Haydn, a volume dedicated to Prince Nicholas Esterházy II.
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Ding, Shuyang. "Construct stochastic processes model to solve graphic and math problems." Applied and Computational Engineering 6, no. 1 (June 14, 2023): 404–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/6/20230815.
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The use of probabilistic reasoning has been used to a variety of applications, such as image identification, computer diagnostics, stock price prediction, movie recommendation, and cyber intrusion detection. However, the range of probabilistic programming was limited until recently (partly due to the low computing capacity), and the bulk of inference techniques needed to be developed manually for each task. However, in 2015, using a 50-line probabilistic computer vision program, 3D representations of human faces were produced from 2D images of those faces.Use a computer to model various complex stochastic phenomena. All projects are programmed in java language. Find the actual number of 1s in a binary number. Formulate and analyze mathematical models to real life phenomena like Data Matrix and QR code. Those code mentioned above can provide a link to the real-life website or some certain message needed to be shown. using some random numbers to model uncertainty. To model some fractals. The first fractal maybe not self-avoiding. But the second one will never meet the same path for twice. To apply the concept stochastic processes. More java features and some random fractals and regression. Multiple factor analysis.
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Wang, Yan, Xi Jiang, Ya Lin Xu, Yue Tong Liu, and Ao Huang. "Impacts of Electricity Price Reform on Energy and Residents’ Life in China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 2169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.2169.
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Electricity price reform aims at improving resource allocation and energy saving. In this paper, The latest input-output data and price affect partial-closed model are used to measure the impacts of electricity price reform for the whole society, energy industry and the residents con- sumptions. The results indicate that electricity price reform had limited impacts on GDP and resi- dents’ consumption, and the impacts on mining industryand energy industry are more significant than others. The policy certainly achieved the aim to adjust energy structure and promoted the co -ordinated development of urban and rural economy.
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Stojiljković, Branimir, Ljubiša Vasov, Olja Čokorilo, and Goran Vorotović. "An analytical model of the replacement costs of aircraft engine life-limited parts." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 93, no. 5 (June 8, 2021): 776–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-12-2020-0297.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present novel recursive expressions for modelling the replacement costs of aircraft engine life-limited parts during shop visits to assist engine operators in both evaluating their decisions regarding the applied life-limited parts management strategies and tracking the replacement costs consistently throughout the life of the engine. Design/methodology/approach The replacement costs of aircraft engine life-limited parts are modelled analytically in this research, which strives to quantify the costs of used and unused lives of the replaced parts, incurred during engine shop visit events. Inputs for this model include the list price of life-limited parts, the replacement decisions made on all previous shop visits and the number of cycles the engine has operated at different thrust ratings on all previous operating intervals. Findings The average annual escalation rate of life-limited parts list prices was shown to range from 5% to 7%. The presented model is not only suitable for calculating the costs of used and unused lives of life-limited parts during past engine shop visit events but also for application in the life-limited parts replacement cost forecasting and optimisation models. Originality/value Uniquely derived recursive expressions represent the final result of the developed model which, to the authors’ knowledge, had not been studied elsewhere in the academic literature. The analysis of aircraft engine life-limited part list prices carried out to account for the average annual escalation rate enables the prediction of replacement costs during subsequent shop visits.
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Grittner, Colin. "Working at the crossroads: Statute Labour, Manliness, and the Electoral Franchise on Victorian Prince Edward Island1." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 23, no. 1 (May 22, 2013): 101–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1015729ar.
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This essay considers how conceptions of manliness shaped the electoral franchise on Victorian Prince Edward Island. Soon after its institution of responsible government, Prince Edward Island shifted away from a property-based franchise to one grounded in the performance of statute labour. Instead of heralding the male property owner, this new law championed the man who used his labour to faithfully serve and improve his community. Because of limited land distribution, bourgeois ideals of manliness based upon property ownership fit the conditions of the colony poorly. A statute labour franchise better reflected the gender ideals upheld by the Island’s unpropertied majority. Like all gender ideals, these standards were not accepted across Prince Edward Island unopposed.
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M, Rahini, and Vivek Prabu M. "Downtrend of banking sectors using technical analysis." Kongunadu Research Journal 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj.2021.6.
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The Banking industry plays a very significant role in the economy and the development of a country. It is important to our nation’s economy as it caters to the need of credit for all the section of the nation. In this paper, we are focusing on the stocks of Yes Bank Limited, Axis Bank Limited and ICICI Bank Limited and analyze them technically. Using technical analysis, we could predict the future price movements of stocks by examining the present and the past price movements of stocks. It has many tools and indicators like SMA, EMA, RSI, MACD and P&L which are used for forecasting the future stock price and also identify the pattern, trend and it directs when to buy and sell stocks.
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Lii, Yuan-Shuh, May-Ching Ding, and Tzu Kuan Kuo. "The Moderating Role of Point-of-Purchase Price Information in Consumer Price Perception and Purchase Intention." Journal of Economics, Management and Trade 29, no. 7 (May 3, 2023): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2023/v29i71105.
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Aims: Advertised reference prices are one of the contextual prices that have attracted substantial interest. This research proposes the moderating effect of point-of-purchase price information related to product line and other brand prices on consumers’ price perception and purchase intention.
Methods: Using the literature review of reference prices as a method, it was found that contextual moderators that influence consumer perceptions of point-of-purchase price information were limited. Consequently, integrating the literature of advertised reference prices and the literature gap in this field leads to the proposition.
Conclusions: As a result, we propose that product-line prices and prices of other brands moderate the effect of an advertised reference price on the perceived value of consumers, the benefits of search, and the intention to purchase. Hence, the impact of advertised reference prices may be mitigated to a certain extent, which may reduce the deceptiveness of the advertised reference prices.
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Kieu, Thuy Chinh, and Kevin Look. "Cost-Effectiveness of a Hypothetical Gene Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease: A Markov Simulation Analysis." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 14, no. 3 (September 13, 2023): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v14i3.5500.
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Background: Alzheimer’s disease is a prevalent neurodegenerative condition causing significant health and economic burden. With limited therapeutic options, clinical trials have been investigating Alzheimer’s disease treatment using more novel approaches, including gene therapy. However, there is limited evidence on the cost-effectiveness of such treatments.
Objectives: This research aims to explore the cost-effectiveness of a hypothetical gene therapy for patients with Alzheimer’s disease at varying degrees of severity.
Methods: A Markov model with a 20-year time horizon was constructed for simulated cohorts with mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease, assigned to receive either standard of care or a one-time gene therapy administration. Varying costs of care due to disease severity and treatment efficacy were utilized to determine the effect of those variables at different willingness-to-pay thresholds.
Results: Under the initial assumption that the hypothetical gene therapy grants a 30% risk reduction in disease progression and entry into institutional care, the maximum cost-effective price for gene therapy is $141,126 per treatment using the threshold of $150,000 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). By increasing the treatment effectiveness to 50%, cost-effective price nearly doubled at each willingness-to-pay threshold (e.g., $260,902 at the $150,000/QALY threshold).
Conclusion: Despite being cost-effective at a very high price, the hypothetical gene therapy for AD would still need to be priced considerably lower than other approved gene therapies on the market. Thus, a comprehensive pharmacoeconomic assessment remains critical in pricing innovative therapy and determining coverage for patients in need.
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Gupta, Arjun, Leonce Nshuti, Udhayvir Singh Grewal, Ramy Sedhom, Helen Parsons, Anne Hudson Blaes, Beth A. Virnig, et al. "Limited benefit and high financial burden of drugs used to manage cancer-associated anorexia/cachexia syndrome (CACS)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 28_suppl (October 1, 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.39.28_suppl.55.
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55 Background: To date, drugs used for CACS have limited efficacy and may have unwanted side effects. Despite this, clinicians commonly prescribe certain drugs for CACS, adding financial burden to patients through out-of-pocket costs near or at the end of life. We sought to describe the range of costs of the multiple drugs commonly used to manage CACS. Methods: We reviewed oncology, nutrition, and supportive care guidelines (ASCO, ESMO, ESPEN, MASCC) and compiled a list of drugs recommended for CACS. We also included drugs commonly used off-label in clinical practice as identified by study authors. Using GoodRx.com, we extracted available formulations (e.g., tablet [tab] vs capsule [cap] vs oral disintegrating tablet [ODT] vs solution [sol]), and brand name vs generic products for each drug. We identified the average retail price, and the lowest price with coupons, for each formulation using the most commonly used dosage for a 2-week period (typical fill). The average retail price is the cash price for consumers without prescription drug coverage. The lowest price represents a discounted, best case scenario of out-of-pocket costs for patients without prescription drug coverage. We collected data using the zip code 10065 in May 2021 to describe the range of costs of these drug formulations. Results: We included 7 drugs available in 20 formulations (Table). For a 2-week fill, the least expensive options included generic olanzapine 5 mg tab (once daily) and generic mirtazapine 15 mg tab (once daily), costing $4.50 per fill. Brand-name solutions were costly, ranging from $605.50 (megestrol acetate, Megace ES) to $1,156.30 (dronabinol, Syndros). Costs between formulations of the same drug/dosage varied widely: for olanzapine 5 mg, the lowest price varied from $4.50 [generic, tab] to $238.40 [Zyprexa zydis, brand-name, ODT]. Conclusions: We found that the costs of drugs used for CACS are highly variable, ranging from < $5 to > $1000 per fill. Overall there is limited data supporting use of drugs for managing CACS. Thus, our findings can help guide patient-clinician discussions about the risk/benefit ratio of a prescription for managing CACS, while highlighting the importance of seeking less expensive formulations when possible.[Table: see text]
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Smitha Kothari. "An Empirical Analysis of the Talent Management Systems Implementation at Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited." TEST Engineering & Management 82 (January 1, 2020): 18143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/testmagzine.v82.14597.
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The industry is at a fork in the road right now. Oil and gas are in high demand, but the sector is under ongoing stress from a number of different directions. These include things like greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, price, supply security, and ever-increasing exploration and production expenditures. Yet labor-related problems rank high. An environment like this has sparked a competition for talent among oil and gas firms. The issue is more intricate in nations like India. In order to put in place a talent management system, a company must first determine what skills are needed for various positions within the company, then conduct an audit of its current workforce to determine where gaps exist, and finally, create training and development initiatives to close those gaps. It also entails setting reasonable goals for employee performance and offering timely feedback and coaching.
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Zhang, Huifeng, and Ziheng Yan. "Automatic Pricing and Replenishment Decisions of Vegetable Products Based on Machine Learning." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 25 (January 20, 2024): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/xn0ts169.
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The objective of this paper is to address the replenishment challenge caused by the limited shelf life of vegetables and maximize the profit potential of a diverse range of vegetables, based on extensive data analysis encompassing vegetable sales rates and gross profits. In this study, machine learning techniques, including the Spielman correlation coefficient, are employed to derive the demand price regression curve and R^2 value. Subsequently, a random forest regression model is utilized for training and predicting data, while an ARIMA model based on time series data is applied for individual data processing. The expected return under current prices is calculated iteratively until convergence is achieved in terms of optimal expected returns, best prices, and ideal replenishment strategies. The stability of the data is assessed using the ADF test with satisfactory results obtained. This research yields numerous computational outcomes through machine learning methodologies. Among these findings, broccoli emerges as the most profitable vegetable with the highest purchase quantity and sales volume; meanwhile, Yunnan lettuce stands out as having the largest catch quantity. Demand exhibits a predominantly negative correlation with price; furthermore, after incorporating constraints such as "minimum packaging amount," medium-priced dishes yield maximum profitability. These findings hold significant value and practical implications for real-life problem-solving.
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Widiyono, Try. "Legal Aspects of Giving Subsidies from Government to the People Due to Oil Fuel Increase: A Case Study in Indonesia." International Journal of Law and Politics Studies 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijlps.2022.4.2.13.
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Indonesia has made several increases in the price of fuel oil (BBM), most recently with the decision of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) No. 218 K /MG .01/MEM.M/2022 September 3, 2022, set the price of fuel. The announcement of the increase was not made by PT Pertamina (Persero) (Pertamina), a legal entity that manages oil and gas, so the formal juridical announcement made by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources is not in line with the principle of the authority of the board of directors to manage the company and also the principle of independence of a limited liability company as a legal separatist entity because the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources has interfered in the management of Pertamina. Furthermore, the Government provides subsidies to people affected by the increase in the price of fuel oil (BBM). This is also not in line with the legal principles of limited liability companies mentioned above because the subsidy should have been given to Pertamina, who was "forced" to lower oil and gas prices which resulted in the company losing money. The subsidy is given to Pertamina in the amount of the difference between the basic price and the price determined by the government. Therefore, it is appropriate to raise a legal problem: What is the legal aspect of providing subsidies from the government to the people due to the increase in fuel oil? This research uses normative legal research, so what is produced from this research is what provisions should be.
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Thomas, Steve. "Nuclear Power in the UK Electricity Market: From a Limited Future to Eternal Life and Back Again?" Energy & Environment 13, no. 2 (May 2002): 239–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958305021501191.
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In 1990, the privatisation of the British electricity supply industry revealed how uneconomic Britain's nuclear power plants were. The nuclear sector was withdrawn from privatisation and it seemed likely that by 2000, most of Britain's nuclear power plants would be closed. However, operating costs were dramatically reduced and in 1996, most of the nuclear plants were privatised in British Energy. Nuclear output made an important contribution to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the future looked secure for the existing plants. However, the early success of British Energy was based on an inflated wholesale electricity price and by 2000, British Energy was struggling to cover its costs. The British government is now conducting a review of energy policy. The economic case for new nuclear power plants is poor but the need to meet greenhouse gas emission targets and the influence British Energy and BNFL may ensure the long-term future of the existing plants.
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Byrd, Jeremy. "The Practical Price of Pyrrhonism." Philosophies 8, no. 6 (November 2, 2023): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies8060104.
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Sextus Empiricus presents Pyrrhonism as a skeptical lifestyle that is appealing, in large part, because of the tranquility it appears to afford. Addressing concerns about the practicality of such a lifestyle, Sextus suggests that Pyrrhonists can lead sufficiently ordinary lives while suspending belief about everything unclear. Here, I aim to offer a partial examination of the practicality and appeal of Pyrrhonism from the Pyrrhonist’s perspective. In particular, I examine how a skeptic would likely respond if asked to consider his potential use of problematic concepts in his daily life. I argue that, even if the Pyrrhonist’s skepticism is limited to certain types of controversial theoretical commitments, consideration of this issue would likely still cause him to worry that he is relying on beliefs about things unclear in his ordinary life. Along the way, I also hope to highlight some of the difficulties that a philosophically reflective person is likely to encounter if he is resistant to taking on philosophical commitments.
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Empen, Janine, Jens-Peter Loy, and Christoph Weiss. "Price promotions and brand loyalty." European Journal of Marketing 49, no. 5/6 (May 11, 2015): 736–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-08-2013-0433.
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Purpose – This article aims to estimate the relationship between brand loyalty and price promotions on the German yoghurt market. It considers consumer loyalty to various corporate brands and their respective sub-brands to analyze promotional strategies between and within certain corporate brands with a larger loyal consumer segment and a moderate strength of consumer loyalty are well suited for effective price promotions following the idea of loss leader by Lal and Matutes (1994). Design/methodology/approach – The paper’s approach follows Allender and Richards’ (2012) and extends to explicitly considering the product line management of every manufacturer in the market. In the first step, a random coefficient logit specification is estimated to compute measures of brand loyalty for each brand. In the second step, the relationship between brand loyalty measures and the frequency and depth of price promotions is analysed. Findings – The results suggest that weaker corporate brands are promoted more aggressively supporting the model hypotheses by Koças and Bohlmann (2008). Within the manufacturer’s product line, sub-brands with a larger loyal consumer segment and a moderate strength of consumer loyalty are more often used for effective price promotions which reflects the idea of loss leading first introduced by Lal and Matutes (1994). Research limitations/implications – The results are limited to a static relationship between brand loyalty and price promotions. Analyzing the dynamics of the relationship between brand loyalty and price promotions should prove fruitful in enhancing the understanding of retailer strategies and provides additional implications for managerial decisions in retailing. Practical implications – Managers need to be more aware of the linkages between product line management and promotional strategies. Changes in the product line management may require a redirection of the promotional measures and strategies. Social implications – Consumer behavior with respect to brand loyalty to some extent determines price promotional strategies of retailers. The promotional strategies provide opportunities to save expenditures, especially for non-loyal and low income households. Originality/value – Matching and analyzing two detailed (consumer, retail) scanner data sets to investigate the relationship between the measures of brand loyalty and the retailers’ price promotional strategies. Novel is the modeling of two different dimensions of brand loyalty (size and strength) and the consideration of sub-brands. The results clearly show that promotional strategies vary not only between corporate brands but also between sub-brands of the same corporate brand.
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Sichnyi, Serhii. "ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF DETERMINING THE MARKET PRICE OF CONSTRUCTION RESOURCES WITHIN THE LIMITED BUDGET." Three Seas Economic Journal 1, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2020-4-19.
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The article examines the analysis of current prices in the market of building materials, products, structures, machines, and mechanisms (construction resources), which is performed by construction participants. The aim of the article is to study the possibility of achieving the maximum economic effect of the analysis of current prices in the market of construction resources within a limited budget. A universal mathematical approach is proposed to calculate the economic effect of the analysis of current prices in the market of construction resources, which is based on a selective method of the research of the market value of construction resources. The calculations take into account the difference between the real resources presented on the market and the estimated construction resources (resource position of the estimate), between the market price and the estimated market price of the construction resource. While performing the analysis of current prices on the market of construction resources in the given conditions of the limited budget the option to reduce the general list of resources by a selection of the optimum list with an application of methods of discrete optimization is offered. The condition for the formation of an abbreviated list of resources is the maximum economic effect that can be obtained from the analysis of current prices for selected resources. Method of heuristic rules is proposed, which allow to significantly reducing the initial list of resources by a simple analysis of input data. The application of these rules allows to reduce the variability of input data for discrete optimization or not to carry it out at all, because the amount of resources selected with their help satisfies the condition of the budget constraint. Recommendations on the composition of the source data are given – this is the project documentation and/or the market price of construction resources as a basis for comparison and information on the range of market prices (scope of sample variation) for the resources included in the study. In the article there are given examples of the practical application of the technique in the conditions of the construction industry in Ukraine. In general, the proposed approach can be used at all stages of variant BIMdesign, when it is necessary to determine the most optimal composition of structures and resources that meet the requirements for the life cycle of the object. Including under the condition of gradual detailing of constructs (an increase of LOD of the project), during designing, up to resources at a stage “Working project”. The main advantages of the proposed method are universality – it does not depend on the ultimate goal of the results of the customer and / or contractor and scalability – it can be applied to the structure, its individual design, or several resources.
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Lin, Jingyang, Qingxia Fang, and Xiaochun Zheng. "Cost-effectiveness analysis of anlotinib versus sunitinib as first-line treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma in China." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (February 7, 2023): e0281402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281402.
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Background Sunitinib was approved several years ago as a first-line drug for treating metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC); however, its high price and broad side effects when administered at the standard dose have limited its clinical use. A clinical trial (NCT02072031) confirmed that anlotinib could be used as the first-line treatment for mRCC. This study was conducted to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of anlotinib as a first-line treatment for mRCC compared to that of sunitinib in China. Methods A Markov model was established to compare the cost-effectiveness of anlotinib with that of sunitinib. Clinical data were obtained from a multi-center phase II trial (clinical trial information: NCT02072031). Utility values were obtained from the literature. Total costs were calculated from a Chinese societal perspective. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the model uncertainty. The life-year (LY), quality-adjusted life-year (QALY), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio were calculated. Results The base-case analysis over a lifetime horizon of 10 years showed that the anlotinib group had 2.196 LYs and 1.487 QALYs at a total cost of $68,597.84. The sunitinib group had 2.194 LYs and 1.432 QALYs at a total cost of $88,060.02. This resulted in incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) of anlotinib versus sunitinib of $-9,210,858.93 per LYs and $-354,117.07 per QALYs, suggesting that anlotinib is a more effective and less costly strategy than sunitinib. Conclusion Anlotinib may be a more cost-effective first-line treatment strategy for mRCC than sunitinib in China.
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Armona, Luis, Andreas Fuster, and Basit Zafar. "Home Price Expectations and Behaviour: Evidence from a Randomized Information Experiment." Review of Economic Studies 86, no. 4 (July 27, 2018): 1371–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdy038.
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Abstract Home price expectations are believed to play an important role in housing dynamics, yet we have limited understanding of how they are formed and how they affect behaviour. Using a unique “information experiment” embedded in an online survey, this article investigates how consumers’ home price expectations respond to past home price growth, and how they impact investment decisions. After eliciting respondents’ priors about past and future local home price changes, we present a random subset of them with factual information about past (one- or five-year) changes, and then re-elicit expectations. This unique “panel” data allows us to identify causal effects of the information, and provides insights on the expectation formation process. We find that, on average, year-ahead home price expectations are revised in a way consistent with short-term momentum in home price growth, though respondents tend to underpredict the strength of momentum. Revisions of longer-term expectations show that respondents do not expect the empirically-occurring mean reversion in home price growth. These patterns are in line with recent behavioural models of housing cycles. Finally, we show that home price expectations causally affect investment decisions in a portfolio choice experiment embedded in the survey.
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Le, Thuy P., Phe H. Hoang, Linh X. Nguyen, Tu N. Bui, Tuan L. Pham, and Binh Q. Tran. "URBAN QUALITY OF LIFE EVALUATION USING LAND PRICE WITH STATUS-QUALITY TRADE-OFF THEORY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 27, no. 2 (May 19, 2023): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2023.19124.
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Urban Quality of Life (UQoL) is the main objective of sustainable development in the urban context. It is now widely recognised as a multidimensional concept. The satisfaction provided by the elements related to accommodation, such as housing and land, greatly contributes to the satisfaction with quality of life. Meanwhile, the UQoL also contributes to housing and land prices in cities. Our review shows that most current studies on this interrelationship are limited to several dimensions of UQoL and their impact on housing or land prices. This article will fill the gap by using the land price as an input for calculating a UQoL index from the viewpoint of the Status-Quality Trade-Off theory and ecosystem services. A case study was conducted in Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam, to create a map of the UQoL index and investigate the interrelationship UQoL – land price. In an ideal condition, this interrelationship should be positive (high/low UQoL index – high/low land price). However, this research revealed two other negative scenarios: “high UQoL index – low land price”, and “low UQoL index – high land price”. These negative scenarios can bring many business opportunities and therefore be interesting for stakeholders in the real estate market.
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Gates-Coon, Rebecca. "Anglophilia and Sensibility in Late Eighteenth-Century Vienna: Prince Charles Antoine de Ligne's Testament and the Indissolubles." Austrian History Yearbook 51 (March 16, 2020): 114–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237820000119.
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AbstractPrince Charles Antoine de Ligne, son of Prince Charles Joseph de Ligne, died fighting French revolutionary forces at Croix-au-Bois in the Argonne region on 14 September 1792. He left behind a last will and testament (a copy is held in the Kriegsarchiv in Vienna) that evoked the memory of his small circle of aristocratic Viennese friends called “les Indissolubles.” Each member received a personal legacy, and Charles directed that a “temple of friendship” be established in his rooms at Beloeil featuring portraits of group members and a bust of himself. This poignant document, in combination with Charles's correspondence with close friend and group member Prince Joseph Poniatowski (preserved in the Polish Academy library in Cracow), confirms in striking manner the group's affinity for two popular European trends: Anglophilia and sensibility. Although Charles's will was not published at the time of his death he could assume that, as with any final testament, his statements would become known to, and honored by, a limited “public” of their own.
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Nassar, Yehia, Ghada Gad, and Wael Kortam. "The Effect of Demographic Variables on Price Sensitivity of Customers A Field Study." Archives of Business Research 9, no. 4 (April 23, 2021): 101–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.94.10023.
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This study aims to improve understanding of the relationship between some customer demographic variables which are gender, income level, family life cycle and age. And price sensitivity of customers which is an individual difference variable describing how individual consumers show their reactions to changes in price levels. This study will be applied in Fast Moving Consumer goods (FMCG) industry in Egypt. Fast Moving Consumer goods are the products which have high usage frequency, have limited shelf life (up to two years max) for example Biscuits, chocolates, personal care, hair care and dental care products. The consumption of these products is high and that’s why these products move fast from retailers to consumers.
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Basher, Mohammad Atiqul, Shahadat Hossain Dipto, and Mizanur Rahman. "Managing business during global economic crisis: the case of Global Gadget Limited, Bangladesh." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 14, no. 2 (July 11, 2024): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-09-2023-0322.
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Learning outcomes The primary objective of this case was to grant the students an exposure to the students regarding how to manage a retail business during an economic crisis. In this case, all three of the aforementioned objectives as the students were given opportunity to dissect the business process through business model canvas, find out the key success factors and more importantly, were encouraged towards cost cutting behaviour by presenting the real-life dilemmas that were faced by an actual entrepreneur. Furthermore, the students were shown the importance of stakeholder management through this case, as support is very much needed for the retailers from macro-economic and micro-economic level. Case overview/synopsis This case study is the story of Global Gadget Limited, a premium retailer of cell phones and other relevant devises, which is located in Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. The story is revolving around the challenge that Mr Shahadat Hossain Dipto, the owner of Global Gadget is facing over the past two years. Dipto mainly runs his business by selling budget phones from brands like Oppo, Xiaomi, Samsung and Vivo to the middle class and lower middle-class people of Bangladesh, who are very much cost conscious. To persuade these customers to buy his phones, he offers discounts, free gifts, equated monthly instalment services (a monthly instalment plan for the customers who cannot afford to pay the full amount when buying the phone) and sometimes even lottery. In the process, if he can sell more phones, these brands reward him with attractive commissions and all the necessary supports that help him run the business with marginal profit. However, due to the Russia–Ukraine war, he is now in crisis as the resulting economic crisis is causing a price increase on these phones, while drying out his customer’s pockets. This case study is designed to teach the students the importance of product segmentation, inventory management, cost management and relationship management to the students and future entrepreneur, so that they can understand, what does it take for an entrepreneur to survive an economic crisis. Complexity academic level This case study is aimed at undergraduate, masters’ students in business schools and Master of Business Administration students or short course executives and for the students of entrepreneurship education programme. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS3: Entrepreneurship.
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Vaidya, Rashesh. "Opinions of Investors on Nepal Stock Exchange Limited (NEPSE) Online Trading System." Prithvi Academic Journal 4 (May 12, 2021): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/paj.v4i0.37015.
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Nepal Stock Exchange Limited (NEPSE) is only a secondary market in Nepal. After almost three decades of its establishment, the NEPSE trading system turned fully automated on January 17, 2021. The new system is named NEPSE Online Trading System (NOTS), which was launched on November 6, 2018. After the breakout of the COVID-19, the NOTS users using NEPSE online Trade Management System (TMS) and Uniform Resource Locator (URL) increased due to the nation-wide lockdown as well as the compulsion from the governing body. Hence, the paper attempts to get opinions from the NOTS users about its features and performance. The paper has taken 300 NOTS users as samples for the survey purpose. The online survey was conducted for the study. A 5–points Likert scale-based questionnaire was forwarded to the potential online traders (investors) through an online platform such as messenger and email. The study has followed descriptive statistics and a one-sample t-test to interpret the collected data from the NOTS users. The study found that there is an issue of the market data display in the NOTS platform, which needs to be addressed as soon as possible. At the same time, the respondents stated that the best parts of NOTS were that it has helped them to specify and customize the securities, price, and volume that one would like to trade on a real-time basis.
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Guruh Ardana, Endah Dwi Kusumastuti, and Anny Suryani. "Analisis Perhitungan Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Sebagai Dasar Perencanaan Laba Pada UMKM Obot Fried Chicken." Indonesian Accounting Literacy Journal 2, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.35313/ialj.v2i1.3348.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all aspects of life, including the economy. In Indonesia, the most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic are MSMEs. The limited activities that can be carried out lead to reduced sales. Even in the midst of limited conditions, as an MSME, of course, you want to get optimal profits. This study aims to determine the selling price of the product that should be and the number of products that must be sold in order to get the expected profit on Obot Fried Chicken SMEs by using analysis cost-volume-profit. The type of research used is descriptive using analytical tools such as Contribution Margin, Break-even point, Operational Leverage, Margin of Safety, Profit Planning Analysis and Selling Price Determination at Obot Fried Chicken SMEs. The results of this study indicate that the selling price set is right to achieve the profit target of 30%. With a profit target of 30%, UMKM Obot Fried Chicken must be able to target product sales of 14.557 pcs with a sales target in rupiah of Rp.87.341.090
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Quijano, Ma Florisa, Gerald Quijano, and Rowell Diaz. "Nueva Ecija’s Philippine Lime (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Agribusiness Industry: Marketing Disputes and Economic Outlooks." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 12, no. 3 (October 18, 2022): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5005.v12i3.4637.
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Philippine lime or calamansi is considered one of the Philippine high-value crops in Nueva Ecija province. This article presents some issues and problems of the calamansi industry in terms of marketing. The study used a descriptive survey of 56 farm-owners or calamansi growers. Findings revealed that lime production could be a stable income source if the growers could provide the necessary production inputs on a sustainable basis. Calamansi farmers in the province are often confronted with the following problems: the high cost of farm inputs, price fluctuations, price manipulation of big-time traders, and other intermediaries. The study also found that the existing actors in the chain were limited to growers, laborers, agri-supply shops, nursery owners, intermediaries, and traders. In terms of trading, there is a high degree of competition among traders in the market. The findings and results from this study may be important factors in developing and designing effective agricultural marketing program and startegic development plan by the authorities in the region.
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Wei, Tao, Fangpei Yang, and Hao Yu. "Pricing Asian Lookback Option based on Monte Carlo simulation." BCP Business & Management 26 (September 19, 2022): 775–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v26i.2038.
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With the emergence and development of exotic options, the diversity of securities has largely increased. However, existing types of popular exotic options seem to be either limited or inflexible to satisfy buyers' personal needs. As for the Lookback option and Asian option, the Lookback option’s application is limited in the OTC area with a high price. The Asian option is cheap but used mostly for hedging, leaving relatively little space for speculating. Thus, we created a new exotic option called the Asian Lookback option (ALB) as a combination and derivative of these two options with a flexible implementing way enabling both the requirements for hedging and speculating. In the process of building the model of ALB, these two options’ models are referenced, together with the widely used option pricing method Monte Carlo Simulations based on the assumptions of the Black-Scholes model. To simulate the practical function and price of ALB, we set a control experiment of the prices of four options: two types of ALB, Asian option, and Lookback option in three different markets (S&P 500, Corn, COMEX Gold). It is shown that the price of ALB can be switched from Asian-like to Lookback-like, realizing the function of customized usage from hedging to speculating. These results shed light on a more flexible and personalized development tendency of derivatives.
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Gupta, Vikas, Shveta Singh, and Surendra S. Yadav. "IPO Underpricing and Media Sentiments: Avenue Supermarts and Vaswani Industries." South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases 9, no. 2 (March 27, 2020): 178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277977920905291.
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This case tries to analyse the impact of media sentiments on Initial Public Offering (IPO) underpricing. To delve deeper into the concept, two firms (Avenue Supermarts and Vaswani Industries Limited) are considered in this case, and the significance of media sentiments on IPO underpricing is highlighted. Through these two real-life examples, the case could show that the manner in which media reports an IPO can significantly impact their first-day returns. 1 This highlights the emerging role of qualitative data apart from quantitative data in explaining the dilemma of IPO underpricing. This case will try to encourage the discussion in the class regarding the role of media in explaining the reasons for high over/under priced IPOs. This facilitates discussion on the emerging role of behaviour finance in decision-making. This case also provides new learning to students regarding dealing with qualitative data in finance and basics of sentiment analysis. Dilemma: How to match the expectation of the market for pricing of an IPO. Theory: Information asymmetry Type of the case: Decisional and applied Protagonist: Not needed Options Underwriters can price the IPO below the price institutional investors are ready to pay or above it. Discussions and Case Questions What is the role of institutional investors? What will happen if the locking period is waived for the institutional investors? What are the sources of information for retail investors? Describe the role of media in influencing the sentiment of small investors.
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Tshinangi, Kapya, Olufemi Adetunji, and Sarma Yadavalli. "A Lot Sizing Model for a Deteriorating Product with Shifting Production Rates, Freshness, Price, and Stock-Dependent Demand with Price Discounting." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2024): 451–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2024.9.3.024.
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Many production systems need to be able to change the rate at which they manufacture products for various reasons, hence, the need to find the optimal lot size under these multiple levels of production. This research addresses the need for optimizing inventory in a system with a shifting production rate and other challenging product characteristics such as product deterioration with limited life span, and product demand that is dependent on the stock level, the state of freshness of the product, and the selling price. The product also needs to be discounted as it gets close to the expiry date in order to boost demand and prevent wastage beyond its life span. Our objective is to maximize profit by determining the optimal selling price and inventory cycle time by deriving the relevant equations for these decision variables. The Newton-Raphson method was used to numerically solve for the optimal values of these variables. Sensitivity analyses were performed to derive useful insights for managerial decision-making.
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Elbassioni, Khaled. "A QPTAS for ɛ-Envy-Free Profit-Maximizing Pricing on Line Graphs." ACM Transactions on Economics and Computation 9, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3456762.
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We consider the problem of pricing edges of a line graph so as to maximize the profit made from selling intervals to single-minded customers. An instance is given by a set E of n edges with a limited supply for each edge, and a set of m clients, where each client specifies one interval of E she is interested in and a budget B j which is the maximum price she is willing to pay for that interval. An envy-free pricing is one in which every customer is allocated an (possibly empty) interval maximizing her utility. Grandoni and Rothvoss (SIAM J. Comput. 2016) proposed a polynomial-time approximation scheme ( PTAS ) for the unlimited supply case with running time ( nm ) O ((1/ɛ) 1/ɛ ) , which was extended to the limited supply case by Grandoni and Wiese (ESA 2019). By utilizing the known hierarchical decomposition of doubling metrics , we give a PTAS with running time ( nm ) O (1/ ɛ 2 ) for the unlimited supply case. We then consider the limited supply case, and the notion of ɛ-envy-free pricing in which a customer gets an allocation maximizing her utility within an additive error of ɛ. For this case, we develop an approximation scheme with running time ( nm ) O (log 5/2 max e H e /ɛ 3 ) , where H e = B max ( e )/ B min ( e ) is the maximum ratio of the budgets of any two customers demanding edge e . This yields a PTAS in the uniform budget case, and a quasi-PTAS for the general case. The best approximation known, in both cases, for the exact envy-free pricing version is O (log c max ), where c max is the maximum item supply. Our method is based on the known hierarchical decomposition of doubling metrics, and can be applied to other problems, such as the maximum feasible subsystem problem with interval matrices.
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Ezzat, Riham Ahmed. "Fixed-Mobile Substitution in MENA Countries: The Future of Fixed-Line Markets." Review of Network Economics 16, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 387–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rne-2017-0013.
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Abstract The aim of this paper is to study the occurrence of Fixed-Mobile Substitution (FMS) in the Middle East North African (MENA) region. While there have been many studies on developed countries, empirical evidence for developing countries is somehow limited. In the last few years, mobile cellular subscriptions achieved a tremendous growth across the MENA region making it the second fastest growing region in the world in terms of mobile subscriptions in 2012, and the fastest growing region in terms of mobile traffic in 2014. Fixed subscriptions have also grown but at a slower rate than mobile subscriptions. Using unbalanced data on 17 MENA countries over the period 1990–2009, we explore the relationship between fixed and mobile telephone services by using dynamic panel data models. We find empirical evidence for asymmetric one-way substitution between fixed-lines and mobile phones and we estimate own- and cross-price elasticities for fixed and mobile telephone services in MENA region. The results are then used to derive policy implications in terms of market redefinition, taxation policies, extension of universal services and broadband markets.
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Vangsness, C., Geoffrey Higgs, James Hoffman, Jack Farr, Philip Davidson, Farrell Milstein, and Sandra Geraghty. "Implantation of a Novel Cryopreserved Viable Osteochondral Allograft for Articular Cartilage Repair in the Knee." Journal of Knee Surgery 31, no. 06 (July 24, 2017): 528–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1604138.
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AbstractRestoration and repair of articular cartilage injuries remain a challenge for orthopaedic surgeons. The standard first-line treatment of articular cartilage lesions is marrow stimulation; however, this procedure can often result in the generation of fibrous repair cartilage rather than the biomechanically superior hyaline cartilage. Marrow stimulation is also often limited to smaller lesions, less than 2 cm2. Larger lesions may require implantation of a fresh osteochondal allograft, though a short shelf life, size-matched donor requirements, potential challenges of bone healing, limited availability, and the relatively high price limit the wide use of this therapeutic approach. We present a straightforward, single-stage surgical technique of a novel reparative and restorative approach for articular cartilage repair with the implantation of a cryopreserved viable osteochondral allograft (CVOCA). The CVOCA contains full-thickness articular cartilage and a thin layer of subchondral bone, and maintains the intact native cartilage architecture with viable chondrocytes, growth factors, and extracellular matrix proteins to promote articular cartilage repair. We report the results of a retrospective case series of three patients who presented with articular cartilage lesions more than 2 cm2 and were treated with the CVOCA using the presented surgical technique. Patients were followed up to 2 years after implantation of the CVOCA and all three patients had satisfactory outcomes without adverse events. Controlled randomized studies are suggested for evaluation of CVOCA efficacy, safety, and long-term outcomes.
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Sahoo, Sushil Kumar, and Bibhuti Bhusan Choudhury. "Voice-activated wheelchair: An affordable solution for individuals with physical disabilities." Management Science Letters 13, no. 3 (2023): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2023.4.004.
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The Low-Cost Voice Controlled Wheelchair with Raspberry Pi is an innovative assistive technology designed to improve the mobility and independence of people with disabilities. This research aims to develop a wheelchair system that can be operated using voice commands at an affordable price, making it accessible to a wider range of individuals with limited mobility. The device is built on the Raspberry Pi, a reasonably priced, credit-card-sized computer, and uses an easy-to-use yet efficient voice recognition technique to let users control the wheelchair with their vocal commands. A Raspberry Pi, a microphone, and motor controllers are some of the system's hardware components. The software uses Python programming language and open-source voice recognition technology to recognize voice commands, making it easy for users to navigate their environment independently. The system has been tested on a prototype and has shown promising results in terms of accuracy and reliability. The Low-Cost Voice Controlled Wheelchair with Raspberry Pi can give disabled persons new levels of mobility and independence, enhancing their quality of life and enhancing their capacity to carry out daily tasks.
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Iaataren, Idriss, Ahmed Hefnaoui, Zakaria Ben Darkawi, and Mounia Bennani Tannouch. "Transmission Mechanisms of Oil Price Fluctuations on Prices." Jurnal Bisnis, Manajemen, dan Ekonomi 4, no. 3 (July 12, 2023): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47747/jbme.v4i3.1193.
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This paper aims to understand the effects of oil price fluctuations on the real economy and prices, using an ARDL model with quarterly data from 2007 to 2021. The results will help policy makers and economic actors to better understand the transmission mechanisms of oil price fluctuations on the economy and prices, which is important for oil-dependent economies like Morocco. The question is to what extent do oil price fluctuations affect the real economy and price levels in oil import-dependent countries, with a particular focus on the case of Morocco?. The results of the study show that the impact of economic variables on price levels depends on the duration. In the short run, economic growth has a limited inflationary effect, oil price fluctuations have a significant inflationary impact, the nominal exchange rate does not have a significant impact and the openness of the economy does not have a significant impact. In the long run, oil price fluctuations, the real effective exchange rate, and the rate of economic openness have a significant inflationary effect, while economic growth also has an inflationary effect. The competitiveness of the Moroccan economy is important for the stability of price levels in the long run
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Yang, Qingrong. "Inequality in Women’s Consumption in Daily Life." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 24 (December 29, 2023): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/jakrwe60.
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In contemporary societies, the pervasive issue of gender inequality continues to pose significant challenges, with women frequently encountering systemic discrimination and biases that affect numerous facets of their lives. This research specifically centers on the phenomenon known as the “Pink Tax,” which pertains to the unequal pricing of products targeted at women for their daily needs. By delving into the repercussions of this inequality, examining the primary areas where it manifests, and analyzing the contrasting spending patterns between men and women that contribute to this discriminatory practice, the study aims to shed light on its profound impact. Moreover, this research is not limited to merely highlighting the problem; it also endeavors to present practical and actionable suggestions to address and rectify this pressing issue. By reflecting on potential solutions and offering innovative ideas, the study aspires to contribute to the ongoing efforts in dismantling gender-based price disparities and fostering a more equitable marketplace.
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Wanzo, Rebecca. "Viola’s Body." Film Quarterly 76, no. 3 (2023): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2023.76.3.92.
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FQ columnist Rebecca Wanzo never expected to see Hollywood produce a film like The Woman King (Gina Prince-Bythewood, 2022), an action film led by a dark-skinned Black woman in her fifties, starring other Black women, and focused on the intimacy between them. In this column, Wanzo explores The Woman King’s radical depiction of real Black women’s bodies experiencing the erotic as power—an idea borrowed from the Black feminist lesbian poet Audre Lorde—in a Hollywood action film. In its difference, The Woman King highlights the ironic lack of embodiment and limited sensory palate offered by so many action films and reimagines the genre’s possibilities for cinematic pleasure.
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Fan, Ben, and Jun He. "Mapping the Ophiocordyceps sinensis value chain: actors, profits and social institutions in south-west China." Oryx 58, no. 1 (January 2024): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605323001588.
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AbstractCommercial use of wildlife is booming. However, knowledge of trade, price structure and benefit distribution mechanisms remain limited for many endemic, threatened and economically valuable species, impeding efforts to develop conservation intervention schemes in line with sustainable objectives. We illustrate the nature of commercialization of the caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis, collected in a high-altitude Tibetan region. Using the value-chain approach, we document how caterpillar fungus is collected in a remote mountainous region and traded across a wide range of middlemen until it finally reaches high-end markets in urban centres. Mapping the caterpillar fungus value chain helps identify the actors involved and the social institutions (i.e. the rules, norms and arrangements that shape people's behaviours) facilitating access to markets and influencing profit distribution and price structure. We present the complex dynamics of this commercialization process, providing a holistic value-chain analysis that encompasses actors, profits and institutions.
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Bahng, Doo Woan, and Sae Woon Park. "International Real Estate Review." International Real Estate Review 13, no. 1 (April 30, 2010): 46–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100119.
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We examine the behavior of broker quotes in Korean housing markets by comparing the Kookmin Bank apartment (a condominium in a high- rise residential building) price index, a broker quote based apartment price index, and a repeat sales apartment price index that we built using transaction prices, which have become available since January 2006. Broker quotes may differ from actual prices depending on the housing market conditions. Specifically, we test the hypotheses: (1) price increases shown by the broker quote based apartment price index are greater than those shown by the repeat sales apartment price index in an up market; and (2) the broker quote based price index shows a far less price reduction than the repeat sales price index in a down market. We find that indeed in a down market, the broker quote based price index shows far less price reduction than the repeat sales price index (5.75%-8.07%). However, the broker quote based price index does not distort the prices in an up market, where trading volumes are high. It appears that the price inflation in the broker quotes rises as the transaction volume drops. While broker quotes are substantially higher than transaction prices in a down market, the broker sentiment, which is a qualitative assessment of market conditions, appears to be more in line with transaction prices. We have also documented that the broker quote based index reaches its peak about two months after the peak of the repeat sales based index. Finally, broker quotes are smooth in comparison to transaction prices and they are smoothed more in a down market than an up market. Our results suggest that an optimistic view of broker quotes is problematic only in down markets where trading volumes are limited. The price inflation in broker quotes is a risk to the financial system in a market with only a broker quote based index in that it overstates the collateral values underlying mortgage loans in a down market.
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Melnikov, Oleg. "DYNAMIC PRICING STRATEGIES IN SALES MANAGEMENT OF DISCRETE PRODUCTS WITH A LIMITED LIFETIME." Bulletin of the National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" (economic sciences), no. 2 (March 27, 2022): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2519-4461.2022.2.38.
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The paper is devoted to the development of a dynamic pricing strategy for the sale of goods with a limited shelf life. The case of sales of discrete goods to heterogeneous consumers who have at most a unit demand for sold goods and independent identically distributed estimates of its consumer value is considered. Such a structure of demand makes it possible to describe the optimal pricing strategy using a simple system of recursive equations, for which, in some cases, an analytical solution can be found. For the general case, a numerical algorithm has been developed for finding the optimal solution in the form of a feedback loop with time and the remaining stocks of unsold products as state variables. It is shown that optimal prices are non-increasing functions of both of these factors. These two properties, combined with the random nature of product sales, determine the rather complex dynamics of observed prices, examples of which are given in the paper. In particular, it is shown that although, on average, prices can be expected to decrease towards the end of the sales period, in some cases prices can increase and generally change quite chaotically. The proposed strategy is compared with the policy of fixed prices, the optimization of which under the conditions of the model is also a non-trivial task. The results of the comparison indicate the high economic efficiency of the dynamic price adjustment strategy, especially in cases when the product sold nears the end of its lifetime. It is shown that the general process of product sales can be represented as a controlled Markov process. This makes it possible to calculate any numerical characteristics of seller’s expected financial results depending on the model parameters. Based on the analysis of the results of numerical simulation, simple heuristics for sales management under conditions of incomplete information are also proposed.
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Fujiono, Fujiono, and Rusdi Hidayat Nugroho. "Pengaruh Tingkat Inflasi, Nilai Tukar Rupiah, Jumlah Uang Beredar dan Produk Domestik Bruto terhadap Indeks Harga Saham Gabungan di Bursa Efek Indonesia." Al-Kharaj : Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan & Bisnis Syariah 5, no. 2 (August 10, 2022): 745–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/alkharaj.v5i2.1311.
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In carrying out a life cycle, we need to make an investment so that the funds we currently have can be used for the next few years. This study aims to determine the simultaneous and partial influence of inflation, interest rates, rupiah exchange rate, the money supply and gross domestic product on the composite stock price index. The sampel in this study amounted to 40 data with quarterly data that was limited to the 2011:Q3 to 2021:Q2 observation period and was obtanied through complete sampling. The data was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis techniques. Hypothesis tested using F test and t test. The results showed that simultaneously (Test F) variable inflation, interest rates, rupiah exchange rate, the money supply and gross domestic product have a positive and significant effect on the composite stock price index (IHSG). Partially (Test t) rupiah exchange rate have a positive and significant effect on the composite stock price index (IHSG). the money supply have a have a positive and no significant effect on the composite stock price index (IHSG). Mean while inflation and gross domestic product have a negatif and no significant effect on the composite stock price index (IHSG).
Keywords: Inflation, Rupiah Exchange Rate, The Money Supply, Gross Domestic Product Composite Stock Price Index
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Verma, D. P. S., and Soma Sen Gupta. "Does Higher Price Signal Better Quality?" Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 29, no. 2 (April 2004): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920040206.
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With differentiated products, consumers may not be aware of the quality and features of the products they buy. They are often unable to make a quality comparison among various brands. Moreover, they often gather little information even when the financial commitment involved is substantial. A popular belief is: ‘You get what you pay for.’ Therefore, consumers tend to believe that high price is an indicator of better quality. Although many studies conducted on price-quality relationship have supported this belief, there are other studies that have found the relationship to be product-specific and weak in general. This study seeks to examine the relationship between the price of the product and the buyers' perception of quality in respect of durable, semi-durable, and non-durable products in the Indian context. Three products were selected for the purpose of the study: colour television as a durable product; T-shirt as a semi-durable product; and toothpaste as a non-durable product. Data were collected from the primary sources with the help of a non-disguised, pre-structured questionnaire. In particular, the authors sought to explore answer to two questions: (1) Does high price have a positive influence on the buyers' perception of product quality? (2) Is there a significant difference in the buyers' perception of the quality of products falling in different price ranges? The major findings of the study are as follows: For a durable product, like colour television, setting the price too low will negatively affect the quality image of the product and the consumer would be reluctant to buy a low-priced brand as it might lower his image in the society. Pricing it reasonably high will give the product a high-quality image. However, the marketer should take care of the competitors' pricing policies and the buyers' purchasing power. The target market for T-shirt in India consists mainly of the young, especially the college students, having limited purchasing power. They prefer local, or little known, but trendy brands of T-shirts rather than expensive ones. Also, they would opt for a T-shirt of a reputed brand if it is within their purchasing power. However, reducing the price of the T-shirt may dilute its brand image. Hence, the marketer of the T-shirt should think of market segmentation strategies and select the appropriate target segment(s) and price the product accordingly. For toothpaste, brand reputation is a critical factor and the marketer should price the product according to the reputation enjoyed by the brand. However, the price-quality relationship for this product has been found to be weak in comparison to colour television and T-shirt. The marketer, therefore, should be wary of charging a very low price as it would create an inferior quality image in the mind of the buyer. The findings have important marketing implications for pricing, market segmentation, target marketing, and product positioning.
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Deng, Ruiyi. "Sam’s Club Current Situation Analysis and Recommendation in China." SHS Web of Conferences 185 (2024): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202418503014.
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With the development of China’s economy, retail and warehousing have a very objective market. As Sam’s club, which has been deeply engaged in China for many years, this will be a good opportunity. However, competition in China’s retail market is still fierce. Today, China’s local retail enterprises have fired the first shot in the price war against Sam. This paper uses economic knowledge to analyze the market situation of Sam’s club in China, including but not limited to swot, pestle and market positioning analysis. Through the analysis of economics, this paper clarifies the advantages and disadvantages of Sam in the principality market. In addition, it also clearly pointed out the challenges and opportunities faced by Sam’s Club in China. In the case that competitors have started to compete in the price war, this paper gives suggestions that are more in line with China’s national conditions. This will greatly help Sam’s Club to understand China’s national conditions and develop new market strategies.