Journal articles on the topic 'Limited power point tracking'
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1
KAYIŞLI, Korhan, and Ruhi Zafer CAGLAYAN. "Twisting Sliding Mode Control based Maximum Power Point Tracking." Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 10, no. 4 (October 1, 2022): 356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17694/bajece.1137170.
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For a world where energy demand is increasing day by day, available resources are constantly decreasing. At this point, it is very important to be able to benefit from the sun, which is the main energy source, with minimum damage to the environment. It is possible to produce electricity directly from sunlight through PV panels. Due to the limited efficiency of these panels, MPPT algorithms are always required. In this study, Sliding Mode Control (SMC) based Twisting Sliding Mode Control (T-SMC) MPPT, known for its robust structure, was performed and the results were compared with the classical SMC. The proposed MPPT algorithm is simulated with MATLAB/Simulink. The efficiency of T-SMC based MPPT is obtained as nearly 99%.
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Srinivas, Paruchuri, and P. Swapna. "Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm for Advanced Photovoltaic Systems." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 10, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v10i9.5748.
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Photovoltaic (PV) systems are the major nonconventional sources for power generation for present power strategy. The power of PV system has rapid increase because of its unpolluted, less noise and limited maintenance. But whole PV system has two main disadvantages drawbacks, that is, the power generation of it is quite low and the output power is nonlinear, which is influenced by climatic conditions, namely environmental temperature and the solar irradiation. The natural limiting factor is that PV potential in respect of temperature and irradiation has nonlinear output behavior. An automated power tracking method, for example, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), is necessarily applied to improve the power generation of PV systems. The MPPT methods undergo serious challenges when the PV system is under partial shade condition because PV shows several peaks in power. Hence, the exploration method might easily be misguided and might trapped to the local maxima. Therefore, a reasonable exploratory method must be constructed, which has to determine the global maxima for PV of shaded partially. The traditional approaches namely constant voltage tracking (CVT), perturb and observe (P&O), hill climbing (HC), Incremental Conductance (INC), and fractional open circuit voltage (FOCV) methods, indeed some of their improved types, are quite incompetent in tracking the global MPP (GMPP). Traditional techniques and soft computing-based bio-inspired and nature-inspired algorithms applied to MPPT were reviewed to explore the possibility for research while optimizing the PV system with global maximum output power under partially shading conditions. This paper is aimed to review, compare, and analyze almost all the techniques that implemented so far. Further this paper provides adequate details about algorithms that focuses to derive improved MPPT under non-uniform irradiation. Each algorithm got merits and demerits of its own with respect to the converging speed, computing time, complexity of coding, hardware suitability, stability and so on.
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Maimun, Maimun, and Subhan Subhan. "Different Techniques of Multiple Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Systems." Jurnal Litek : Jurnal Listrik Telekomunikasi Elektronika 19, no. 1 (April 4, 2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30811/litek.v19i1.2887.
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Understanding in such way the maximum available power generated by the photovoltaic (PV) array varies with the weather is critical for improving system efficiency by encouraging the PV system to operate at that maximum power point (MPP). Therefore, to maintain optimum power functioning at all irradiance levels and temperatures, a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) system is necessary. MPPT methods have been developed and implemented in a number of studies. The accuracy, convergence speed, ease of hardware implementation, PV dependency, number of necessary sensors, which are significantly differ across these systems. The first technique to be introduced was a single MPPT technique. However, as it works independently, it was unable to achieve several of the required characteristics. Afterwards, the merger techniques of multiple MPPTs and the combination of both (single and multiple MPPTs’ techniques) due to integrate the benefits of each algorithm while removing their limitations. Comparing and surveying MPPT algorithms in general took a significant amount of time. Despite this, there is a limited literature examining the combination techniques towards the multiple MPPT techniques and the single one. This paper presents the work and uses MATLAB/Simulink platform to simulate it. It is based on a study that contrasts single MPPT techniques with different combinations, namely the constant voltage (CV) method, the perturb and observe (PO) method and the combination of both (CV+PO), in order to validate MPPT's better performance.
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Maimun, Maimun, and Subhan Subhan. "Different Techniques of Multiple Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Systems." Jurnal Litek : Jurnal Listrik Telekomunikasi Elektronika 19, no. 1 (April 4, 2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30811/litek.v19i1.2887.
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Understanding in such way the maximum available power generated by the photovoltaic (PV) array varies with the weather is critical for improving system efficiency by encouraging the PV system to operate at that maximum power point (MPP). Therefore, to maintain optimum power functioning at all irradiance levels and temperatures, a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) system is necessary. MPPT methods have been developed and implemented in a number of studies. The accuracy, convergence speed, ease of hardware implementation, PV dependency, number of necessary sensors, which are significantly differ across these systems. The first technique to be introduced was a single MPPT technique. However, as it works independently, it was unable to achieve several of the required characteristics. Afterwards, the merger techniques of multiple MPPTs and the combination of both (single and multiple MPPTs’ techniques) due to integrate the benefits of each algorithm while removing their limitations. Comparing and surveying MPPT algorithms in general took a significant amount of time. Despite this, there is a limited literature examining the combination techniques towards the multiple MPPT techniques and the single one. This paper presents the work and uses MATLAB/Simulink platform to simulate it. It is based on a study that contrasts single MPPT techniques with different combinations, namely the constant voltage (CV) method, the perturb and observe (PO) method and the combination of both (CV+PO), in order to validate MPPT's better performance.
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Abo-Sennah, M. A., M. A. El-Dabah, and Ahmed El-Biomey Mansour. "Maximum power point tracking techniques for photovoltaic systems: a comparative study." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i1.pp57-73.
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Photovoltaic systems (PV) are one of the most important renewable energy resources (RER). It has limited energy efficiency leading to increasing the number of PV units required for certain input power i.e. to higher initial cost. To overcome this problem, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers are used. This work introduces a comparative study of seven MPPT classical, artificial intelligence (AI), and bio-inspired (BI) techniques: perturb and observe (P&O), modified perturb and observe (M-P&O), incremental conductance (INC), fuzzy logic controller (FLC), artificial neural network (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and cuckoo search (CS). Under the same climatic conditions, a comparison between these techniques in view of some criteria’s: efficiencies, tracking response, implementation cost, and others, will be performed. Simulation results, obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK program, show that the MPPT techniques improve the lowest efficiency resulted without control. ANFIS is the highest efficiency, but it requires more sensors. CS and ANN produce the best performance, but CS provided significant advantages over others in view of low implementation cost, and fast computing time. P&O has the highest oscillation, but this drawback is eliminated using M-P&O. FLC has the longest computing time due to software complexity, but INC has the longest tracking time.
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Aourir, Jamila, and Fabrice Locment. "Limited Power Point Tracking for a Small-Scale Wind Turbine Intended to Be Integrated in a DC Microgrid." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (November 12, 2020): 8030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228030.
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Limited power point tracking (LPPT) is emerging as a new technology for power management controllers for small-scale wind turbines (SSWTs) thanks to its advantages in terms of operation flexibility, economy and system security. LPPT operates in such a way that power requested by the user can be extracted from the wind turbine while respecting constraints. However, operating in LPPT mode still requires a deep understanding to obtain a compromise between minimizing power oscillations and transient response. For that, three LPPT power control strategies for an SSWT intended to be integrated in a direct current (DC) urban microgrid are investigated. These methods concern perturb and observe (P&O) with fixed step size, P&O based on Newton’s method and P&O based on the fuzzy logic (FL) technique. The experimental results highlight that all methods function correctly and reach the limited power point (LPP). The FL method improves dynamic performances with more steady oscillations around LPP compared to fixed step size and Newton’s methods. The sudden variation of wind velocity and power lead us to conclude that the FL method ensures a good balance between reducing oscillation of wind turbine (WT) output power around the operating point and convergence of rising time toward LPP.
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Kozalakis, Konstantinos, Ioannis Sofianidis, Vasileios Konstantakos, Kostas Siozios, and Stylianos Siskos. "73.5 uW Indoor-Outdoor Light Harvesting System with Global Maximum Power Point Tracking." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 11, no. 1 (February 14, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea11010010.
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This work introduces a light harvesting system with battery management. In contrast to relevant solutions that operate in limited ranges, the proposed system covers a wide operating input power range from 10 uW up to 300 mW. Specifically, experimental results highlight that, combined with a 73 × 94 mm flexible light harvester, it can harness light in a range from 50 LUX (indoor lighting) up to 120,000 LUX (outdoor lighting). The introduced system consists of a boost converter and an ultra-low power microcontroller (MCU). The MCU performs Global Maximum Power Point Tracking (GMPPT), using a resistor-free time-based input power sensing method, to calculate the input power of the converter, which does not interfere with the operation of the boost converter. The efficiency of the GMPPT system was evaluated with detailed experimentation, where we achieved 99.75% average GMPPT tracking efficiency while consuming only 73.5 uW at 4.2 V.
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Mr. Amol Barve, Mrs Ruchi Singh Chauhan. "MPSO-MPPT based Single Phase Grid PV System for Power Enhancement." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE 4, no. 4 (April 20, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijoscience.v4i4.129.
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The solar power became a challenging area among other renewable energy sources (RESs) since the photovoltaic (PV) systems have the benefits of not inflicting pollution, having low maintenance, and durable operation life. Besides these benefits, a PV system has many drawbacks like significantly higher installation cost comparing some other RESs, and limited potency ranges between 9–18%. The feasibility analyses have a good role so as to work out the foremost appropriate plant site before installation. On the other hand, the operating analyses and enhancements supported maximum power point tracking (MPPT) are quite necessary to extend the harvested total energy. To maximize the performance of solar photovoltaics (PV) under dynamic climatic conditions, MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) controllers are integrated into photovoltaic systems. This research presents a modified PSO algorithm based on the method of tracking the maximum global power point used for photovoltaic systems with variable co-efficient. The modified PSO (MPSO) algorithm is able to trace the maximum global power point faster. This improves the effectiveness of follow-up. Simulation results show that MPSO coordination control methods have better tracking accuracy as compared to P&O as well as PSO MPPT Technique. This also improves the energy efficiency of the photovoltaic system.
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Derbeli, Mohamed, Oscar Barambones, and Lassaad Sbita. "A Robust Maximum Power Point Tracking Control Method for a PEM Fuel Cell Power System." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 2449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122449.
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Taking into account the limited capability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) to produce energy, it is mandatory to provide solutions, in which an efficient power produced by PEMFCs can be attained. The maximum power point tracker (MPPT) plays a considerable role in the performance improvement of the PEMFCs. Conventional MPPT algorithms showed good performances due to their simplicity and easy implementation. However, oscillations around the maximum power point and inefficiency in the case of rapid change in operating conditions are their main drawbacks. To this end, a new MPPT scheme based on a current reference estimator is presented. The main goal of this work is to keep the PEMFCs functioning at an efficient power point. This goal is achieved using the backstepping technique, which drives the DC–DC boost converter inserted between the PEMFC and the load. The stability of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by means of Lyapunov analysis. To verify the ability of the proposed method, an extensive simulation test is executed in a Matlab–Simulink T M environment. Compared with the well-known proportional–integral (PI) controller, results indicate that the proposed backstepping technique offers rapid and adequate converging to the operating power point.
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Syzdykov, A. B. "LGORITHM FOR FINDING MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING WHEN SHADOWING OR FAILURE OF SOLAR PANELPHOTO CELLS ON SATELLITES USING LOW ORBITS." Eurasian Physical Technical Journal 20, no. 1(43) (March 20, 2023): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2023no1/65-72.
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Solar cell shading or the failure of several photocells changes the output current-voltage characteristic. This paper discusses an algorithm for approaching and searching the maximum power generated on board the spacecraft, which is all-important for fast charging of the secondary sources of electrical energy since the time spent on the sunny side in low orbits are limited by time. Currently, algorithms for finding maximum power work in idealcases, and simple and effective algorithms are needed in cases of solar panel shading or failure of photocell/cells. In this paper, a simulation of a solar panel in various conditions is carried out. An algorithm for constructing the output volt ampere characteristics of a solar cell and a solar panel is implemented. Experiments of various algorithms on real devices have also been carried out.
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Bu, Ling, Shengjiang Quan, Jiarong Han, Feng Li, Qingzhao Li, and Xiaohong Wang. "On-Site Traversal Fractional Open Circuit Voltage with Uninterrupted Output Power for Maximal Power Point Tracking of Photovoltaic Systems." Electronics 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 1802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111802.
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The fractional open-circuit voltage (FOCV) method is commonly adopted to track maximal power point of photovoltaic systems due to easy implementation and cost-effectiveness. However, the FOCV method is confronted with unstable output power and limited tracking accuracy. This paper proposes a novel on-site traversal FOCV method with uninterrupted output power and increased tracking accuracy through simulation and experimental verifications. Each solar cell is connected with a bypass diode and switching circuitry, so that specific solar cell can be traced and measured consecutively for determining its maximal power point (MPP). MATLAB/Simulink simulation results show that, in the time-varying irradiance case, the proposed method achieves a low ripple factor of 0.13% in 11–13 h and 0.88% in 9–15 h, under the typical 24 h irradiance curve. In the spatial-varying irradiance case, the accuracy of the proposed method reaches 99.85%. Compared with other FOCV methods, like pilot cell and semi pilot cell methods, the proposed method is of higher accuracy with a limited ripple effect. Experimental results show that this method can effectively trace different output performance of specific solar cell while generating stable output voltage with a low ripple factor of 1.55%, proving its compatibility with distributed sensing and applicability in smart photovoltaic systems.
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Rahman, N. H. Abdul, A. M. Omar, E. H. Mat Saat, N. I. Ilham, M. Z. Hussin, and Yusrina Y. "Design and development of three stages maximum power tracking solar charge controller." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 18, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i3.pp1270-1278.
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<span>This paper presents the design of a Three Stages Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) charge controller for improving the charging/discharging control of the battery. In this research, Buck Converter is used to regulate the voltage from the Photovoltaic (PV) module to the required voltage. This research is limited to Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) battery for 12V system voltage. The charge control algorithm envisages controlling the charging and discharging action in all the three stages of battery charging, bulk, absorption, and float. The idea is to control the battery charging and discharging status until meeting the battery set-point. The set-point is limited to High Voltage Disconnect (HVD), Low Voltage Disconnect (LVD) and Load Voltage Reconnect (LVR) to protect the battery from over-charging and deep-discharging. The results obtained demonstrate the good performance of the charge controller. With the application of the MPPT algorithm in the bulk stage, the time taken to get the battery to fully charged state becomes faster The regulation power from the converter to the inverter has performed well and the switching relay is managed to be controlled.</span>
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Charin, Chanuri, Dahaman Ishak, Muhammad Ammirrul Atiqi Mohd Zainuri, Baharuddin Ismail Turki Alsuwian, and Adam R. H. Alhawari. "Modified Levy-based Particle Swarm Optimization (MLPSO) with Boost Converter for Local and Global Point Tracking." Energies 15, no. 19 (October 7, 2022): 7370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197370.
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This paper presents a modified Levy particle swarm optimization (MLPSO) to improve the capability of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) under various partial shading conditions. This method is aimed primarily at resolving the tendency to trap at the local optimum particularly during shading conditions. By applying a Levy search to the particle swarm optimization (PSO), the randomness of the step size is not limited to a specific value, allowing for full exploration throughout the power-voltage (P-V) curve. Therefore, the problem such as immature convergence or being trapped at a local maximum power point can be avoided. The proposed method comes with great advantages in terms of consistent solutions over various environmental changes with a small number of particles. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed idea, the algorithm was tested on a boost converter of a photovoltaic (PV) energy system. Both simulation and experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm has a high efficiency and fast-tracking speed compared to the conventional HC and PSO algorithm under various shading conditions. Based on the results, it was found that the proposed algorithm successfully converges most rapidly to the global maximum power point (GMPP) and that the tracking of GMPP under complex partial shading is guaranteed. Furthermore, the average efficiency for all test conditions was 99% with a tracking speed of 1.5 s to 3.0 s and an average output steady-state oscillation of 0.89%.
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Stoecklin, Sebastian, Adnan Yousaf, Gunnar Gidion, Leonhard Reindl, and Stefan J. Rupitsch. "Simultaneous Power Feedback and Maximum Efficiency Point Tracking for Miniaturized RF Wireless Power Transfer Systems." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 12, 2021): 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062023.
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Near-field interfaces with miniaturized coil systems and low output power levels, such as applied in biomedical sensor systems, can suffer from severe efficiency degradation due to dynamic impedance mismatches, reducing battery life of the power transmitter unit and requiring to increase the level of electromagnetic emission. Moreover, the stability of weakly-coupled power transfer systems is generally limited by transient changes in coil alignment and load power consumption. Hence, a central research question in the domain of wireless power transfer is how to realize an adaptive impedance matching system under the constraints of a simultaneous power feedback to increase the system’s efficiency and stability, while maintaining circuit characteristics such as small size, low power consumption and fast reaction times. This paper presents a novel approach based on a two-stage control loop implemented in the primary-side reader unit, which uses a digital PI controller to maintain the rectifier output voltage for power feedback and an on-top perturb-and-observe controller configuring the setpoint of the voltage controller to maximize efficiency. The paper mathematically analyzes the AC and DC transfer characteristics of a resonant inductive link to design the reactive AC matching network, the digital voltage controller and ultimately the DC-domain impedance matching algorithm. It was found that static reactive L networks result in suitable efficiency levels for coils with sufficiently high quality factor even without adaptive tuning of operational frequency or reactive components. Furthermore, the regulated output voltage of the rectifier is a direct measure of the DC load impedance when using a regular DC/DC converter to supply the load circuits, so that this quantity can be tuned to maximize efficiency. A prototype implementation demonstrates the algorithms in a 40.68 MHz inductive link with load power levels from 10 to 100 mW and tuning time constants of 300 ms, while allowing for a simplified receiver with a footprint smaller than 200 mm2 and a self-consumption below 1 mW. Hence, the presented concepts enable adaptive impedance matching with favorable characteristics for low-energy sensor systems, i.e., minimized footprint, power level and reaction time.
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Akdemir, Ali, and Abdulhakim Karakaya. "Analysis of maximum power tracking methods in photovoltaic panels." Emerging Materials Research 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jemmr.22.00061.
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In the last century, the demand for energy has soared with the rapid development of technology and the human population. The fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, oil, etc. used today to obtain energy have a limited lifespan. Therefore, the interest in renewable energy sources is increasing. Solar energy, which is one of these renewable energy sources, comes to the fore more than other renewable energy sources because the energy emitted instantly by the sun is so much greater than the energy consumed by the world in a year. Therefore, much research has been done to produce a greater amount of energy from the sun. This study examines the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods that are widely used today. The methods under review include; Constant Voltage, Short Circuit Current, Perturb and Observe, Fuzzy Logic, Incremental Conductance and Artificial Neural Networks. Of these methods, Perturb and Observe, Fuzzy Logic and Artificial Neural Networks have been analyzed using the PVSOL software, which is for making designs and simulations for photovoltaic systems. The analysis includes a comparison of the depreciation periods for the Standard Systems and the facilities where these control algorithms are used.
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Miao, Jie, Houpeng Chen, Yu Lei, Yi Lv, Weili Liu, and Zhitang Song. "MPPT Circuit Using Time Exponential Rate Perturbation and Observation for Enhanced Tracking Efficiency for a Wide Resistance Range of Thermoelectric Generator." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 4650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104650.
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The thermoelectric generator (TEG) stands out among many energy harvesters due to its simple structure, small size, rich thermal energy, and the absence of pollution and noise. However, previous studies have rarely probed into the influence of TEG internal resistances on extracting maximum power from TEGs, and the tracking of efficiency is limited. By analyzing the relationship between the tracking efficiency and the TEG internal resistances, a time exponential rate perturbation and observation (P&O) technology is proposed to achieve maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for a wide resistance range of the TEG. Using the time exponential rate P&O, the MPPT circuit observed the power change by comparing the positive-channel metal-oxide semiconductor (PMOS) on-time and perturbs the power by adjusting the negative-channel metal-oxide semiconductor (NMOS) on-time exponentially. The MPPT circuit was implemented in a 110 nm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. The tracking efficiency maintained a high level from 98.9 to 99.5%. The applicable range of the TEG resistance was from 1 to 12 Ω, which reflects an enhancement of at least 2.2 times.
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Sun, Kang Wen, Ming Zhu, Gao Ming Liang, and Dong Dong Xu. "Design and Simulation to Composite MPPT Controller on the Stratospheric Airship." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 1765–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.1765.
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In view of solar arrays applied in large-scale stratospheric airship, modular thinking was proposed by reasonable decomposition of solar array to design composite maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller where the input and output are both in parallel, which ensures maximized solar energy output on a limited area. And each solar array sub-model was equipped with independent MPPT controller to control power tracking separately. Then, the solar array composed of three sub-models was used for simulation and its result indicates that MPPT controller of each sub-model can track the power quickly, and the output power can reach 93% of maximum input power when the efficiency loss of converter in reality is not considered . So, the model constructed in this paper can be used to optimize the design and analyze output characteristics quantitatively for the large-scale stratospheric airship's solar array.
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Shajith Ali, U. "A Modified Maximum Power Point Tracking Control for Bi-Directional Z-Source DC-DC Converter Based Solar Electric Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 828–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.828.
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A solar electric vehicle is powered by photovoltaic arrays which allow for direct conversion of solar energy into electrical energy. Since space and weight are very limited with any vehicle, it is desired that the maximum possible amount of energy be obtained from the employed photovoltaic arrays. Every photovoltaic array has an optimum operating point, called the maximum power point (MPP), which varies depending on cell temperature and solar insolation level. This paper is focussed to find the mechanism best suited for employment in a moving vehicle to optimally track this point of maximum efficiency under rapid variation of solar insolation and adjust the operating point of the photovoltaic array accordingly. An integral part of any modern day electric vehicle is power electronic circuits comprising DC-DC converters for conversion and conditioning of electrical power. Recently, Z-source DC-DC converters show promising outcomes when integrated with photovoltaic array compared to conventional DC-DC converters. They provide larger range of output dc voltage, improve reliability and can reduce in-rush and harmonic current. A bi-directional Z-source DC-DC converter with a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique suitable for electric vehicle applications is developed to incur high electric power from photovoltaic array. The photovoltaic array output voltage is controlled and the maximum power point tracking is attained by controlling the duty cycle. The well known incremental conductance MPPT algorithm is modified by measuring the power in the middle of the sampling interval to prevent the bewilderedness during rapidly changing insolation condition. Computer simulation and experimental results are provided to establish the performance of the proposed system.
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Rezk, Hegazy, Abdul Ghani Olabi, Rania M. Ghoniem, and Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem. "Optimized Fractional Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Bald Eagle Search for Thermoelectric Generation System." Energies 16, no. 10 (May 12, 2023): 4064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104064.
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The amount of energy that a thermoelectric generator (TEG) is capable of harvesting mainly depends on the temperature difference between the hot and cold sides of the TEG. To ensure that the TEG operates efficiently under any condition or temperature variation, it is crucial to have a reliable MPPT that keeps the TEG as close as possible to its MPP. Fractional control is usually preferred over integer control because it allows for more precise, flexible, and robust control over a system. The controller parameters in fractional control are not limited to integer values, but rather can have fractional values, which enables more precise control of the system’s dynamics. In this paper, an optimized fractional PID-based MPPT that effectively addresses two primary issues, dynamic response and oscillation around MPP, is proposed. Firstly, the five unknown parameters of the optimized fractional PID-based MPPT were estimated by the BES “bald eagle search” algorithm. To validate the superiority of the BES, the results were compared with those obtained using other optimization algorithms, such as ant lion optimizer (ALO), equilibrium optimizer (EO), cuckoo search (CS), and WOA “whale optimization algorithm”. The results demonstrate that BES outperforms ALO, EO, CS, and WOA. Additionally, the tracking performance of proposed MPPT was evaluated using two scenarios that involved variations in temperature differences and sudden changes in the load demanded. Overall, the proposed optimized fractional PID-based MPPT effectively improves dynamic performance and eliminates oscillation around MPP under steady state compared to other tracking methods, such as P&O “perturb and observe” and incremental conductance (INR).
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Li, Yuansong, and Bo Gao. "Contrastive Studies of Z-Source Converter and Boost Converter on Photovoltaic Maximum Power Point Tracking System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2083, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2083/2/022029.
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Abstract Aiming at a series of issues on traditional boost converter which commonly used in photovoltaic maximum power point tracking (MPPT) devices, such as the limited output voltage, the low boost efficiency, the excessive heat generating, this paper proposed a novel z-source converter. Compared with traditional boost converter, several researches have done among topology structure, operational principle, boost factor. Based on the theoretic analysis, this paper given two schemes of photovoltaic MPPT system which using boost converter and z-source converter, the models of them are established based on Matlab. The simulation results indicate that the duty-ratio of photovoltaic MPPT system based on z-source converter is smaller, the stability of MPPT is better. The novel z-source converter can fundamentally solve the issues caused by traditional boost converter in photovoltaic MPPT devices, and it has incomparable advantages than traditional boost converter in the field of photovoltaic power generation.
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Chang, En-Chih. "Applying Robust Intelligent Algorithm and Internet of Things to Global Maximum Power Point Tracking of Solar Photovoltaic Systems." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (November 25, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8882482.
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The important dare in the solar photovoltaic (PV) system is to investigate the performance under partial shading conditions. A robust intelligent algorithm (RIA) connected with internet of things (IoT) is developed to offer the real-time monitoring of solar PV systems, thus ensuring global maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The RIA comprises a limited-time terminal sliding-mode control (LTTSMC) and a quantum particle swarm optimization- (QPSO-) radial basis function (RBF) neural network. The LTTSMC creates a quick limited-system-state convergence time and allows for singularity avoidance. However, if the system ambiguity is overrated or underrated, the tremble phenomenon or steady-state error probably occurs around the LTTSMC. The QPSO-RBF neural network is integrated into LTTSMC to handle plant parameter variations and external load perturbations, thus reducing tremble and steady-state errors. With the aggregation of the RIA and the IoT, the remote monitoring in the solar PV system yields faster convergence to nonsingular points, and it also introduces neural network method to achieve more accurate ambiguity estimation. Experimental results show the mathematical analysis and performance enhancement of a prototype algorithm-controlled solar PV system based on digital signal processing under transient and steady-state loading conditions. Because the proposed solar PV system has notable advantages over the classical terminal-sliding solar PV system in terms of tracking accuracy and robust adaptation, this paper is worthy of reference to designers of relative robust control and neural network learning algorithm.
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Pervez, Imran, Charalampos Antoniadis, and Yehia Massoud. "Advanced Limited Search Strategy for Enhancing the Performance of MPPT Algorithms." Energies 15, no. 15 (August 4, 2022): 5650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155650.
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Photovoltaic (PV) arrays are gaining popularity for electricity generation due to their simple and green energy production. However, the power transfer efficiency of PV varies depending on the load’s electrical properties, the PV panels’ temperature, and the insolation conditions. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a method formulated as an optimization problem that adjusts the PV output voltage to deliver maximum power to the load based on these criteria (maximum power in the P-V curve). MPPT is a convex optimization problem when the Sun’s rays completely cover the PV surface (full insolation). Several power points are formed in the Power vs. Voltage (P-V) curve, rendering MPPT as a non-convex problem during incomplete insolation (partial shadowing) on the PV surface due to barriers such as passing clouds or trees in the path of the Sun and the PV’s surface. Unfortunately, mathematical programming techniques, such as gradient ascent and momentum, are not good optimization candidate algorithms because they cannot distinguish between the local and global maximum of a function (the case of non-convex problems). On the other hand, metaheuristic algorithms have better search space exploration capability, making it easier to discern the P-V curve’s local and global power peaks. However, due to their pseudorandom search space exploration (random with some intuition), there is plenty of room for improving their performance. In this work, we elaborate on the Advanced Limited Search Strategy (ALSS), a technique we proposed in one of our previous works on MPPT. We prove its universal usefulness by applying it to other MPPT algorithms to enhance their performance. The ALSS first finds the direction where it is most probable to discover the MPP using the finite difference between two candidate duty cycles and then computes a duty cycle between two bounds designated by the previous direction. After that, the resulting duty cycle is further updated according to the metaheuristic update equation. Therefore, the single solution update is another advantage of ALSS that further improves the computational cost of the MPPT algorithms.
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Penella, Maria Teresa, and Manel Gasulla. "A Simple and Efficient MPPT Method for Low-Power PV Cells." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/153428.
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Small-size PV cells have been used to power sensor nodes. These devices present limited computing resources and so low complexity methods have been used in order to extract the maximum power from the PV cells. Among them, the fractional open circuit voltage (FOCV) method has been widely proposed, where the maximum power point of the PV cell is estimated from a fraction of its open circuit voltage. Here, we show a generalization of the FOCV method that keeps its inherent simplicity and improves the tracking efficiency. First, a single-diode model for PV cells was used to compute the tracking efficiency versus irradiance. Computations were carried out for different values of the parameters involved in the PV cell model. The proposed approach clearly outperformed the FOCV method, specially at low irradiance, which is significant for powering sensor nodes. Experimental tests performed with a 500 mW PV panel agreed with these results.
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Kengne, Edwige Raissa Mache, Alain Soup Tewa Kammogne, Martin Siewe Siewe, Thomas Tatietse Tamo, Ahmad Taher Azar, Ahmed Redha Mahlous, Mohamed Tounsi, and Zafar Iqbal Khan. "Bifurcation Analysis of a Photovoltaic Power Source Interfacing a Current-Mode-Controlled Boost Converter with Limited Current Sensor Bandwidth for Maximum Power Point Tracking." Sustainability 15, no. 7 (March 31, 2023): 6097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15076097.
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The presence of a high ripple in the inductor current of a DC-DC converter in a photovoltaic converter chain leads to a considerable decrease in the energy efficiency of the converter. To solve this problem, we consider a current-mode control and for economic reasons we used a single inductor current sensor with a low-pass filter. The purpose of the low-pass filter is to minimize the effect of ripple in the inductor current by taking only the DC component of the signal at the output of the sensor for tracking the maximum power point. The objective of this paper is therefore to study the stability of the photovoltaic system as a function of the filter frequency while maintaining a good power level. First, we propose a general modeling of the whole system by linearizing the PV around the maximum power point. Floquet theory is used to determine analytically the stability of the overall system. The fourth-order Runge–Kutta method is used to plot bifurcation diagrams and Lyapunov exponents in MATLAB/SIMULINK when the filter frequency varies in a limited range and the ramp amplitude is taken as a control parameter. Secondly, the PSIM software is used to design the device and validate the results obtained in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The results depicted in MATLAB/SIMULINK are in perfect agreement with those obtained in PSIM. We found that not only is the energy level maintained at the maximum power level of 85.17 W, but also that the stability range of the photovoltaic system increased with the value of the filter cut-off frequency. This research offers a wider range of parameters for stability control of photovoltaic systems contrarily to others found in literature.
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Chang, En-Chih. "High-Performance Pure Sine Wave Inverter with Robust Intelligent Sliding Mode Maximum Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Applications." Micromachines 11, no. 6 (June 11, 2020): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11060585.
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Photovoltaic (PV) power generation has been extensively used as a result of the limited petrochemical resources and the rise of environmental awareness. Nevertheless, PV arrays have a widespread range of voltage changes in a variety of solar radiation, load, and temperature circumstances, so a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method must be applied to get maximum power from PV systems. Sliding mode control (SMC) is effectively used in PV power generation due to its robustness, design simplicity, and superior interference suppression. When the PV array is subject to large parameter changes/highly uncertain conditions, the SMC leads to degraded steady-state performance, poor transient tracking speed, and unwanted flutter. Therefore, this paper proposes a robust intelligent sliding mode MPPT-based high-performance pure sine wave inverter for PV applications. The robust SMC is designed through fast sliding regime, which provides fixed time convergence and a non-singularity that allows better response in steady-state and transience. To avoid the flutter caused by system unmodeled dynamics, an enhanced cuckoo optimization algorithm (ECOA) with automatically adjustable step factor and detection probability is used to search control parameters of the robust sliding mode, thus finding global optimal solutions. The coalescence of both robust SMC and ECOA can control the converter to obtain MPPT with faster convergence rate and without untimely trapping at local optimal solutions. Then the pure sine wave inverter with robust intelligent sliding mode MPPT of the PV system delivers a high-quality and stable sinusoidal wave voltage to the load. The efficacy of the proposed method is validated on a MPPT pure sine wave inverter system by using numerical simulations and experiments. The results show that the output of the proposed PV system can improve steady-state performance and transient tracking speed.
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Dunbar, Steven, and Zoya Popović. "Low-power electronics for energy harvesting sensors." Wireless Power Transfer 1, no. 1 (March 2014): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wpt.2014.5.
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This paper addresses low-power, low-voltage electronic circuit requirements for wireless sensors with energy harvesting. The challenges of start-up for micro-controller unit (MCU)-based energy-harvesting platforms is discussed where a transient, low-voltage (20–1000 mV), low-power (<100 μW) source having a relatively high source impedance (possibly >500 Ω) is used. Efficient converter circuitry is required to transform the low-voltage output from the source to a level suitable for typical electronic devices, 1.8–5 V, and a prototype is demonstrated in the paper. Owing to the limited energy available to deliver to the storage element, the converter output voltage typically has a slow rising slew rate that can be a problem for MCUs. This necessitates a reset circuit to hold-off operation until a level high enough for reliable operation is achieved. Once operational, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) extracts peak power from the harvester while simultaneously tracking the transient nature of the source. In this low-power application, MCU programming needs to be efficient, while otherwise keeping the MCU in the lowest power standby mode possible to conserve energy. In a fully integrated design, a single MCU may be used for the sensor application, power management, power conversion, and MPPT functions.
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Wirateruna, Efendi S., Mohammad Jasa Afroni, and Fawaidul Badri. "Design of Maximum Power Point Tracking Photovoltaic System Based on Incremental Conductance Algorithm using Arduino Uno and Boost Converter." Applied Technology and Computing Science Journal 4, no. 2 (May 30, 2022): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33086/atcsj.v4i2.2450.
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Fossil fuel reserves are limited while the growing demand for energy utilization. It leads to an acceleration of renewable energy use. One of the renewable energy resources is solar energy, called the photovoltaic system. This paper uses a photovoltaic solar system consisting of a solar panel module, DC-DC boost converter, voltage divider, ACS712 as a current sensor, Arduino Uno, and load resistor. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller is implemented to track the maximum power point of the solar panel system using a boost converter based on the Incremental Conductance algorithm embedded in Arduino UNO. The PV system with MPPT controller is designed with PV 20 W. The testing of the ACS712 current sensor and voltage sensor show error values of about 1.82% and 0.83%, respectively, which are acceptable limits. Besides, the DC-DC boost converter is also tested, and its performance shows an increase in the output voltage. The test result of the PV system with MPPT control based on the Incremental Conductance algorithm shows the average value of the PV power output with resistive load at 36 Ω is about 7.34 W, while the PV system without MPPT is about 6.07 W. Thus, the Photovoltaic system using MPPT controller based on the incremental conductance algorithm can control PV power output at the maximum power point.
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Et. al., Shabbier Ahmed Sydu ,. "Performance Analysis Of A Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic Wind Hybrid Energy System." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (April 10, 2021): 1585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.1438.
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Electrical energy becomes necessary for human being. Generation of electrical energy mostly depends on fossils fuel, they are limited in nature and also responsible for environmental pollution. Renewable energy resources provides a better alternative for future. In comparison to conventional energy resources economical aspect is a major issue of renewable energy sources with the feasibility and efficiency. This paper investigates the performance analysis and control of Photovoltaic (PV)-wind hybrid system connected to electrical grid and feeds large plant with critical variable loads. The technique of extracting maximum power point is applied for the hybrid power system to capture maximum power under varying climatic conditions. Moreover, Control strategy for power flow is proposed to supply critical load demand of plant. The Dynamic performance of the proposed hybrid system is analyzed under different environmental conditions. The simulation results have proven the effectiveness of the proposed maximum power point tracking (MPPT) strategies in response to rapid variations of weather conditions during the day.
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Ren, Huixue, and Peide Han. "Necessity Analysis of Bypass Diode for AC Module under Partial Shading Condition." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 4778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164778.
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To protect a photovoltaic module from the hot spot effect more efficiently, an AC (alternating current) module that contains a module-level MPPT (maximum power point tracking) has been put forward. In this paper, operation states of shadowed solar cells and relevant bypass diodes were studied through MATLAB/Simulink tools, and a commercial PV module was used to reveal the temperature change when working at different LMPP (local maximum power point). Experiment results show that bypass diode can reduce power loss for the AC module to some extent but has a limited effect on protecting the AC module from the hot spot effect. Instead, it is more likely to form a local hot spot when the bypass diode turns on, and the worst shading condition for the AC module with bypass diode is about 46.5% during work states.
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Yamauchi, Koichiro. "Incremental Learning on a Budget and its Application to Quick Maximum Power Point Tracking of Photovoltaic Systems." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 18, no. 4 (July 20, 2014): 682–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2014.p0682.
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Recent improvements in embedded systems has enabled learning algorithms to provide realistic solutions for system identification problems. Existing learning algorithms, however, continue to have limitations in learning on embedded systems, where physical memory space is constrained. To overcome this problem, we propose a Limited General Regression Neural Network (LGRNN), which is a variation of general regression neural network proposed by Specht or of simplified fuzzy inference systems. The LGRNN continues incremental learning even if the number of instances exceeds the maximum number of kernels in the LGRNN. We demonstrate LGRNN advantages by comparing it to other kernel-based perceptron learning methods. We also propose a light-weighted LGRNN algorithm, -LGRNNLight- for reducing computational complexity. As an example of its application, we present a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) microconverter for photovoltaic power generation systems. MPPT is essential for improving the efficiency of renewable energy systems. Although various techniques exist that can realize MPPT, few techniques are able to realize quick control using conventional circuit design. The LGRNN enables the MPPT converter to be constructed at low cost using the conventional combination of a chopper circuit and microcomputer control. The LGRNN learns the Maximum Power Point (MPP) found by Perturb and Observe (P&O), and immediately sets the converter reference voltage after a sudden irradiation change. By using this strategy, the MPPT quickly responds without a predetermination of parameters. The experimental results suggest that, after learning, the proposed converter controls a chopper circuit within 14 ms after a sudden irradiation change. This rapid response property is suitable for efficient power generation, even under shadow flicker conditions that often occur in solar panels located near large wind turbines.
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Mohamedy Ali, Mohamed Hussein, Mahmoud Mohammed Sayed Mohamed, Ninet Mohamed Ahmed, and Mohamed Bayoumy Abdelkader Zahran. "Comparison between P&O and SSO techniques based MPPT algorithm for photovoltaic systems." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp32-40.
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Solar photovoltaic (SPV) systems are a renewable source of energy that are environmentally friendly and recyclable nature. When the solar panel is connected directly to the load, the power delivered to the load is not the optimal power. It is therefore important to obtain maximum power from SPV systems for enhancing efficiency. Various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques of SPV systems were proposed. Traditional MPPT techniques are commonly limited to uniform weather conditions. This paper presents a study of MPPT for photovoltaic (PV) systems. The study includes a discussion of different MPPT techniques and performs comparison for the performance of the two MPPT techniques, the P&O algorithm, and salp swarm optimization (SSO) algorithm. MATLAB simulations are performed under step changes in irradiation. The results of SSO show that the search time of maximum power point (MPP) is significantly decreased and the MPP is obtained in the shortest time with high accuracy and minimum oscillations in the generated power when compared with P&O.
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Farh, Hassan, Mohd Othman, Ali Eltamaly, and M. Al-Saud. "Maximum Power Extraction from a Partially Shaded PV System Using an Interleaved Boost Converter." Energies 11, no. 10 (September 24, 2018): 2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102543.
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The partially shaded photovoltaic (PSPV) condition reduces the generated power and contributes to hot spot problems that may lead to breakdown of shaded modules. PSPV generates multiple peak, one global one and many other local peaks. Many efficient, accurate and reliable maximum power point tracker (MPPT) techniques are used to track the global peak instead of local peaks. The proposed technique is not limited to global peak tracking, but rather it is capable of tracking the sum of all peaks of the PV arrays using an interleaved boost converter (IBC). The proposed converter has been compared with the state of the art conventional control method that uses a conventional boost converter (CBC). The converters used in the two PSPV systems are interfaced with electric utility using a three-phase inverter. The simulation findings prove superiority of the PSPV with IBC compared to the one using CBC in terms of power quality, reliability, mismatch power loss, DC-link voltage stability, efficiency and flexibility. Also, IBC alleviates partial shading effects and extracts higher power compared to the one using CBC. The results have shown a remarkable increase in output generated power of a PSPV system for the three presented scenarios of partial shading by 61.6%, 30.3% and 13%, respectively, when CBC is replaced by IBC.
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Chen, Zhongxiao, Jiarui Chen, Kaiqing Fu, and Longkun Xue. "Power coordination control strategy of microgrid based on photovoltaic generation." MATEC Web of Conferences 355 (2022): 03065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202235503065.
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In order to solve the large-scale grid-connected photovoltaic cells caused by power fluctuations, power quality decline and other issues. This paper proposes and researches a power coordination control strategy for microgrid based on photovoltaic power generation. The principle of photovoltaic cells and the switching of maximum power point tracking and limited power mode are studied. The stability control methods of DC bus voltage, AC bus wire and frequency are studied. The model of microgrid is established and moreover, based on the power of microgrid and the charging state of storage battery, the operation of microgrid is divided into different working modes. The stable operation of microgrid is realized by adjusting the output power of each unit in different working modes. The calculation shows that the control strategy can effectively reduce the power fluctuation in the microgrid and improve the output power of renewable energy. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed methods are verified by experiments.
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Jin, Menglei, Weibin Liu, and Weiwei Xing. "A Robust Visual Tracker Based on DCF Algorithm." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 29, no. 11n12 (November 2019): 1819–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194019400230.
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Since Correlation Filter appeared in the field of video object tracking, it is very popular due to its excellent performance. The Correlation Filter-based tracking algorithms are very competitive in terms of accuracy and speed as well as robustness. However, there are still some fields for improvement in the Correlation Filter-based tracking algorithms. First, during the training of the classifier, the background information that can be utilized is very limited. Moreover, the introduction of the cosine window further reduces the background information. These reasons reduce the discriminating power of the classifier. This paper introduces more global background information on the basis of the DCF tracker to improve the discriminating ability of the classifier. Then, in some complex scenes, tracking loss is easy to occur. At this point, the tracker will be treated the background information as the object. To solve this problem, this paper introduces a novel re-detection component. Finally, the current Correlation Filter-based tracking algorithms use the linear interpolation model update method, which cannot adapt to the object changes in time. This paper proposes an adaptive model update strategy to improve the robustness of the tracker. The experimental results on multiple datasets can show that the tracking algorithm proposed in this paper is an excellent algorithm.
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Suntio, Teuvo, and Alon Kuperman. "Maximum Perturbation Step Size in MPP-Tracking Control for Ensuring Predicted PV Power Settling Behavior." Energies 12, no. 20 (October 19, 2019): 3984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203984.
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The heuristic perturb-and-observe-based maximum-power-point tracking (MPPT) algorithm of photovoltaic (PV) generator is still the most popular technique in use, despite the broad spectrum of developed other MPPT algorithms. The correct direction of the next perturbation step requires that the previous perturbation is settled down properly and the applied perturbation step size is large enough to overcome the PV-power changes induced by the varying irradiation level and/or the power-grid-originated PV-voltage ripple. The requirements for the minimum perturbation step size are well defined in the available literature. The design equations to predict the PV-power settling time are derived by assuming that the PV-interfacing converter operates in continuous conduction mode (CCM). A large perturbation step size may drive the interfacing converter to enter into discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), which will delay the PV-power settling process and destroy the validity of the predicted settling times. In order to avoid confusing the MPPT process, the maximum perturbation step size has to be limited as well. This paper provides theoretical foundations for the proper design of the maximum step size based on the DC-DC interfacing-converter dynamic behavior. The theoretical findings are validated with experiments as well as by simulations by means of a boost-type DC-DC converter and real PV panel.
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Costilla-Reyes, Alfredo, Celal Erbay, Salvador Carreon-Bautista, Arum Han, and Edgar Sánchez-Sinencio. "A Time-Interleave-Based Power Management System with Maximum Power Extraction and Health Protection Algorithm for Multiple Microbial Fuel Cells for Internet of Things Smart Nodes." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 2404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122404.
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Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) technology is a novel Energy Harvesting (EH) source that can transform organic substrates in wastewater into electricity through a bioelectrochemical process. However, its limited output power available per liter is in the range of a few milliwatts, which results very limited to be used by an Internet of Things (IoT) smart node that could require power in the order of hundreds of milliwatts when in full operation. One way to reach a usable power output is to connect several MFCs in series or parallel; nevertheless, the high output characteristic resistance of MFCs and differences in output voltage from multiple MFCs, dramatically worsens its power efficiency for both series and parallel arrangements. In this paper, a Power Management System (PMS) is proposed to allow maximum power harvesting from multiple MFCs while providing a regulated output voltage. To enable a more efficient and reliable power-harvesting process from multiple MFCs that considers the biochemical limitations of the bacteria to extend its lifetime, a power ranking and MFC health-protection algorithm using an interleaved EH operation was implemented in a PIC24F16KA102 microcontroller. A power extraction sub-block of the system includes an ultra-low-power BQ25505 step-up DC-DC converter, which integrates Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) capabilities. The maximum efficiency measured of the PMS was ~50.7%. The energy harvesting technique presented in this work was tested to power an internet-enabled temperature-sensing smart node.
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Wan, Le, Lin Jiang, Bo Tang, Yunfei Li, Bin Lei, and Honghai Liu. "NGLSFusion: Non-Use GPU Lightweight Indoor Semantic SLAM." Applied Sciences 13, no. 9 (April 23, 2023): 5285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13095285.
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Perception of the indoor environment is the basis of mobile robot localization, navigation, and path planning, and it is particularly important to construct semantic maps in real time using minimal resources. The existing methods are too dependent on the graphics processing unit (GPU) for acquiring semantic information about the indoor environment, and cannot build the semantic map in real time on the central processing unit (CPU). To address the above problems, this paper proposes a non-use GPU for lightweight indoor semantic map construction algorithm, named NGLSFusion. In the VO method, ORB features are used for the initialization of the first frame, new keyframes are created by optical flow method, and feature points are extracted by direct method, which speeds up the tracking speed. In the semantic map construction method, a pretrained model of the lightweight network LinkNet is optimized to provide semantic information in real time on devices with limited computing power, and a semantic point cloud is fused using OctoMap and Voxblox. Experimental results show that the algorithm in this paper ensures the accuracy of camera pose while speeding up the tracking speed, and obtains a reconstructed semantic map with complete structure without using GPU.
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Gazis, Alexandros, and Eleftheria Katsiri. "IoT Cloud Computing Middleware for Crowd Monitoring and Evacuation." International Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing 15 (December 23, 2021): 1790–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9106.2021.15.193.
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Map-Reduce is a programming model and an associated implementation for processing and generating large data sets. This model has a single point of failure: the master, who coordinates the work in a cluster. On the contrary, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are distributed systems that scale and feature large numbers of small, computationally limited, low-power, unreliable nodes. In this article, we provide a top-down approach explaining the architecture, implementation and rationale of a distributed fault-tolerant IoT middleware. Specifically, this middleware consists of multiple mini-computing devices (Raspberry Pi) connected in a WSN which implement the Map-Reduce algorithm. First, we explain the tools used to develop this system. Second, we focus on the Map-Reduce algorithm implemented to overcome common network connectivity issues, as well as to enhance operation availability and reliability. Lastly, we provide benchmarks for our middleware as a crowd tracking application for a preserved building in Greece (i.e., M. Hatzidakis’ residence). The results of this study show that IoT middleware with low-power and low-cost components are viable solutions for medium-sized cloud computing distributed and parallel computing centres. Potential uses of this middleware apply for monitoring buildings and indoor structures, in addition to crowd tracking to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
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Xu, Zhongyan, Shengyu Tao, Hongtao Fan, Jie Sun, and Yaojie Sun. "Power Limit Control Strategy for Household Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Inverter." Electronics 10, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141704.
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The increased installation capacity of grid-connected household photovoltaic (PV) systems has been witnessed worldwide, and the power grid is facing the challenges of overvoltage during peak power generation and limited frequency regulation performance. With the dual purpose of enhancing the power grid safety and improving the PV utilization rate, the maximum feed-in active power can be regulated by modifying the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm and battery energy storage (BES) accessibility as control instructions. However, the existing methods not only waste installed PV capacity, but it becomes no longer accessible when the state of charge (SOC) of the BES approaches its upper limit. In response to the above problem, this paper proposes a power limit control strategy to coordinate the MPPT algorithm and the BES accessibility. The proposed strategy directly controls the inverter output current according to the power limit instructions from the electric operation control centers, leading to a bus voltage difference. The difference serves as a control signal for BES and PV. Under a power-limiting scenario, priority is given to power regulation through energy storage to absorb the limited active power. When the SOC of the BES reaches the upper limit of charging, modification of the PV MPPT algorithm facilitates the inverter output power to meet the power limit requirements. To further verify the effectiveness of the proposed power limit control strategy, both simulation and experimental studies are conducted, which consistently indicated a synchronized inverter current with grid voltage and a rapid power response of the power-limiting instruction within 0.2 s. The power limit control strategy not only improves the PV energy utilization but also supports the safe and reliable operation of the power gird in the context of soaring renewable energy penetration.
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Vijayakumar, G., M. Sujith, Dipesh B. Pardeshi, and S. Saravanan. "Design and development of photovoltaic based grid interactive inverter." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v11.i4.pp294-303.
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<p class="Abstract">In order to trail and produce the power generated on the photovoltaic (PV) array to the grid, a PV exhibit coordinated double lift DC-AC converter used as a contained single-stage micro inverter is introduced in this research. The flowing association of a DC converter, rectifier, and an inverter is used in the single-stage micro inverter to provide high supporting rise with a minimal obligation proportion. Due to the utilization of a greater variety of force-exchanging devices, the flowing association of the converters, however, gives limited change efficacy. With fewer switches and hidden components, the suggested disengaged double lift small inverter is intended to provide high power from maximum power point tracking (MPPT) proficiency, high transformation proportion, and high change effectiveness. The stoop reflections and the small inverter's six distinct techniques are presented. To support the display of the double lift DC-AC converter worked small inverter, the recreation and results of the exploratory proto sort are presented.</p>
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Et. al., I. Rahula,. "Enhanced Pv Solar Power System Design with An Mppt Controller as A Function of Temperature." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (April 10, 2021): 866–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.1095.
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In order to achieve optimum point tracking (MPPT) for the selection of the highest power consumption, the photovoltaic (PV) system was improved. The output power of the PV effect depends on external solar irradiation and the ambient temperature. In the existing MPPT approaches, most take only radiation fluctuations into account, with limited consideration of the consequences of temperature shifts. But the temperature coefficients (TCs), especially in applications where changes in ambient temperature are relative high, play an important role in the PV system. A correct study for the MPPT method was performed with a PV system which considers the temperature change using a variable universe fuzzy logic control (VUFLC). Taking account of the changing atmosphere temperature in photovoltaic panels, the proposed control method will regulate VUFLC contraction and expansion, removing the effect of temperature fluctuations and improving MPPT efficiency and thus achieving a quick and accurate tracking control. The proposed strategy was tested under different environmental conditions for a PV module and its control efficiency is compared with simulation and experimental results to other MPPT strategies. Compared with fossil fuels, the best alternative is to generate photovoltaic energy every day. In future, because of the above developments the thermal and nuclear power plant will probably withdraw. The cost of development and installation are rising in comparison with other renewable options. The article addresses a better configuration with an MPPT controller for a PV solar power system compared to other strategies dealing with the non-shaded, partial shading of variable sun-irradiance. This helps designers and maintainers build maintenance processes and phases.
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Ijemaru, Gerald K., Kenneth Li-Minn Ang, and Jasmine KP Seng. "Wireless power transfer and energy harvesting in distributed sensor networks: Survey, opportunities, and challenges." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 18, no. 3 (March 2022): 155014772110677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15501477211067740.
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Distributed sensor networks have emerged as part of the advancements in sensing and wireless technologies and currently support several applications, including continuous environmental monitoring, surveillance, tracking, and so on which are running in wireless sensor network environments, and large-scale wireless sensor network multimedia applications that require large amounts of data transmission to an access point. However, these applications are often hampered because sensor nodes are energy-constrained, low-powered, with limited operational lifetime and low processing and limited power-storage capabilities. Current research shows that sensors deployed for distributed sensor network applications are low-power and low-cost devices characterized with multifunctional abilities. This contributes to their quick battery drainage, if they are to operate for long time durations. Owing to the associated cost implications and mode of deployments of the sensor nodes, battery recharging/replacements have significant disadvantages. Energy harvesting and wireless power transfer have therefore become very critical for applications running for longer time durations. This survey focuses on presenting a comprehensive review of the current literature on several wireless power transfer and energy harvesting technologies and highlights their opportunities and challenges in distributed sensor networks. This review highlights updated studies which are specific to wireless power transfer and energy harvesting technologies, including their opportunities, potential applications, limitations and challenges, classifications and comparisons. The final section presents some practical considerations and real-time implementation of a radio frequency–based energy harvesting wireless power transfer technique using Powercast™ power harvesters, and performance analysis of the two radio frequency–based power harvesters is discussed. Experimental results show both short-range and long-range applications of the two radio frequency–based energy harvesters with high power transfer efficiency.
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Li, Yan, Xin Liu, Xiaosong Wang, Qian Su, Shuaipeng Zhao, Zhiqiang Wang, and Yu Liu. "A High Conversion Gain Envelope Detector with Wide Input Range for Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer System." Electronics 10, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020160.
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Wireless sensors networks (WSN) have been gradually facilitating the pervasive connectivity of wireless sensor nodes. A greater number of wireless sensors have been used in different aspects of our life. However, limited device battery life restricts the applications of large-scale WSN. This paper presents a batteryless envelope detector with radio frequency energy harvesting (RFEH) for wireless sensor nodes, which enables simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT). The envelope detector is designed for small modulation index AM signals with large amplitude variations. Therefore, the envelope detector is supposed to have wide input range while achieving a high conversion gain. We proposed an adaptive biasing technique in order to extend the input range of envelope detector. The input differential pair is adaptively biased through a feedback loop to overcome the variation of bias point when the amplitude of input signal changes. The cross coupled rectifier and DC-DC boost converter with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) are presented against power conversion efficiency (PCE) degradation of RF rectifier with the input power varying. The adaptive biased envelope detector is theoretically analyzed by square law MOSFET model. Designed with 0.18 μm complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) standard process, the power consumption of proposed envelope detector is 9 μW. Simulated with a 915 MHz AM input signal with 2 Mbps data rate and 0.05 modulation index, the proposed envelope detector achieves 20.37 dB maximum conversion gain when the amplitude of input signal is 0.5 V, and the PCE of energy harvesting circuits achieves 55.2% when input power is –12.5 dBm.
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Kommula, Bapayya Naidu, and Venkata Reddy Kota. "A novel single input double output (SIDO) converter for torque ripple minimization in solar powered BLDC motor." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 8, no. 2 (June 13, 2019): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.8.2.161-168.
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This paper proposes a new converter topology for torque ripple reduction in Brushless DC (BLDC) motor. Due to the torque ripple problem, the use of this motor is limited to few applications. In this paper, a Single Input Double Output (SIDO) converter is proposed to suppress the torque ripple in BLDC motor. The proposed SIDO converter provides two output voltages. One for supplying the motor throughout conduction time and second output voltage is given to the non-commutating phase of motor during commutation instants. This proposed SIDO converter is fed from Photo Voltaic (PV) system. This paper also presents a new Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) based on trisection of Power-Voltage characteristics (TPVC) to attain the maximum power from the PV system. This scheme takes only 7 iterations to reach MPP. The intended configuration is developed and simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment. The results justify the superiority of proposed scheme that minimizes torque ripple in BLDC motor to only 6 to 12% from 50 to 80 % in conventional scheme and also extracts maximum power from PV system. ©2019. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved
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Anjum, Waqas, Abdul Rashid Husain, Junaidi Abdul Aziz, Syed Muhammad Fasih ur Rehman, Muhammad Paend Bakht, and Hasan Alqaraghuli. "A Robust Dynamic Control Strategy for Standalone PV System under Variable Load and Environmental Conditions." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 4601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084601.
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Dual-stage standalone photovoltaic (PV) systems suffer from stability, reliability issues, and their efficiency to deliver maximum power is greatly affected by changing environmental conditions. A hybrid back-stepping control (BSC) is a good candidate for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) however, there are eminent steady-state oscillations in the PV output due to BSC’s recursive nature. The issue can be addressed by proposing a hybrid integral back-stepping control (IBSC) algorithm where the proposed integral action significantly reduces the steady-state oscillations in the PV array output under varying temperature and solar irradiance level. Simultaneously, at the AC stage, the primary challenge is to reduce both the steady-state tracking error and total harmonic distortion (THD) at the output of VSI, resulting from the load parameter variations. Although the conventional sliding mode control (SMC) is robust to parameter variations, however, it is discontinuous in nature and inherit over-conservative gain design. In order to address this issue, a dynamic disturbance rejection strategy based on super twisting control (STC) has been proposed where a higher order sliding mode observer is designed to estimate the effect of load disturbances as a lumped parameter which is then rejected by the newly designed control law to achieve the desired VSI tracking performance. The proposed control strategy has been validated via MATLAB Simulink where the system reaches the steady-state in 0.005 s and gives a DC–DC conversion efficiency of 99.85% at the peak solar irradiation level. The AC stage steady-state error is minimized to 0 V whereas, THD is limited to 0.07% and 0.11% for linear and non-linear loads, respectively.
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Pardo-Zamora, Oscar N., Rene de J. Romero-Troncoso, Jesus R. Millan-Almaraz, Daniel Morinigo-Sotelo, Roque A. Osornio-Rios, and Jose A. Antonino-Daviu. "Power Quality Disturbance Tracking Based on a Proprietary FPGA Sensor with GPS Synchronization." Sensors 21, no. 11 (June 5, 2021): 3910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113910.
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The study of power quality (PQ) has gained relevance over the years due to the increase in non-linear loads connected to the grid. Therefore, it is important to study the propagation of power quality disturbances (PQDs) to determine the propagation points in the grid, and their source of generation. Some papers in the state of the art perform the analysis of punctual measurements of a limited number of PQDs, some of them using high-cost commercial equipment. The proposed method is based upon a developed proprietary system, composed of a data logger FPGA with GPS, that allows the performance of synchronized measurements merged with the full parameterized PQD model, allowing the detection and tracking of disturbances propagating through the grid using wavelet transform (WT), fast Fourier transform (FFT), Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT), genetic algorithms (GAs), and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Measurements have been performed in an industrial installation, detecting the propagation of three PQDs: impulsive transients propagated at two locations in the grid, voltage fluctuation, and harmonic content propagated to all the locations. The results obtained show that the low-cost system and the developed methodology allow the detection of several PQDs, and track their propagation within a grid with 100% accuracy.
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Rajalakshmi, Mani, Sankaralingam Chandramohan, Raju Kannadasan, Mohammed H. Alsharif, Mun-Kyeom Kim, and Jamel Nebhen. "Design and Validation of BAT Algorithm-Based Photovoltaic System Using Simplified High Gain Quasi Boost Inverter." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041086.
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Owing to the intermittent nature of renewable energy systems, an improved power extraction technique and modernized power modulators are to be designed to overcome power quality challenges. Attesting to this fact, this work aims to enhance the efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) system using the BAT algorithm (BA) and enhances the overall performance of the system using modified inverter topology. Specifically, a new power electronic modulator, i.e., a simplified high gain quasi-boost inverter (SHGqBI), is implemented to eliminate the downsides of the conventional system. The proposed inverter reduces the additional components that can condense the volume of the design with reduced conduction and switching losses. The combination of BA-based PV rated 250 W and novel inverter configuration pick the global peak power with enhanced power quality. Notably, BA extracts the maximum power from the panel meritoriously with about 98.8% efficiency. This is because BA uses the global input parameters to track the maximum power of the PV panel, whereas other conventional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques used limited parameters. Further, the current and voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) of the proposed inverter are recorded, which show a commendable range of 2.7% and 10.2%, respectively. In addition, the efficiency of the inverter is found to be 97%. Consequently, the overall system efficiency is calculated and found to be 97.9%, providing greater advantages over a conventional system. The system is mathematically modelled using MATLAB/Simulink and validated through an experimental setup with the laboratory prototype model.
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Ellithy, Hazem Hassan, Adel M. Taha, Hany M. Hasanien, Mahmoud A. Attia, Adel El-Shahat, and Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem. "Estimation of Parameters of Triple Diode Photovoltaic Models Using Hybrid Particle Swarm and Grey Wolf Optimization." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (July 23, 2022): 9046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159046.
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The quality of the photovoltaic (PV) cell model impacts many simulation studies for PV systems, such as maximum power point tracking and other assessments. Moreover, due to limited information found in the datasheets of the PV cells, several parameters of the model are unavailable. Thus, this paper introduces a novel approach using a hybrid Particle Swarm and Grey Wolf Optimization algorithm to figure out these parameters under different environmental conditions. The proposed algorithm is used with two types of PV cells–Kyocera KC200GT and Canadian solar cell CS6K-280M–and can be used with any commercial type of PV module needing only parameters in the datasheet. The absolute error of the model’s simulation results is compared to the actual results collected from sites in Egypt, in an attempt to investigate the effectiveness of the suggested approach.
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Omar, Ahmad Maliki, Muhamad Rizuan Yahir, Sulaiman Shaari, and Abdul Rahman Omar. "Development of an Automated Biaxial Solar Photovoltaic Tracking System." Scientific Research Journal 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v3i2.5666.
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This paper presents and describes a prototype product code-named SolT2A which is a system that tracks the position of the sun automatically across the celestial vault in two axes. This kind of system is typically used in a solar photovoltaic (PV) system in terrestrial applications to provide electrical power. It is designed and fabricated due to Malaysia’s location near the equator, thus the solar altitude crosses the zenith and the azimuth reverses direction during the year. Thus the use of a static PV system is not maximised during half of the year. This situation can be addressed by using a two-axes solar tracking system. So far, Malaysia has not implemented such power-tracking systems. Thus SolT2A has been designed and fabricated to address the problem by using a combination of electro-mechanical devices with an element of programming ingenuity and intelligence. Basically SolT2A measures solar irradiance at four points and makes comparisons in terms of the intensity received. These data are then analysed and processed by a controller before being sent to a DC motor that ensures the maximum amount of solar irradiance received on the PV panels all the time. Thus SolT2A is a system that maximises the power output of the PV panels to obtain the highest power output continuously. Based on field data, the maximum output open circuit voltage produced by the SolT2A tracking system and that with a static PV system is as much as 82 %. The overall increase in open circuit voltage production is between 15 to 20 % daily. With the technical know-how and proven prototype, Malaysia can look into joining the small and limited but niche pool of expertise in this area. This will not only give immediate socio-economic impact to the population, but will give an upgrade to Malaysia as a country with expertise in the area. This concept could also be applied to defence systems. With further testing and improvement, SolT2A system can be further upgraded to reach a commercial stage. This will definitely be of commercial interest to the country.
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Yaqoob, Salam Jabr, and Adel A. Obed. "An Efficient Grid-tied Flyback Micro-inverter with DCM Control Strategy." Journal of Techniques 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.51173/jt.v3i1.289.
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In two-stage micro-inverter photovoltaic (PV) applications, DC/DC converter is used to obtain the highest DC power from the PV module. In this type of inverter, the rising of voltage from the PV module to a grid voltage level is limited to a certain value. Moreover, the absence of the isolation between the input and output makes it is less efficient. For these reasons, an efficient single-stage grid-tied flyback PV micro-inverter with discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) control strategy is proposed to feed an alternating current (AC) to the main grid with a lower value of the total harmonic distortion (THD). The control strategy is based on a sine sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique to control the main switch of flyback inverter. Also, a simple perturb and observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique has been presented to obtain the MPP point from the PV module for any environmental conditions. The proposed control was verified using PSIM software and simulation results is obtained. The proposed control is tested under different weather conditions for solar irradiance and temperature, as a result, a pure sin wave current has been injected into the grid with a lower harmonics value. Finally, the small size, low cost and high reliability of single stage flyback micro-inverter is presented without the need for DC/DC converter.